Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Brooks-Stanfield | Judge: Najor
The aff must defend a topical plan and change in USFG policy to answer the evolutional question
Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School ‘04
 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
AND
with dock g.  A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:"
Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

 “USFG should” means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ‘03
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

B. They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
¶ Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

This year’s resolution offers a crucial opportunity for political engagement --- policy relevant debate about war powers decision-making is critical to hold the government accountable for their hypocrisy --- only engaging specific proposals and learning the language of the war-machine solves
Ewan E. Mellor European University Institute, Political and Social Sciences, Graduate Student, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs”

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
country” that we are “especially obligated to criticise its policies.”51
The aff undermines this goal --- by rejecting engagement with the presidency in favor of reliance on purely local politics they contribute to the decline of liberalism and the resurgence of conservative movements
Milkis et. al ’13, Sidney M. Milkis is the White Burkett
AND
Presidency, Social Movements, and the Transformation of American Politics, Proquest

For a time, LBJ's "careful practicality" and moral leadership made him an
AND
Right than Johnson had been in seeking to leverage the civil rights revolution.
The uncompromising ideology of the affirmative creates greater exclusion than it solves- They force us to defend sexual violence doesn’t occur or that it is good
Knight 00, Professor of Education at LaTrobe University,
(The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, Democratic Education and Critical Pedagogy, link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.10232FA3A1005177227794.pdf)
It is difficult for critical pedagogy to encourage the oppressed to traditional academic success,
AND
is used to include and exclude—nobody excludes better than critical pedagogues.

Try-or-Die –Destruction coming now, and avoiding anti-politics is vital to a solution.
Hogan ‘7
(Michael, Honorary Associate of Government and International Relations, University of Sydney, Australian Review of Public Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 1, August, p. 16-17)

However, the experience of the 1930s, when one of those crises in capitalism
AND
politicians who at present hold the future of liberal politics in their hands.  

Debating within the parameters determined by the topic creates radical agonistic democratic politics. The disregard of rules turns adversaries into enemies and games into conflicts. Vote negative because they’re not playing.
Tally, English – Texas State University, ‘7
(Robert T, “The Agony of the Political,” Post Modern Culture 17.2)

Mouffe's image of a we/they politics in which collective identities vie with one
AND
played. The players have no say in how the game is structured.
If the sports analogy seems too facile, consider Mouffe's own characterization. Responding to
AND
despite being ultimately irreconcilable, and accepted as legitimate perspectives. (52)
Play ball! Of course this means that, if the opposition party--oh, let's go ahead and call them the Reds--wishes to change the relations of power, it must do so within the political framework (e.g., legislative body or rules of the game). To be outside of the framework is to not be playing the game at all.
A better model might be that of games on the playground. On the playground
AND
Who would or would not be allowed to play? Who would decide?
These practical questions are exceedingly tough to answer. The agonistic model of politics requires
AND
existing structures of liberal, parliamentary democracy. It must change the game.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Brooks-Stanfield | Judge: Najor
Their advocacy is otherizing, makes it impossible to collectively contest neoliberalism
Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz's teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., “A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?”, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)
Feminist advocates of a politics of difference question whether Rawls's theory of justice adequately considers
AND
of human rights to critique the predominant practices of their particular community.19
Social solidarity against neoliberalism is the only way to prevent social regression
Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz's teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., “A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?”, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)
Just as the right's growing hegemony from the 1980s onward eroded majoritarian support for progressive
AND
resistance to neoliberal efforts to constrict, rather than expand, Social Security.
Solidarity against neoliberalism is necessary to secure difference while confronting racial, gender and economic domination
Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz's teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., “A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?”, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)
Given how divided the United States is, not only politically, but also geographically
AND
nor an agonal politics of post-structuralist radical democracy can adequately ground.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Brooks-Stanfield | Judge: Najor
The aff’s focus and framing of sexual violence as a problem only for women in the policy debate community obscures the real and material forms of violence perpetuated against men in debate and in partner violence more globally-This is symptomatic of a broader harmful problem in academia-They render violence invisible
Murray A. Straus, PhD, ’10 (Professor of Sociology and Co-Director Family Research Laboratory University of New Hampshire,“Thirty Years of Denying the Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence: Implications for Prevention and Treatment”, Partner Abuse, Volume 1, Number 3, 2010)
Defense of Feminist Theory. I suggest that one of the explanations for denying the
AND
change and denial of the evidence on the effectiveness and safety of vaccination.
This perpetuates an ongoing system of violence against our bodies
Murray A. Straus, PhD, ’10 (Professor of Sociology and Co-Director Family Research Laboratory University of New Hampshire,“Thirty Years of Denying the Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence: Implications for Prevention and Treatment”, Partner Abuse, Volume 1, Number 3, 2010)
Failure to perceive PV by women is part of the explanation for the denial.
AND
Furthermore, this violence was significantly correlated with externalizing behaviors by their children.
Vote for UNLV to bring the subject to light and to reduce the stigma of males reporting violence that Fullerton perpetuates
Murray A. Straus, PhD, ’10 (Professor of Sociology and Co-Director Family Research Laboratory University of New Hampshire,“Thirty Years of Denying the Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence: Implications for Prevention and Treatment”, Partner Abuse, Volume 1, Number 3, 2010)
The methods used to conceal and deny the evidence on gender symmetry are detailed in
AND
chronic severe violence and to police and shelter cases (Straus, 2009c).

