Tournament: Usc | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Davis-Galerstein | Judge: Wunderlich

The United States Federal Judiciary should:

substantially increase National Environmental Policy Act restrictions on biodefense and bioweapons labs

Overturn the "national security" exemption to the National Environmental Policy Act in all instances other than the introduction of Armed Forces into Hostilities

Allow citizen suits  for environmental damage, including global warming, excluding against the Armed Forces during Hostilities

Mandate the political branches enforce substantial global warming emissions reductions

The United State Federal Judiciary should clarify that none of these rulings restrict presidential authority to introduce Armed Forces into hostilities.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Feldman

The United States Congress should establish a statutory cause of action against the government, available solely to individuals lacking a cause of action recognized by the United States Federal Judiciary, for damages arising directly out of the constitutional provision allegedly violated by the United States’ targeted killing operations, to be adjudicated by a legislatively-created Article I administrative National Security Tribunal with jurisdiction limited to review of United States’ targeted killing operations.

The United States federal government should remove its private military contractor presence from Afghanistan.

Judicially-created remedies undermine deference and the political question doctrine despite being ineffective—-an Article I administrative tribunal solves better while avoiding both disads

Alexander Zbrozek 13, J.D. Candidate, Columbia University School of Law, 11/20/13, "Square Pegs and Round Holes: Moving Beyond Bivens in National Security Cases," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2357260
Since its inception, the Supreme Court has largely ... of this new tribunal.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Missouri State Hamaker-Miller | Judge: Abelkop

The United States federal government should provide traditional Article III courts exclusive jurisdiction over the United States’ indefinite detention policy in the area prescribed by the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force and ensure that sufficient resources are available for training, preparation and trial.

Article III courts solve detention problems—aff kills due process

David Cole 08, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, David Keene, Chairman, American Conservative Union, 6/23/08, "A Critiuqe of ’National Security Courts’," http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/Critique_of_the_National_Security_Courts.pdf
Advocates of national security courts that would try terrorism suspects claim that traditional Article III
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a showing would also enable it to proceed via the traditional criminal process. 

Plan destroys US legitimacy, rule of law, and fuels terrorism

Deborah Colson 09, Acting Director, Law 26 Security Program at Human Rights First, March, "The Case Against A Special Terrorism Court," http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/090323-LS-nsc-policy-paper.pdf
Human Rights First believes that all indefinite detention and special court proposals—whatever form
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effectiveness of our counterterrorism strategy and the integrity of the American justice system.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Wimsatt-Sergent-Leventhal | Judge: Gliniecki

The United States federal judiciary should interpret the current statutory framework governing indefinite detention to avoid allowing the continued detention of individuals in military detention who have won their habeas corpus hearing, as such a reading would raise serious Constitutional problems.

Competes—-the plan orders the release of detainees that have won their hearings—-the CP interprets the framework governing detention as being incompatible with continued detention of those detainees, but does not order their release—-it leaves a solution to the Constitutional question up to the political branches.

Solves the Case:

Avoidance doctrine rulings set a precedent and spill over—-immigration rulings prove

Hooper 2 – Sanford G. Hooper, Associate of Lightfoot, Franklin 26 White, LLC, Summer 2002, "NOTE: Judicial Minimalism and the National Dialogue on Immigration: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine in Zadvydas v. Davis," Washington 26 Lee Law Review, 59 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 975, p. lexis
In Zadvydas, the Court relied in part on the fact that it had imposed
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build on one another and together can have a powerful cumulative effect. n140
?
Net-Beneficial:

Avoidance rulings don’t link to any Courts disads—-they build political support and avoid controversy

Hooper 2 – Sanford G. Hooper, Associate of Lightfoot, Franklin 26 White, LLC, Summer 2002, "NOTE: Judicial Minimalism and the National Dialogue on Immigration: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine in Zadvydas v. Davis," Washington 26 Lee Law Review, 59 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 975, p. lexis
The following subpart analyzes the discussion of immigration policy in Congress, American society,
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as the debate following the terrorist attacks of September 11 aptly displayed. n161

The CP avoids the court capital disad—-it preserves institutional capital while solving the case

Hasen 9 – Richard L. Hasen, the William H. Harmon Distinguished Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, 2009, "Constitutional Avoidance and Anti-Avoidance By the Roberts Court," The Supreme Court Review, 2009 Sup. Ct. Rev. 181, p. lexis
Second, the canon may provide "a low salience mechanism for giving effect to
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full wrath of a political process that doesn’t like to be thwarted." n33

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Miller-Lepp | Judge: Herndon, Kearney, Watson

The United States federal government should  establishing a cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates in security cleared legal proceedings and should provide free legal counsel for such proceedings.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about drones—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
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laws of the United States, what does the government have to hide?

Tournament: Usc | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Davis-Galerstein | Judge: Wunderlich

The United States Congress should substantially increase environmental restrictions on the President of the United States’ authority to introduce armed forces into hostilities.  The United States Congress should create a standing risk assessment council to determine whether a waiver provision should be granted to the President on the basis of National Security.

Congressional oversight solves the aff

Rachel Jones 09, J.D. Candidate, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, "Annual Review of Environmental and Natural Resources Law: Note: Risky Business: Barriers to Rationality in Congress," 36 Ecology L.Q. 467
IV. INCREASING RATIONALITY IN CONGRESS¶ Given the military’s vast landholdings, the role
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in turn could act as a functional safeguard against potentially irrational legislative action.

Warfighting is a net benefit

Aaron Riggio 09, J.D. Candidate, Seattle University School of Law, Fall 2009, "Whale Watching from 200 Feet Below: A New Approach to Resolving Operational Encroachment Issues," 33 Seattle Univ. L. R. 229
"The only way in which a navy can ever be made efficient is by
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, a balance between national security and protecting the environment can be attained.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Strauss

The Executive branch should publicly articulate its legal rationale for its targeted killing policy, including the process and safeguards in place for target selection. The United States Congress should enact a resolution and issue a white paper stating that, in the conduct of its oversight it has reviewed ongoing targeted killing operations and determined that the United States government is conducting such operations in full compliance with relevant laws, including but not limited to the Authorization to Use Military Force of 2001, covert action findings, and the President’s inherent powers under the Constitution.

The United States Federal Judiciary should recognize a cause of action for damages arising directly out of the constitutional provision allegedly offended, on the basis that special factors do not preclude a right of action, in the area of torture committed by officials of the United States Federal Government. The United States Federal Judiciary should deny certiorari to cases challenging the legality of the United States’ targeted killing policies.

The CP’s the best middle ground—-preserves the vital counter-terror role of targeted killings while resolving all their downsides

Daniel Byman 13, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, July/August 2013, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 4
Despite President Barack Obama’s recent call to reduce the United States’ reliance on drones,
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, and with fewer civilian casualties than many alternative methods would have caused.
Critics, however, remain skeptical. They claim that drones kill thousands of innocent
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comparatively low-risk way of targeting these areas while minimizing collateral damage.
So drone warfare is here to stay, and it is likely to expand in
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drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid.

Solves—-the combination of executive disclosure and Congressional support boosts accountability and legitimacy

Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Perhaps the most obvious way to add accountability to the targeted killing process is for
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post 9/11 targeted killings. In fact, James Baker once noted
"In my experience, the United States does a better job at incorporating intelligence
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the decision cycle for that subset of targets raising the hardest issues…"519
Publicly defending the process is a natural fit for public accountability mechanisms. It provides
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control, thus their caution is understandable (albeit self-serving).520
It’s not just the Executive branch that can benefit from a healthier defense of the process. Congress too can bolster the legitimacy of the program by specifying how they have conducted their oversight activities. The best mechanism by which they can do this is through a white paper. That paper could include:
A statement about why the committees believe the U.S. government’s use of
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publicly withdraw our support for the program, and terminate funding for it."
A statement detailing the breadth and depth of Congressional oversight activities. When Senator Feinstein
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improper targeting? Are the members satisfied that internal disciplinary procedures are adequate?
3) Congressional assessment of the foreign relations implications of the program. The Constitution
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us to question the wisdom and perhaps even the legality of the program."

Solves Bivens—-subjects military policy to judicial review and recognizes Bivens actions in the areas that they’ve impacted—-if they read Bivens add-ons we can clearly legitimately CP out of those in the 2NC.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Olney

Evan and I affirm that:

the authority of governments in the United States to employ capital punishment in the criminal justice system should be substantially restricted;

the war powers authority of the President of the United States to conduct war using remotely piloted aircraft armed with nuclear weapons and/or adjustable-, supervised-, or fully-autonomous robotic systems should be substantially restricted;

the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of so-called targeted killing should be preserved so long as targeted killings are carried out with an ethic of melancholy duty and an awareness that they are justified despite their problematic moral foundations, not because of them

Solves the case:

1)  Death penalty—-the CP takes an ethical stance against state violence in the context of capital punishment—-that’s sufficient, proven by their ev

Rupa Reddy 3, researcher at the Centre for Capital Punishment Studies, based at the School of Law in the University of Westminster, has multiple degrees in law, 2003, "The Changing Face of the Killing State," http://www.westminster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/43403/Occasional_2.pdf
State killing symbolises "the vindication of absolute and ultimate power appropriated to governmental ends
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an important role to play in the practical limitation of this power.196
With regard to modern day America, this awareness no longer exists amongst a large
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ideologies related to race, and other factors such as wealth and class.
Is this the same kind of sovereign power, merely disguised more effectively under the
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that capital punishment continues to be used as an ideological tool of power.
CONCLUSION
In this discussion I have attempted to demonstrate that "capital punishment has played,
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, no effective counter-strategy can be devised to oppose it.202
One solution to this aspect of the problem then, must be to "bring
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merely raising such issues reminds people of the moral issues involved in executions.
By using such methods to raise public consciousness, might it be possible to show
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~with~ nothing but killing as the currency of social life."207

2)  Autonomous drones—-their impact ev is not about targeted killings, it’s about future autonomous drones which the CP bans—-this is from earlier in their Singer article, making clear that it’s about autonomous robots

Peter W. Singer 9, Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at Brookings, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy, Winter 2009, "Robots at War: The New Battlefield," http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2009/cs4001c_spring/documents/WilsonQuarterly-RobotsAtWar.pdf
So, despite what one article called "all the lip service paid to keeping a human in the loop," autonomous armed robots are coming to war. They simply make too much sense to the people who matter.
With robots taking on more and more roles, and humans ever further out of the loop, some wonder whether human warriors will eventually be rendered obsolete. Describing a visit he had with the 2007 graduating class at the Air Force Academy, a retired Air Force officer says, "There is a lot of fear that they will never be able to fly in combat."
The most controversial role for robots in the future would be as replacements for the
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on average, to be least likely ever to be delegated to robots.
The average year the soldiers predicted that humanoid robots would start to be used in
AND
in the field well before many of us pay of f our mortgages.
However, as H. R. "Bart" Everett, a Navy robotics
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team, much along the lines of a police dog and its handler."
A 2006 solicitation by the Pentagon to the robotics industry captures the vision: "
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robot platforms working with one or more human teammates as a cohesive unit."
Another U.S. military–funded project envisions the creation of "playbooks" for tactical operations by a robot-human team. Much like a football quarterback, the human soldier would call the "play" for robots to carry out, but like the players on the field, the robots would have the latitude to change what they did if the situation shifted.
The military, then, doesn’t expect to replace all its soldiers with robots anytime
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soldiers in these units will also be circumscribed by their orders and rules.

Rejecting all use of deadly force in counter-terrorism is just as immoral as saying the U.S. is purely innocent—-the only true ethical option is the middle ground that views carrying out violence as a sad duty rather than a joyful act of revenge

Slavoj Zizek 2, international man of mystery, 2002, Welcome to the Desert of the Real, p. 48-52
September 11 is already being appropriated for ideological causes: from the claims in all
AND
is to locate it in the context of the antagonisms of global capitalism.
We do not yet know what consequences this event will have for the economy,
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USA is not its excess of power, but its lack of it.
The WTC attacks confront us with the necessity of resisting the temptation of a double
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its other, of the forces which resist it on ’fundamentalist’ ideological grounds.
Consequently, of the two main stories which emerged after September 11, both are
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has to do it without getting involved in the obscene mathematics of guilt.)

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Nagy

The Court will maintain Affirmative Action in the Schuette decision now

Scott Lemieux, Poly Sci Prof @ St. Rose, 7-9-2013, "Affirmative Action’s Ominous Future," Prospect, http://prospect.org/article/affirmative-actions-ominous-future
In fact, it’s hard to imagine an existing program in higher education the current
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, hopefully awaiting a more favorable Court majority in the near future. 

Ruling on the aff trades off with the court’s willingness to anger the same constituency

Peretti 1 - Terri Jennings Peretti, Professor of Political Science at Santa Clara University, 2001, In Defense of a Political Court, p. 152-153
To the degree that a justice cares deeply about her policy goals, she will
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of political sanc¬tions against the Court that might foreclose all future policy options.
The school desegregation cases illustrate these points quite nicely. The Court could not pursue
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opinion or of worrying only about deriving a decision from the Framers’ intentions.

Guts military readiness

Julie W. Becton Jr, Lt. Gen., 2-19-2003, "Amicus Curiae Brief," http://www.vpcomm.umich.edu/admissions/legal/gru_amicus-ussc/um/MilitaryL-both.pdf
The modern American military candidly acknowledges the critical link between minority officers and military readiness
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resolve to do what is necessary and effective to integrate the officer corps.

Nuke war

Robert Kagan, senior fellow @ Carnegie, 7-19-2007, "End of Dreams, Return of History," http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html
The jostling for status and influence among these ambitious nations and would-be nations
AND
between them less likely, or it could simply make them more catastrophic.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Wimsatt-Sergent-Leventhal | Judge: Gliniecki

Court will uphold treaty power in Bond now but it’s close.

Greve 2013
Michael S., professor at George Mason University School of Law, Straight Up, With Multiple Twists: Bond v. United States, January 21 2013, http://www.libertylawsite.org/2013/01/21/straight-up-with-multiple-twists-bond-v-united-states/
In truth, you don’t have to read Missouri so broadly. The treaty at
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treaty law and its constitutional boundaries for many, many years to come.

Ruling on war powers is controversial, causes political retaliation, and trades off with other cases

Devins and Fitts 97 (Neal, Ernest W. Goodrich Professor of Law and Lecturer in Government – College of William and Mary, and Michael A., Robert G. Fuller, Jr. Professor of Law – University of Pennsylvania, "The Triumph of Timing: Raines v. Byrd and the Modern Supreme Court’s Attempt to Control Constitutional Confrontations," Georgetown Law Journal, November, 86 Geo. L.J. 351, Lexis)
In contrast, the Supreme Court has good reason to steer clear of these cases
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and unnecessarily" participating in political battles over the separation of powers. n71

Court capital is finite – controversial rulings trade-off

Young 99 – Ernest A. Young, Assistant Professor at the University of Texas School of Law, 1999, "ARTICLE: State Sovereign Immunity and the Future of Federalism," Supreme Court Review, 1999 Sup. Ct. Rev. 1, p. lexis 

1. The opportunity cost of immunity rulings. The first reason, and the
   AND
   extension of Lopez may do more good than another expansion of Seminole Tribe.
   "Political capital," of course, is a pretty vague concept. It might
   AND
   function as an internal constraint on the Court’s willingness repeatedly to confront Congress.

Court capital is key – upholding Congress’s treaty powers is controversial

Consovoy 13 (William S., Attorney and Counsel of Record, "BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OF THE JUDICIAL EDUCATION PROJECT IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER," in Bond v. The United States of America, 5-13, http://www.judicialnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/12-158-tsac.pdf)
Of course, Congress has a constitutional role too. Treaty rati?cation requires approval by
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avoid deciding these dif?cult constitutional issues if it is appropriate to do so.

Even a narrow ruling for Bond collapses global arms control on chemical, biological and nuclear weapons

Trapp et al 13
Ralf Trapp served as a member of the German  delegation to the Organisation for the Prohibition  of Chemical Weapons, Professor Julian Robinson is now retired from  the University of Sussex, Thomas Graham Jr. served as Special Representative of the President for  Arms Control, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, Graham S. Pearson is a Visiting Professor  of International Security in the Division of Peace Studies  of the University of Bradford. Guy Roberts was the Deputy Assistant Secretary  General for Weapons of Mass Destruction Policy for the  North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Amy E. Smithson, PhD, is a Senior Fellow at the James  Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, David A. Koplow served as Special Counsel  for Arms Control to the General Counsel of the U.S.  Department of Defense, Barry Kellman is Director of the  International Weapons Control Center at DePaul  University College of Law, David P. Fidler is the James Louis  Calamaras Professor of Law at the Indiana University, BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION NEGOTIATORS AND EXPERTS IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT Bond V. United States http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Amicus-Brief1.pdf

Finally, Congress recognized that national and international consistency in CWC implementing legislation had signi?cant
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mandate adoption of domestic legislation to subject individual conduct to penal measures.21

Global arms control solves extinction

Müller 00 (Harold, Director of the Peace Research Institute-Frankfurt and Professor of International Relations at Goethe University, "Compliance Politics: A Critical Analysis of Multilateral Arms Control Treaty Enforc

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Missouri State Hamaker-Miller | Judge: Abelkop

Debt ceiling will be raised now but it’s not certain —- Obama’s ironclad political capital is forcing the GOP to give in

Brian Beutler 10/3/13, "Republicans finally confronting reality: They’re trapped21," Salon http://www.salon.com/2013/10/03/republicans_finally_confronting_reality_theyre_trapped/
After struggling for weeks and weeks in stages one through four, Republicans are finally
AND
final act, and revealed who’s being fitted with the red dye packet.
 

Obama’s political capital is key —- it’s his sole focus now

Jonathan Allen 9/19, Politico, 9/19/13, GOP battles boost President Obama, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=17961849-5BE5-43CA-B1BC-ED8A12A534EB
There’s a simple reason President Barack Obama is using his bully pulpit to focus the
AND
the government shouldn’t shut down and that the country should pay its bills. 

