1AC- Natives 1NC- Cripple PIC Ableism K 2NR- Ableism K
UTD
2
Opponent: Indiana Smale-Peculis | Judge: Dwyer
1AC Natives 1NC Abelism Textnocentrism Give Back the Land (Wilderson alt) 2NR Abelism Give Back the Land (Wilderson alt)
UTD
4
Opponent: Georgia State Nails-Stewart | Judge: Tews
1AC- FCOC 1NC- Piracy PIC Transparency CP Judicial Review T State Secrets DA Air Power DA PMC DA 2NR- PMC DA 2AR- Condo lollollollol
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Cites
Entry
Date
1AC - CEDA Round 3
Tournament: CEDA Nats | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Casas-Gonzaba | Judge: Samuels
1AC
Advantage
Scenario One is Miscalculation:
US drone policy is destabilizing and causes increased likelihood of escalation and violent confrontations with drones as they lower the threshold for war
Kreps and Zenko, 2014 ~Sarah and Micah, SARAH KREPS is Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell University. MICAH ZENKO is Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Next Drone Wars, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140746/sarah-kreps-and-micah-zenko/the-next-drone-wars~~ /Wyo-MB During World War II, a top commander in what was then the U. AND emerging drone powers would adopt policies that reduce the prospects for violent confrontations.
Drones cause miscalculation that leads to war
Kreps and Zenko, 2014 ~Sarah and Micah, SARAH KREPS is Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell University. MICAH ZENKO is Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Next Drone Wars, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140746/sarah-kreps-and-micah-zenko/the-next-drone-wars~~ /Wyo-MB These obstacles will likely keep the number of drone powers low, but even a AND they would likely do more aggressively than if they were deploying piloted aircraft.
Escalates to war—probability, timeframe, and magnitude are on our side
Brimley et al, 2013 ~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB But there’s a much bigger and more pernicious cycle in motion. The introduction of AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.
Scenario Two is Groupthink:
Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Impact is nuclear war
Wright, 2003 ~Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/~~ /Wyo-MB A fascinating facet of Kennedy’s legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among AND , and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television.
The impact is empirically proven
Jervis, 4 (Robert, political science and international politics professor at Columbia University and a consultant to the CIA, The Record, 7/14, lexis) But was that indeed what happened? "Groupthink" - identified in the early AND they consider the possibility that the group was on the totally wrong track. Richard Nixon’s Watergate cover-up was in part maintained by the same dynamic. To many outsiders even at the time, it was obvious that the only way for Nixon to survive was to air the full truth early on. But the Nixon White House was a small group, closed-mouthed and predisposed to keeping everything secret.
Scenario Three is Violence at home:
The violence of drones abroad boomerangs to recreate oppressive practices at home – the foreign spaces "targeted" by drones serve as a testing grounds for technologies and techniques of militarization and security that spillover to police domestic urban spaces
Stephen Graham, Professor of Cities and Society at Newcastle University and previously taught at Durham and MIT, among other universities, 2010, Cities Under Siege: the New Military Urbanism, p. xiii-xvii Such fantasies of high-tech omnipotence are much more than science fiction.¶ As AND security operations, is the second key feature of the new military urbanism.
Solvency
Thus, we demand that the United States Federal Government should statutorily prohibit the use of targeted killing using unpiloted aerial vehicles
Only Banning the use of drones solves—provides a framework for challenging American exceptionalism and violence—citizen debates over drones are key to solve militarism and targeted killings establishment of war as a norm in international relations
Academic resistance to drones starts from "Just saying no"—this is key to generate resistance to the impact of militarism in the academy—solves groupthink, drone violence and militarism at home
Sparrow, 2012 ~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB It is difficult to find a figure for the exact percentage of robotics research ¶ AND not the ethics of war in general but the ethics of particular wars.
And, resisting the logic of targeted killing in academic spaces is key to solve the drive for war—there is a direct connecting between resistance to drones in academic research and lowering the risk of conflict
Sparrow, 2012 ~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB Again, let me emphasize that my reason for discussing these matters here is the AND why engineers should "just say no" to military funding ~2~.
We as academics are directly responsible for what we say or don’t say about drone violence—this space is not neutral since we chose to debate the war powers topic—we have a responsibility to make the choice to say no to drones
Sparrow, 2012 ~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB "A Searching and Fearless Moral Inventory"¶ Nothing I have said here is AND research may not be funded, and one’s career may be seriously affected.
Even unsuccessful demands to say no generate debate that is key to change
Sparrow, 2012 ~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB An Appeal to the¶ Engineering Profession¶ For this reason, the argument that AND kick the habit, we need to look at these envi- ronmental factors
and try to change them through social policy rather than just rely upon individuals’ AND perhaps deciding to prioritize other, less morally compromised, sources of funding.
Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility
Brooks 13 Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013. Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶ AND and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on AND becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback
Masood 13 (Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless AND .S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."
Global terror threat is high and attacks are immanent
ETN, 9-26-13 ~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror AND in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.
Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them. the entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that creates needless terror.
Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Morgan 9 ~Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF~ In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is AND , to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.
Advantage 2: Drone Prolif
Global drone acquisition is underway
Alston ’11 Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules, AND also be "a messenger of death for enemies of mankind." n608¶
Drone prolif in Asian causes rapid escalation and war—lack of norms ensures drones will trigger great power war in the region
Brimley et al, 2013 ~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB It’s now been a year since Japan’s previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.
Executive unilateralism fails to solve the advantage—can’t overcome mistrust or generate international support
Goldsmith, 2013 ~Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism~~ /Wyo-MB A related sin is the Obama administration’s surprising failure to secure formal congressional support. AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
The plan solves international norms for drone use through the use of diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective
Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.
China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints
Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883 The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan AND intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.
Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear
John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/ The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku AND that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.
Risk is high Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict – norms are key
Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~ The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.
Solvency
Independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy and credibility
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional AND reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114
The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review
Plaw, 2007 ~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth AND Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between AND that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.
