Tournament: Ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Arizona State Chotras-Rajan | Judge: Atchison, Beiermeister, Hingstman
1NC
OFF
The United States federal government is the actor defined by the resolution, not individual debaters
US Gov Official Website 2009
http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml
“Statutory restrictions” require congressional action
Kershner 10 (Joshua, Articles Editor, Cardozo Law Review. J.D. Candidate (June 2011), Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, “Political Party Restrictions and the Appointments Clause: The Federal Election Commission's Appointments Process Is Constitutional” Cardozo Law Review de novo 2010 Cardozo L. Rev. De Novo 615)
Judicial restrictions” are imposed by the court
Singer 7 (Jana, Professor of Law, University of Maryland School of Law, SYMPOSIUM A HAMDAN QUARTET: FOUR ESSAYS ON ASPECTS OF HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD: HAMDAN AS AN ASSERTION OF JUDICIAL POWER, Maryland Law Review 2007 66 Md. L. Rev. 759)
A limited topic with equitable ground is necessary to foster decision-making and clash
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp 45-
A. Reflexive deliberation key to critical thinking
Catherine Fox, Iowa State University, “The Race to Truth: Disarticulating Critical Thinking from Whiteliness,” PEDAGOGY v. 2 n. 2, 2002, pp. 197-212.
B. Tolerance—switching sides makes debaters more tolerant of arguments and ideas that are the opposite of their own—their one-sided approach promotes dogmatism
Muir 93 (Star, Professor of Communication – George Mason U., “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 26, No. 4, p. 288-289)
C. Activism—only switching sides teaches students to anticipate counter-arguments and build coalitions effectively, which is necessary for sustained activism
Harrigan 8 - Casey Harrigan, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications, Wake Forest U., 2008, “A Defense of Switch Side Debate”, Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp.49-50
Effective radical problem-solving demands focusing on changing government policy
James Ferguson, Professor, Anthropology, Stanford University, “The Uses of Neoliberalism,” ANTIPODE v. 41 n. S1, 2011, Wiley.
Learning about how theory relates to policy and discussing implementation is crucial to influence real policymakers
Nye 09 - Joseph Nye, professor at Harvard University and former dean of the Harvard Kennedy School, 4-13-2009, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/12/AR2009041202260_pf.html 4-13-09
OFF
we affirm executive self restraint in the war on terror.
it competes or else they are not topical---authority is delegated power from a principal to an agent- the president can’t restrict their own authority
Hawkins et al, 5 (Darren, professor of law at Brigham Young, Delegation Under Anarchy: States, International Organizations, and Principal-Agent Theory, http://mjtier.people.wm.edu/papers/INTRO20HLNT20July2031.pdf
Executive restraint solves the aff
Matthew Rothschild, "Moving Guantanamo to Bagram Could Evade Court Jurisdiction," THE PROGRESSIVE, 3--25--10, www.commondreams.org/view/2010/03/25-10, accessed 8-15-13.
OFF
the aff creates a legacy chain which devastates prez power
Paul ‘8
Christopher, Senior Social Scientist; Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School Pittsburgh Office Education Ph.D., M.A., and B.A. in sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, “US Presidential War Powers: Legacy Chains in Military Intervention Decisionmaking* ,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Sep., 2008), pp. 665-679
*strong executive solves warming- increasing congressional strength trades off
Wold 2012
Chris Wold, Professor of Law and Director, International Environmental Law Project
(IELP), 2012, Lewis and Clark Law School, 2012, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW·VOL. 45·2012
Warming casues massive structural violence and risks extinction
Costello 11 (Anthony, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Mark Maslin, Department of Geography, University College London, Hugh Montgomery, Institute for Human Health and Performance, University College London, Anne M. Johnson, Institute for Global Health, University College London, Paul Ekins, Energy Institute, University College London “Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action” May 2011 vol. 369 no. 1942 1866-1882 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society)
OFF
restricting authority causes circumvention- creates a huge fight
Lobel 8—Professor of Law @ University of Pittsburgh Jules Lobel, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War,” Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 69, 2008, pg. 391
The impact is great power war
Haass 13 (Richard N. Haass, President, Council on Foreign Relations, “What is the effect of U.S. domestic political gridlock on international relations?” http://www.cfr.org/us-strategy-and-politics/effect-us-domestic-political-gridlock-international-relations/p30725)
OFF
Plan causes a drone shift which is modelled globally
RUSSIA TODAY, “US Targeted Drone Killings Used as Alternative to Guantanamo Bay—Bush Lawyer,” 5—3—13, http://rt.com/usa/obama-using-drones-avoid-gitmo-747/
*drones strikes cause massive civilian deaths and psychic violence
Stanford Human Rights Clinic, “Living under Drones: death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan,” Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (IHRCRC) and Global Justice Clinic (GJC) at NYU School of 9—12, http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Stanford-NYU-LIVING-UNDER-DRONES.pdf
OFF
situating the political in the discursive/symbolic trades off with material change and makes class analysis impossible
Cloud (Prof of Comm at Texas) 01
Dana, “The Affirmative Masquerade”, p. online: http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm
Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural criticism that is the 1NC.