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Brooks-Stanfield | Judge: Najor
Speaking for others is wrong—their privileged social location makes any claim to political empowerment suspect—it’s an act of commodification and colonial domination, which turns the K
Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. “The Problem of Speaking For Others” Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.)
Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for others
AND
restricting the practice to speaking for groups of which one is a member.
Speaking for others oppresses them—we must stop the impulse to speak to allow the organic intellectual to rise up
Lauren Marino (published author in the Malacester Journal of Philosophy, Volume 14, Issue 1, Spring 2005. “Speaking for Others”)
What then is the solution? I agree with bell hooks that the oppressed must
AND
faith in the margins to produce new language games to communicate with us.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber SS | Judge: Em Parker
ERROR

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber SS | Judge: Em Parker
ERROR

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wake Forest LeDuc-Washington | Judge: Albiniak, Kirk, Lowry
1NC
T
A. Interpretation – debate is a game that requires the aff to have a defense of the USFG increasing restrictions on the war powers authority of the President in one of the following: targeted killing, indefinite detention, offensive cyber operations, and introduction of US armed forces in hostilities
--‘resolved’ means to enact a policy by law.
Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition)

Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
--“United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Statutory restrictions prohibit actions
Lamont 5 (Michael, Legal Analyst @ Occupational health, "Legal: Staying on the right side of the law," http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/01/04/2005/29005/legal-staying-on-the-right-side-of-the-law.htm#.UgFe_o3qnoI)
It will be obvious what 'conduct' and 'redundancy' dismissals are. A statutory restriction means that the employee is prevented by law from doing the job - for example, a driver who loses his driving licence. 'Some other substantial reason' means "Parliament can't be expected to think of everything".

The “war powers authority” of the President is his Commander-in-Chief authority
Gallagher, Pakistan/Afghanistan coordination cell of the U.S. Joint Staff, Summer 2011
(Joseph, “Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication,” Parameters, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf)
First, consider the constitutional issue of power imbalance. Central to the Constitution is
AND
—those who would ultimately sacrifice their blood and treasure in the effort.

That means the military
Random House Dictionary 2013
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/commander+in+chief)
commander in chief
noun, plural commanders in chief.
1.
Also, Commander in Chief. the supreme commander of the armed forces of a nation or, sometimes, of several allied nations: The president is the Commander in Chief of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air force.
2.
an officer in command of a particular portion of an armed force who has been given this title by specific authorization.