3/18/14
1AC - Gonzaga
Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Gonzalez-Rajan | Judge: Kuswa Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders. Drone Prolif Advantage First, the global drone arms race is underway now Boyle 2013 MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr10andvid=1andhid=25//wyo-ng A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to one AND even that will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities Second, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve Zenko, 2013 Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with AND the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations. Third, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf) 5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities? Fourth, Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and to solve transparency Wexler 13 (Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the AND . Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. Fifth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure Zenko, 2013 Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space. Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict and Indo-Pak war Boyle, 13 “The costs and consequences of drone warfare”, MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Escalation uniquely likely now – no impact defense Overdorf, 8/15/13 Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhiand#39;s surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from Indiaand#39;s meteoric economic growth. Heand#39;s written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelersand#39; Tales and other publications. He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University.“Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mounting” Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war “This is a sad reality of India-Pakistan relations — whenever things are AND lead to escalation,” Kugelman said. “And thatand#39;s a scary thought.”
Indo Pak war causes extinction Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most AND well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate. And, Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that causes extinction Falk, 2012 Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328 /Wyo-MB Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do AND of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality. Terrorism Advantage Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility Brooks 13 Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013. Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶ AND and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key Guiora, 2012 Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile /Wyo-MB Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on AND becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure. Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable Chebab, 2012 Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making. Impact is nuclear war Wright, 2003 Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/ /Wyo-MB A fascinating facet of Kennedyand#39;s legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among AND , and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television. Judicial review solves groupthink Chebab, 2012 Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
And drones first policy undermines cooperation and counterterror credibility Boyle 13 (Michael, International Affairs, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” 2013, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf) /wyo-mm Much of the existing debate on drones has focused on their legality under international and AND polarized between those who have drones and those who are victims of them. Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback Masood 13 (Hassan, Monmouth College, “Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,” 2013) /wyo-mm Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless AND .S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists.” Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent ETN, 9-26-13 E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning /Wyo-MB The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror AND in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets. Terrorists are trying to get nuclear weapons Jenkins, 12 Brian Michael senior advisor to the president of the RAND Corporation and director of the National Transportation Security Center at the Mineta Transportation Institute, is a recognized authority on terrorism and security. “Tackling al Qaeda Today” https://www.defenddemocracy.org/stuff/uploads/documents/Peaceable_Kingdom.pdf#page=167, accessed 7/9/13,WYO/JF The 2002 report devoted considerable attention to the prospect of terrorists with weapons of mass AND entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that creates needless terror. Nuclear terrorism causes extinction Morgan 9 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race,” Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question “Is AND , to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter. The probability is significant and the magnitude increases the risk exponentially Zimmerman 09 (Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, “Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism,” Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm Mueller discounts the consequences of an improvised nuclear device in odd ways. He suggests AND a nuclear detonation occur in one of the great cities of the world. AQAP has the intent and capacity to shut down the Bab al-Mandeb Thomas 11 (Matthew, MA Nonproliferation and Terrorism Studies, “Al Qaeda in the Land of Faith and Wisdom: The Fall of Saleh and March on Al-Aqsa,” Monterey Institute of International Studies, May 8) AQAP is well aware of the positive implications of Yemen’s strategic location in the Gulf AND already struggling to recover from rampant political revolutions could follow Yemen into chaos. Closing the strait collapses the economy, hegemony and causes Iran expansionism UPI 10 (“Al-Qaida threatens to close key oil artery,” Feb. 24, 2010. UPI. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/02/24/Al-Qaida-threatens-to-close-key-oil-artery/UPI-27151267027462/#ixzz1XPTj8CWP. CR) SANAA, Yemen, Feb. 24 (UPI) -- Amid the growing war AND , where it is making a major effort to secure allies and markets. The impact is global conflict Royal, 10 Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, 2010. p. 213-215 Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
Solvency Drone courts provide credibility and independence to counterterror policy Plaw, 2006 Avery, associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Fighting Terror Ethically and Legally: The Case of Targeting Terrorists, (A working paper prepared for the CPSA Conference, June 2006), http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2006/Plaw.pdf /Wyo-MB The most telling issues raised by critics of targeting fall into three broad categories: AND particular, by engaging in perfidy or employing unnecessary ¶ or disproportionate force.
And, Courts key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the US and credibility to our counterterror policies, the selection process solves all disads to judges Chebab, 2012 Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional AND reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114
10/26/13
1AC - Texas Round 2
Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas Chowdhury-Malone | Judge: Lundeen *Trigger Warning: This affirmative contains discussions of racism, sexual violence, and imagery of war that may trigger a psychological reaction.
Contention 1: The Killing of Osama bin Laden and the War Against Natives
The logic behind the assassination of Osama Bin Laden can be traced back to the colonial logic that justified the assassination of Sitting Bull. The U.S. justified this assassination by constructing all Indian Chiefs as the "ultimate enemy" to the American way of life.
Our exploration of the similarities between these murders exposes the ways that colonialism has operated behind US killing policies. Western methods of thought are perpetuated through military operations, the targeted killing operation to kill Osama bin Laden was named operation Geronimo. The choice to frame bin Laden in the same method that indigenous people have been framed for assassination and extermination demonstrates the way that the logic that "Indians are enemies" still operates in our foreign policy today
The use of "Geronimo" by the U.S. military is a act of neocolonialism that continues a tradition of cultural genocide through operations of power, this logic fuels the expansion of militarism and the global war on terror and colonial empire of the United States
The unlimited nature of presidential war powers, the flexible definition of terrorism and the frame that places Indians as enemies makes the possibility of unending war and violence against indigenous people possible
Colonial identity production has reduced Natives to a constant state of near-death. The impact is a state of racism and violence that is constantly renewed through forms of linguistic and physical control
Smith ’03 ~Andrea, "Not an Indian Tradition: The Sexual Colonization of Native Peoples", Hypatia, Volume 18, Number 2, Spring, pp. 70-85~ Ann Stoler argues that racism, far from being a reaction to crisis in which AND affair and we feel it very sorely. (Stannard 1992, 127).