Obama would push the plan —- costs tons of political capital

Matthew Waxman 7/30/13, law professor at Columbia Law School, where he co-chairs the Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. He previously served in senior policy positions at the State Department, Defense Department, and National Security Council, "Closing Guantanamo Would Still Leave Some Toughest Decisions for the Next President," http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/closing-guantanamo-would-still-leave-some-toughest-decisions-for-the-next-president/
Although pulling this off will require that President Obama spend tremendous political capital, it
AND
with so much to do in so little time, that’s probably impossible.

Independently, the plan takes Obama off-message —- it undermines his constant pressure on the GOP —- that’s key to resolving the debt ceiling

Milbank 9/27/13 – Washington Post Opinion Writer (Dana, "Obama should pivot to Dubya’s playbook" Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-obama-should-try-pivoting-to-george-bushs-playbook/2013/09/27/c72469f0-278a-11e3-ad0d-b7c8d2a594b9_story.html)
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff
AND
If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters.

Debt ceiling collapses the global economy —- fast timeframe and no resiliency

Adam Davidson 9/10/13, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, "Our Debt to Society," NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war

Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Missouri State Hamaker-Miller | Judge: Abelkop

Debt ceiling will be raised now but it’s not certain —- Obama’s ironclad political capital is forcing the GOP to give in

Brian Beutler 10/3/13, "Republicans finally confronting reality: They’re trapped21," Salon http://www.salon.com/2013/10/03/republicans_finally_confronting_reality_theyre_trapped/
After struggling for weeks and weeks in stages one through four, Republicans are finally
AND
final act, and revealed who’s being fitted with the red dye packet.
 

Obama’s political capital is key —- it’s his sole focus now

Jonathan Allen 9/19, Politico, 9/19/13, GOP battles boost President Obama, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=17961849-5BE5-43CA-B1BC-ED8A12A534EB
There’s a simple reason President Barack Obama is using his bully pulpit to focus the
AND
the government shouldn’t shut down and that the country should pay its bills. 

Obama would push the plan —- costs tons of political capital

Matthew Waxman 7/30/13, law professor at Columbia Law School, where he co-chairs the Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. He previously served in senior policy positions at the State Department, Defense Department, and National Security Council, "Closing Guantanamo Would Still Leave Some Toughest Decisions for the Next President," http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/closing-guantanamo-would-still-leave-some-toughest-decisions-for-the-next-president/
Although pulling this off will require that President Obama spend tremendous political capital, it
AND
with so much to do in so little time, that’s probably impossible.

Independently, the plan takes Obama off-message —- it undermines his constant pressure on the GOP —- that’s key to resolving the debt ceiling

Milbank 9/27/13 – Washington Post Opinion Writer (Dana, "Obama should pivot to Dubya’s playbook" Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-obama-should-try-pivoting-to-george-bushs-playbook/2013/09/27/c72469f0-278a-11e3-ad0d-b7c8d2a594b9_story.html)
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff
AND
If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters.

Debt ceiling collapses the global economy —- fast timeframe and no resiliency

Adam Davidson 9/10/13, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, "Our Debt to Society," NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war

Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Malsin

Text —— The United States Executive Branch should establish a declaratory policy that the United States will not introduce nuclear weapons first into hostilities.

The plan is action policy and the CP is declaratory policy. Under declaratory NFU, it’s possible that in the face of incontrovertible evidence that an adversary is about to launch a nuclear strike, the U.S. could use nuclear weapons first.

Tertrais 9 – Bruno Tertrais, Senior Research Fellow at the Paris-based Foundation for Strategic Research and Contributing Editor to Survival, October-November 2009, "The Trouble with No First Use," Survival, Vol. 51, No. 5, p. 26-27
The nuance is important. Declaratory policies (what states claim they would do)
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there is no evidence that the 2001 Nuclear Posture Review included this option.

This solves the case:

It’s virtually identical in function—-the U.S. would only override a declaratory NFU in an extreme crisis—-and global public opinion would rally behind the U.S.

Feiveson and Hogendoorn 3 – Harold Feiveson, senior research scientist and co-director of the Program in Science 26 Global Security at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, and Ernst Hogendoorn, Ph.D. Candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, Summer 2003, "No First Use of Nuclear Weapons," The Nonproliferation Review, online: http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/102feiv.pdf
In extremis, of course, a U.S. administration might find compelling reason to override a no-first-use commitment, and actually use or explicitly threaten to use nuclear weapons. Such an act would be taken only in the most dire of circumstances, and in such a situation it is hard to believe that U.S. flaunting of a prior declaratory commitment would weigh much in how the world viewed the U.S. actions.

The net-benefit—-making NFU an action policy and completely prohibiting all scenarios for first-use costs hundreds of thousands of lives in an inevitable crisis—-the CP’s declaratory NFU enables the U.S. to override its declared posture and launch damage-limitation strikes against an imminent nuclear attacker

Tertrais 9 – Bruno Tertrais, Senior Research Fellow at the Paris-based Foundation for Strategic Research and Contributing Editor to Survival, October-November 2009, "The Trouble with No First Use," Survival, Vol. 51, No. 5, p. 25
A no-first-use policy might also have security costs beyond deterrence.
AND
is giving up the possibility of saving hundreds of thousands of his citizens.

Only a declaratory NFU creates successful existential deterrence—-the knowledge that a declaratory NFU could be revoked in crisis de-escalates tension and prevents conflict

Feiveson and Hogendoorn 3 – Harold Feiveson, senior research scientist and co-director of the Program in Science 26 Global Security at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, and Ernst Hogendoorn, Ph.D. Candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, Summer 2003, "No First Use of Nuclear Weapons," The Nonproliferation Review, online: http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/102feiv.pdf
Opponents of a strong no-first-use declaration by the United States generally
AND
go into battle thinking they can rely on the use of nuclear weapons.

The CP’s the best middle ground—-it refuses to tie the hands of future presidents while adopting the substance of NFU—-the consequences of nuclear war mean declaratory NFU would only be overridden in catastrophic circumstances

Boese 6 – Wade Boese, Research Director of the Arms Control Association, March 25, 2006, "Preventing Nuclear Disaster," online: http://www.armscontrol.org/print/128
Nuclear weapons possessors should be pushed to adopt no-first-use policies.
AND
weapons policy as immoral, illegal, militarily unnecessary, and dreadfully dangerous."

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Minnesota Crunkilton-Ehrlich | Judge: Kallmyer, Lemuel, Wunderlich

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

No chance of war from economic decline—-best and most recent data

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
disruptions of the Occupy movement fuel impressions of surge in global public disorder.
The aggregate data suggests otherwise, however. The Institute for Economics and Peace has
AND
surge in protectionist nationalism or ethnic exclusion that might have been expected."40
None of these data suggest that the global economy is operating swimmingly. Growth remains
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42

Economic collapse inevitable —- now’s better than later

MacKenzie 8 ~Debora, Are We Doomed, New Scientist, Vol. 197 Issue 2650, p32-35, 4p, 4 May 2005, EBSCO)
DOOMSDAY. The end of civilisation. Literature and film abound with tales of plague
AND
stagnation or collapse, and in the long run this cannot be sustainable.

Collapse of the economy now is key to prevent extinction through warming—-causes a stable transition to peaceful society

Barry 8 – President and Founder of Ecological Internet, Ph.D. in Land Resources from U-Wisconsin-Madison
(Glen, "Economic Collapse And Global Ecology", http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm)

Humanity and the Earth are faced with an enormous conundrum — sufficient climate policies enjoy
AND
sabotage to hasten the day. It is more fragile than it looks. 

Growth causes biodiversity loss  —- ensures extinction —- prefer our impacts —- they’re irreversible

Chen 2k Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Globalization marks the end of an epoch. Not merely an epoch in the colloquial
AND
, to be reaped in the next season of the human understanding." 12

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: Rutgers-Newark Haughton-Stafford | Judge: Atchison, Crowe, Quigley
(only posting cards --- talk to me about it personally if you would like to know the analytics we made) 

They are a liability model of responsibility that only calls out particular individuals—-this finger-pointing becomes self-fulfilling and endless because it gets mirred in retroactive punishment instead of forward-looking transformation—-that’s counterproductive because it effaces collective responsibility for actually improving the community

Iris Marion Young 6, was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, Responsibility and Global Justice, sites.coloradocollege.edu/engaging-the-global/files/2013/01/Young_2006.pdf
In ordinary language, we use the term "responsible" in several ways.
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that produce unjust outcomes is an important factor that distinguishes degrees of responsibility.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Nagy

Court deference in the context of war fighting is at an all-time high —- most recent cases prove

George D. Brown 11, Interim Dean and Robert F. Drinan, S.l., Professor of Law, Boston College Law School, 1/7/11, "Accountability, Liability, and the War on Terror — Constitutional Tort Suits as Truth and Reconciliation Vehicles," Florida Law Review, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=133726context=lsfp
Still, the notion of national security deference is deeply ingrained in our constitutional tradition
AND
stand in stark contrast to the habeas decisions of a few years earlier. 

Court interference decks the Executive flexibility necessary to solve prolif, terror, and the rise of hostile powers—-link threshold is low

Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881
Supreme Court Justices—along with legal advocates—need to conceptualize and prioritize big
AND
," n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.

Global nuclear war

Li 9 Zheyao, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
AND
and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Reforms result in catastrophic terrorism—-releases them and kills intel gathering

Jack Goldsmith 09, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, "Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf
These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Nuke terror causes extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Independently, the plan collapses intelligence gathering —- sources dry up —- destroys the heart of counter-terror policy

Delery Et.al. ’12 - Principal Deputy, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, DOJ
Principal Deputy, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, STUART F. DELERY
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, United Sta

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Feldman

The plan shatters court deference on national security affairs —- decks effective executive responses to prolif, terror, and the rise of hostile powers—-link threshold is low

Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881
Supreme Court Justices—along with legal advocates—need to conceptualize and prioritize big
AND
hyper-energy in the Executive branch in responding to these threats. n16
The Justices should also consult Professor Robert S. Summers’s masterful elaboration and amplification of
AND
of Congress) to preserve, protect, and defend the Nation. n22
 ~*886~  B. Geopolitical Strategic Considerations Bearing on Judicial Interpretation
Before the United States Supreme Court Justices form an opinion on the legality of national
AND
security facts and conceptions before sitting in judgment on presiprudential national security determinations.
(1) "National security policy . . . is harder today because the
AND
-traffickers support terrorists, and terrorists align themselves with regional powers." n27
(2) "Yet, as worrisome as these immediate concerns may be, the long-term challenges are even harder to deal with, and the stakes are higher. Whereas the main Cold War threat—the Soviet Union—was brittle, most of the potential adversaries and challengers America now faces are resilient." n28
(3) "The most important task for U.S. national security
AND
When you do not hold the strategic advantage, they do not." n30
(4) While "keeping the strategic advantage may not have the idealistic ring of making the world safe for democracy and does not sound as decisively macho as maintaining American hegemony," n31 maintaining the American "strategic advantage is critical, because it is essential for just about everything else America hopes to achieve—promoting freedom, protecting the homeland, defending its values, preserving peace, and so on." n32
(5) The United States requires national security "agility." n33 It not only needs "to refocus its resources repeatedly; it needs to do this faster than an adversary can focus its own resources." n34
 ~*888~  As further serious preparation for engaging in the jurisprudence of American
AND
stake. This is the kind of knowledge suited to a Jacksonian." n39
Turning to how the Supreme Court should view and interpret American presidential measures to oversee
AND
," n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.

Emboldened rogue states threaten nuclear war —- crisis management is key to solve

Dibb 6 Emeritus Prof of IR @ Australian National University, Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), August 15, 2006 Tuesday, As one nuclear flashpoint reaches a lull, another simmers away, Pg. 11, Lexis
NOW that the building blocks for achieving a cessation in hostilities in the crisis involving
AND
as will the inevitable collision between Iran and Israel in the Middle East.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Davis-Galerstein | Judge: Wunderlich

1NC

The aff sets a dangerous precedent that breaks judicial defense —- leads to escalating checks on war powers

Craig Green 9, Associate Professor, Temple Law School; University Fellowship, Princeton History Department; J.D., Yale Law School, "Ending the Korematsu Era: A Modern Approach ," http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=roger_craig_green
Another lesson from sixty years of wartime cases concerns the role of precedent itself in
AND
oppression to a broadly illuminating case about how courts supervise presidential war powers.

That decks effective executive responses to prolif, terror, and the rise of hostile powers—-link threshold is low

Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881
Supreme Court Justices—along with legal advocates—need to conceptualize and prioritize big
AND
hyper-energy in the Executive branch in responding to these threats. n16
The Justices should also consult Professor Robert S. Summers’s masterful elaboration and amplification of
AND
of Congress) to preserve, protect, and defend the Nation. n22
 ~*886~  B. Geopolitical Strategic Considerations Bearing on Judicial Interpretation
Before the United States Supreme Court Justices form an opinion on the legality of national
AND
security facts and conceptions before sitting in judgment on presiprudential national security determinations.
(1) "National security policy . . . is harder today because the
AND
-traffickers support terrorists, and terrorists align themselves with regional powers." n27
(2) "Yet, as worrisome as these immediate concerns may be, the long-term challenges are even harder to deal with, and the stakes are higher. Whereas the main Cold War threat—the Soviet Union—was brittle, most of the potential adversaries and challengers America now faces are resilient." n28
(3) "The most important task for U.S. national security
AND
When you do not hold the strategic advantage, they do not." n30
(4) While "keeping the strategic advantage may not have the idealistic ring of making the world safe for democracy and does not sound as decisively macho as maintaining American hegemony," n31 maintaining the American "strategic advantage is critical, because it is essential for just about everything else America hopes to achieve—promoting freedom, protecting the homeland, defending its values, preserving peace, and so on." n32
(5) The United States requires national security "agility." n33 It not only needs "to refocus its resources repeatedly; it needs to do this faster than an adversary can focus its own resources." n34
 ~*888~  As further serious preparation for engaging in the jurisprudence of American
AND
stake. This is the kind of knowledge suited to a Jacksonian." n39
Turning to how the Supreme Court should view and interpret American presidential measures to oversee
AND
," n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.

Causes nuclear war and bioterror—-exec flex is key to successful fourth-gen warfare

Zheyao Li 9, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
AND
and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Binghamton Sehgal-Reddick | Judge: Varda

Evan and I affirm the transformative legal genealogies, cartographies, and counter-archives of Nde memory and pictographs that rupture the carceral architecture of containment while retaining current Presidential war powers authority over indefinite detention under the Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001.

We believe the pictographs handed out before the round can support our counterplan just as they can support the plan.

And, we will also introduce a reading of "The Birth of Thought Woman"

Children shrink from blood
Relations whose faces dictate them    trust
Whose hands and words peck
The order like sport

Relatives say
Maize saves people from themselves

This food is medicine
Says the road man

But the medicine is laced   uranium   rape   DDT   lynching
Toxaphene   apartheid   radiation   blood violence
And the seed keeper rapes his wife like
Pistons ram inside pipes
And his sons rape her daughter like
Scissors want to be cut
Smash her son’s head   as tidal waves
Pound the shore

We didn’t count on that but were warned and English says
Little in long sounds with no air
The fetus inside the moon curdles in her
Milkysoft placenta   we’re going back in
Time to the end of the barbed world
English says
Little in long sounds
No air
I tell the rapist’s words to my grandmothers
To my grandmothers   to my grandmothers

Splitting my body

Making me unnatural

When I walk away from
The shove of wounds

I am sound before language
Before language
Before all language until
Spider’s web spins and unfurls her next move

Thought…it’s your turn to be born
War is at hand 

Solves the entirety of the aff —- they have NO reason why ending indefinite detention in the context of the current war on terror is required to resolve any of their impacts which are all about natives.

Reforms to ID result in catastrophic terrorists attacks —- releases individuals who will commit terrorist acts

Jack Goldsmith 9, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, "Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf
These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

Nuclear terrorism is feasible —- high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid —- our authors are self-reflexive

Michael J. Boyle 8, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, "A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies," Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64
 Jackson (2007c) calls for the development of an explicitly CTS on the
AND
community of scholars does not produce such scathing indictments of its own work. 

Extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: Ndtdistrict5 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan Krakoff-Hirn | Judge: judge

The United States federal government should apply judicial restrictions on the president’s indefinite imprisonment authority, including burdens of proof and presumptions regarding evidence in habeas hearings that favor indefinitely imprisoned individuals.

Using the word "detain" is unethical and turns solvency—"imprison" is more accurate—hold the 1ac accountable

Margaret Sullivan 13, April 12, "’Targeted Killing,’ ’Detainee’ and ’Torture’: Why Language Choice Matters," http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/targeted-killing-detainee-and-torture-why-language-choice-matters/?_r=0
If it’s torture, why call it a "harsh interrogation technique"? If it’s
AND
thoughtful consideration – and, at times, some institutional soul-searching.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston Rajwani-Lanning | Judge: Cram Helwich, OGorman, Voss

The United States Congress should statutorily require that the President of the United States disclose her relationship to disability upon entering the office of the Presidency of the United States.

Solves the case —- they don’t have a reason why disclosure immediately before entering hostilities is key

Congressional intervention destroys crisis response —- they’re too inexperienced, and open —- the link threshold is low

-AT: Holmes medical analogy
Eric A. Posner 12, Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, Winter, "REFLECTIONS ON THE LAW OF SEPTEMBER 11: A TEN-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE: DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER SEPTEMBER 11: CONGRESS, THE COURTS, AND THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL," 35 Harv. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 213, Lexis
THE DEFERENCE THESIS¶ The deference thesis states that during emergencies the legislature and judiciary
AND
judges are inexperienced in national security unlike the specialists in the executive branch.

Causes nuclear war and bioterror —- executive discretion is key to fourth generation warfare

Zheyao Li 9, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
AND
and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Missouri State Hamaker-Miller | Judge: Abelkop

Obama is prioritizing capture over drone strikes now

David Corn 13, Washington Bureau Chief at Mother Jones,  5/23/13, "Obama’s Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?," http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties
So Obama’s speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration’s acknowledgment yesterday that
AND
11 period. That journey, though, may be a long one.

Restricting detention policies means we massively ramp up targeted killings and extradite prisoners —- turns case

Jack Goldsmith 09, a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, assistant attorney general in the Bush administration, 5/31/09, "The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html
The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at
AND
help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.