Simualted national security law debates inculcate agency and decision-making skills—that enables activism and avoids cooption  
Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf

The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

This enables broad-based resistance to executive overreach and racist war powers authority
Mellor, European University Institute Graduate Student, 13
(Ewan E. Mellor, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs,” Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.academia.edu/4175480/Why_policy_relevance_is_a_moral_necessity_Just_war_theory_impact_and_UAVs, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52

The opening of infinite frameworks destroys stasis – agreement on the topic as the starting point for debate creates a platform of argumentative stability that is the crucial foundation for deliberation and makes debate meaningful
O’Donnell 4 (Dr. Tim, Director of Debate – Mary Washington U., “And the Twain Shall Meet: Affirmative Framework Choice and the Future of Debate”, Debater’s Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/ DRGArticles/Framework20article20for20the20DRG20final2.doc)
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a framework consists of “a set of
AND
debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus.
Effective decision-making outweighs-~--
Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems – being relevantly informed is key
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

Trend lines prove the status quo form of political engagement works— this isn’t to say that everything is OK, but that engagement can be effective  
Zach Beauchamp, Think Progress, 12/11/13, 5 Reasons Why 2013 Was The Best Year In Human History, thinkprogress.org/security/2013/12/11/3036671/2013-certainly-year-human-history/

Racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination
AND
paid off. It’s up to us to make sure they continue to.

DA

Critiquing American empire is dangerous whining. Embracing it a recipe for decreasing hegemony
Kagan 98 – PhD, graduate of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, adjunct history professor at Georgetown, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, Foreign Policy, “The benevolent empire”)
Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling.

The aff undermines hegemony
Nye 10—prof at Harvard (Joseph, The Future of American Power: Dominance and Decline in Perspective, Foreign Affairs. 89;6, ProQuest,) 

Some argue that the United States suffers from "imperial overstretch," but so far
AND
, and civil rights, were arguably more serious than any of today's.

Heg solves great power war and dampens all global violence
Brooks et al 13
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, International Security, Winter 2012/2013, "Don’t Come Home, America", MIT Press Journals

Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if deep engagement’s costs are far less
AND
in turn makes it easier to sustain the policy over the long term.

Case
Casualties are way down and drones are far more precise than alternatives-~--our ev uses the best data
Michael Cohen 13, Fellow at the Century Foundation, 5/23/13, “Give President Obama a chance: there is a role for drones,” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/23/obama-drone-speech-use-justified
Drone critics have a much different take. They are passionate in their conviction that
AND
, drone strikes are a far more humane method of war-fighting.
Tech advances and tighter rules of engagement are substantially reducing civilian casualties-~--alternatives to drones are worse
Rosa Brooks 13, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation, 4/23/13, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
*We do not endorse gendered language
First, critics often assert that US drone strikes are morally wrong because the kill
AND
and combatants than close air support or other tactics that receive less attention.

Util is good – maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equality
Cummiskey 90 – Professor of Philosophy, Bates (David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor, AG)

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
consideration of conduct, one's own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

Aggressive CT to disrupt senior AQ leadership is the key internal link to nuclear terror attacks – need to stop the planning process.
Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, “Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)
The second major implication addresses the demand side of the threat. Speci?cally, a
AND
conduct a catastrophic attack at some point in the future has correspondingly increased.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war.
Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Director of Research, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, Seth Baum, PhD, Geography, Pennsylvania State University, Executive Director, GCRI, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, former Visiting Scholar position at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, and Kelly Hostetler, Research Assistant, GCRI, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,” Science and Global Security 21(2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
AND
making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Rejection of militarism Sanctions Genocide
Willis 95, Professor of Journalism and Director of Concentration in Cultural Reporting and Criticism at NYU, ’95 (Ellen, December 19, The Village Voice)
If intellectuals are more inclined to rise to the discrete domestic issue than the historic
AND
is simply the most practical way of resolving those "implacable ancient rivalries."

Ballot
Starting politics from the standpoint of an excluded identity-group is a vengeful politics of resentment—it can only position itself reactively against a universal like white supremacy, inevitably re-instantiating the terms of oppression.
Bhambra ‘10
Gurminder K Bhambra, University of Warwick, and Victoria Margree, University of Brighton, “Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow,” academia.edu

2 The Reification of Identity We wish to turn now to a related problem within
AND
for the most part, forms of injustice and inequality into the present.

Black liberation’s endless revolution causes permanent passivity towards structural oppression, which turns the case—only beginning from a politics of black redemption can effectuate change.
Andrews ‘10
Kehinde, PhD, University of Birmingham, “Back to Black: Black Radicalism and the Supplementary School Movement”

Black redemption vs. Black liberation
Over the course of conducting the present research study a fault line in Black radical
AND
can bring significant changes to the position of Black people across the globe. 