Therefore Hunter and I affirm the resolution through epistemic disobedience
Contention 2: Our Politics
Disobedience is the only ethical response to the west’s hegemony on knowledge production. To be an ethical agent one must delink from western knowledge as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge
Mignolo 09 ~Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009~ ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent AND who take ’originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1
Our advocacy allows us to unthink our colonial roots and the way they frame social life today – The 1ac embodies our response to the topic as an example of epistemic decolonization
Grande ’08 ~Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Ph.D., Kent State University, Fellow in the Holleran Center for Community Action and Public Policy, member of the EPA’s National Environmental Justice Advisory Council’s Indigenous People’s Work Group, "Red Pedagogy" in Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, pg. 242-3wyo-hdm~ From the standpoint of Red pedagogy, the primary lesson in all of this is AND soul of America, so too does the more hopeful spirit of indigeneity.
We must decolonize debate practice itself—Education based on Western thought continue forms of colonial schooling designed to reproduce neoliberal empire. Our epistemic resistance creates the possibility for decolonizing education and challenging the processes of eurocentrism and the colonial legacy of power and knowledge
Shahjahan ’11 ~Riyad Ahmed, Assistant Professor of Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education (HALE) at Michigan State University. Ph.D. at the OISE/University of Toronto in Higher Education. "Decolonizing the evidence-based education and policy movement:¶ revealing the colonial vestiges in educational policy, research, and¶ neoliberal reform" Online publication date: 22 March 201, Journal of Education Policy, 26: 2,¶ 181 — 206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508176-http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508176~~ Revisiting histories of colonial educational policy in schooling helps us contextualize¶ AND Slowing down is what I believe decolonizing education¶ means in this era of neoliberal policies and transnational capital
This debate should be solely about the question of colonialism and its impact on indigenous peoples. A focus on other methodological priorities makes the task of dismantling western knowledge impossible
Byrd ’11 ~Jodi A., (Chickasaw), assistant professor of American Indian studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, pg. xviiwyo-hdm~ There is more than one way to frame the concerns of The Transit of Empire AND colonialism, intimacy and relationship that continue to preoccupy poststructuralist and postcolonial studies.
And, our method is a necessary first step before any other political or critical project
Sandy Grande. "American Indian Geographies of Power: At the Crossroads of Indigena and Mestizaje." Harvard Educational Review, 70:4. Winter 2000. In this article, Sandy Marie Anglas Grande outlines the tensions between American Indian epistemology AND a sovereign and tribal people within the geopolitical confines of the United States.
The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.
Advantage 1: Blowback
Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility
Brooks 13 Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013. Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶ AND and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on AND becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback
Masood 13 (Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless AND .S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."
Global terror threat is high and attacks are immanent
ETN, 9-26-13 ~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror AND in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.
Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them. the entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that creates needless terror.
Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Morgan 9 ~Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF~ In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is AND , to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.
Advantage 2: Drone Prolif
Global drone acquisition is underway
Alston ’11 Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules, AND also be "a messenger of death for enemies of mankind." n608¶
Drone prolif in Asian causes rapid escalation and war—lack of norms ensures drones will trigger great power war in the region
Brimley et al, 2013 ~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB It’s now been a year since Japan’s previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.
Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key to create a normative framework with China
Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf) 5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
The plan solves international norms for drone use through the use of diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective
Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.
China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints
Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883 The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan AND intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.
Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear
John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/ The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku AND that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.
Risk is high Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict – norms are key
Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~ The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Solvency
The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review
Plaw, 2007 ~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth AND Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between AND that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.
Independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy and credibility
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional AND reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114
2/13/14
1AC - UMKC
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNT AK | Judge:
1AC UMKC
Advantage 1: Blowback
The status quo expansion of drone warfare undermines the US moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility
Brooks 13 Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013. Mr. Chairman, let me close with a plea for perspective. We live AND and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Expansive use of targeted killing leads to blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors—new guidelines to targeted killing key
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on AND becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Scenario 1 is terrorism
Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback
Masood 13 (Hassan, Monmouth College, and#34;Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,and#34; 2013) /wyo-mm Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless AND .S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists.and#34;
Court to approve targeted killings restrains the executive, maintains an independent judiciary, solves operational errors with drones that increase terrorism
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB The unitary executive theory aggressively articulated, and implemented, by the Bush Administration has AND information to an independent judiciary as a precursor to engaging in operational counterterrorism.
Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Morgan 9 ~Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, and#34;World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race,and#34; Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF~ In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question and#34;Is AND , to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.
Scenario 2 is Yemen
Obama has shifted most drone strikes to Yemen
Hudson et al 13 Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. and#34;Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,and#34; Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism An extensive CT drone campaign requires coordination with the central government of the territories in AND produce an increase in the lethality and frequency of drone strikes in Yemen.
Yemen drone strikes will cause wide spread blowback and strengthen the capacity of AQAP – retaliatory attacks, AQAP recruitment, US policy strategic confusion, undermines Yemeni government credibility to govern, and upsets US-Yemen relations
Hudson et al 13 Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. and#34;Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,and#34; Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes AND All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.
Building government trust with citizens and tribes is key to disable AQAP – drones undermine that goal
AQAP has the intent and capacity to shut down the Bab al-Mandeb
Thomas 11 (Matthew, MA Nonproliferation and Terrorism Studies, and#34;Al Qaeda in the Land of Faith and Wisdom: The Fall of Saleh and March on Al-Aqsa,and#34; Monterey Institute of International Studies, May 8) AQAP is well aware of the positive implications of Yemen’s strategic location in the Gulf AND already struggling to recover from rampant political revolutions could follow Yemen into chaos.
Closing the strait collapses the economy, hegemony and causes Iran expansionism
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, and#34;Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,and#34; in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215 Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
Advantage 2: Drone Proliferation
Drone arms race is underway
Boyle 2013 ~MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. and#34;The costs and consequences of drone warfare,and#34; International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr1026vid=126hid=25//wyo-ng~~ A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to one AND even that will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities
Drone courts limit executive behavior and are key to solve transparency in drone strikes
Wexler 13 (Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, and#34;The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,and#34; 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the AND . Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
The plan solves international norms- US can shape and limit drone prolif and provide diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
The US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform will solve
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with AND the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Scenario 1 is global conflict
Failure to implement clear international standards for drone use makes global warfare inevitable
Roberts, 2013 ~Kristin, national journal, When the Whole World Has Drones, 3-22-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321~~ /Wyo-MB The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States AND uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.
Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that leads to extinction
Falk, 2012 ~Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328~~ /Wyo-MB Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do AND of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.
Scenario 2 is South China Sea
Chinese drone acquisition threatens U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific and causes aggression – only reforming our drone policy checks them
CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) PC China’s move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military’s growing sophistication and could AND There needs to be agreement on what the limits are,and#34; he said.
Chinese Drone proliferation collapses Japan China relations, and increases instability between China and the U.S. in the South China Sea
Conflict in the SCS escalates to full-scale nuclear war
STRAITS TIMES 1995 ~staff, and#34;Choose Your Own Style of Democracyand#34;, May 21, p. ln wyo-tjc~ In his speech, Dr Mahathir also painted three scenarios for Asia. In the first -the worst possible scenario -Asian countries would go to war AND full-scale war breaks out with both sides resorting to nuclear weapons.
Extinction
Lieven 12 Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), and#34;Avoiding US-China War,and#34; New York Times, 6-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html Relations between the United States and China are on a course that may one day AND — for example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America.
Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.
Solvency
Judicial review solves clarification of limits to AUMF, and encourages the executive to restrain its use of war power
Jaffer, 2013 ~Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, Reaction: Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185 (2013), http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php~~ /Wyo-MB The argument for some form of judicial review is compelling, not least because such AND said that even the mere prospect of judicial review deters error and abuse.
A drone court would solve judicial oversight of targeted killings while maintaining a balance between counterterrorism needs and civil liberties concerns
McKelvey, 2011 ~Benjamin, Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Due process rights and the targeted killing of suspected terrorists: the unconstitutional scope of executive killing power, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, v.44, no.5, 2011 Nov, p.1353(32), Online~ /Wyo-MB As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem of targeted killing would AND would promote the use of all peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.
The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.
Second, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with AND the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Third, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key
Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf) 5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
Fourth, Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and to solve transparency
Wexler 13 (Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the AND . Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Fifth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict and Indo-Pak war
Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~ The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Indo Pak war causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most AND well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.
Escalation uniquely likely now – no impact defense
Overdorf, 8/15/13 ~Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhi’s surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from India’s meteoric economic growth. He’s written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelers’ Tales and other publications. He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University."Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mounting" Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war-http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war~~ "This is a sad reality of India-Pakistan relations — whenever things are AND lead to escalation," Kugelman said. "And that’s a scary thought." And, Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that causes extinction Falk, 2012 ~Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328~~ /Wyo-MB Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do AND of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.
Terror
Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility
Brooks 13 Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013. Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶ AND and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on AND becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Impact is nuclear war
Wright, 2003 ~Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/~~ /Wyo-MB A fascinating facet of Kennedy’s legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among AND , and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television.
Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
And drones first policy undermines cooperation and counterterror credibility
Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback
Masood 13 (Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless AND .S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."
Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent
ETN, 9-26-13 ~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror AND in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.
Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them. the entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that creates needless terror.
Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Morgan 9 ~Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF~ In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is AND , to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.
The probability is significant and the magnitude increases the risk exponentially
The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review
Plaw, 2007 ~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth AND Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between AND that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.
And, independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional AND reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114
10/25/13
1AC - Wake Round 1
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State Floyd-Finch | Judge: Woodruff ERROR==1AC== Contention 1: The Killing of Osama bin Laden and the War Against Natives
The logic behind the assassination of Osama Bin Laden can be traced back to the colonial logic that justified the assassination of Sitting Bull. The U.S. justified this assassination by constructing all Indian Chiefs as the "ultimate enemy" to the American way of life.
Our exploration of the similarities between these murders exposes the ways that colonialism has operated behind US killing policies. Western methods of thought are perpetuated through military operations, the targeted killing operation to kill Osama bin Laden was named operation Geronimo. The choice to frame bin Laden in the same method that indigenous people have been framed for assassination and extermination demonstrates the way that the logic that "Indians are enemies" still operates in our foreign policy today
The use of "Geronimo" by the U.S. military is a act of neocolonialism that continues a tradition of cultural genocide through operations of power, this logic fuels the expansion of militarism and the global war on terror and colonial empire of the United States
The unlimited nature of presidential war powers, the flexible definition of terrorism and the frame that places Indians as enemies makes the possibility of unending war and violence against indigenous people possible
Colonial identity production has reduced Natives to a constant state of near-death. The impact is a state of racism and violence that is constantly renewed through forms of linguistic and physical control
Smith ’03 ~Andrea, "Not an Indian Tradition: The Sexual Colonization of Native Peoples", Hypatia, Volume 18, Number 2, Spring, pp. 70-85~ Ann Stoler argues that racism, far from being a reaction to crisis in which AND affair and we feel it very sorely. (Stannard 1992, 127).
Therefore Hunter and I affirm the resolution through epistemic disobedience
Contention 2: Our Politics
Our use of indigenous epistemology is a act of transgression against empire that allows us to unthink our colonial roots and the way they frame social life today
Grande ’08 ~Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Ph.D., Kent State University, Fellow in the Holleran Center for Community Action and Public Policy, member of the EPA’s National Environmental Justice Advisory Council’s Indigenous People’s Work Group, "Red Pedagogy" in Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, pg. 242-3wyo-hdm~ From the standpoint of Red pedagogy, the primary lesson in all of this is AND soul of America, so too does the more hopeful spirit of indigeneity.
We must decolonize debate practice itself—Education based on Western thought continue forms of colonial schooling designed to reproduce neoliberal empire. Our epistemic resistance creates the possibility for decolonizing education and challenging the processes of eurocentrism and the colonial legacy of power and knowledge
Shahjahan ’11 ~Riyad Ahmed, Assistant Professor of Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education (HALE) at Michigan State University. Ph.D. at the OISE/University of Toronto in Higher Education. "Decolonizing the evidence-based education and policy movement:¶ revealing the colonial vestiges in educational policy, research, and¶ neoliberal reform" Online publication date: 22 March 201, Journal of Education Policy, 26: 2,¶ 181 — 206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508176-http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508176~~ Revisiting histories of colonial educational policy in schooling helps us contextualize¶ AND decolonizing education¶ means in this era of neoliberal policies and transnational capital21
This debate should be solely about the question of colonialism and its impact on indigenous peoples. A focus on other methodological priorities makes the task of dismantling western knowledge impossible
Byrd ’11 ~Jodi A., (Chickasaw), assistant professor of American Indian studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, pg. xviiwyo-hdm~ There is more than one way to frame the concerns of The Transit of Empire AND colonialism, intimacy and relationship that continue to preoccupy poststructuralist and postcolonial studies.