Increased drone use sets a precedent that causes South China Sea conflict

Roberts 13 (Kristen, News Editor at National Journal, "When the Whole World Has Drones", 3/22/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
And that’s a NATO ally seeking the capability to conduct missions that would run afoul
AND
lead somebody to be subject for an engagement by the United States government."

South China Sea conflicts cause extinction

Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?",  www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston Rajwani-Lanning | Judge: Cram Helwich, OGorman, Voss

The United States Congress should statutorily encourage that the President of the United States disclose her relationship to disability prior to entering forces into hostility.

As an example, I will now personally identify myself as temporarily able bodies.

The requirement to disclose one’s relationship to disability condemns disabled people to confess and conform to a certain narrative of what it means to be ’disabled’ —- this demand for ’authentic’ identity is coercive and entrenches disempowering notions of disability

Anna Mollow 4, PhD candidate in English at the University of California, Berkeley, "Identity Politics and Disability Studies: A Critique of Recent Theory," Spring 2004, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mqr;c=mqr;c=mqrarchive;idno=act2080.0043.218;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mqrg
In addition, the confessional aspects of Siebers’s writing also potentially undermine his critique of
AND
to describe in detail their symptoms, daily activities, and medical histories.
Identity politics movements also often demand the authentication of one’s identity. Consider, for
AND
operate through the entrenchment of de-sexualizing and disempowering definitions of disability.

The demand for a disclosure of a relationship to disability is a form of blaming the subject for societal oppression and depriving the person of autonomy —- only the ability to disclose on one’s own terms avoids these pitfalls

Cheuk 12 Fiona Cheuk, Critical Disability Studies, York University "Locked Closets and Fishbowls: Self-disclosing Disabilities" https://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cdd/article/viewFile/34960/32620
This is troubling for many reasons; first of all, the person’s right to
AND
unsuited for the disabled body as land for fish out of the water.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Miller-Lepp | Judge: Herndon, Kearney, Watson

The United States Congress should create a Joint Congressional committee to oversee drone use for targeted killing. The Executive Branch should prohibit itself from utilizing drones for targeted killing and engage in meaningful consultation and transparency efforts with the committee in regards to drone use for targeted killing.

CP solves the whole case without restricting war powers which links to politics

Warren Christopher 8, et al 63rd Secretary of State. He also served as Deputy Attorney General in the Lyndon Johnson Administration, and as Deputy Secretary of State in the Carter Administration, Over 14 months, this bipartisan body met seven times in full-day sessions, interviewing more than 40 witnesses about the respective war powers of the President and Congress., James A. Baker, III, Slade Gorton Lee H. Hamilton Carla A. Hills John O. Marsh, Jr Edwin Meese, III Abner J. Mikva  J.  Paul Reason Brent Scowcroft Anne-Marie Slaughter Strobe Talbott, National War Powers Commission Report, http://web1.millercenter.org/reports/warpowers/report.pdf
The need for reform stems from the gravity and uncertainty posed by war powers questions
AND
ability to question or challenge the constitutional war powers of the other branch." 

Avoids politics—-turf battles over authority are key

James A. Baker 11, was secretary of state from 1989 to 1992. Lee H. Hamilton is a former Democratic representative from Indiana who chaired the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Breaking the war powers stalemate, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/breaking-the-war-powers-stalemate/2011/06/08/AGX0CrNH_story.html
Breaking the war powers stalemate¶ With our country engaged in three critical military conflicts
AND
reality, the resolution has only further complicated the issue of war powers.

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Minnesota Crunkilton-Ehrlich | Judge: Kallmyer, Lemuel, Wunderlich

Text:  The President of the United States should public declare that it considers itself legally prohibited from intervening in a conflict between China and Taiwan.

Counterplan solves cred and the case

Adrian Vermeule 7, Harvard law prof - AND - Eric Posner - U Chicago law, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865
*We do not endorse gendered language
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Some- times legislators overcome
AND
, we may speak of formal and informal means of self-binding:

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Feldman

Executive and Congress CP —- Harvard Round 4

The Executive branch should publicly articulate the legal rationale for its targeted killing policy, including the process and safeguards in place for target selection.

The United States Congress should enact a resolution and issue a white paper stating that, in the conduct of its oversight it has reviewed ongoing targeted killing operations and determined that the United States government is conducting such operations in full compliance with relevant laws, including but not limited to the Authorization to Use Military Force of 2001, covert action findings, and the President’s inherent powers under the Constitution.

The CP’s the best middle ground—-preserves the vital counter-terror role of targeted killings while resolving all their downsides

Daniel Byman 13, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, July/August 2013, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 4
Despite President Barack Obama’s recent call to reduce the United States’ reliance on drones,
AND
, and with fewer civilian casualties than many alternative methods would have caused.
Critics, however, remain skeptical. They claim that drones kill thousands of innocent
AND
comparatively low-risk way of targeting these areas while minimizing collateral damage.
So drone warfare is here to stay, and it is likely to expand in
AND
drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid.

The CP’s combination of executive disclosure and Congressional support boosts accountability and legitimacy

Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Perhaps the most obvious way to add accountability to the targeted killing process is for
AND
post 9/11 targeted killings. In fact, James Baker once noted
"In my experience, the United States does a better job at incorporating intelligence
AND
the decision cycle for that subset of targets raising the hardest issues…"519
Publicly defending the process is a natural fit for public accountability mechanisms. It provides
AND
control, thus their caution is understandable (albeit self-serving).520
It’s not just the Executive branch that can benefit from a healthier defense of the process. Congress too can bolster the legitimacy of the program by specifying how they have conducted their oversight activities. The best mechanism by which they can do this is through a white paper. That paper could include:
A statement about why the committees believe the U.S. government’s use of
AND
publicly withdraw our support for the program, and terminate funding for it."
A statement detailing the breadth and depth of Congressional oversight activities. When Senator Feinstein
AND
improper targeting? Are the members satisfied that internal disciplinary procedures are adequate?
3) Congressional assessment of the foreign relations implications of the program. The Constitution
AND
us to question the wisdom and perhaps even the legality of the program."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Kall

The President of the United States should execute a disarming nuclear strike on the Chinese nuclear arsenal if and only if he determines that he has the legal authority to do so.

The United States Federal Government should require Congressional authorization prior to initiating offensive use of conventional force.

Taiwan crisis is likely this year—-draws in the U.S.

Michael Mazza 13, research fellow in foreign and defense policy at the American Enterprise Institute, 1/3/13, "Four Surprises That Could Rock Asia in 2013," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/01/03/four_surprises_that_could_rock_asia_in_2012?page=full
Since President Ma Ying-jeou came to power in 2008, Taipei and Beijing
AND
ally — could throw U.S.-China relations into a tailspin.

Extinction - Taiwan’s an existential issue—-they’ll strike U.S. cities

Straits Times 2K ~June, 25, No one gains in war over Taiwan~
The US estimates that China possesses about 20 nuclear warheads that can destroy major American
AND
was to assess Chinese actions according to the American way of thinking.  "

China alerting missiles in a crisis causes rapid US preemptive strike

Lieber and Press 7 - Keir A. Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Winter 2007, "U.S. Nuclear Primacy and the Future of the Chinese Deterrent," China Security, Issue No. 5, online: http://www.wsichina.org/cs5_5.pdf
Ironically, one of the clearest explanations for how the United States may use nuclear
AND
and react inside of the lengthy launch cycle time of Chinese forces."24

U.S. first-strike is key to prevent or limit the damage of U.S.-China nuclear war

Lieber and Press 7 – Keir Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl Press, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, July/August 2007, "Superiority Complex," The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200707/china-nukes
From a military perspective, this modernization has paid off: A U.S
AND
he or she would reap the benefits of the past decade’s counterforce upgrades.

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Minnesota Crunkilton-Ehrlich | Judge: Kallmyer, Lemuel, Wunderlich

The President of the United States should execute a disarming strike utilizing low-yield airburst nuclear weapons on the Chinese nuclear arsenal in the event of a hostility between the People’s Repubic of China and Taiwan if and only if he believes he has the non-extra-Constitutional authority to do so.

It’s net-beneficial —- US-Sino war is inevitable —- it will escalate and go nuclear —- South China Seas, nuclear submarine accidents, and ambiguous red-lines

Avery Goldstein, October 2013, the David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and IR and Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China @ the University of Pennsylvania, "China’s Real and Present Danger," September/October 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger?cid=soc-twitter-in-essays-chinas_clear_and_present_danger-100713
Much of the debate about China’s rise in recent years has focused on the potential
AND
limited communication such submarines maintain with the mainland in order to avoid detection.

U.S. first-strike is key to prevent and contain the impact to the inevitable US-Sino war

Lieber and Press 7 – Keir Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl Press, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, July/August 2007, "Superiority Complex," The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200707/china-nukes
From a military perspective, this modernization has paid off: A U.S
AND
he or she would reap the benefits of the past decade’s counterforce upgrades.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Friedman | Judge: Reed

Congressional intervention collapses crisis response —- they’re too inflexible, inexperienced, and open —- the link threshold is low —- (Holmes is wrong)

-AT: Holmes medical analogy
Eric A. Posner 12, Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, Winter, "REFLECTIONS ON THE LAW OF SEPTEMBER 11: A TEN-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE: DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER SEPTEMBER 11: CONGRESS, THE COURTS, AND THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL," 35 Harv. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 213, Lexis
THE DEFERENCE THESIS¶ The deference thesis states that during emergencies the legislature and judiciary
AND
judges are inexperienced in national security unlike the specialists in the executive branch.

The plan collapses executive crisis response —- triggers terrorism, rogue state attacks, and wildfire prolif

John Yoo 8/30/13, Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law, visiting scholar @ the American Enterprise Institute, former Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Law @ the University of Trento, served as a deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Council at the U.S. Department of Justice between 2001 and 2003, received his J.D. from Yale and his undergraduate degree from Harvard, "Like it or not, Constitution allows Obama to strike Syria without Congressional approval," Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/
The most important of the president’s powers are commander-in-chief and chief
AND
time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

Emboldened rogue states threaten nuclear war —- crisis management is key to solve

Dibb 6 Emeritus Prof of IR @ Australian National University, Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), August 15, 2006 Tuesday, As one nuclear flashpoint reaches a lull, another simmers away, Pg. 11, Lexis
NOW that the building blocks for achieving a cessation in hostilities in the crisis involving
AND
as will the inevitable collision between Iran and Israel in the Middle East. 

Effective executive response is key to prevent global crises —- specifically: Iranian nuclearization, North African terrorism, Russian aggression, and Senkaku conflict

Ghitis 13 (Frida, world affairs columnist for The Miami Herald and World Politics Review. A former CNN producer and correspondent, she is the author of The End of Revolution: A Changing World in the Age of Live Television. "World to Obama: You can’t ignore us," 1/22, http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/opinion/ghitis-obama-world)
And while Obama plans to dedicate his efforts to the domestic agenda, a number
AND
of his attention to foreign policy as he did during his inaugural speech.

Senkaku conflict is on the brink —- quick U.S. intervention is key to prevent global nuclear escalation

Klare 13 Michael is the Five College professor of peace and world security studies @ Hampshire College. He holds a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of the Union Institute. "The Next War, 1/23, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

Perception of weak Presidential crisis response collapses heg —- turns case

John R. Bolton 9, Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute 26 Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, "The danger of Obama’s dithering," Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our
AND
the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Kall

The plan collapses executive crisis response —- triggers terrorism, rogue state attacks, and wildfire prolif

John Yoo 8/30/13, Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law, visiting scholar @ the American Enterprise Institute, former Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Law @ the University of Trento, served as a deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Council at the U.S. Department of Justice between 2001 and 2003, received his J.D. from Yale and his undergraduate degree from Harvard, "Like it or not, Constitution allows Obama to strike Syria without Congressional approval," Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/
The most important of the president’s powers are commander-in-chief and chief
AND
time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

The structure of Congress inherently favors delay and inaction —- that’s awful for crisis response

John Yoo 4, Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law, visiting scholar @ the American Enterprise Institute, former Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Law @ the University of Trento, served as a deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Council at the U.S. Department of Justice between 2001 and 2003, received his J.D. from Yale and his undergraduate degree from Harvard, "War, Responsibility, and the Age of Terrorism," UC-Berkeley Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101526context=johnyoo
In order to weigh the advantages of the Congress-first approach, it is
AND
possible attack, or the uncertainty over whether congressional authorization will be forthcoming.

Executive flexibility is vital to solve multiple nuclear threats

Li 9 Zheyao, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
AND
and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Tournament: Texas | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Minnesota Crunkilton-Ehrlich | Judge: Kallmyer, Lemuel, Wunderlich

The plan’s precedent causes further constraint —- undermines overall war powers

Paul 8 Christopher, Senior Social Scientist; Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School Pittsburgh Office Education Ph.D., M.A., and B.A. in sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, "US Presidential War Powers: Legacy Chains in Military Intervention Decisionmaking* ," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Sep., 2008), pp. 665-679
Legacy Chains
Finegold 26 Skocpol (1995: 222) describe policy legacies: Past and present
AND
law (see the extended ex ample presented later in the article).1 

Causes nuclear war and bioterror—-exec flex is key to successful fourth-gen warfare

Zheyao Li 9, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
AND
and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard Bolman-Suo | Judge: Reed

1NC

Voting affirmative endorses a radical limit on executive power to respond to crises—-despite whatever smoke and mirrors they throw up about the aff, that’s its fundamental premise

William E. Scheuerman 2, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Minnesota, Summer 2002, "ARTICLE: CONSTITUTIONALISM IN AN AGE OF SPEED," Constitutional Commentary, 19 Const. Commentary 353
The crisis rhetoric often exploited by would-be executive constitutional reformers is revealing.
AND
fire responses and the executive is purportedly best suited to initiate such responses.
Fundamental constitutional alteration obviously represents a key aspect of constitutional change. However, constitutional
AND
and its fundamental modification or alteration of those rules is likely to grow.
Only systematic empirical research can demonstrate whether social and economic acceleration actually contributes to  ~*
AND
executive with speed potentially paves the way for unparalleled exercises of executive power.

Causes nuclear war and bioterror—-exec flex is key to successful fourth-gen warfare

Zheyao Li 9, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
AND
and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wake Forest Perretta-Pham | Judge: Meiches

The affirmative’s failure to advance a topical defense of federal policy undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential

First, our definitions:

"USFG should" means the debate is only about government policy

Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Resolved is legislative 
AOS 4, Army Officer School, 5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

Now, our reasons to prefer

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact—-T debates also solve any possible turn

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined—-and, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Finally, the impacts—-effective decision-making outweighs—-

Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without rec

Tournament: Usc | Round: 2 | Opponent: Towson Thomas-Whitley | Judge: Davis

a. Interpretation and violation—-the affirmative should defend the desirability of topical government action

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

"Resolved" is legislative

Jeff Parcher 1, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html
Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
or ’no’ - which, of course, are answers to a question.   

"Should" requires defending federal action

Judge Henry Nieto 9, Colorado Court of Appeals, 8-20-2009 People v. Munoz, 240 P.3d 311 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009)
"Should" is "used . . . to express duty, obligation,
AND
be allocated for the purpose of parents’ federal tax exemption to be mandatory).

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference in order to promote effective exchange

Steinberg and Freeley 13, * David, Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And  Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

b. Vote neg

1. Preparation and clash—changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

Topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

2. substantive regulations that demarcate limits are necessary for dialogue—-refusal to tailor their identity claims to normative, public stances shuts down the possibility for discussion and democratic respect

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
AND
ofliberal theory that looks neutral but in practice supports and serves the powerful.
Difference democrats are hostile to consensus, partly because consensus decisionmaking (of the sort
AND
which Young also subscribes; 2000, 49–51), Mouffe states:
To negate the ineradicable character of antagonism and aim at a universal rational consensus— that is the real threat to democracy. Indeed, this can lead to violence being unrecognized and hidden behind appeals to "rationality," as is often the case in liberal thinking. (1996, 248)
Mouffe is a radical pluralist: "By pluralism I mean the end of a
AND
respect" as "a critical pluralist ethos" (1999, 70).
Mouffe and Young both want pluralism to be regulated by a particular kind of attitude
AND
need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

Tailoring identity claims to common topics for deliberation is possible and desirable—-the 1ac’s failure to affirm topical action impedes the culture of democratic debate that’s key to effective decisionmaking in a pluralistic society

Amanda Anderson 6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290
MY RECENT BOOK, The Way We Argue Now, has in a sense two
AND
if they hope to live together in a post-traditional pluralist society.
One example of the trumping of argument by ethos is the form that was taken
AND
have carried more weight if provided by a respondent rather than the author.)
The Foucauldian counter-critique importantly emphasizes a relation between style and position, but
AND
the possibility, as I have suggested, of an ethos of argument.
Robbins, in his extraordinarily rich and challenging response, zeroes in immediately on a
AND
generality, to finding a way to live together under conditions of difference.
More than this: the book also discusses at great length and from several different
AND
communicated and also can be used to justify political positions and legislative agendas.