Ballots are not productive currency—the aff turns them into palliatives that displace positive political projects in favor of the existing system
Brown 95—prof at UC Berkeley (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
AND
so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

This reactionary impulse is the condition of possibility for all violence—we must transcend exclusive identities and victimization.
Enns 12
Dianne, Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University, The Violence of Victimhood

These are responses to suffering that may at the same time prevent the conditions that
AND
war, we must learn to see ourselves through the eyes of others.

Identity is only ever a confirmation of contingent relationships, not metaphysics. A politics that places a shared commitment to remedying injustice can avoid securitizing difference and reactionary politics that culminate in passivity.
Bhambra ‘10
Gurminder K Bhambra, University of Warwick, and Victoria Margree, University of Brighton, “Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow” 

1 Exclusionary Politics It is inexcusable to build analyses of historical experience around exclusions,
AND
” since they are produced by very real actions, practices and projects.

The aff’s protest against racism takes place from a safe distance—this maintains ideology
Carlson, 99 – Professor of Law (David Gray and Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Columbia Law Review November, 1999)
Schlag presents a dark vision of what he calls "the bureaucracy," which crushes
AND
to which the cynic is actually committed to what ought to be abolished.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas Fitz-Makuch | Judge: Lain, Matheson, Pointer

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should statutorily cite humanitarian justifications as grounds for increasing the war powers authority of the President of the United States to engage in peacekeeping operations by: appropriating funds sufficient for the United States to fully pay its current United Nations peacekeeping assessments; permanently repealing the 25 cap on United States contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations; supporting an increase in reimbursement rates for troop-committing countries; and supporting peacekeeping reforms directed at the Global Field Support Strategy.

The CP ensures sustained peacekeeping operations and reverses the international negative signal toward the U.S.

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
In light of the negative impacts of U.S. failures to fulfill its
AND
achievement of the missions mandates, which reduces the overall cost of operations.

Peacekeeping is key to heg – it’s the most effective force multiplier there is

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
Peacekeeping operations conducted by the United Nations are a boon to United States national security
AND
commitment to pay its contributions that support U.N. peacekeeping operations.

Heg solves dampens all global violence – it reduces security dilemmas by deterring challengers AND restraining allies from taking provocative actions

Brooks et al 13
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry
AND
2012/2013, "Don’t Come Home, America", MIT Press Journals

Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if deep engagement’s costs are far less
AND
in turn makes it easier to sustain the policy over the long term.

Peacekeeping solves failed states – the impact spills over globally

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
The United States supports international peacekeeping because it is the right thing to do and
AND
persons and trans-border refugees and attendant international instability and humanitarian risks.

Piracy causes extinction
The Independent, 1999 (July 4^th, "Pirates could snatch plutonium", http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pirates-could-snatch-plutonium-1104109.html)
BRITAIN is about to ship enough plutonium for more than 60 atomic bombs half way
AND
time it is putting not just Cumbria but the whole world at risk."

Pandemics cause extinction

Evans 10 (Jane Evans Department of Military Strategic Studies, writing for global security studies "Pandemics and National Security" http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Evans20PANDEMICS.pdf, Donnie)  
Recent developments in medicine, hygiene, and public health have virtually eliminated widespread disease
AND
terrorism, regional instability, and often necessitate foreign aid and humanitarian assistance. 

The CP is key to UN Credibility and burden sharing

Friends Committee on National Legislation ’2k ("The Future of UN Peacekeeping at a Crossroads: U.S. Leadership is Key," http://fcnl.org/resources/newsletter/may00/the_future_of_un_peacekeeping_at_a_crossroads_us_leadership_is_key/**, Mike)
What do Kosovo, East Timor, Sierra Leone, and the Congo have in
AND
UN General Assembly reduce the U.S. assessment rate to 25.