And, our method is a necessary first step before any other political or critical project
Sandy Grande. "American Indian Geographies of Power: At the Crossroads of Indigena and Mestizaje." Harvard Educational Review, 70:4. Winter 2000. In this article, Sandy Marie Anglas Grande outlines the tensions between American Indian epistemology AND a sovereign and tribal people within the geopolitical confines of the United States.
The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.
Drone Prolif
Drone Prolif Now
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB It is estimated that the number of states that have acquired a com- plete AND that there have been intentionally hidden advances toward states’ development of weaponized drones.
Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key
Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf) 5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the AND them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and solve transparency
Wexler 13 (Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the AND . Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013 ~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict
Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~ The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term AND legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints
Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883 The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan AND intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.
Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear
John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/ The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku AND that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.
The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective
Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.
Terror
Squo expansion of drone warfare breeds Anti-Americanism
Brooks 13 Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013. Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶ AND and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on AND becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological AND and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
And drones first policy undermines cooperation and counterterror credibility
Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback
Masood 13 (Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless AND .S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."
Global terror threat is high and attacks are immanent
ETN, 9-26-13 ~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror AND in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.
Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences AND a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them. the entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that creates needless terror.
Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Morgan 9 ~Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF~ In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is AND , to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.
Ochs 2002 (Richard; Naturalist – Grand Teton National Park with a Masters in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers) "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately" 6/9 www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, AND Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.
Newest developments take out all impact defense
Jordans, 2011 ~Frank, Associated Press, 12-7-11, Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45584359/ns/~~23.UkkMV2T72Ik~~ /Wyo-MB GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also AND nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab’s activities.
Solvency
The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review
Plaw, 2007 ~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth AND Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between AND that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.
And, independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional AND reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114
The framework ~developed In Unison~ also acknowledges the importance of developing flexible policy AND recognition helps us to move beyond stereotypes and to combat ableism and paternalism.
Turn- The politics of the K reify the abled/disabled dichotomy while unwittingly creating a purism test for membership in the disabled community allowing for the ghettoization of unacceptable forms of disability and excluding participation from non-disabled academics and citizens
Humphrey, 2k (Jill C. Faculty of applied social science @ the Open University, Researching disability politics, or, some problems with the social model in practice, Disability 26 Society 15.1) ABSTRACT This article arises from a research project involving the disabled members’ group in UNISON AND of excellence when operating under the provisos placed upon them by political campaigners.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The prioritization of method over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Targeted killings of civilians turns civilian life into bare life- only the affirmative solves the K’s impact
Wilcox ’9 ~Lauren, Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare, Google Scholars,"wyo-hdm~ The ’unknowability’ of civilian deaths is related to their production as homines sacri, AND of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.
Third, No impact to Bare Life and the alt fails
Cesare Casarino, professor of cultural studies and comparative literature at the University of Minnesota AND Antonio Negri, author of numerous volumes of philosophy and political theory. "It’s a Powerful Life: A Conversation on Contemporary Philosophy" Cultural Critique 57. 2004
AN: I believe Giorgio is writing a sequel to Homo Sacer, and I AND continuously try to subtract or neutralize our resistance. ~End Page 174~
THE PERM USES POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT TO AVOID THE ESSENTIALISM OF THE SOVEREIGN AND AGAMBEN’S ALTERNATIVE BY USING CONTINGENCY TO CHALLENGE THE ATROCITY THAT BOTH MAKE INEVITABLE
Deranty 04 ~Jean-Philippe, Macquarie University, "Agamben’s challenge to normative theories of modern rights," borderlands e-journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no1_2004/deranty_agambnschall.htm, acc 1-7-05uwyo-ajl~ 49. This proposal rests on a logic that challenges Agamben’s reduction of the overcoming AND relevance to this alternative historical-political logic of contingency (Bauman 1989).
Engaging the state is critical to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing internationalist state and refocuses its energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges
Sassen 2009 ~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~
Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a AND the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects. Focusing on epistemology or ontology selfishly ignores real world problems Jarvis, 2K – Prof Philosophy @ U South Carolina (Darryl, Studies in International Relations, "International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism", pg. 2) While Hoffmann might well be correct, these days one can neither begin nor conclude AND ," where novelty has itself become "an appropriate form of scholarship."5
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet AND of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is to maintain morality in war and undermine the video-game like effect of killing targets with drones
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Agamben precludes us from understanding violence and his theories trivialize the holocaust- reason to reject the affirmative
Mesnard 04 (Philippe, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, "The political philosophy of Giorgio Agamben: a critical evaluation," 2004, Taylor and Franciswyo-mm) To decipher the meaning of Agamben’s ’muselmann’, it is necessary to look into AND hide the real victims and blur our understanding of what actually happened.27
no internal link- even if the law was originally founded on violence, it now operates in a non-violent way
Deranty 2004 ~Jean-Philippe, Macquarie University, "Agamben’s challenge to normative theories of modern rights," borderlands e-journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no1_2004/deranty_agambnschall.htm, acc 1-7-05uwyo-ajl~ 29. The problem with this strategic use of the decisionistic tradition is that it AND reading does not meet the objection to his problematic use of that tradition.
Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power
John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2. The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business AND the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.