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

Debate inevitably involves exclusions—-making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits and critical thinking—-this process of intellectual exchange outweighs the content of the aff and doesn’t link to any of their offense

Amanda Anderson 6, prof of English at Johns Hopkins The Way We Argue Now, 25-8
25¶ Whether such a procedural approach actually helps to yield any substantive normative guidance
AND
by the principles of recognition and respect that underpin democratic institutions and practices.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard Bolman-Suo | Judge: Reed

1NC

a. Interpretation and violation—-the affirmative should defend topical action grounded in the resolution

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

b. Vote neg

1. Preparation and clash—changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

2. Substantive constraints on the debate are key to actualize effective pluralism and agonistic democracy

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
AND
ofliberal theory that looks neutral but in practice supports and serves the powerful.
Difference democrats are hostile to consensus, partly because consensus decisionmaking (of the sort
AND
which Young also subscribes; 2000, 49–51), Mouffe states:
To negate the ineradicable character of antagonism and aim at a universal rational consensus— that is the real threat to democracy. Indeed, this can lead to violence being unrecognized and hidden behind appeals to "rationality," as is often the case in liberal thinking. (1996, 248)
Mouffe is a radical pluralist: "By pluralism I mean the end of a
AND
respect" as "a critical pluralist ethos" (1999, 70).
Mouffe and Young both want pluralism to be regulated by a particular kind of attitude
AND
need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

Constraints on deliberation are necessary to re-found the political—-an untamed agon eviscerates political action and judgment skills

Dana Villa 96—prof of political science, Amherst, Beyond Good and Evil: Arendt, Nietzsche, and the Aestheticization of Political Action, Political Theory, Vol. 20, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 274-308
The representative thinking made possible by disinterested judgment is Arendt’s Kantian version of
AND
conditions," thereby freeing us for the purely public aspect of the phenomenon.
The difference between genealogical "objectivity" and representative judgment, between the kind of
AND
in Nietzsche’s phrase, with the "yay and nay of the palate.""°
For Kant, the significance and implications of aesthetic distance are quite opposite. As
AND
Indeed, Kant describes taste itself as "a kind of sensus communism"
The aesthetic distance achieved by representative thought thus points to the "grounding" of
AND
look and sound, what we will see and what men will hear in
Kant’s theory of judgment thus opens a space between the false objectivism of
AND
Arendt’s opinion, because it preserves appearance and perspective without abolishing the world.
We can sum up the achievement of Kant’s theory of judgment by saying that it
AND
everyone else’ in the hope of coming to an agreement with him eventually.""°
Taste judgments are, in a word, redeemed deliberatively. Kant’s conception of aesthetic judgment—departing from the exchange of viewpoints necessary for representative thinking and culminating in the persuasive exchange that accompanies the rendering of each judgment—is thus, for Arendt, political through and through.’51 It requires an ongoing process of exchange and deliberation, one "without criteria," as Lyotard would say)"
This is yet another reason why Kantian taste judgment is the appropriate model for Arendt’s
AND
action and judgment but, at best. a kind of regulative ideal.
The turn to Kant thus enables Arendt to avoid the antipolitical tendencies encountered in the
AND
in validity to the degree that it has liberated itself from merely individual idiosyncrasiesm’
The agon is tamed, then, not by retreating from the aestheticization of action but by following its anti-Platonic impulse through to the end. The "completion" of the theory of action by a Kant-inspired theory of judgment retains the focus on action as something heroic or extraordinary, as beyond
good and evil. It does so, however, by shifting the emphasis from
AND
that Arendt draws between greatness and beauty in "The Crisis in Culture":
Generally speaking, culture indicates that the public realm, which is rendered politically secure
AND
world, all human life would be futile and no greatness could endure.
Arendtian aestheticism, an aestheticism predicated on a love of the world and which admires
AND
activity itself. The result is that performance is denigrated, action misconceived.
Nietzsche, of course, has even less use for homo faber than Arendt,
AND
in terms of what Lacoue-Labarthe calls a "mimetology," while Nietzsche
repudiates again and again all metaphors of correspondence or adequation, does not alter their
AND
by plurality and which enables the fullest, most articulated expression of difference.
CONCLUSION
Arendt resists the Habermasian temptation to seek quasi-transcendental standards of agreement in a
AND
reflexive discovery of rules in light of indeterminate, transcendent ideas of community"
The critique of Aristotelian/oommunitarian thinking is also applicable to the kind of postmodern
AND
problematic, but it does serve to underline the falseness of this dichotomy.
One may grant that Arendl’s aesthcticism avoids the trope of the fiction du polin’que,
AND
, than a recovery of ethos or the legislation of a proceduralist rationality.
"Hie simple answer to this objection is mat Arendt completely agrees. Her work stands not only as a comprehensive rethinking of the nature and meaning of political action but as an extended mediation on how the energies
of modernity have worked to dissipate our feeling for the world, to alienate us
AND
in which stable boundaries and distinctions have been dissolved and rendered virtually impossible.
The postmodernist will object that Arendtian aestheticism. unlike Nietzsche’s, mourns the loss of
AND
the possibility of meaning created by political action and redeemed by political judgment.

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

Guidelines for dialogue are intersubjectively possible and desirable—-they are necessary to cultivate democratic habits and political judgment—-the affirmative’s rejection of normative constraints goes too far

Heimonet 9—Professor of French, American Catholic U (JEAN-MICHEL, THE SACRED: MYSTICISM AND PRAGMATISM, THE MAJOR TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY THEORY, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series07/VII-6/chapter-6.htm)
Beginning with Foucault these were concerned with carrying out an archeology of knowledge with a
AND
efficacity and utility are understood on the basis of results in daily life.

Debate inevitably involves exclusions—-making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits and critical thinking—-this process outweighs the content of the aff

Anderson 6—prof of English at Johns Hopkins (Amanda, The Way We Argue Now, 25-8)
25¶ Whether such a procedural approach actually helps to yield any substantive normative guidance
AND
by the principles of recognition and respect that underpin democratic institutions and practices.

Their strategy of opening up to radical uncertainty goes too far in decentering provisional communal identities necessary for politics in a world of speed—-minimal guidelines don’t stifle becoming or entrench predictability—-they are necessary to help pluralism flourish

David McIvor 10, research associate at the Kettering Foundation, The Politics of Speed: Connolly, Wolin, and the Prospects for Democratic Citizenship in an Accelerated Polity, Polity (2011) 43, 58–83
So, what is the point? Connolly does not describe or define it in
AND
intense micro-political efforts to recalibrate our attentiveness to becoming and flux.
Yet there is another and perhaps a more damning way in which Connolly might be
AND
will desiccate, but that their loss will not be recognized or mourned.
Connolly’s recoil from collective identity also keeps him from fully appreciating the implications of his
AND
accommodations and products to the arduous labors of collective negotiation and public action.
Perhaps, then, we are already past the point when social acceleration yielded beneficent
AND
spinning and dancing like a toy top: moving fast but going nowhere.
Wolin: Democratic Citizenship as a Fugitive Experience
A society … caught in the frenzy of rapid change has difficulty knowing how to think about the consequences of loss, especially of things widely shared … rapid change not only blunts the collective conscience but dims the collective memory.
—Sheldon Wolin, Democracy Incorporated
Connolly argues that we should embrace speed for the work it does on our cultural
AND
principle, then Wolin’s unstated political ontology more closely resembles the death drive.
Democratic power, then, is fugitive, but it is still possible for ephemeral
AND
can find redress through the concerted efforts of ordinary men and women.75
Democratic citizenship, on the other hand, is a "discordant" but limit
AND
a will to generality, an aspiration of "commonality amid difference."77

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Najor

Courts affs have to specify the grounds

Dragich 95 - Martha J. Dragich, Associate Professor of Law at Missouri-Columbia, 2-1995 44 Am. U.L. Rev. 757
Opinions also permit readers to view the law in historical context. Insofar as opinions
AND
case, the issues considered, the court’s reasoning, and the result.

Vote neg – all ground and education revolve around judicial reasoning.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Feldman

Turn —- The U.S. currently conducts TKs on behalf of Pakistan against militants that threaten the Pakistani state as an explicit quid-pro-quo for the overall TK program—-narrowing requirements for imminence makes these ’good will kills’ illegal—-results in kickout

C. Christine Fair 13, Peace and Security Studies Program, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 11/12/13, "Drones, Spies, Terrorists and Second Class Citizenship in Pakistan - A Review Essay," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2353447
Closely related to the issue of Pakistan’s sovereignty is the question about Pakistan’s ability and
AND
, and no moment of deliberation" (pp. 107-108).
Indeed recent reporting casts doubt upon the U.S. claims that drone strikes
AND
eliminate Pakistan’s enemies that pose no significant imminent threat to the United States?
I have long speculated that the U.S. and Pakistan’s intelligence agencies engage
AND
-negotiables from the other while increasingly viewing the other as the enemy.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Strauss

Immigration DA —- Harvard Round 5

Immigration reform will pass —- it’s Obama’s top priority

Eleanor Clift, 10-25-2013, "Obama, Congress Get Back to the Immigration Fight," Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/25/obama-congress-get-back-to-the-immigration-fight.html
But now with the shutdown behind them and Republicans on the defensive, Obama saw
AND
where Republicans once again are on the wrong side of history and demography.    

Obama’s political capital is vital to reignite momentum for immigration

Reid Epstein 10/17/13, writer at Politico, "Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy," http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512.html
President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s
AND
said. "And I think that it would win significant Republican votes."

Judicial interference in drone policy wrecks PC—-Obama would fight

Elinor June Rushforth 12, J.D. candidate, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law, Class of 2013, Fall 2012, "NOTE: THERE’S AN APP FOR THAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONALITY STRIKES BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST NON-CITIZENS, 2004-2012," Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 29 Ariz. J. Int’l 26 Comp. Law 623, p. lexis
Because of staunch political and military support for the drone program, it is unlikely
AND
and that the imposition of judicial process on targeted killing would be fought.
?

Ag industry’s collapsing now—-immigration’s key

Alfonso Serrano 12, Bitter Harvest: U.S. Farmers Blame Billion-Dollar Losses on Immigration Laws, Time, 9-21-12, http://business.time.com/2012/09/21/bitter-harvest-u-s-farmers-blame-billion-dollar-losses-on-immigration-laws/
The Broetjes and an increasing number of farmers across the country say that a complex
AND
up to 249 billion, according to the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Extinction

Lugar 2k Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. "calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability," pg online @ http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: 

DA

Immigration reform will pass —- it’s Obama’s top priority

AP 12/27/13, Associated Press, "President Obama Eyes Immigration Reform As A Top Priority For 2014," published on Fox News Latino, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/12/27/president-obama-eyes-immigration-reform-as-top-priority-for-2014/
HONOLULU (AP) – The last vestiges of 2013’s political wrangling officially behind him
AND
, who negotiated the budget deal for Republicans, said in a statement.

Restrictions on war powers deplete political capital and trade off with the rest of the agenda

Douglas L. Kriner 10, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 68-69
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital
Shaping both real and anticipated public opinion are two important ways in which Congress can
AND
rear-guard action against congressional critics of the war in Iraq.61

Political capital is key

Reid Epstein 10/17/13, writer at Politico, "Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy," http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512.html
President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s
AND
said. "And I think that it would win significant Republican votes."

Ag industry’s collapsing now—-immigration’s key

Alfonso Serrano 12, Bitter Harvest: U.S. Farmers Blame Billion-Dollar Losses on Immigration Laws, Time, 9-21-12, http://business.time.com/2012/09/21/bitter-harvest-u-s-farmers-blame-billion-dollar-losses-on-immigration-laws/
The Broetjes and an increasing number of farmers across the country say that a complex
AND
up to 249 billion, according to the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Extinction

Lugar 2k Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. "calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability," pg online @ http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Feldman

Immigration reform will pass —- it’s Obama’s top priority

Eleanor Clift, 10-25-2013, "Obama, Congress Get Back to the Immigration Fight," Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/25/obama-congress-get-back-to-the-immigration-fight.html
But now with the shutdown behind them and Republicans on the defensive, Obama saw
AND
where Republicans once again are on the wrong side of history and demography.    

Obama’s fresh political capital is vital to reignite momentum for immigration

Reid Epstein 10/17/13, writer at Politico, "Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy," http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512.html
President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s
AND
said. "And I think that it would win significant Republican votes."

Obama would expend political capital fighting the plan

Laurie R. Blank 12, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory Law School, 2012, "NATIONAL SECURITY: PART II: ARTICLE: TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS," William Mitchell Law Review, 38 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 1655
Using both the armed conflict and self-defense justifications for all targeted strikes,
AND
regimes and paradigms to become blurred, however, are far too great.

CIR’s critical to economic growth—-multiple internals

Klein 13 Ezra is a columnist for The Washington Post. "To Fix the U.S. Economy, Fix Immigration," 1/29, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-29/to-fix-the-u-s-economy-fix-immigration.html
Washington tends to have a narrow view of what counts as "economic policy."
AND
influx of foreign-born students is the most obvious solution you’ll find.

Economic crisis causes global nuclear war

Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Missouri State Hamaker-Miller | Judge: Abelkop

The plan collapses intelligence gathering —- sources dry up when their intelligence is used in court —- destroys the heart of counter-terror policy

Delery Et.al. ’12 - Principal Deputy, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, DOJ
Principal Deputy, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, STUART F. DELERY
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, United States’ Statement of Interest, Case 1:12-cv-01192-RMC Document 18 Filed 12/14/12 Page 1 of 58, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 12/14/2012
Third. Plaintiffs’ claims raise the specter of disclosing classified intelligence information in open court
AND
classified information is a special factor in the "extraordinary rendition" context).

Credible US intelligence security measures are crucial to intelligence sharing

Anna-Katherine McGill 12, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David Gray, Campbell University, Summer 2012, "Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing," http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf
It is clear that diplomacy will continue to be a key component in US counterterrorism
AND
and will go a long way to advancing US credibility and trust building. 

Intelligence sharing is key to NATO effectiveness—solves war

Martin J. Ara 11, Lieutenant, United States Navy M.S., London School of Economics, AND Thomas Brand Lieutenant, Colonel, German Army B.S., University of the German Federal Armed Forces Munich, , AND Brage Andreas Larssen, Major, Norwegian Army B.S., Norwegian Military Academy, Oslo, December 2011, "HELP A BROTHER OUT: A CASE STUDY IN MULTINATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SHARING, NATO SOF," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556078.pdf
*Note: SOF = Special Operation Forces
NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members via
AND
is attempting to streamline and optimize the intelligence available to NATO SOF units. 

NATO prevents global nuclear war

Zbigniew Brzezinski 9, former U.S. National Security Advisor, the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, September/October 2009, "An Agenda for NATO," Foreign Affairs
And yet, it is fair to ask: Is NATO living up to its extraordinary potential? NATO today is without a doubt the most powerful military and political alliance in the world. Its 28 members come from the globe’s two most productive, technologically advanced, socially modern, economically prosperous, and politically democratic regions. Its member states’ 900 million people account for only 13 percent of the world’s population but 45 percent of global GDP.
NATO’s potential is not primarily military. Although NATO is a collective-security alliance
AND
geopolitical bond between the United States and Europe as it addresses new tasks.
The basic challenge that NATO now confronts is that there are historically unprecedented risks to
AND
the growing threat of violent political chaos stemming from humanity’s recent political awakening.
The three great political contests of the twentieth century (the two world wars and
AND
television, and the Internet accelerated and intensified this mass global political awakening.
In its early stages, such new political awareness tends to be expressed as a
AND
and religiously aroused peoples, is where NATO is becoming more deeply embroiled.
Additionally complicating is the fact that the dramatic rise of China and India and the
AND
these three still relatively cautious revisionist powers will further intensify the strategic uncertainty.
Visible on the horizon but not as powerful are the emerging regional rebels, with
AND
an extremist anti-Western religious movement is threatening the country’s political stability.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Kall

Iran is looking to compromise on its nuclear program – Obama’s perceived flexibility is key to negotiations

Benen, 9/20/13 - producer for "The Rachel Maddow Show," a blogger at Maddow Blog, and an MSNBC political contributor (Steve, "When crises become opportunities," http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite)
¶ When it comes to the Middle East, progress has never moved in a
AND
moment for Obama to be demonstrating flexibility and diplomacy toward the Middle East.

Uncertainty over war powers keeps Iran at the table.  Obama needs to be perceived as having independent authority to both strike and back down

Zeisberg, 9/25/13 - associate professor of political science at the University of Michigan (Mariah, "Debate over War Powers may yield positive outcome"
http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/09/debate-over-war-powers-resolution-may-yield-positive-outcome/)

Uncertainty about what the Constitution requires is thick: even as President Obama called for
AND
sundering the Assad regime from its chemical weapons. Only time will tell.
For constitutional scholars, it is worth noting the positive role that uncertainty and textual ambiguity can create in generating good international outcomes.

Giving Congress the ability to say no will tank negotiations by emboldening hardliners – this triggers Israeli strikes

Ross, 9/9/13 - a counselor at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, was a senior Middle East adviser to President Obama from 2009 to 2011, Director of Policy Planning for the State Department under George H.W. Bush, the Special Middle East coordinator under Clinton (Dennis, "Blocking action on Syria makes an attack on Iran more likely" Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/blocking-action-on-syria-makes-an-attack-on-iran-more-likely/2013/09/09/dd655466-1963-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html)

Still, for the opponents of authorization, these arguments are portrayed as abstractions.
AND
the United States, but maybe it will — and maybe it should.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy

Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Najor

Obama will hold off a vote on Iran sanctions now—-PC’s key—-failure destroys regional and global U.S. power and cred

Flynt Leverett 1-20, professor at Pennsylvania State University’s School of International Affairs and is a Visiting Scholar at Peking University’s School of International Studies, and Hillary Mann Leverett, Senior Professorial Lecturer at the American University in Washington, DC and a Visiting Scholar at Peking University in Beijing, 1/20/14, "Iran, Syria and the Tragicomedy of U.S. Foreign Policy," http://goingtotehran.com/iran-syria-and-the-tragicomedy-of-u-s-foreign-policy
Regarding President Obama’s ongoing struggle ...but we will see it globally."

It’s a war powers issue that Obama will win now—-failure commits us to Israeli strikes

Merry 1/1 Robert W., political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran" Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/merry-obama-may-buck-the-israel-lobby-on-iran/
With the veto threat, Mr. Obama has announced that he is prepared to
AND
and when that might be necessary should be made in Jerusalem or Washington. 

Obama fights the plan —- losers lose —- that drains political capital

Loomis 7 – Department of Government at Georgetown
(3/2/2007, Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy," pg 35-36, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php)
Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
influences infiltrate policy-making processes and affect the character of policy decisions.

Causes Israel strikes

Jon Perr 12/24/13, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon, has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23
As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

Israeli strikes cause global great power war

Rafael Reuveny 10, PhD, Professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, "Unilateral Strike on Iran could trigger world Depression", Op-ed distributed through McClatchy Newspaper Co, http://www.indiana.edu/~~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
likely protest and send weapons, but would probably not risk using force.
¶ While no one has a crystal ball, leaders should be risk-averse when choosing war as a foreign policy tool. If attacking Iran is deemed necessary, Israel must wait for an American green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Smelko

Momentum for sanctions on Iran is stalled because of Obama’s perceived strength

Gary Rosenblatt 2-5, columnist, The Jewish Week, 2/5/14, "Israel Lobby And The White House: Who’ll Blink First?," http://www.thejewishweek.com/editorial-opinion/gary-rosenblatt/israel-lobby-and-white-house-wholl-blink-first
A month from now more than … insider said. "But they don’t want to do it."