one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—only the alt’s method produces change grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humynize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression
Tumino (Prof. English @ Pitt) 01
Stephen, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critiqu
case answers
Discourse Ans: 1NC
Discourse doesn’t shape policy making – doesn’t create change
Walt 13 (Stephen M. Walt, is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University. “Empty words,” March 25, 2013, Foreign Policy, Realist In an Ideological Age) GANGEEZY
Their arguments are tautological—if true, all their ev is subject to cognitive bias
Rodwell 5 (Jonathan Rodwell is a PhD student at Manchester Met. researching the U.S. Foreign Policy of the late 70's / rise of ‘neo-cons’ and Second Cold War, “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson,” http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm)
They tradeoff with politics
Taft-Kaufman, 95 - Professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts, Central Michigan University – 1995 (Jill, “Other ways: Postmodernism and performance praxis,” The Southern Communication Journal, Vol.60, Iss. 3; pg. 222)
Util
Default to consequences—anything else is tautological and irrational
Joshua Greene, Associate Professor, Harvard University, “The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul,” 2010, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf
Case: Fadel—1NC
Overall commitment to public reason and coalition building between Islamic thought and liberalism are the only methods to remove concepts of Muslims as an imminent threat
Fadel ’07 (Mohammad, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toronto, The True, the Good and the Reasonable: The Theological and Ethical Roots of Public Reason in Islamic Law, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=977206)
Islamic conceptions of law are consistent with the norms and basis of public reason
Fadel ’08 (Mohammad, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toronto, Public Reason as a Strategy for Principled Reconciliation: The Case of Islamic Law and International Human Rights, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 8, No. 1)
Islamophobia Ans: 1NC
Your epistemology is wrong – the Islamophobia claims are too sweeping and the West isn’t inevitably tainted
Joppke 9, professor of politics – American University of Paris, PhD Sociology – Berkeley
(Christian, “Limits of Integration Policy: Britain and Her Muslims,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Volume 35, Issue 3)
Islamophobia has zero causal explanatory power – too nebulous
Bleich 11, professor of political science – Middlebury (Erik, “What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept,” American Behavioral Scientist, 55(12) p. 1581-1600)
No causal connection between Islamaphobia and conflict – it’s structural conditions that produce both
Mertus 99 (Professor Julie Mertus is the co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions. She is the author or editor of ten books, including Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, named "human rights book of the year" by the American Political Science Association) and, most recently Human Rights Matters: Local Politics and National Human Rights Institutions and The United Nations and Human Rights. Before entering academia, she worked as a researcher, writer and lawyer for several human rights and humanitarian organizations., J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University, International Council on Human Rights Policy, “THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICT”, http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf)
2NC
link
Legitimacy concerns lock in a culture of restrictions on Executive power
Paul ‘8
Christopher, Senior Social Scientist; Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School Pittsburgh Office Education Ph.D., M.A., and B.A. in sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, “US Presidential War Powers: Legacy Chains in Military Intervention Decisionmaking* ,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Sep., 2008), pp. 665-679
The aff turns the tide in war powers authority --- prevents continued expansion of executive power
FCNL 8, Friends Committee on National Legislation, the 501(c)(4) lobbying organization of the Religion Society of Friends (Quakers), October, “Reclaiming the Balance of Power: An Agenda for the 111th Congress,” Washington Newsletter No. 731, http://fcnl.org/assets/pubs/newsletter/2008/October.pdf
warm reps
Our warmings representations are good and telling it like it is iskey to motivate action – coupling apocalyptic rhetoric with concrete solutions in a debate solves their offense
Moser and Dilling 11 (Susanne E, Ph.D., Director and Principal Researcher of Susanne Moser Research and Consulting in CA, a Social Science Research Fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University and a Research Associate at the University of California-Santa Cruz Institute for Marine Sciences and Lisa, Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies, a Fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and a member of the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the University of Colorado, “COMMUNICATING CLIMATE CHANGE: CLOSING THE SCIENCE-ACTION GAP”, http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/2011.30.pdf)
Confronting the apocalypse causes social transcendence—it’s the only way to rescue people
Wink, 2001 Walter, nqa, “Apocalypse Now?” Christian Century, Oct 17, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_28_118/ai_79514992
structural violence
Warming disproportionately affects developing countries
Carrington 11 – Head of the environment at The Guardian (Damian, “Map reveals stark divide in who caused climate change and who's being hit”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damian-carrington-blog/2011/oct/26/climate-change-developing-country-impacts-risk?CMP=twt_gu, October 26th, 2011, KTOP)
threat con
extinction threats solve structural violence
Joanna Macy, Adjunct Professor, California Institute for Integral Studies, ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE AND PRACTICE: A READER, 2K, p. 243.
CASE
Case: Fadel—2NC
Morality within Islam requires a commitment to public rationality, reason and pluralism.