Perm do the plan and then the alternative
Rejecting the state and focusing on sphere discussions only lead to conservatives stopping state intervention policies
Lobel 07 ~Orly Lobel, Assistant Professor of Law, University of San Diego, "THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS", 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, wyo-bb~ In former eras, the claims about the legal cooptation of the transformative visions of AND categories and by placing rigid time limits on the provision of benefits.170
Unrestrained drones will be used to undermine US air power and defense systems
Gaub, 2011 ~Martin, School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, The Children of Aphrodite The Proliferation and Threat of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the Twenty-First Century, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a546414.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB Another use for UAVs is to exploit existing U.S. air-defense AND could avoid much of the air defense network and ¶ attack its vulnerabilities.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The prioritization of method over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power
John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2. The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business AND the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.
Rhetoric describes and reflects reality, it does not shape it—objective reality exists outside of language
Fram-Cohen ’85 ~Michelle, "Reality, Language, Translation: What Makes Translation Possible?" American Translators Association Conference, enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/michelleframcohenpossibilityoftranslation.html, 9-24-06uwyo-ajl~ Nida did not provide the philosophical basis of the view that the external world is AND not by itself provide a sufficient image of modern reality for modern users.
Alt fails to create a sustainable model for our species- Using crisis driven politics is the only way to mobilize people in a way necessary to interrogate actions that threaten extinction
Schatz 12 (JL, Binghampton University, The Journal of Ecocentrism, "The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism," 2012, http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/394/382-http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/394/382) /wyo-mm Third, and most importantly, ecocritics must adopt tactics that can most effectively influence AND world that we will be ¶ able to envision how to save it.
Crandall, 2012 ~Carla, Law Clerk to the Honorable Laura Denvir Stith, Supreme Court of Missouri and the author was previously employed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, READY . . . FIRE . . . AIM21 A CASE FOR APPLYING AMERICAN DUE PROCESS PRINCIPLES BEFORE ENGAGING IN DRONE STRIKES, April, 2012 Florida Journal of International Law 24 Fla. J. Int’l L. 55, Lexis~ /Wyo-MB As important as these developments were to the burgeoning of drones, it was not AND which divert~ed~ their energy from planning new attacks." n36¶
Third, drone prolif inevitable in the status quo- US needs to set precedent on drone appropriateness
Drones comparatively better for solving the war on terror and alternative war strats increase civilian casualties- makes blowback inevitable-
Clanton 13 (R. Alan, Thursday Review, "What is Gained or Lost With Drones?," July 20, 2013, http://www.thursdayreview.com/Drones.html-http://www.thursdayreview.com/Drones.html) /wyo-mm Military commanders in the field admit that although civilians are sometimes killed by drone strikes AND leadership and with a relatively low chance of tragic spillover into civilian life.
IL - Obama not investing PC and PC not key – GOP will come to it on its own and Obama has no sway over reflexively oppositional House republicans
Evan McMorris, Santoro BuzzFeed Staff, "Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight And He’s Coming For Immigration Next," 10/15/13. http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for Don’t expect the White House effort to include barnstorming across the country on behalf of AND fit the bill since we see voters across party lines calling for reform."
Restrictions on targeted killing coming now—debates on transparency and oversight thump the disad
Stangler, 9-16-13 ~Cole, In These Times staff writer based in northeast D.C., covering Congress, corruption and politics in Washington. His reporting has appeared in The Huffington Post and The American Prospect, Will Syria Re-Energize the Anti-Drone Movement?, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15627/will_syria_re_energize_the_anti_drone_movement/~~ /Wyo-MB "It can be enough to have champions in Congress who are going to AND on drones. These hearings generated calls for greater transparency and federal oversight.
drone courts popular with Feinstein
Hosenball, 2-8-2013 ~Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209~~ /Wyo-MB During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama’s claim that he AND least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive."
Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties
Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013 ~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly AND change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."
Obama wont spend PC and he won’t be effective if he does
Jay Cost, staff writer, 2-11-2013, "Obama the Bargainer," The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/obama-bargainer_699205.html?page=1 Thus, with the festivities finished and the glow of the inauguration fading, it AND help in whipping his party and negotiating a compromise with the other side.
No shortage of skilled workers—we can solve the impact now
There is no causal relationship between the economy and conflict—the best study proves.
Brandt and Ulfelder 11—*Patrick T. Brandt, Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. Jay Ulfelder, Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, is an American political scientist whose research interests include democratization, civil unrest, and violent conflict. ~April, 2011, "Economic Growth and Political Instability," Social Science Research Network~
These statements anticipating political fallout from the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 reflect AND of social unrest, civil war, coup attempts, and regime breakdown. Although it is pervasive, the assumption that countries’ economic growth rates strongly affect their AND of the expected and apparent uptick in social unrest associated with the crisis.
10/25/13
2AC v CMR DA
Tournament: Mukai | Round: 3 | Opponent: Johnson County Community College Domme-Drake | Judge: Stevenson
CMR Low – Military and Civilian officials ignore each other, fight in public, and leak stories to the media
Zenko 9-25 ~MICAH ZENKO, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations; worked for Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, at Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "The Soldier and the State Go Public: Civil-military relations haven’t been this bad in decades," SEPTEMBER 25, 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/25/the_soldier_and_the_state_go_public-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/25/the_soldier_and_the_state_go_public, wyo-sc~ Washington has found itself in a crisis over the proper relationship between senior civilian and AND anyone who listens about their enthusiasm for no-fly zones or airstrikes.
And multiple issues thump the disad—political change, demographic and economic pressure and allies
Munson, 2012 ~Peter, Peter J. Munson is a Marine officer, author, and Middle East specialist. He is the author of War, Welfare, and Democracy: Rethinking America’s Quest for the End of History (Potomac, 2013) and Iraq in Transition: The Legacy of Dictatorship and the Prospects for Democracy (Potomac, 2009) and . A frequent contributor to multiple journals and blogs, including his own, he was also the Editor of the Small Wars Journal from January 2012 to June 2013, A Caution on Civil-Military Relations, 11-12-12, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/a-caution-on-civil-military-relations~~ /Wyo-MB In this it is important to recognize that our political institutions are undergoing a crisis AND this dynamic now before they reach crisis proportions in the years to come.