It’s a war powers issue that Obama will win now—-failure commits us to Israeli strikes

Merry 1/1 Robert W., political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran" Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/31/merry-obama-may-buck-the-israel-lobby-on-iran/
With the veto threat, Mr. Obama has announced that he is prepared to
AND
and when that might be necessary should be made in Jerusalem or Washington. 

Obama fights restrictions on authority —- losers lose —- that drains political capital

Loomis 7 – Department of Government at Georgetown
(3/2/2007, Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy," pg 35-36, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php)
Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
influences infiltrate policy-making processes and affect the character of policy decisions.

Causes Israel strikes

Jon Perr 12/24/13, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon, has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23
As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

Israeli strikes cause global great power war

Rafael Reuveny 10, PhD, Professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, "Unilateral Strike on Iran could trigger world Depression", Op-ed distributed through McClatchy Newspaper Co, http://www.indiana.edu/~~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
likely protest and send weapons, but would probably not risk using force.
¶ While no one has a crystal ball, leaders should be risk-averse when choosing war as a foreign policy tool. If attacking Iran is deemed necessary, Israel must wait for an American green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Ndtdistrict5 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Frederick, Najor, Stevenson

Text: In the area of offensive use of military force initiated without prior Congressional authorization through a policy trial, the United States federal government should legally allow only nuclear force initiated to repel attacks on Japan and military force initiated to repel attack on the United States.

It’s textually and functionally competitive —- the counterplan creates a smaller restriction than the plan because it doesn’t submit nuclear force initiated to repel attacks on Japan to Congressional authorization requirements

Solves the case —- all of their advantages are about use of conventional force in instances other than formal security relationships.

Net-benefit is Japan prolif —-

Congressional control over nuclear use destroys credibility of the nuclear umbrella—- none of their generic link args apply to nukes

John Norton Moore 87, Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law, "The Constitution, Nuclear Weapons, and Deterrence: An Analysis of the FAS Proposal," First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides? p. 30-3
Note: The "FAS proposal" argues that "a bicameral congressional committee should be created by Congress, empowered to check any proposed presidential first use of nuclear weapons"
Constitutional constraints can, if warranted, always be changed by constitutional amendment. And
AND
to reject a role for Congress in the operational chain of command. 20

That guarantees Japanese nuclearization —- they’d have to anticipate the possibility that Congress creates a hole in the umbrella

Toshi Yoshihara 9, Professor in the Strategy and Policy Department at the U.S. Naval War College, and James R. Holmes, senior research associate at the University of Georgia Center for International Trade and Security, Thinking About the Unthikable, Naval War College Review, Summer2009, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p59-78, 20p
OPTION TWO: BLACK SWANS AND NUCLEAR BREAKOUT What would it take to empower adherents
AND
umbrella would be among the most decisive stimuli for a Japanese nuclear breakout.

Japanese proliferation causes Asian instability and nuclear war

Cirincione 2k ~Director of the nonproliferation project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3/22/00 (Foreign Policy)~
The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Malsin

The US has nuclear primacy now vs. every rival—-credible threat of first strike is key

Also answers cuts UQ because cuts have affected Russia MORE, which boosts U.S. primacy
Carl Osgood 13 and Rachel Douglas, Executive Intelligence Review, 3/15/13, "U.S. Moves Toward
Nuclear First Strike Capability," http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2013/4011nuke_first_strike.html
On March 1, the Strategic Studies Quarterly, a journal published by the U
AND
to work when nuclear use does not automatically imply suicide and mass slaughter?

(  )  Nuclear primacy’s key to hegemony—-makes unipolarity durable and deters great power competition  
Craig 9 – Campbell Craig, Professor of International Relations at the University of Southampton, 2009, "American power preponderance and the nuclear revolution," Review of International Studies, Vol. 35, p. 35-36
As Keir Lieber and Daryl Press have suggested, the US may be on the
AND
so against a small nation with a second-strike minimum deterrent arsenal.
The nuclear revolution delivers a clear message to any large state considering major war with
AND
nuclear state can feel confident that it will be safe from conquest.34
The general relevance of these messages to American unipolar preponderance is clear. At the
AND
American predation today than comparable states facing dominant powers in previous eras.36
The main effects of the nuclear revolution, then, bolster the general claim of
AND
factor, and show how the nuclear revolution specifically reinforces each of them.

(  )  Loss of U.S. hegemony causes nuclear wars around the globe
Kagan 7 – Robert Kagan, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund, August/September 2007, "End of Dreams, Return of History," The Hoover Policy Review, online: http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html
The jostling for status and influence among these ambitious nations and would-be nations
AND
a retraction of American influence and global involvement will provide an easier path.

Conventional wars against nuclear-armed adversaries require primacy to control escalation—-otherwise adversaries will use nuclear weapons first

Lieber and Press 10 – Keir A. Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Political Science at Dartmouth College, March/April 2010, "Second Strike: Is the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal Outmoded?," Foreign Affairs
Nuclear weapons are a boon for vulnerable states. During the Cold War, the
AND
and beliefs about strategic stability and nuclear force requirements must be reevaluated accordingly.

U.S. nuclear primacy prevents nuclear war over Taiwan—-the war likely wouldn’t break out and wouldn’t escalate if it did

Lieber and Press 7 - Keir A. Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Winter 2007, "U.S. Nuclear Primacy and the Future of the Chinese Deterrent," China Security, Issue No. 5, online: http://www.wsichina.org/cs5_5.pdf
Ironically, one of the clearest explanations for how the United States may use nuclear
AND
its nuclear force – or even attacking Taiwan – in the first place.

China would perceive any decline in primacy as a green-light to attack Taiwan

CAGS, Center on American and Global Security, 2009, Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Future of U.S. National Security: From Present Problems to Future Challenges, http://www.indiana.edu/~~cags/docs/WMDReportFINAL.pdf
Third, the impact of China’s achievement of MAD with the United States would affect
AND
the escalation risks of two established nuclear powers fighting a conventional war.4

Taiwan escalates and goes nuclear—-no defense

William Lowther 3-16, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report," http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwa

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Kall

COUNTERPLAN: The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General Representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions to initiate military action, unless to repel attacks on the United States.

The Department of Justice officials should counsel against doing so without prior Congressional authorization.

The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions.

Executive pre-commitment to DOJ advice solves the aff

Pillard 2005 – JD from Harvard, Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute at Georgetown University Law Center, former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the DOJ (February, Cornelia T., Michigan Law Review, 103.4, "The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands", 103 Mich. L. Rev. 676-758, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/)

V. ENABLING EXECUTIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM¶ The courts indisputably do not and cannot fully assure
AND
constitutional rights is part of the executive’s interest, not counter to it.

It has the effect of the aff but doesn’t jeopardize crisis flex

Morrison 2011 – Professor of Law, Columbia University (Trevor W., Harvard Law Review, ""Hostilities," the Office of Legal Counsel, and the Process of Executive Branch Legal Interpretation", 124 HARV. L. REV.F. 62, http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/constitutional-governance/files/Libya-Hostilities-Office-of-Legal-Counsel.pdf)

Once OLC arrived at its conclusion, it should have been clearly conveyed to the
AND
the law. If the former is weakened, the latter is jeopardized. 

That’s key to Presidential effectiveness—keeping authority is key—the impact is extinction

Baker, 7 - Chief Judge to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, former Special Assistant to the President and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council (James, IN THE COMMON DEFENSE: NATIONAL SECURITY LAW FOR PERILOUS TIMES, p. 307-309)

This book has considered national security law and process in the context of four security
AND
and there are no alternative means to accomplish the same necessary security end.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Nagy

The Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel should issue a formal opinion that the President of the United States may not indefinitely detain without the Third Geneva Conventions Article Five rights. The President of the United States should comply with the Office of Legal Counsel’s opinion.

OLC opinions are presumptively binding and solve the case

Trevor Morrison 11, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, "LIBYA, ’HOSTILITIES,’ THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, AND THE PROCESS OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGAL INTERPRETATION," Harvard Law Review Forum Vol.124:42, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124_forum_morrison.pdf
Deeply rooted traditions treat the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) as
AND
each successive presidential administration has a strong incentive to respect and preserve them. 

Solves compliance but maintains flex

HLR 12, Harvard Law Review, Presidential Power and the Office of Legal Counsel, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 2090
As Professor Richard Pildes points out in his critique of their book, though,
AND
times of need, to determine the meaning of the law for himself.

Tournament: Ndtdistrict5 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Frederick, Najor, Stevenson

Text:  The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General Representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions to initiate offensive use of military force.

The Office of Legal Counsel should issue a formal, public opinion recommending against initiating offensive use of military force without prior Congressional authorization through a policy trial.

The President of the United States should comply with the Office of Legal Counsel’s opinion.

OLC opinions solve the whole aff without linking to politics

Trevor Morrison 11, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, "LIBYA, ’HOSTILITIES,’ THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, AND THE PROCESS OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGAL INTERPRETATION," Harvard Law Review Forum Vol.124:42, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124_forum_morrison.pdf
Deeply rooted traditions treat the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) as
AND
each successive presidential administration has a strong incentive to respect and preserve them. 

Executive pre-commitment to DOJ advice avoids their solvency deficits

Internal restrictions are comparatively more effective
Pre-commitment solves groupthink/bias —- causes OLC lawyers to play devil’s advocate
Pillard 5 – JD from Harvard, Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute at Georgetown University Law Center, former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the DOJ (February, Cornelia T., Michigan Law Review, 103.4, "The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands", 103 Mich. L. Rev. 676-758, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/)
V. ENABLING EXECUTIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM¶ The courts indisputably do not and cannot fully assure
AND
constitutional rights is part of the executive’s interest, not counter to it.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Najor

Text:  The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General Representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions involving habeus corpus.

The Office of Legal Counsel should issue a formal, public opinion recommending that the Executive Branch self-apply burdens of proof and presumptions regarding evidence in habeus corpus hearings that favor individuals in military detention. The Executive Branch should refuse to prosecute individuals if it does not have enough evidence to meet this burden.

The President of the United States should comply with the Office of Legal Counsel’s opinion.

OLC opinions solve the whole aff without linking to any of our DA’s

Trevor Morrison 11, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, "LIBYA, ’HOSTILITIES,’ THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, AND THE PROCESS OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGAL INTERPRETATION," Harvard Law Review Forum Vol.124:42, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124_forum_morrison.pdf
Deeply rooted traditions treat the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) as
AND
each successive presidential administration has a strong incentive to respect and preserve them. 

Executive pre-commitment to DOJ advice avoids their solvency deficits

Internal restrictions are comparatively more effective
Pre-commitment solves groupthink/bias —- causes OLC lawyers to play devil’s advocate
Pillard 5 – JD from Harvard, Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute at Georgetown University Law Center, former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the DOJ (February, Cornelia T., Michigan Law Review, 103.4, "The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands", 103 Mich. L. Rev. 676-758, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/)
V. ENABLING EXECUTIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM¶ The courts indisputably do not and cannot fully assure
AND
constitutional rights is part of the executive’s interest, not counter to it.

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: 

1NC

The United States federal government should limit the President’s war powers authority to intervene in Muslim nations except to utilize targeted killing strikes against known terrorists. The United States federal government should  establishing a cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates in security cleared legal proceedings and should provide free legal counsel for such proceedings.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about drones—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
AND
laws of the United States, what does the government have to hide?

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Strauss

Plan breaks the political question doctrine—-triggers a slippery slope

Christopher Ehrfurth 11, 10/10/11, "The Extrajudicial Killing of Anwar al-Awlaki," http://law.marquette.edu/facultyblog/2011/10/10/the-extrajudicial-killing-of-anwar-al-awlaki/
The legality of the extrajudicial assassination of al-Awlaki was the subject of a
AND
The court’s lengthy opinion begins with a compelling recitation of the questions presented:
How is it that judicial approval is required when the United States decides to target
AND
under the September 18, 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force?
Al-Aulaqi v. Obama, 727 F.Supp.2d 1, 8-9 (D.D.C. 2010).
Before contemplating the more compelling issues, the court first decided the issue of standing
AND
al-Awlaki surrendered peacefully he could not be executed without due process.
The court also denied third party standing, holding that Anwar’s father could not show that a parent suffers an injury in fact if his adult child is threatened with a future extrajudicial killing.  Anwar’s status as an adult was of particular importance because a parent does not have a constitutionally (or common law) protected liberty interest in maintaining a relationship with his adult child free from government influence.
Prudential standing was denied because, among other reasons, the court refused to "
AND
not recognize as authoritative, especially in a country that he openly despised.
Ultimately, the most compelling issues were not addressed because the court found that judicial
AND
based upon that intelligence) to use military force against terrorist targets overseas:
~T~his Court does not hold that the Executive possesses "unreviewable authority
AND
Court finds that the political question doctrine bars judicial resolution of this case.
Al-Aulaqi, 727 F.Supp.2d at 52-53.
It is unfortunate that the Aulaqi case never made it beyond the issue of standing, but perhaps that was the proper outcome.  Although Awlaki was a U.S. citizen (and a citizen of Yemen), he was also clearly a member of al-Qaeda.  Shortly after 9/11, Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force ("AUMF").  The AUMF provides that:
~T~he President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001…in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States…
Everyone (except for the guy who leaves "9/11 was inside job
AND
indicate that the President was acting at the highest ebb of his authority.
Still, many columnists and politicians like Ron Paul believe that Obama’s decision was illegal
AND
holding U.S. citizenship, but that issue was never addressed.
Was the force used against al-Awlaki necessary and appropriate?  It seems difficult
AND
President is tracking and killing those who are actively trying to kill Americans.
After reading the al-Aulaqi opinion, I was left feeling unsatisfied with the
AND
if faced with the same choice as the President, would choose differently.

That spills over to climate change cases—-litigants are turning to the Courts now and asking them to abrogate the PQD

Laurence H. Tribe 10, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School; Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy 26 Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, "TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE," http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
Two sets of problems, one manifested at a microcosmic level and the other about
AND
constitutionally deficient—and structurally unsound—mechanism for remedying temperature’s unwanted effects.
It has been axiomatic throughout our constitutional history that there exist some questions beyond the
AND
"a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it."3
The spectrum of nonjusticiable political questions in a sense spans the poles formed by these
AND
courts must be principled, rational, and based upon reasoned distinctions."4
At a deeper level, however, the two poles collapse into one. The
AND
issue, even if broadly and implicitly, to the political branches.5
It has become commonplace that confusion and controversy have long distinguished the doctrine that determines
AND
cases demonstrates, the political question doctrine is feeling heat from both directions.

That wrecks coordination necessary to solve warming

Laurence H. Tribe 10, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School; Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy 26 Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, "TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE," http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
But that being said, if the Second Circuit was implying that such claims are
AND
influence and be influenced by the delicate state of international climate negotiations.45
Against this backdrop, courts would be wise to heed the conclusion of one report
AND
~n insufficient number of participants will doom an emissions trading market."49
There is no doubt that the "Copenhagen Accord only begins the battle" against
AND
involved parties, are the only ones constitutionally entitled to fight that battle.
CONCLUSION
Some prognosticators opine that the political question doctrine has fallen into disrepute and that it
AND
the climate of the times and its implications for how we govern ourselves. 

Extinction

Flournoy 12 — Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight
AND
, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 )

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Feldman

Setting a precedent against the PQD spills over to climate change cases—-litigants are turning to the Courts now and asking them to abrogate the PQD

Laurence H. Tribe 10, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School; Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy 26 Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, "TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE," http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
Two sets of problems, one manifested at a microcosmic level and the other about
AND
constitutionally deficient—and structurally unsound—mechanism for remedying temperature’s unwanted effects.
It has been axiomatic throughout our constitutional history that there exist some questions beyond the
AND
"a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it."3
The spectrum of nonjusticiable political questions in a sense spans the poles formed by these
AND
courts must be principled, rational, and based upon reasoned distinctions."4
At a deeper level, however, the two poles collapse into one. The
AND
issue, even if broadly and implicitly, to the political branches.5
It has become commonplace that confusion and controversy have long distinguished the doctrine that determines
AND
cases demonstrates, the political question doctrine is feeling heat from both directions.

That crushes global coordination necessary to solve climate change

Laurence H. Tribe 10, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School; Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy 26 Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, "TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE," http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
But that being said, if the Second Circuit was implying that such claims are
AND
influence and be influenced by the delicate state of international climate negotiations.45
Against this backdrop, courts would be wise to heed the conclusion of one report
AND
~n insufficient number of participants will doom an emissions trading market."49
There is no doubt that the "Copenhagen Accord only begins the battle" against
AND
involved parties, are the only ones constitutionally entitled to fight that battle.
CONCLUSION
Some prognosticators opine that the political question doctrine has fallen into disrepute and that it
AND
the climate of the times and its implications for how we govern ourselves. 

Warming is real, anthropogenic and causes extinction

Flournoy 12 — Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight
AND
, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 )

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Miller-Lepp | Judge: Herndon, Kearney, Watson

Momentum for patent reform now – Obama’s pushing and PC is key

David Kravets, WIRED senior staff writer, 3-20-2014, "History Will Remember Obama as the Great Slayer of Patent Trolls," Threat Level, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2014/03/obama-legacy-patent-trolls/
But Obama will leave another gift to posterity, one not so obvious, one
AND
back to the House for final approval before landing on the president’s desk.

Reform that targets patent trolling is key to the entire green tech sector

Adam Gerschel-Clarke 13, independent design strategist specialising in the societal aspects of design and a contributing writer at Sustainable Brands, 11/14/13, "Are patent trolls strangling sustainable innovation?," http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/patent-trolls-sustainable-innovation
Disputes over intellectual property have risen dramatically over the last few years and, despite
AND
our journey towards a sustainable future will become ever slower and more difficult.

U.S. green tech leadership’s key to overall hegemony and preventing warming—-extinction

Klarevas 9 –Louis Klarevas, Professor for Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, 12/15, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
AND
best approach for achieving this is to promote a national strategy of greengemony.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Brovero, Malson, Davis
Momentum for patent reform now – Obama’s pushing and PC is key
David Kravets, WIRED senior staff writer, 3-20-2014, "History Will Remember Obama as the Great Slayer of Patent Trolls," Threat Level, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2014/03/obama-legacy-patent-trolls/
But Obama will leave another gift to posterity, one not so obvious, one
AND
back to the House for final approval before landing on the president’s desk.