Fadel ’07 (Mohammad, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toronto, The True, the Good and the Reasonable: The Theological and Ethical Roots of Public Reason in Islamic Law, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=977206)
Ext1: No Policy Change
Doesn’t produce any change
Rigakos and Law 9 (George, Assistant Professor of Law at Carleton University, and Alexandra, Carleton University, “Risk, Realism and the Politics of Resistance”, Critical Sociology 35(1) 79-103, dml)
Focus on discourse sanitizes power structures and doesn’t change anything
Doug Stokes, University of Bristol Politics Department, “Gluing the Hats On: Power, Agency, and Reagan’s Office of Public Diplomacy,” PAPER PRESENTED FOR THE BRITISH INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION, 2001, http://web.archive.org/web/20060221025303/http://www.aqnt98.dsl.pipex.com/hats.htm.
Ext2: Doesn’t Shape Reality
Language can describe reality but does not shape it
Rorty 82
Richard, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University, “Consequences of Pragmatism”, University of Minnesota Press: http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/index.htm, MW
Discourse doesn’t shape reality
Balzacq 5, Thierry Balzacq is a Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Namur University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context”, European Journal of International Relations, Jun 2005, Vol. 12, Issue 2
Reps don’t shape reality --- we can make accurate observations about the world
Smolin 9 – David M. Smolin, the Harwell G. Davis Professor of Constitutional Law, Cumberland School of Law, Samford University, 2008/2009, “SYMPOSIUM: THE BABY MARKET: THE CIVIL WAR AS A WAR OF RELIGION: A CAUTIONARY TALE OF ENSLAVEMENT AND EMANCIPATION,” Cumberland Law Review, 39 Cumb. L. Rev. 187, p. lexis
Discursive resistance is naïve and helps imperial politics – turns the aff
Hardt and Negri 2K (Michael, associate professor in Duke University's literature program, Antonio, inmate at Rebibbia Prison in Rome, Empire)
Your focus on playing with discourse and meaning of words makes us ONLY focus on discourse – we don’t leave any room fir material political action
Grossberg, 92 Lawrence, “Professor of Communications Studies at the University of North Carolina, We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture, p. 359-360
They are moral tunnel vision
Jeffrey Issac (professor of political science at Indiana University) 2002 Dissent, Spring, ebsco
Ext1: Epistemology
reps/epi badThe role of the aff isn’t to design a totally cogent view of the world, it’s to assemble a series of persuasive causal claims – theoretical questions will never be resolved and their argument refuses any objective standard for evaluating relatively superior sets of meanings.
Rudra Sil, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania. “Against Epistemological Absolutism: Toward a “Pragmatic” Center,” BEYOND BOUNDARIES, ed. Rudra Sil and Eileen M. Doherty, 2000, p. 160-1.
No epistemology argument --- biases in certain writings don’t disprove the truth claims that we’ve supported with empirical evidence --- they link to their offense by essentializing all Western writing
Varisco 7 Reading orientalism: said and the unsaid (Google eBook) Dr. Daniel Martin Varisco is chair of anthropology and director of Middle Eastern and Central Asia studies at Hofstra University. He is fluent in Arabic and has lived in the Middle East (Yemen, Egypt, Qatar) for over 5 years since 1978. He has done fieldwork in Yemen, Egypt, Qatar, U.A.E. and Guatemala.
Our argument is not to say that your conception of Islam is wrong, it’s that people conceive of Islam in different ways and we should acknowledge that by not making commonalities of faith the sole focal point for combatting oppression—their method papers over tons of material differences
Halliday, professor of international relations – London School of Economics, ‘99
(Fred, “`Islamophobia’ reconsidered,” Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 22, Number 5, p. 892-902, September)
T
Trying to understand the perspectives of others and critically weighing arguments is crucial to create an agonistic public sphere that can check totalitarian violence
Roberts-Miller 03 (Patricia Roberts-Miller is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003)
1NR
Deliberation outweighs—solves multiple existential threats
Christian O. Lundberg, Associate Professor, Communication, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina,” NAVIGATING OPPORTUNITY: POLICY DEBATE IN THE 21ST CENTURY ed. A.D.Louden, 2010, p. 311+.
The alt’s rejection of “Western epistemology” is based on the flawed assumption that cultures are self-sufficient totalities—rather, all cultures and identities are relational and interwoven with one another. It’s impossible to draw a neat line between “western” and “subaltern”—proves the alt fails
Michaelsen and Shershow 07 (Scott, and Scott, “Rethinking Border Thinking” South Atlantic Quarterly, Winter 2007, Duke University Press, Google Scholar)
No basis for the claim that democracy is western—their link arguments are based on defenders of oppressive practices.
Thomas M. Franck, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for International Studies at New York University's School of Law, January/February 2001, Foreign Affairs, Lexis Academic
Even if our epistemology is flawed, we can still act while recognizing that constant reflection is necessary. Their search for epistemological purity ensures that we never act in the face of atrocity—this is profoundly unethical
Harris 7 (Graham, Adjunct Prf. @ Centre for Environment University of Tasmania, Seeking Sustainability in an age of complexity p. 9-10)