Judicial review of the military is critical to balanced civil-military relations- Congress and the Executive cannot check themselves
Gilbert, Lieutenant Colonel, 98 (Michael, Lieutenant Colonel Michael H. Gilbert, B.S., USAF Academy; MSBA, Boston University; J.D., McGeorge School of Law; LL.M., Harvard Law School. He is a member of the State Bars of Nebraska and California. "ARTICLE: The Military and the Federal Judiciary: an Unexplored Part of the Civil-Military Relations Triangle," 8 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 197, lexis) The legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the federal government comprise and form AND military relations that are already the subject of concern by many observers. 4
CMR resilient- Public is lenient and understanding
Hooker 11 ~Colonel Richard D. Hooker, Graduated from the National War College in 2003 AND /2012): 1-14., Proquest, wyo-bb~ Though the primary function of the military is often described as "the application of AND , even as the level of public participation in military affairs has declined.
Joshua S. Goldstein, Professor of International Relations at American University, 2001 ("Reflections: The Mutuality of Gender and War," War and Gender, Published by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521001803, p. 411-412) First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working AND injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate. 10
Extinction outweighs ontology
Jonas 96 ~Hans, Former Alvin Johnson Prof. Phil. At the New School for Social Research 26 Former Eric Voegelin Visiting Prof. at U. Munich, *do not agree with gendered language, Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good after Auschwitz, pg 111-2 With this look ahead at an ethics for the future, we are touching at AND this confession of faith we come to the end of our essay ontology.
The prioritization of method, or other philosophical approaches over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Third, permutation do both- Legal reforms dampen emergency powers and prevent future injustices from our counter-terrorism policies
O’Cinneide ’08 ~Colm, University College London senior law lecturer, "’Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle" http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html//wyo-hdm~~ However, certain legal processes appear to have some capacity to slow down the excesses AND repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted.
Fourth, physical distancing is good- doesn’t create moral detachment, decreases casualties, increases just responses by pilots-
Whetham 13 (David, Senior Lecturer in the Defence Studies Department of King’s College London, AND ," June 27, 2013, Taylor and Franciswyo-mm) Of course, ’stand-off’ weapons themselves are nothing new and there is AND the enforced detachment of the drone operator might well be a positive thing.
Fifth, no impact- drones have no effect on the acceptability of war, don’t make war more likely, and are key to decreases detriments of war
Etzioni 13 (Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, Military Review, "Great Drone Debate," 2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf) /wyo-mm Mary Dudziak of the University of Southern California’s Gould School of Law opines that "~ AND successful air campaign which followed, as reported by The Guardian’s Nick Hopkins.
Sixth, the alt makes authoritarianism and oppression inevitable
Boyle, La Salle University political science assistant professor, 2013 ~Michael, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare" http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, p.25-6, accessed 9-8-13~ Fourth, there is a distinct danger that the world will divide into two camps AND or even national liberation claims, including just ones, upon ¶ them.
Alberta 9-26 (Tim Alberta, leadership reporter for the National Journal, Republicans Not Sold on Boehner’s Debt-Ceiling Plan, National Journal, 26 September 2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/republicans-not-sold-on-boehner-s-debt-ceiling-plan-20130926, da 9-26-13) PC Speaker John Boehner attempted Thursday morning to sell House Republicans on a debt-ceiling AND find out," he said. "You’ll have to ask the whip."
CR thumps
Tamara Keith, "House GOP Leaders Gear Up For Debt Ceiling Battle," NPR, 9/27/13. http://www.npr.org/2013/09/27/226716489/house-gop-leaders-gear-up-for-debt-ceiling-battle The Senate is scheduled to vote on a bill later today that would keep the government open through the middle of November. What it won’t do is defund Obamacare, something many House Republicans are still demanding. This means the fight over the short-term spending bill is likely to keep raging right up to a possible government shutdown on Tuesday. And this comes before the real battle coming next month over the nation’s debt ceiling.
Republicans strong position on debt ceiling –will force concessions from Obama
Manu Raju and Jake Sherman, "Republicans shun shutdown but flirt with default," Politico, 9/26/13 The shift in strategy is a sign of how Republicans — tired of being divided AND measure could come up for a House vote in the next few days.
1st, Restrictions on targeted killing coming now—debates on transparency and oversight thump the disad
Stangler, 9-16-13 ~Cole, In These Times staff writer based in northeast D.C., covering Congress, corruption and politics in Washington. His reporting has appeared in The Huffington Post and The American Prospect, Will Syria Re-Energize the Anti-Drone Movement?, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15627/will_syria_re_energize_the_anti_drone_movement/~~ /Wyo-MB "It can be enough to have champions in Congress who are going to AND on drones. These hearings generated calls for greater transparency and federal oversight.
4th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013 ~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly AND change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."
1. Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient
Bazzle 12 (Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, "Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror," 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses AND on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.
Judicial review is essential to judicial independence
Gerber, 2007 ~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two AND they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.
Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation
Herron and Randazzo, 2003 ~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence AND of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime" (Mohan 1982, 110).1
Solves global wars,
Epstien et al, 2007 ~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of AND as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25
1st, The Counterplan can’t solve terrorism—extend the Chebab groupthink internals—review from solely within the executive doesn’t break free from the cycle of groupthink that makes unproportional targeting inevitable—the impact is blowback and undermining the war on terrorism
And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections AND interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105
2nd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president
Buchanan 2013 ~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~ The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later AND not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.
3rd, counterplan links to politics
Schier 9 ~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~ In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and AND Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
4th, Counterplan can’t solve—extend 1AC Chebab evidence, Judicial review is key to solve targeting errors and send a signal of international legitimacy—evidence is comparative and conclusive that independent judges are best suited for this role
5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes
Wexler 13 (Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the executive AND of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The prioritization of method over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
We must continue to operate within the law learning from past failures- only way for change
Lobel 07 ~Orly Lobel, Assistant Professor of Law, University of San Diego, "THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS", 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, wyo-bb~ V. RESTORING CRITICALOPTIMISM IN THE LEGAL FIELD "La critique est aisée; l’art AND constantly redefining the boundaries of legal reform and making visible law’s broad reach.