Restrictions on war powers deplete political capital and trade off with the rest of the agenda
Douglas L. Kriner 10, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 68-69
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital
Shaping both real and anticipated public opinion are two important ways in which Congress can
AND
rear-guard action against congressional critics of the war in Iraq.61

Reform that targets patent trolling is key to the entire green tech sector
Adam Gerschel-Clarke 13, independent design strategist specialising in the societal aspects of design and a contributing writer at Sustainable Brands, 11/14/13, “Are patent trolls strangling sustainable innovation?,” http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/patent-trolls-sustainable-innovation
Disputes over intellectual property have risen dramatically
AND
prospect that our journey towards a sustainable future will become ever slower and more difficult.

U.S. green tech leadership’s key to overall hegemony and preventing warming-~--extinction
Klarevas 9 –Louis Klarevas, Professor for Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, 12/15, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
AND
. needs to become green energy dominant as opposed to black energy independent.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Olney

Interpretation—-the plan should specify the newly-restricted legal threshold and accountability mechanism it establishes for targeted killings

Legal specificity’s a pre-requisite to productive debates over targeted killing

Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Discussing and analyzing the notion of accountability and the practice of targeted killings raises problems
AND
"unaccountable" while failing to specify what they mean by accountability.12
The literature is far from clear. Commentators might be focusing on instrumental concerns,
AND
in an analysis of targeted killings without specifying what one means by accountability.
Overcoming the problem of theory specification is a necessary precondition for any analysis that claims
AND
ease of replicability, and grounding in the social science and governance literature.

Vote neg:

Ground—-precise legal standards for killings determine the scope of the plan—-we can’t read disad links or generate competition without textual commitment in the 1AC to defend a particular legal standard.

Precision—-legal education’s the point of the legal topic—-they undermine it.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Davis-Galerstein | Judge: Wunderlich

Court environmental restrictions wreck readiness

Major Charles Gartland 12, J.D., United States Air Force judge advocate currently serving as the Environmental Liaison Officer for the Air Force Materiel Command, "AT WAR AND PEACE WITH THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT: WHEN POLITICAL QUESTIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT COLLIDE," 68 A.F. L. Rev. 27
The preceding cases illustrate, at best, inconsistent application of injunction analyses and the
AND
decides a question that the Constitution and statute intended to be handled differently.

Global nuke war

Felzenberg and Gray 11 — Alvin S. Felzenberg, Professorial Lecturer at The Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, Presidential Historian and Adjunct Faculty Member at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, former Fellow at the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Principal Spokesman for the 9/11 Commission, holds a Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University, and Alexander B. Gray, Student at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and the War Studies Department of King’s College, London, 2011 ("The New Isolationism," The National Review, January 3^rd, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/256150, Accessed 01-03-2011)
Anything Reps. Ron Paul (R., Tex.) and Barney Frank (D
AND
American military presence on land, at sea, and in the air.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: James Madison Bosley-Miller | Judge: Herndon

The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by limiting his/her indefinite detention authority by only allowing preventative detention of individuals suspected of supporting, training with, awaiting instructions to undertake attacks from, or undertaking attacks on behalf of terrorist organizations plotting attacks found likely to cause mass casualties, defined as casualties numbering in the thousands or more.

The United States Congress should mandate the release of those indefinitely detained who do not meet the above criteria.

The United States Congress should ban torture.

The counterplan allows humane treatment to prisoners while preserving preventative detention

Don Scheid 10, Professor of Philosophy at Winona State University, Minnesota, 4/1/10, "Indefinite Detention of Mega-terrorists in the War on Terror," Criminal Justice Ethics, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07311291003654146
In considering the mega-terrorism suspect for preventive detention, it does seem that
AND
is presumably based on weaker evidence than would normally sustain a criminal conviction.

Investigative teams would prevent mistaken detention

Don Scheid 10, Professor of Philosophy at Winona State University, Minnesota, 4/1/10, "Indefinite Detention of Mega-terrorists in the War on Terror," Criminal Justice Ethics, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07311291003654146
One way of reducing erroneous detentions would be for the government to make available the
AND
prosecution and defense, have time to develop the evidence fully and carefully.

Preventative detention is justified—it prevents the deaths of thousands

Don Scheid 10, Professor of Philosophy at Winona State University, Minnesota, 4/1/10, "Indefinite Detention of Mega-terrorists in the War on Terror," Criminal Justice Ethics, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07311291003654146
Mistakenly punishing an innocent person is obviously a very great harm to that individual (
AND
is ever justified, the preventive detention of mega-terrorists surely is.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-ODonnell | Judge: Morris

The ecological crunch is coming—-overwhelming scientific evidence proves an impending environmental crisis risks extinction

David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 4-6
This impending crisis is caused by the accelerating damage to the natural environment on which
AND
apocalyptic predictions from the environmental movement are unpopular and have been vigorously attacked.
So it must be asked, what is different about the present warnings? As
AND
the grave nature of these problems. Only a handful of skeptics remain.
During the past decade many distinguished scientists, including numerous Nobel Laureates, have warned
AND
sense of danger, for humanity has moved one step closer to doom.
Science underpins the success of our technological and comfortable society. Who are the thousands
AND
, yet widespread deterioration of the environment accelerates. What is the evidence?
The Guide to World Resources, 2000 –2001: People and Ecosystems, The
AND
will not be met and human well-being will be seriously affected.

This means a transition to environmental authoritarianism’s coming now—-solves extinction

Mark Beeson 10, Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science 26 International Studies, University of Birmingham, 2010, "The coming of environmental authoritarianism," Environmental Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, DOI:10.1080/09644010903576918
The environment has become the defining public policy issue of the era. Not only
AND
to the destructive impacts of climate change in an age of diminished expectations.

The aff’s faith in bottom-up change delays the transition and only authoritarian coercion can resolve environmental decline fast enough—-the 1AC is founded on an ontology of abundance

Mathew Humphrey 7, Reader in Political Philosophy at the University of Nottingham, UK, 2007, Ecological Politics and Democratic Theory: The Challenge to the Deliberative Ideal, p. 20-21
If these changes are necessary - the downgrading, curtailment and reconceptualisation of democracy,
AND
tasks what is required is political leadership and the institution of the state.
The immediate problem lies in the collective action problem that arises in respect of the
AND
, and also to Plato, commended for his healthy mistrust of democracy.
For Ophuls a crucial element of political philosophy is the definition of reality itself;
AND
the demise of this period we return to the eternal problems of politics.
Hobbes, then, is seen as the political philosopher of ecological scarcity avant la
AND
of the areas that has attracted fierce criticism from contemporary green political theorists.

Giroux is the greatest link ever to rights malthus

Henry A. Giroux 13, "Radical Democracy Against Cultures of Violence", December 17, truth-out.org/opinion/item/20669-radical-democracy-against-cultures-of-violence
A radical democracy is also grounded in a revolutionizing logic in which the conditions for
AND
a collective sense of agency in which history and the future is open.

Breaking down elite control of energy policy is suicidal—-destroys the capacity of centralized government to respond to climate change and environmental degradation

Mark Beeson 10, Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science 26 International Studies, University of Birmingham, 2010, "The coming of environmental authoritarianism," Environmental Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, DOI:10.1080/09644010903576918
Yet, whatever we may think about Asia’s authoritarian regimes, we need to recognise
AND
of the most appalling environmental records (Fahn 2003, p. 117).
Even in ’developed’ industrial democracies with long traditions of political pluralism and arguably more
AND
which some see as a way of resolving political conflicts over the environment.
Although deliberative democracy has been described as ’the currently hegemonic approach to democracy within
AND
naive view of human nature, so frequently found in utopian political movements’.
In much of East Asia, the population may not have the luxury or capacity
AND
to overcome powerful vested interests intent on the continuing exploitation of natural resources.
In short, predominantly Western concerns with ’thick cosmopolitanism’ and the hope that a
AND
disruption, including conflict’ (Homer-Dixon 1991, p. 79).

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Friedman | Judge: Reed

Notions of US legal prestige and modeling solidify global inequality by replacing political violence with legal violence—-turns the case because it subordinates effective domestic systems to predatory rule of law models

Ugo Mattei 3, Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of International and Comparative Law, ¶ U.C. Hastings; Professore Ordinario di Diritto Civile, Università di Torino A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance, ic.ucsc.edu/~rlipsch/pol160A/Mattei.pdf
This essay attempts to develop a theory of imperial law that is able to explain
AND
globalization and of economic Empire political violence has been transformed into legal violence.

Our alternative is to reject their emphasis on Western-models of law in favor of a fundamental rethink of democracy from the bottom-up

Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law 26 University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, "GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW," online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers
In the complex spectrum of global law, both throughout the era of colonialism and
AND
from lack: the lack of world culture and of global political realism.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Najor

Judges will get pay raises now, but Congress still has the ability to wreck salaries – key to judicial independence

Lyle Denniston, SCOTUSblog badass, covered the court for 54 years, National Constitution Center’s Adviser on Constitutional Literacy, 10-8-2012, "Major gain for judges’ independence," Constitution Daily, http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2012/10/major-gain-for-judgesE28099-independence/
That has been, from the beginning, one of the ways the Founders guaranteed
AND
to the independence of the judges than a fixed provision for their support."

Congress will backlash against the plan and cut judicial pay

Philip A. Talmadge, Justice, Washington State Supreme Court, Winter 1999, Seattle University Law Review, 22 Seattle Univ. L. R. 695, p. 701-704
The doctrine of judicial restraint has been encrusted in recent years with considerable ideological cant
AND
in the principles of restraint employed in the federal and state court systems. 

Adequate funding for the judiciary is key to the rule of law – it’s watched internationally

Testimony of Associate Justice Anthony M. Kennedy before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Judicial Security and Independence February 14, 2007 http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=252626wit_id=6070
The provision of judicial resources by Congress over the years is admirable in most respects
AND
of views. Please permit me to make some remarks on the subject. 

That causes nuclear war ~gender paraphrased~.

Charles S. Rhyne, Founder and Senior Partner of Rhyne 26 Rhyne law firm. "Law Day Speech for Voice of America." May 1, 1958. American Bar Association. http://www.abanet.org/publiced/lawday/rhyne58.html
In these days of soul-searching and re-evaluation and inventorying of basic
AND
to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Davis-Galerstein | Judge: Wunderlich

Judges will get pay raises now, but Congress still has the ability to wreck salaries – key to judicial independence

Lyle Denniston, SCOTUSblog badass, covered the court for 54 years, National Constitution Center’s Adviser on Constitutional Literacy, 10-8-2012, "Major gain for judges’ independence," Constitution Daily, http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2012/10/major-gain-for-judgesE28099-independence/
That has been, from the beginning, one of the ways the Founders guaranteed
AND
to the independence of the judges than a fixed provision for their support."

Congress will backlash against the plan and cut judicial pay

Philip A. Talmadge, Justice, Washington State Supreme Court, Winter 1999, Seattle University Law Review, 22 Seattle Univ. L. R. 695, p. 701-704
The doctrine of judicial restraint has been encrusted in recent years with considerable ideological cant
AND
in the principles of restraint employed in the federal and state court systems. 

Adequate funding for the judiciary is key to the rule of law – it’s watched internationally

Testimony of Associate Justice Anthony M. Kennedy before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Judicial Security and Independence February 14, 2007 http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=252626wit_id=6070
The provision of judicial resources by Congress over the years is admirable in most respects
AND
of views. Please permit me to make some remarks on the subject. 

That causes nuclear war ~gender paraphrased~.

Charles S. Rhyne, Founder and Senior Partner of Rhyne 26 Rhyne law firm. "Law Day Speech for Voice of America." May 1, 1958. American Bar Association. http://www.abanet.org/publiced/lawday/rhyne58.html
In these days of soul-searching and re-evaluation and inventorying of basic
AND
to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Harrigan

The AUMF provides broad targeted killing authority now—-new restrictions cause the Executive to shift justifications and accelerate strikes based on self-defense—-that destroys solvency and triggers global instability

Beau D. Barnes 12, J.D., Boston University School of Law, M.A. in Law and Diplomacy, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 2012, "Reauthorizing the ’War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence," Military Law Review, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=215087426download=yes
In a world without a valid AUMF, the United States could base its continued
AND
problems."141 Only then can the President’s efforts be sustained and legitimate.
2. Effect on the International Law of Self-Defense
A failure to reauthorize military force would lead to significant negative consequences on the international
AND
international law of self defense would likely lead to precisely such a result.
The slippery slope problem, however, is not just limited to the United States’s
AND
to kill people anywhere, anytime, the result would be chaos."148
Encouraging the proliferation of an expansive law of international self-defense would not only
AND
and rooting~ counterterrorism efforts within a more durable, legal foundation."152

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Brovero, Malson, Davis
Text: The President of the United States should not initiate non-defensive introduction of United States armed forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran and should publicly declare that this is the policy of the United States. The President should clarify that the United States will not support an Israeli strike on Iran. The United States Congress should table all legislation threatening sanctions or US-backing of an Israel strike on Iran. The United States Congress should sign a public letter declaring its opposition to the following:
- introduction of United States armed forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran
- sanctions on the Islamic Republic of Iran
- US-backing of an Israel strike on the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Counterplan solves international cred and the case
Adrian Vermeule 7, Harvard law prof - AND - Eric Posner - U Chicago law, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865
*We do not endorse gendered language
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Some- times legislators overcome
AND
, we may speak of formal and informal means of self-binding:  
The counterplan maintains the benefits of the unitary executive while deterring excessive presidential adventurism
Neal Katyal 6, prof, Georgetown law, Internal Separation of Powers: Checking Today's Most Dangerous Branch from Within, 115 Yale L.J. 2314
This Essay's proposed reforms reflect a more textured conception of the presidency than either the
AND
-term consequences that short-term executivists may not fully appreciate. n9
Preemption is inevitable globally because of states’ security interests-~--attempting to establish a binding norm against preemption is perceived as legal overreach which destroys support for overall international law restraining the use of force
Daniel H. Joyner 8, Associate Professor, University of Alabama School of Law, 2008, “Jus Ad Bellum in the Age of WMD Proliferation,” THE GEORGE WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW, 40 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 233
Notwithstanding this legal incongruity, the policy of counterproliferation-oriented preemption continues to be
AND
minds of many policymakers a wholly unrealistic notion, and unworkable in practice.
This then exposes the heart of the problem facing modern states in their desires both
AND
workable and supportable principles for governing this most sensitive area of international relations.
These policymakers point not only to the proliferation of WMD technologies themselves, which have
AND
those driven by extreme ideological motives. n30 As Daniel Poneman has explained:
Obviously, deterrence depends on having a return address which one can target and send
AND
for self-preservation - you can no longer count on deterrence. n31
While some observers might characterize these views regarding the threat posed by WMD and the
AND
of preemption, regardless of the formal, technical requirements of international law.
This, then, is the heart of the crisis: a significant number of
AND
strategies, are a necessary addition to the policy options at their disposal.
Therefore, at the heart of the current crisis in international use of force law
AND
by counterproliferation-oriented states, in places like Iran and North Korea.

Only adopting the plan’s constraint as a non-binding matter of policy sets a middle-ground norm that’s capable of actually restraining most instances of preemptive force
Daniel H. Joyner 8, Associate Professor, University of Alabama School of Law, 2008, “Jus Ad Bellum in the Age of WMD Proliferation,” THE GEORGE WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW, 40 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 233
This Article will discuss the normative question of what should be the character of the
AND
area, as do the current formal rules of the jus ad bellum.
 *234  A word on the intent of this Article before proceeding.
AND
the current crisis and its consequences for international legal regulation in this area.
It cannot be overemphasized that the proposals contained herein are not intended to undermine international
AND
provide effective regulation in this most sensitive and important area of international relations.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Friedman | Judge: Reed

Congress will ultimately compromise to avert shutdown – GOP divisions make it more likely, not less

Tom Cohen, 9-20-2013, "Congress: will it be a government shutdown or budget compromise?" CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/19/politics/congress-shutdown-scenarios/index.html?utm_source=feedburner26utm_medium=feed26utm_campaign=Feed3A+rss2Fcnn_allpolitics+(RSS3A+Politics)
There hasn’t been a government shutdown in more than 17 years, since the 28
AND
changes to provide Boehner and House Republicans with political cover to back it.

The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need literally every hour to get it done

Frank James, 9-13-2013, "Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future," NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future
The only thing found Thursday seemed to be more time for negotiations and vote-
AND
people. When we have something to report, we’ll let you know."

Shutdown wrecks the economy

Yi Wu, 8-27-2013, "Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea," PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea
Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a
AND
to demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.

Global nuclear war

Harris 26 Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Feldman

Signature Strikes Turn —- Harvard Round 4

The plan specifically and narrowly creates restrictions on targeted killings—-those killings are legally and operationally distinct from "signature strikes"

David Hastings Dunn 13, Reader in International Politics and Head of Department in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK, and Stefan Wolff, Professor of International Security at the University of Birmingham in the UK, March 2013, "Drone Use in Counter-Insurgency and Counter-Terrorism: Policy or Policy Component?," in Hitting the Target?: How New Capabilities are Shaping International Intervention, ed. Aaronson 26 Johnson, http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Hitting_the_Target.pdf
Yet an important distinction needs to be drawn here between acting on operational intelligence that
AND
remote pilot of a drone – so-called ’signature strikes’.6
Targeted strikes rely on corroborating pre-existing intelligence: they serve the particular purpose
AND
targeted strikes – has been less pronounced than in Pakistan and Afghanistan.7
Signature strikes, in contrast, can still be effective in diminishing operational, tactical
AND
of a car identified as belonging to an Al-Qa’ida member.9
The kind of persistent and intimidating presence of a drone policy geared towards signature strikes
AND
, do anything but help to disentangle the links between insurgents and terrorists.