Credible UN solves prolif

Wirth ’11 (Timothy – former senator from Colorado, served as the Undersecretary for Global Affairs in the Clinton Administration, president of the United Nations Foundation, The US-UN partnership: greater engagement will bring a greater institution, Harvard International Review, March 22,  p. EBSCO Host)
The greatest challenges to US national security today are problems that also threaten many of
AND
—that have supported Iran’s nuclear program and prospered from its illicit activities.

Prolif causes extinction

Utgoff 2  (Deputy Director of the Strategy Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analyses, Victor, "Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions," Survival, Volume 44, Number 2, Summer) ET
In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

2NC CP Overview

The CP ensures the continuation of peacekeeping operations and reverses the international signal that the U.S. has selfish motivations for intervening in humanitarian crises

NO permutations – the plan refuses the authority of the President to engage in peacekeeping operations which means they couldn’t fund them or increase their capacity – it also links to all of our peacekeeping good offense which are net benefits to the counterplan.

Peacekeeping reduces unilateral U.S. military intervention – that internal-link turns ALL of their security and imperialism claims – we have qualitative and quantitative data to support our argument

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
U.N. peacekeeping, while not a panacea, has proven to be
AND
the success of these operations is very much in our national interest." 8

Means only the CP solves the harms of the aff- No Risk of Solvency – Academia Proves That Others Will Be Highly Resistant or Ignore the Demand for Change Unless It is Framed in the Context of War
Goldstein, Professor of IR @ American U, 01
Joshua Goldstein Professor of IR @ American U 2001 War and Gender
In North American political science and history, male war scholars’ interest in the puzzle
AND
"big" books about war’s origins and history – score zero.56
Doyle’s recent and comprehensive survey of scholarship on war and peace contains six gender–
AND
). Thus, even in postmodern international relations, gender is ghettoized.60

Permutations

1. The permutation is severance – the plan has Congress refuse the ability for the President to engage in peacekeeping operations – the CP increases monetary and technical support for them which means the U.S. would still participate in missions – voter for fairness and education because it makes the aff a moving target and destroys neg ground

2. Perm is intrinsic – reject- CP is opposite and proves the CP is philosophically competitive- competition is a game changer when you get to interpret he way fiat functions for your aff in a other than normal means – CP is opposite

3. No Solvency – not genuine after the CP because most intervention is based on HR which was their arg on T

4. Links to the NB Humanitarian Justifications are THE JUSTIFICATION for Peacekeeping Operations

Sorenson and Wood ’5 (David and Pia, The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era, pg. 96, Google Books, Mike)
The key characteristics of this development are  the definition of a ’
AND
centered on long-term conflict prevention and post-conflict peace building.

6. Multiple perms are a voting issue

7. At worst reject the CP its not needed for the Turns- no non-uniqueness args in the 2AC

Heg Turn

Peacekeeping operations are a crucial force-multiplier for the U.S. armed forces – allows international coop to contain challenges in every global hot spot – that’s 1NC Enholm

Their critique of hegemony is essentialist – academic and political scholarship prove that U.S. leadership mediates conflicts by ensuring actors not allied with the U.S. do not initiate wars AND it restrains allies from taking provocative actions

No turns – the CP solves overstretch and cost burdens

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
The effectiveness of U.N. peacekeeping in preventing the resurgence of conflict and
AND
and other criminals, at a relatively low cost to the United States. 

A/T Cost

Cost does not make heg unsustainable, we can stay engaged despite future cuts – plus balancing isn’t any cheaper

We can stay engaged despite future cuts – balancing isn’t any cheaper
Brookies, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 (Stephen Brooks, John Ikenberry and William Wohlforth, Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, (Brooks is a professor at Darmouth, Ikenberry is a professor at Princeton and Wohlforth is a professor at Dartmouth), "Lean forward: in defense of american engagement," 92.1, Proquest)
Many advocates of retrenchment consider the United States’ assertive global posture simply too expensive.
AND
back rests more on the nonmonetary costs that the current strategy supposedly incurs.

Pursuit of heg is inevitable

Dorfman 12 (Zach Dorfman, assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, "What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism", May 18, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605)
¶ The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower
AND
come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay.