Establishing new restrictions that only apply to targeted killings causes a shift to signature strikes

Jeh Johnson 13, former Pentagon General Counsel, 3/18/13, "Keynote address at the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School: A "Drone Court": Some Pros and Cons," http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/
Also, beware of creating the wrong set of incentives for those who must conduct
AND
Qaeda terrorist who might be a U.S. citizen wanders in?

Signature strikes are far worse for all of their impacts—-this turns the case on a grand scale

David Hastings Dunn 13, Reader in International Politics and Head of Department in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK, and Stefan Wolff, Professor of International Security at the University of Birmingham in the UK, March 2013, "Drone Use in Counter-Insurgency and Counter-Terrorism: Policy or Policy Component?," in Hitting the Target?: How New Capabilities are Shaping International Intervention, ed. Aaronson 26 Johnson, http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Hitting_the_Target.pdf
Yet an important distinction needs to be drawn here between acting on operational intelligence that
AND
used, and perceived, as a blanket approach against an entire community.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Strauss

Special Ops DA —- Harvard Round 5

Judicial review of targeted killings would collapse the effectiveness of Special Forces missions—-lawsuits would disclose sources and methods that are vital to mission accomplishment

Larry Maher 10, Quartermaster General, Veterans of Foreign Wars, et al, 9/30/10, BRIEF OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS AND DISMISSAL, Nasser al-Aulaqi, Plaintiff, vs. Barack H. Obama, et al., Defendants, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/VFW_Brief_PACER.pdf
Finally, the VFW’s membership includes … and survival of special operations personnel.

Special ops key to solve bioterror

Jim Thomas 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Chris Dougherty is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013, "BEYOND THE RAMPARTS THE FUTURE OF U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES," http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOF-Report-CSBA-Final.pdf
Although nuclear weapons tend to dominate public discourse about WMD threats, bioterrorism also presents
AND
these missions, as foreign nationals may have greater access to target facilities.

Extinction

Mhyrvold ’13 Nathan, Began college at age 14, BS and Masters from UCLA, Masters and PhD, Princeton "Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action," Working Draft, The Lawfare Research Paper Series
Research paper NO . 2 – 2013
As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic is by no means the
AND
be available to anybody with a solid background in biology, terrorists included.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Malsin

The aff is not topical —- introducing armed forces only refers to human troops, not weapons systems such as nuclear weapons

Lorber 13 – Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. January 2013, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Contsitutional Law, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis nexis
As is evident from a textual analysis, n177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Vote negative for predictable limits —- nuclear weapons is a whole topic on its own —- requires research into a whole separate literature base —- undermines preparedness for all debates.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Feldman

Restrictions are prohibitions —- the aff is distinct

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black’s Law Dictionary, ’fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
AND
or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
AND
merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions

William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority
AND
were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.

Authority is power delegated to an agent by a principle

Kelly 3 Judge for the State of Michigan, JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, lexis
Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done
AND
be delegated in carrying out the principal’s business." Id. at 1348.

Violation:

Ex-post review only determines whether particular targeted killings exceeded authority the government already had—-that doesn’t affect the legality of targeted killings at all

Steve Vladeck 13, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, 2/5/13, "What’s Really Wrong With the Targeted Killing White Paper," http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/whats-really-wrong-with-the-targeted-killing-white-paper/
Many of us wondered, at the time, just where this came from–since it’s hard to imagine what due process could be without at least some judicial oversight.  On this point, the white paper again isn’t very helpful. The sum total of its analysis is Section II.C, on page 10, which provides that:
~U~nder the circumstances described in this paper, there exists no appropriate
AND
of an enemy force against which Congress has authorized the use of force.
There are two enormous problems with this reasoning:
First, many of us who argue for at least some judicial review in this
AND
more general allusion to the political question doctrine. Which brings me to…
Second, and in any event, the suggestion that lawsuits arising out of targeted
AND
was a senior operational leader of al Qaeda or one of its affiliates…
Don’t get me wrong: Any suit challenging a targeted killing operation, even a
AND
context in which it clearly does not–and should not–apply.
V.  A Modest Proposal
This all leads me to what I’ve increasingly come to believe is the only real
AND
which the perfect is the enemy of the good, this is it.

Vote neg—-

Neg ground—-only prohibitions on particular authorities guarantee links to every core argument like flexibility and deference

Precision—-only our interpretation defines "restrictions on authority"—-that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis

Limits—-there are an infinite number of small hoops they could require the president to jump through—-overstretches our research burden

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Feldman

Restrictions are prohibitions on action —- the aff is oversight

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black’s Law Dictionary, ’fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
AND
or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
AND
merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions

William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority
AND
were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.

Vote neg—-

Neg ground—-only prohibitions on particular actions guarantee links to every core argument like flexibility and deference

Precision—-only our interpretation defines "restrictions on authority"—-that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis

Limits—-there are an infinite number of small hoops they could require the president to jump through—-overstretches our research burden

Tournament: Ndtdistrict5 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Frederick, Najor, Stevenson

The President of the United States should substantially increase lobbying and persuasion efforts, using available political resources, on behalf of Congressional enactment of Trade Promotion Authority.

TPA will pass with increased investment of Obama’s capital—-key to the entire trade agenda and the Asia pivot

MarketWatch 2-17 – "Opinion: Stronger commitment could win bipartisan votes in Congress," 2/17/14, http://www.truthabouttrade.org/2014/02/19/obamas-half-hearted-effort-on-trade-deals-not-enough/
Congressional Republicans generally favor freer trade and their support is vital for TPA to win
AND
leadership, even the first — TPA — is unlikely to be won.

Restrictions on war powers deplete political capital and trade off with the rest of the agenda

Douglas L. Kriner 10, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 68-69
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital
Shaping both real and anticipated public opinion are two important ways in which Congress can
AND
rear-guard action against congressional critics of the war in Iraq.61

TPA’s key to prevent backsliding on globalization and protectionism

The Economist 2-22, "How to make the world 24600 billion poorer," 2/22/14 (Print Edition), http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21596934-barack-obamas-unwillingness-fight-free-trade-expensive-mistake-how-make-world
IN JULY 2008 Barack Obama, then a candidate for the presidency, declared before
AND
economy in the same way that Mr Obama has retreated in foreign policy.
Mr Obama did little to promote free trade during his first term, but has
AND
goods and services", which would make it cheaper to curb carbon emissions.
First, shoot yourself in the foot. Then repeat…
The hitch is that Congress must approve trade agreements. Previous presidents had the advantage
AND
track vote before November’s mid-term elections seems unlikely (see article).
Why panic about this? Tactically, it could just be another piece of Washington
AND
much to help the economy is one excuse for Democrats undermining their president.
In fact, the deals on the table are big. Reasonable estimates say that
AND
strike a blow against the income inequality that Mr Obama so often decries.
Tactically, even a short delay could prove fatal to both deals. Pacific negotiations
AND
spying, may decide that a trade deal is not worth battling for.
The greatest risk of all is that the political momentum in America, having swung
AND
cause in November, candidates will not vote for the opposite in Congress.
And for this Mr Obama deserves some blame. He is far more ardent in bemoaning inequality than in explaining why an American retreat from the world would be the wrong way to address it. He seldom mentions, for example, that cheap imports help the poor by cutting their shopping bills, and so reduce inequality of consumption.
It’s not a zero-sum world
There is nothing inevitable about globalisation. Governments have put up barriers before—with
AND
Canada, and is slow to grant permits to export American natural gas.
"America cannot turn inward," the Obama of 2008 said in Berlin. The Obama of 2014 is now responding: "Yes we can."

Trade and growth solve nuclear war

Michael, Panzner 8 faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, Google Books
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-ODonnell | Judge: Morris

Evan and I affirm that the President of the United States should not have war power authorities in the area of indefinite detention, offensive cyber operations, warrantless wiretapping, and introduction of United States Armed Forces into conflict.

In addition, we affirm that a cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates in security cleared legal proceedings should be created and that free legal counsel for such proceedings should be provided.

Solves the entirety of the case —- embraces the same critical pedagogy as the aff —- they don’t have a warrant for why complete rejection of all topical war powers is key.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that resolves the worst uses of drones

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues … the United States, what does the government have to hide?

Net-benefit:

Targeted killing’s vital to counterterrorism—-disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible

Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, "The Case for Drones," Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of h… and organizational effectiveness.

Nuclear terrorism is feasible —- high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and … common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating … for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Brovero, Malson, Davis
Current Presidential control sets a ceiling on how much the Tea Party can materially affect foreign policy-~--empowering Congress means empowering isolationist Tea Partiers
Bruce Stokes 14, director of global economic attitudes at the Pew Research Center, 2/12/14, “The Tea Party's worldview,” http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2014/february/the-tea-party-s-worldview/79627.aspx
About half of Tea Party sympathisers AND
So the Tea Party worldview bears watching in 2014. It has global implications.   

Empowering Congress triggers an isolationist withdrawal from global engagement-~--extinction
Nicholas Burns 14, professor of the practice of diplomacy and international politics at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, 1/30/14, “The new American isolationism,” https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/01/30/new-american-isolationism/Kvnzv4gNdDCOabdWgdjAKP/story.html
ARE AMERICANS turning inward, tiring of our immense global responsibilities, just when our leadership may be needed most?
AND
Philip Stephens warned starkly: “The US remains the only power that matters everywhere, but Washington no longer thinks that everywhere matters.”

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: Rutgers-Newark Haughton-Stafford | Judge: Atchison, Crowe, Quigley

a. Interpretation and violation—-the affirmativee should defend the desirability of topical government action

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Restrictions are prohibitions on action

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black’s Law Dictionary, ’fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
AND
or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
AND
merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Statutory restrictions require legislative action

The Law Dictionary 13 "What is Statutory Restriction?, The Law Dictionary: Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/
What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION?
Limits or controls that have been place~d~ on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions require a court —- we’ll read evidence if they question this factual statement

"Should" requires defending federal action

Judge Henry Nieto 9, Colorado Court of Appeals, 8-20-2009 People v. Munoz, 240 P.3d 311 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009)
"Should" is "used . . . to express duty, obligation,
AND
be allocated for the purpose of parents’ federal tax exemption to be mandatory).

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference in order to promote effective exchange

Steinberg and Freeley 13, * David, Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And  Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

b. Vote neg

1. Preparation and clash—changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

Topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

2. Substantive constraints on the debate are key to actualize effective pluralism and agonistic democracy

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
AND
ofliberal theory that looks neutral but in practice supports and serves the powerful.
Difference democrats are hostile to consensus, partly because consensus decisionmaking (of the sort
AND
which Young also subscribes; 2000, 49–51), Mouffe states:
To negate the ineradicable character of antagonism and aim at a universal rational consensus— that is the real threat to democracy. Indeed, this can lead to violence being unrecognized and hidden behind appeals to "rationality," as is often the case in liberal thinking. (1996, 248)
Mouffe is a radical pluralist: "By pluralism I mean the end of a
AND
respect" as "a critical pluralist ethos" (1999, 70).
Mouffe and Young both want pluralism to be regulated by a particular kind of attitude
AND
need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

Accepting minimal guidelines for debate is necessary to habituate democratic practices of argumentation and respect—-this doesn’t necessitate discarding performance, but should be linked to a prescription for a topical action

Amanda Anderson 6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290
MY RECENT BOOK, The Way We Argue Now, has in a sense two
AND
if they hope to live together in a post-traditional pluralist society.
One example of the trumping of argument by ethos is the form that was taken
AND
have carried more weight if provided by a respondent rather than the author.)
The Foucauldian counter-critique importantly emphasizes a relation between style and position, but
AND
the possibility, as I have suggested, of an ethos of argument.
Robbins, in his extraordinarily rich and challenging response, zeroes in immediately on a
AND
generality, to finding a way to live together under conditions of difference.
More than this: the book also discusses at great length and from several different
AND
communicated and also can be used to justify political positions and legislative agendas.

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

Debate inevitably involves exclusions—-making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits and critical thinking—-this process of intellectual exchange outweighs the content of the aff and doesn’t link to any of their offense

Amanda Anderson 6, prof of English at Johns Hopkins The Way We Argue Now, 25-8
25¶ Whether such a procedural approach actually helps to yield any substantive normative guidance
AND
by the principles of recognition and respect that underpin democratic institutions and practices.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Smelko

a. Interpretation and violation—-the affirmative should defend the desirability of topical government action

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Restrictions are prohibitions on action

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black’s Law Dictionary, ’fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
AND
or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
AND
merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference in order to promote effective exchange

Steinberg and Freeley 13, * David, Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And  Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

b. Vote neg

1. Preparation and clash—changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

Topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

2. Deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-ODonnell | Judge: Morris

a. Interpretation and violation—-the affirmative should defend the desirability of topical government action.

"USFG should" indicates a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Restrictions are prohibitions on action

Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black’s Law Dictionary, ’fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
AND
or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
AND
merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Statutory restrictions require legislative action

The Law Dictionary 13 "What is Statutory Restriction?, The Law Dictionary: Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/
What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION?
Limits or controls that have been place~d~ on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions require a court —- we’ll read evidence if they question this factual statement

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference in order to promote effective exchange

Steinberg and Freeley 13, * David, Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And  Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

b. Vote neg:

Preparation and clash—changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent which internal link turns all education claims.

Topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Switch-side is key—-Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate – forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions

Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Fresno State Holley-Tate | Judge: Olney

Interpretation and violation —- the affirmative should defend the desirability of a topical government action

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference in order to promote effective exchange

Steinberg and Freeley 13, * David, Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And  Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Vote negative:

1. Preparation and clash —- changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives —- strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent which promotes clash, the fundamental value of debate

Topical fairness requirements are key to meaningful dialogue —- monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Ryan Galloway 7, Samford Comm prof, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

2. Substantive regulations that demarcate limits are necessary for dialogue —- refusal to tailor their identity claims to normative, public stances shuts down the possibility for discussion and democratic respect

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
AND
liberal theory that looks neutral but in practice supports and serves the powerful.
Difference democrats are hostile to consensus, partly because consensus decisionmaking (of the sort
AND
which Young also subscribes; 2000, 49–51), Mouffe states:
To negate the ineradicable character of antagonism and aim at a universal rational consensus— that is the real threat to democracy. Indeed, this can lead to violence being unrecognized and hidden behind appeals to "rationality," as is often the case in liberal thinking. (1996, 248)
Mouffe is a radical pluralist: "By pluralism I mean the end of a
AND
respect" as "a critical pluralist ethos" (1999, 70).
Mouffe and Young both want pluralism to be regulated by a particular kind of attitude
AND
need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

Tailoring identity claims to common topics for deliberation is possible and desirable—-the 1ac’s failure to affirm topical action impedes the culture of democratic debate that’s key to effective decision-making in a pluralistic society

Amanda Anderson 6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290
MY RECENT BOOK, The Way We Argue Now, has in a sense two
AND
communicated and also can be used to justify political positions and legislative agendas.

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 7 | Opponent: Rutgers-Newark Haughton-Stafford | Judge: Atchison, Crowe, Quigley

Evan and I advocate that

The United States federal government should substantially increase programs for education and engage in national dialogue and consultation with representatives from communities disproportionately impacted by police violence, poverty, and socio-economic instability about how to increase accessibility and engagement in exclusive spaces, and implement the proposals of that consultation.

the counterplan utilizes a more productive methodology

Broad (anti) ethical gestures statements are counterproductive for addressing anti-blackness—-evaluating the consequences and specificity of policies is key

Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African 26 African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318
Second, reducing conversation on race matters to an ideological contest allows opponents to elide
AND
ideological exchange, which further exacerbates hostilities and deepens the cycle of resentment.

Specific demands key to effective anti-racist politics

Adolph Reed 9, Professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the interim national council of the Labor Party, "The limits of anti-racism", http://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Antiracism.html
Antiracism is a favorite concept on the American left these days. Of course,
AND
. But this exposure convinces only those who are already disposed to recognize.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Wimsatt-Sergent-Leventhal | Judge: Gliniecki

The plan’s restrictions inhibit decisive indefinite detention action—that’s key to effective ops

Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston,  J
AND
ON ENEMY DETENTION," 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1
Reading the tea leaves of judicial dicta may be fraught with difficulty, but one
AND
security concerns against the need to protect individuals from arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

Judicial deference is stable now but the plan’s precedent collapses it

John O’Connor 7, Former officer in the Marine Corp and Judge Advocate; JD, U Maryland Law School. Statistics and the Military Deference Doctrine: a Response to Professor Lichtman, 66 Md. L. Rev. 668, Lexis
As I have written elsewhere, one of the most important aspects of the military
AND
or no actual deference to the policy determinations of Congress and the President.
But early indications from the Roberts Court, with Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito
AND
when Congress legislates pursuant to its constitutional power to raise and support armies:
The Constitution grants Congress the power to "provide for the common Defence," "~
AND
" when Congress legislates under its authority to raise and support armies.179
While it is always dangerous to draw conclusions from a single case, all participating
AND
every other member of the Court joined an opinion applying it in FAIR.
V. Conclusion
This Article is by no means an attempt to catalogue every military deference case decided
AND
not - apply to statutes and regulations burdening civilians instead of military personnel.
The military deference doctrine is, at once, both historically immature and limited,
AND
there is no sign that such an upheaval is anywhere on the horizon.

Reforms result in catastrophic terrorism—-releases them and kills intel gathering

Jack Goldsmith 09, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, "Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf
These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Nuke terror causes extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: Olney

Targeted killing’s vital to counterterrorism—-disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible

Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, "The Case for Drones," Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end result of a long, independent intelligence process. What the drone adds to that intelligence might be considerable, through its surveillance capabilities — but much of the drone’s contribution will be tactical, providing intelligence that assists in the planning and execution of the strike itself, in order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.
Nonetheless, in conjunction with high-quality intelligence, drone warfare offers an unparalleled means to strike directly at terrorist organizations without needing a conventional or counterinsurgency approach to reach terrorist groups in their safe havens. It offers an offensive capability, rather than simply defensive measures, such as homeland security alone. Drone warfare offers a raiding strategy directly against the terrorists and their leadership.
If one believes, as many of the critics of drone warfare do, that
AND
common enemies are examples of the methods that are just of military nature.
Drone warfare today is integrated with a much larger strategic counterterrorism target — one in
AND
acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.

Prefer our evidence—-critics are wrong—-drones are highly effective at CT, and don’t cause high civilian casualties or blowback

Alex Young 13, Associate Staff, Harvard International Review, 2/25/13, "A Defense of Drones," Harvard International Review, http://hir.harvard.edu/a-defense-of-drones
The War on Terror is no longer a traditional conflict. The diffuse, decentralized
AND
, and other countries has changed the nature of the war on terror.
This strategy is not without controversy. The Obama administration’s heavy use of unmanned drones
AND
use of drones exacerbates, rather than solves, the problem of terrorism.
The reality is not so bleak: drones are very good at what they do. Unmanned attacks are highly effective when it comes to eliminating specific members of terrorist organizations, disrupting terrorist networks without creating too much collateral damage. Their effectiveness makes drone strikes a vital part of US counterterrorism strategy.
Predator and Reaper drones are not the indiscriminate civilian-killers that some make them
AND
also help to mitigate anti-American sentiment that stems from civilian casualties.

Al Qaeda’s actions, statements, and internal documents prove they want nuclear weapons and mass casualty attacks—-if the US relents, it guarantees nuclear attacks

Larry J. Arbuckle 8, Naval Postgraduate School, "The Deterrence of Nuclear Terrorism through an Attribution Capability", Thesis for master of science in defense analysis, approved by Professor Robert O’Connell, and Gordon McCormick, Chairman, Department of Defense Analysis, Naval Postgraduate School, June
However, there is evidence that a small number of terrorist organizations in recent history
AND
and not a function of their pure preference (Western Europe, 2005).

Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Nuke terror causes extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid—-our authors are self-reflexive

Michael J. Boyle ’8, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, "A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies," Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64
 Jackson (2007c) calls for the development of an explicitly CTS on the
AND
community of scholars does not produce such scathing indictments of its own work. 

Limiting targeted killings in Pakistan causes a shift to ground assaults—-turns the case and collapses the Pakistani government

Richard Weitz 11, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at the Hudson Institute, 1/2/11, "WHY UAVS HAVE BECOME THE ANTI-TERROR WEAPON OF CHOICE IN THE AFGHAN-PAK BORDER," http://www.sldinfo.com/why-uavs-have-become-the-anti-terror-weapon-of-choice-in-the-afghan-pak-border/
Perhaps the most important argument in favor of using UAV strikes in northwest Pakistan and other terrorist havens is that alternative options are typically worse.
The Pakistani military has made clear that it is neither willing nor capable of repressing the terrorists in the tribal regions. Although the controversial ceasefire accords Islamabad earlier negotiated with tribal leaders have formally collapsed, the Pakistani Army has repeatedly postponed announced plans to occupy North Waziristan, which is where the Afghan insurgents and the foreign fighters supporting them and al-Qaeda are concentrated.
Such a move that would meet fierce resistance from the region’s population, which has traditionally enjoyed extensive autonomy. The recent massive floods have also forced the military to divert its assets to humanitarian purposes, especially helping the more than ten million displaced people driven from their homes.
But the main reason for their not attacking the Afghan Taliban or its foreign allies based in Pakistan’s tribal areas is that doing so would result in their joining the Pakistani Taliban in its vicious fight with the Islamabad government.
Yet, sending in U.S. combat troops on recurring raids or a protracted occupation of Pakistani territory would provoke widespread outrage in Pakistan and perhaps in other countries as well since the UN Security Council mandate for the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan only authorizes military operations in Pakistan.
On the one known occasion when U.S. Special Forces actually conducted a
AND
U.S. forces attempting to cross the Afghan-Pakistan border.
On several occasions since then, Pakistani troops and militia have fired at what they believed to be American helicopters flying from Afghanistan to deploy Special Forces on their territory, though there is no conclusive evidence that the U.S. military has ever attempted another large-scale commando raid in Pakistan after the September 2008 incident.
Further large-scale U.S. military operations into Pakistan could easily rally popular support behind the Taliban and al-Qaeda. It might even precipitate the collapse of the Islambad government and its replacement by a regime in nuclear-armed Pakistan that is less friendly to Washington.
Given these alternatives, continuing the drone strikes appears to be the best of the limited options available to deal with a core problem, giving sanctuary to terrorists striking US and coalition forces in Afghanistan and beyond.

Empowering Pakistani hardliners triggers nuclear war with India—-extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
This policy is probably not directed from the top. Indeed, any characterization of
AND
India, U.S. and Pakistani interests in Afghanistan will diverge.
Five Minutes to Midnight
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: James Madison Bosley-Miller | Judge: Herndon

The plan results in catastrophic terrorism—-releases vital leaders and kills intelligence gathering

Jack Goldsmith 09, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, "Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf
These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

Detention without trial is crucial to incapacitate high value terrorists

Jack Goldsmith 10, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 10/8/10, "Don’t Try Terrorists, Lock Them Up," http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/09/opinion/09goldsmith.html
The real lesson of the ruling, however, is that prosecution in either criminal
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to prosecute high-level terrorists and relied exclusively on military detention instead.

Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid—-our authors are self-reflexive

Michael J. Boyle ’8, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, "A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies," Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64
 Jackson (2007c) calls for the development of an explicitly CTS on the
AND
community of scholars does not produce such scathing indictments of its own work. 

Nuke terror causes extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Terrorism causes extinction—-hard-line responses are key

Nathan Myhrvold ’13, Phd in theoretical and mathematical physics from Princeton,  and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation , July 2013, "Stratgic Terrorism: A Call to Action," The Lawfare Research Paper Series No.2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
Several powerful trends have aligned to profoundly change the way that the world works.
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us with our shortcomings by repeatedly attacking us or hectoring us for decades. 

Solving the root causes of terrorism is impossible because of expansive jihadist demands—-the aff’s attempt at reconciliation collapses causes global violence

Peter Beinart 8, associate professor of journalism and political science at CUNY, The Good Fight; Why Liberals – and only Liberals – Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, 100-2
While different U.S. policies may be more or less important at differ
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- Muslim rule, because such a compromise threatens the path to paradise.

Tournament: Ndtdistrict5 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan Krakoff-Hirn | Judge: judge

A – Uniqueness and Link —- current ev standards for military detention balance executive flexibility with judicial review —- the plan’s assertion of judicial supremacy wrecks war-fighting and risks future terrorist attacks

Gregory Jacob 12, partner at O’Melveny 26 Myers in Washington, D.C., Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?, ABA Journal, 10-1-12, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/
In arguing that the Supreme Court’s decision in Boumediene v. Bush has not "
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, these legitimate concerns continue to govern the enemy combatant jurisprudence of today.

B —- Impact —- this type of judicial intrusion risks national survival —- there’s no prudent alternative to current detention policy

Gregory Jacob 12, partner at O’Melveny 26 Myers in Washington, D.C., Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?, ABA Journal, 10-1-12, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/

But of course, this standard does not measure the true cost of judicial review
AND
any kind of judicial review requirement for the ordinary detention of military prisoners.

Indefinite detention reforms result in catastrophic terrorism—-releases terrorists and kills intel gathering

Jack Goldsmith 09, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, "Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf
These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

Nuclear terrorism is feasible —- high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Strauss

WOT DA —- Harvard Round 5

Judicial ex-post review of targeted killing would collapse military effectiveness and command structure—-causes second-guessing of every crucial battlefield decision

Stuart F. Delery 12, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, 12/14/12, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, NASSER AL-AULAQI, as personal representative of the estate of ANWAR AL-AULAQI, et al., Plaintiffs, v. LEON E. PANETTA, et al., in their individual capacities, Defendants, No. 1:12-cv-01192 (RMC), http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/MTD-AAA.pdf
First, the D.C. Circuit has repeatedly held that where claims directly
AND
on military effectiveness. This too warrants barring this new species of litigation.

A damages remedy for targeted killings would collapse U.S. relations with every country where we conduct TKs—-turns their intel sharing internal links

Stuart F. Delery 12, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, 12/14/12, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, NASSER AL-AULAQI, as personal representative of the estate of ANWAR AL-AULAQI, et al., Plaintiffs, v. LEON E. PANETTA, et al., in their individual capacities, Defendants, No. 1:12-cv-01192 (RMC), http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/MTD-AAA.pdf
Lastly, litigating this suit directly implicates foreign affairs, yet another special factor under
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account of conduct that occurred outside the borders of the United States.").21
Plaintiffs’ claims, if litigated, could clearly affect our government’s relations with the government
AND
should decline to create a remedy for Plaintiffs’ claims in this novel context.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Miller-Lepp | Judge: Herndon, Kearney, Watson

Targeted killing’s vital to counterterrorism—-disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible

Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, "The Case for Drones," Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end result of a long, independent intelligence process. What the drone adds to that intelligence might be considerable, through its surveillance capabilities — but much of the drone’s contribution will be tactical, providing intelligence that assists in the planning and execution of the strike itself, in order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.
Nonetheless, in conjunction with high-quality intelligence, drone warfare offers an unparalleled means to strike directly at terrorist organizations without needing a conventional or counterinsurgency approach to reach terrorist groups in their safe havens. It offers an offensive capability, rather than simply defensive measures, such as homeland security alone. Drone warfare offers a raiding strategy directly against the terrorists and their leadership.
If one believes, as many of the critics of drone warfare do, that
AND
common enemies are examples of the methods that are just of military nature.
Drone warfare today is integrated with a much larger strategic counterterrorism target — one in
AND
acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.

Nuclear terrorism is feasible —- high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Terrorism causes extinction —- retaliatory attacks escalate to great power nuclear war

Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

Independently, conventional terrorism kills many innocents —- US WOT policies are key to prevent this

Daniel Burke 13 - CNN Belief Blog Co-Editor, "Terrorist attacks and deaths hit record high, report shows," 10-28-13, http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/10/28/terrorist-attacks-and-deaths-hit-record-high-report-shows/
Washington (CNN) – As terrorism increasingly becomes a tactic of warfare, the
AND
we consider the range of tools and actions available to disrupt this threat."

US TK’s are vital to resolve internal Pakistani terrorism

C. Christine Fair 13, Peace and Security Studies Program, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 11/12/13, "Drones, Spies, Terrorists and Second Class Citizenship in Pakistan - A Review Essay," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2353447
Closely related to the issue of Pakistan’s sovereignty is the question about Pakistan’s ability and
AND
, and no moment of deliberation" (pp. 107-108).
Indeed recent reporting casts doubt upon the U.S. claims that drone strikes
AND
eliminate Pakistan’s enemies that pose no significant imminent threat to the United States?
I have long speculated that the U.S. and Pakistan’s intelligence agencies engage
AND
-negotiables from the other while increasingly viewing the other as the enemy.

Internal Pakistani terrorism causes nuclear war with India

Phil Lai 12, Davis Fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Brown undergraduate, 11/13/12, "A New Path to Accidental Nuclear War in South Asia?," http://wmdjunction.com/121113_sasia_accidental_nuclear_war.htm
India is right to urge continued vigilance at a time when many nuclear weapon states
AND
up the base’s security forces in an engagement lasting at least two hours.
A Potential New Kind of Nuclear Terrorism
While the actual threat posed by the Minhas militants to Pakistani nuclear assets is open
AND
be attractive to an organization seeking the overthrow or destruction of a state.
The notion that a non-state actor might be able to incite a nuclear
AND
acquisition of a device, and the authorities’ subsequent efforts to track it.
In real life, there have been several incidents in which early warning systems mistakenly
AND
vulnerable to a mistaken identity incident or a malicious "spoofing" attack.
A Tense and Distrustful Relationship
The relationship between India and Pakistan—twin nations born a day apart from the
AND
having to offset Chinese capabilities without provoking Pakistan into a nuclear arms race.
Unable to go toe-to-toe with the conventionally superior Indian Army,
AND
incident would push already strained India-Pakistan relations to the nuclear brink.
Geography is another factor. Close physical proximity makes for short flight times, and
AND
such dramatically compressed reaction times, the margin for error is greatly reduced.
All nuclear-armed states face what is known as the "always-never
AND
separated the main belligerents, may not scale very well to adjoining states.
A Growing Risk
This brings us back to the attack on Minhas Air Force Base in August.
AND
under his command were under surprise attack by Indian forces could be catastrophic.
The scenario examined here is not by any stretch likely, as it hinges on
AND
forward deployment away from population centers, leaving them more vulnerable to attack.
Efforts should be made to tighten up command, control, and communications, and
AND
de-mated, and strengthening the agreement prohibiting attacks on nuclear facilities.
The Y-12 incident and the Minhas attack were a wake up call to
AND
for a future conflagration may well come from one of their own arsenals.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Targeted killing against terrorists is a moral imperative—-the point of terrorism is senseless, un-targeted killing—-responding with force is necessary to preserve and uphold the value of innocent lives—-in the context of Camus, targeted killing is most analogous to the figure of the just assassin

Michael Walzer 13, Professor Emeritus of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study and co-Editor of Dissent Magazine, 1/11/13, "Targeted Killing and Drone Warfare," http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/targeted-killing-and-drone-warfare
First things first. Untargeted killing, random killing, the bomb in the supermarket
AND
refused to do that or, at least, he didn’t do it.
There are radical limits on political assassinations. In democracies, they can never be
AND
blowing up the neighborhood in which they live is not a moral option.
Military leaders are obviously legitimate targets in wartime. A sniper sent to a forward
AND
and women who organized it—and lawyers and judges after the police.
The targeted killing of insurgents and terrorists in wartime is subject to the same constraints
AND
field, the risks must be accepted before the killing can be justified.

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Feldman

Judicial ex-post review of targeted killing would collapse military effectiveness and command structure—-causes second-guessing of every crucial battlefield decision

Stuart F. Delery 12, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, 12/14/12, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, NASSER AL-AULAQI, as personal representative of the estate of ANWAR AL-AULAQI, et al., Plaintiffs, v. LEON E. PANETTA, et al., in their individual capacities, Defendants, No. 1:12-cv-01192 (RMC), http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/MTD-AAA.pdf
First, the D.C. Circuit has repeatedly held that where claims directly
AND
on military effectiveness. This too warrants barring this new species of litigation.

Targeted killing’s vital to counterterrorism—-disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible

Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, "The Case for Drones," Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast, is the end result of a long, independent intelligence process. What the drone adds to that intelligence might be considerable, through its surveillance capabilities — but much of the drone’s contribution will be tactical, providing intelligence that assists in the planning and execution of the strike itself, in order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.
Nonetheless, in conjunction with high-quality intelligence, drone warfare offers an unparalleled means to strike directly at terrorist organizations without needing a conventional or counterinsurgency approach to reach terrorist groups in their safe havens. It offers an offensive capability, rather than simply defensive measures, such as homeland security alone. Drone warfare offers a raiding strategy directly against the terrorists and their leadership.
If one believes, as many of the critics of drone warfare do, that
AND
common enemies are examples of the methods that are just of military nature.
Drone warfare today is integrated with a much larger strategic counterterrorism target — one in
AND
acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.

Extinction

Creamer 11 (Robert, Strategic Consulting Group, "Post-Bin Laden, It’s Time to End the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism for Good")

Worse, al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have vowed to obtain and actually use
AND
dry and dark. Plants would die. Much of our food supply would

Tournament: Pitt RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Najor

Indefinite detention reforms result in catastrophic terrorism—-releases terrorists and kills intel gathering

Jack Goldsmith 09, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, "Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf
These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

Nuclear terrorism is feasible —- high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Detention reforms kill credible info-security—-kills allied coop

Anna-Katherine McGill 12, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David Gray, Campbell University, Summer 2012, "Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing," http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf
It is clear that diplomacy will continue to be a key component in US counterterrorism
AND
and will go a long way to advancing US credibility and trust building. 

Intelligence sharing is key to NATO effectiveness—solves war

Martin J. Ara 11, Lieutenant, United States Navy M.S., London School of Economics, AND Thomas Brand Lieutenant, Colonel, German Army B.S., University of the German Federal Armed Forces Munich, , AND Brage Andreas Larssen, Major, Norwegian Army B.S., Norwegian Military Academy, Oslo, December 2011, "HELP A BROTHER OUT: A CASE STUDY IN MULTINATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SHARING, NATO SOF," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556078.pdf
*Note: SOF = Special Operation Forces
NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members via
AND
is attempting to streamline and optimize the intelligence available to NATO SOF units. 

NATO prevents global nuclear war

Zbigniew Brzezinski 9, former U.S. National Security Advisor, the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, September/October 2009, "An Agenda for NATO," Foreign Affairs
And yet, it is fair to ask: Is NATO living up to its extraordinary potential? NATO today is without a doubt the most powerful military and political alliance in the world. Its 28 members come from the globe’s two most productive, technologically advanced, socially modern, economically prosperous, and politically democratic regions. Its member states’ 900 million people account for only 13 percent of the world’s population but 45 percent of global GDP.
NATO’s potential is not primarily military. Although NATO is a collective-security alliance
AND
geopolitical bond between the United States and Europe as it addresses new tasks.
The basic challenge that NATO now confronts is that there are historically unprecedented risks to
AND
the growing threat of violent political chaos stemming from humanity’s recent political awakening.
The three great political contests of the twentieth century (the two world wars and
AND
television, and the Internet accelerated and intensified this mass global political awakening.
In its early stages, such new political awareness tends to be expressed as a
AND
and religiously aroused peoples, is where NATO is becoming more deeply embroiled.
Additionally complicating is the fact that the dramatic rise of China and India and the
AND
these three still relatively cautious revisionist powers will further intensify the strategic uncertainty.
Visible on the horizon but not as powerful are the emerging regional rebels, with
AND
an extremist anti-Western religious movement is threatening the country’s political stability.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Brovero, Malson, Davis
The plan’s precedent causes further constraint -~-- undermines overall war powers
Paul 8 Christopher, Senior Social Scientist; Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School Pittsburgh Office Education Ph.D., M.A., and B.A. in sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, “US Presidential War Powers: Legacy Chains in Military Intervention Decisionmaking* ,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Sep., 2008), pp. 665-679
Legacy Chains
Finegold and Skocpol (1995: 222) describe policy legacies: Past and present
AND
law (see the extended ex ample presented later in the article).1 

Causes nuclear war and bioterror-~--exec flex is key to successful fourth-gen warfare
Zheyao Li 9, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, “War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare,” 7 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
AND
and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.