Data proves Heg

Social science proves heg is good

Wohlforth 09
professor of government at Dartmouth (William, "Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War," World Affairs, January, project muse)
The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
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inherently scarce, and competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9

Failed States Turn

Peacekeeping operations empirically absolve the violence that collapses fragile states – our evidence is reverse causal – lack of peacekeeping guarantees national devolutions that cause weapons trade which releases fissile material – also guarantees no response to piracy and pandemics that spill over globally – that’s 1NC Enholm

Piracy causes extinction – enriched nuclear material is transported across seas that enter close proximities to unstable states – tankers cannot fight off an orchestrated attack by pirates who can sell or use the weapons – that’s 1NC Independent

Pandemics cause extinction – pathogens emerge at alarming rates and cannot be contained in failing states which completely crumbles political systems and erupts in ethnic conflict – causes an imbalance of power to result in pre-emptive attacks that escalate to global war

And nuke terror risk is high – attack causes extinction

Dvorkin, Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ’12 (Vladimir, The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html)
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Poverty causes millions of deaths every year

Abu-Jamal, journalist and political activist, ’98
~Mumia, A Quiet and Deadly Violence, 9-19, http://wwwflashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html~~
We live, equally immersed, and to a deeper degree, in a nation
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makes damn sure -that we can recognize and must react to it.    

A2: No Internal Link (War, Disease, Terrorism)

Failed states cause WW3, Disease, and Terrorism

Ottaway Senior Associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Mair Deputy Director at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs ’4 (Marina and Stefan, "States at Risk and Failed States, September, http://d1lj51l9p3qzy9.cloudfront.net/handle/10207/bitstreams/6593.pdf**, Mike)
Failing and failed states present a grave danger to international stability as well as to
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the best-case scenario would produce results only in the long run.

*A2: Case Outweighs – Terrorism First*

Failed states cause terrorism and outweigh great power war

Piazza Political Scientist at University of North Carolina at Charlotte ’8 (James, "Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?" International Studies Quarterly 52, 469-488, Mike)
Addressing the problem of failed and failing states will undoubtedly yield significant security and humanitarian
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nature of the danger failed and failing states pose to the international system.

Terrorism defense doesn’t apply – failed states magnify the internal link

Piazza Political Scientist at University of North Carolina at Charlotte ’8 (James, "Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?" International Studies Quarterly 52, 469-488, Mike)
Both failed and failing states, scholars argue, are theoretically more likely to contain
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services to win the support of the local population and widen their activities.

*A2: K of "Failing States"*

Experts and academics vote aff – robust intervention solves political instability that fosters conditions of terrorist activity

Piazza Political Scientist at University of North Carolina at Charlotte ’8 (James, "Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?" International Studies Quarterly 52, 469-488, Mike)
Addressing the problem of failed and failing states will undoubtedly yield significant security and humanitarian
AND
nature of the danger failed and failing states pose to the international system.

Burden Sharing Turn

U.N. missions are inevitable – U.S. involvement is key to successful operations and it’s reverse causal – if the U.S. fails to act when it is called upon for a peacekeeping operation it wrecks U.N. credibility and jeopardizes the lives of all parties involved 

The counterplan solves – it sends a signal that fosters international cooperation and ensures multilateral approaches to global problems – that’s 1NC FNL

U.N. coordination is key to safeguard nuclear weapons – it allows the U.S. to effectively mediate between our allies and emerging nuclear powers- also enhances counter-terrorism efforts and prevents proliferation because it creates a diplomatic channel for engagement – that’s 1NC Wirth

====Iran proves mediation curbs nuclear weapons====
Landay 9-26-13 (Jonathan, "Iran, U.S. Nuclear Deal Could be Just Months Away After UN Talks," http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/09/26/203391/irans-leader-says-us-russia-should.html**, Mike)
World powers and Iran agreed Thursday to pursue what appears to be the most promising
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that Tehran is using its program to hide the development of nuclear weapons.

Prolif causes extinction – it lowers the threshold for miscalculation that results in global conflagration – that’s 1NC Utgoff

Each new nuclear state makes it more likely

Richard Betts Professor and the Director of the Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia 2000 "Universal Deterrence or Conceptual Collapse? Liberal Pessimism and Utopian Realism," The Coming Crisis: Nuclear Proliferation, U.S. Interests, and World Order
The notion that widespread nuclear capability would inhibit aggression by creating a world of porcupines
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nuclear power (the other being Egypt and Syria against Israel in 1973).

A2: Imperialism

Multilateral operations are not perpetual war from insecurity – there should be a moral requirement for peacekeeping when the globe is threatened

Beauchamp, 8/22/2011 (Zack - former research associate at the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at the University of Oxford, Daily Dish apprentice at Newsweek and the Daily Beast, Libya, "Leading From Behind," And Global Policemen, The Daily Beast, p. http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/2011/08/libya-leading-from-behind-and-global-policemen.html)
Police forces aren’t made up of one member. There’s a chief, sure,
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. Luckily, Americans don’t have to conduct every patrol on their own.

Security interdependence from burden-sharing is key to progressive change for international approaches to global problems

Ikenberry, January-February 2010 (G. John – Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence scholar at Kyung Hee University, The Right Grand Strategy, The American Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=760)
President Obama inherited the most daunting and intractable tangle of foreign policy challenges of any
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building, the Obama Administration is beginning the process of gaining it back.

And – their offense doesn’t apply to our DA – it’s impossible to divorce "American" interests from "global interests"

Flournoy Center for a New American Security and Former US Undersecretary of Defense ’12 (Michele, "A Plea for Smart, Forward U.S. Military Engagement," July 10, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/07/10/a-plea-for-smart-forward-u-s-military-engagement/**, Mike)
The recent global economic downturn has generated doubts about American resilience and our ability to
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rule of law, human rights, and civilian control over the military. 

2NC Structural Violence

Ignoring The Causality Between War and Gender Makes Violence Inevitable – We Must Recognize the Social Conventions Created by Systems of War in Order to Deconstruct Gender Relations
Goldstein, Professor of IR @ American U, 01
Joshua Goldstein Professor of IR @ American U 2001 War and Gender
The persistent strength of "reverse causality" from war to gender pervades this study
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believe, an important step in changing both sexism and the war system.

Framing

Scenario planning is good, even with uncertainty—the 1nc isn’t a research paper so you can always reject false claims

Wimbush, 8 – director of the Center for Future Security Strategies (S. Enders, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and the author of several books and policy articles, "A Parable: The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship Breaks Down", Asia Policy, Number 5 (January 2008), 7-24)

What if the U.S.-ROK security relationship were to break down?
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with luck avoiding having to say: "I never thought about that."

Failure to engage in comparative institutional analysis means vote neg on presumption – they make change less likely to occur

Heminway, 05  (Joan, professor of law at the University of Tennessee, 10 Fordham J. Corp. 26 Fin. L. 225, lexis)
This article offers a model for comparative institutional choice specifically for use in the context
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, to improve the ability of those who struggle with these decisions. 581

Complexity

Applying complexity theory leads to policy inaction

Hendrick 09 (Diane; Department of Peace Studies – University of Bradford, "Complexity Theory and Conflict Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications," June, http://143.53.238.22/acad/confres/papers/pdfs/CCR17.pdf)**we
It is still relatively early days in the application of complexity theory to social sciences
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prestige, etc. Such attempts appear, therefore, unrealistic or unfeasible.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas Fitz-Makuch | Judge: Lain, Matheson, Pointer

Strong perception of military options is key to deter Russia from going any further– plan is a reversal

Morrissey, 3/2 ~2014, Ed, Avid political columnist for The Week and blogger, Kerry: "All options are on the table" in response to Russian invasion of Crimea , http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/3128702/posts?page=34~~
Maybe the Obama administration is taking the Budapest Memorandum more seriously than we imagined —
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impact on the situation, argues retired Admiral James Stavridis at Foreign Policy:

Putin is playing chess- the plans removal of the option sends a dangerous signal

Stravridis, 3/1 ~2014, James Stavridis is a retired 4-star Navy admiral who serves today as the 12th Dean of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, NATO Needs to Move Now on Crimea, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/01/nato_needs_to_move_now_on_crimea~~
Now that Vladimir Putin’s Olympics are over, his gaze has turned inexorably to what
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would itself constitute a signal to Putin — one that he would welcome.

Nuclear escalation, miscalc, and massive proliferation happen in a confrontation with Russia over Ukraine

Frontier Post, 3/17 ~2014, US-Russia standoff over Ukraine may trigger nuclear attack, http://thefrontierpost.com/article/82657/US-Russia-standoff-over-Ukraine-may-trigger-nuclear-attack/~~
UNITED NATIONS: The US-Russian confrontation over Ukraine, which is threatening to undermine current bilateral talks on North Korea, Iran, Syria and Palestine, is also in danger of triggering a nuclear fallout~
Secretary of State John Kerry told US legislators early this week that if the dispute
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and start arming themselves with nuclear arsenals of their own, she noted.

The Potential for War is Inescapable and is the Root Construction of Gender Norms
Goldstein, Professor of IR @ American, 01
Joshua Goldstein Professor of IR @ American U 2001 War and Gender
In understanding gendered war roles, the potential for war matters more than the outbreak
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history has influenced gender profoundly – especially gender norms in child–rearing.

Russia

Conceded US-russia war over ukarine goes nuclear – drawsi n all countries – distinct from their complexity args – they have no specific ev

Turns the aff – Russia implements awful gender policies

Reidy, ’13 ~In Vladimir Putin’s macho Russia, nailing your scrotum to the floor is mad but revolutionary¶ By Padraig Reidy World Last updated: November 15th, 2013 http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/padraigreidy/100246118/in-vladimir-putins-macho-russia-nailing-your-scrotum-to-the-floor-is-mad-but-revolutionary/~~
The one thing you can be very sure of is that Vladimir Putin is a
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in strictly defined roles, the easier to control them and stifle dissent.

Violence against women goes ignored by the government in Russia

HRHN 2007 ~Human Rights House Network, "Do women have equal rights with men in Russia?" March 6, 2007, http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/7821.html~~ CPO

Violence against women¶ Violence, in the form of domestic violence, rape and
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assistance to victims of rape, slavery and family violence free of charge.

A2: turn war

Goldstein says war turns structural violence – during war time people accept masculine gendered norms – they create national security heroes

Direct violence, not structural oppression, causes war
Thompson 03
William, Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of International Relations at Indiana University, "A Streetcar Named Sarajevo: Catalysts, Multiple Causation Chains, and Rivalry Structures," International Studies Quarterly, 47(3), AD: 7-10-9
Richard Ned Lebow (2000–2001) has recently invoked what might be called
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theoretical role of contingencies via the development of ’’what if ’’ scenarios. 

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 08
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
 He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
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problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

L

Taking military options of the table are a concession- Missile Defense proves – gotta look strong

Cohen, 2013 ~Studied economic development and political reform in the former Soviet republics, U.S. energy security, the global War on Terrorism and the continuing conflict in the Middle East. March 19^th, How Not to Negotiate with Russia: The Missile Defense Fiasco, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/03/19/how-not-to-negotiate-with-russia-the-missile-defense-fiasco/~~
Russia’s objections to U.S. missile defense development and deployment have been on
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limit our ability to protect our European allies against the Iranian missile threat.

All options need to be no the table

Gardiner, 3/8 ~2014, The crisis in Ukraine - America can be deferrential no more, Nile, Nile Gardiner is director of the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom at The Heritage Foundation and a former aide to Lady Thatcher, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2014/3/the-crisis-in-ukraine-america-can-be-deferrential-no-longer~~
The Obama administration’s Russian reset, designed by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
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confronted if the free world is to be secure in the 21st century.

A2 rothkopf

No ev about Russia 1nc ev says we’re dufficient to deter now

Rothkopf = wrong – Syria goes our way
Posner, 9/3 ~Eric, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, "Obama is Only Making His War Powers Mightier," http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html, ALB~
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
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do that"—launch a military strike—"no matter what Congress does."

Prez powers are high-Recent Syria crisis INCREASED prez powers-NOT the other way around
Posner, 9/3 ~Eric, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, "Obama is Only Making His War Powers Mightier," http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html, ALB~
Thus, the president believes that the law gives him the option to seek a
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and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.