Patriarchy’s not the root cause of violence
Bell 06 ~Duncan Bell, Senior lecturer – Department of Politics and International Studies @ Cambridge University, "Beware of false prophets: biology, human nature and the future of International Relations theory," International Affairs 82, 3 p. 493–510~ Writing in Foreign Aff airs in 1998, Francis Fukuyama, tireless promulgator of the AND Fukuyama’s essay unfortunately recur throughout the growing literature on the biology of international politics
Feminism is compatible with realism, the modern nation-state is less gendered than past feudal regimes, its universal norms have been the basis of women’s liberation
Lind 05 ~Michael Lind – editor of the National Interest – 2005 Of Arms and the Woman, review of the Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War by Cynthia Enloe http://feminism.eserver.org/of-arms-and-the-woman.txt accessed 11-20-07~
Then there is "the state." Here, too, there is nothing in AND city-states, tribal amphictyonies—were not even more rigidly patriarchal. Completely missing from such an analysis is any acknowledgement that the successes of feminism have AND may be necessary to prevent mass slaughter—and mass rape, too.)
Working from within but against the state is key to success of feminist struggles- the state is multifaceted and we reform aspects of the state to fight against dominant discourses and masculinist policies
Rai 02 ~Shirin M. Rai - professor in the department of Politics and International Studies at Warwick – 2002 Gender and the Political Economy of Development p. 204-206~
As we saw in chapter 5, for feminists, the nation-state has AND , we can begin to address the tension between feasible and transformative politics.
PERM DO BOTH-Feminism can acknowledge the study of mainstream IR while also critiquing its gendered biases – there’s no single right way
Tickner 97 ~ J. Ann Tickner - Professor in the School of International Relations at University of Southern California, President of the International Studies Association, the most respected and widely known scholarly association in this field - Dec., 1997 "You Just Don’t Understand: Troubled Engagements between Feminists and IR Theorists" International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4.~
Seeking greater understanding across theoretical divides, and the scientific and political cultures that AND be a model for beginning more productive conversations between feminists and IR theorists?
Lack of foundational knowledge in Fem IR makes feminism complicit with dangerous representations of what it means to be a woman, reproducing the conditions necessary for binary thinking and exclusion
Stern and Zalewski 09 ~MARIA STERN, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg University, AND MARYSIA ZALEWSKI, Director of Centre for Gender Studies at University of Aberdeen. "Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization" Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journalsuwyokb~
In this section we clarify what we mean by the problem of sexgender and how AND and preventing) conflict, or simply into hopeful scenarios for our students.
Rejecting all state policy collapses into tautology-women must engage the state and leverage their collective power
Rhode 94 ~Deborah L. Rhode, Professor, Stanford Law School; Director, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford University, April 1994, Harvard Law Review, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 1181, p. 1184-1186~
In many left feminist accounts, the state is a patriarchal institution in the AND of sex-based inequality and in the strategies necessary to address it.
No solvency- re-socialization cannot resolve masculine leaders wielding real weapons- masculine policies will be necessary to contain such threats
Fukuyama, 98 (Francis Fukuyama, SAIS Foreign Policy Institute Senior Fellow at John Hopkins University, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, September/October 98, EBSCOUWYOKB)
Some feminists talk as if gender identities can be discarded like an old sweater, AND . Masculine policies will still be required, though not necessarily masculine leaders.
Realism solves the impact-insists on diplomacy, humility, and resolving conflict in a non-violent manner if at all possible
Murray 97 ~Alastair J.H. Murray, Politics Department, University of Wales Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, 1997, p. 192uwyokb~
Consequently, it is not surprising that the third strut of this feminist epistemology, AND a unified human standpoint which, with modifications, serves us reasonably well.
Legal norms don’t cause wars and the alt can’t effect liberalism
David Luban 10, law prof at Georgetown, Beyond Traditional Concepts of Lawfare: Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare, 43 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 457
Among these associations is the positive, constructive side of politics, the very foundation AND would be a political decision. It would simply be a bad one.
10/20/13
2AC v Farm Bill Politics
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas State - SS | Judge: Lucas-Bolin
Farm bill wont be unified and SNAP fights kill any posibility
No pass – spending partisanship and farm safety net fights
Carl Zulauf, The Ohio State University and Jonathan Coppess, University of Illinois, "3 Possible Outcomes for the 2013 Farm Bill, 11/15/13 As of the writing of this post, we think the first 2 paths have AND federal budget deficit and concurrent spending resolution that must be passed by Congress.
1st, Restrictions on targeted killing coming now—debates on transparency and oversight thump the disad
Stangler, 9-16-13 ~Cole, In These Times staff writer based in northeast D.C., covering Congress, corruption and politics in Washington. His reporting has appeared in The Huffington Post and The American Prospect, Will Syria Re-Energize the Anti-Drone Movement?, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15627/will_syria_re_energize_the_anti_drone_movement/~~ /Wyo-MB "It can be enough to have champions in Congress who are going to AND on drones. These hearings generated calls for greater transparency and federal oversight.
5th, Obama wont spend PC and he won’t be effective if he does
Jay Cost, staff writer, 2-11-2013, "Obama the Bargainer," The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/obama-bargainer_699205.html?page=1 Thus, with the festivities finished and the glow of the inauguration fading, it AND help in whipping his party and negotiating a compromise with the other side.
Engaging the state is critical to solve global challenges: Engagement refocuses energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges
Sassen 2009 ~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~
Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a AND the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one AND and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The prioritization of method over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
States will inevitably compete—any attempt to deviate causes violence
Mearscheimer 2001 ~John J., Prof. of Pol. Sci @ U. of Chicago, The Tragedy of Great Power Warfare~ Great powers fear each other. They regard each other with suspicion, AND conquering the whole world, if that were possible." Survival would then be almost guaranteed.
War and violence are endemic to IR—moving from realism is worse
MEARSHEIMER 2001 ~John, Co-Director of IR Policy at University of Chicago and Former research fellow at the Brookings institute, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pg xi-xii. ) The twentieth century was a period of great international violence.In World War I AND war are bound to continue as large and enduring features of world politics.
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet AND of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is key to maintain morality in war
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Third, American imperialism should be embraced – it has been the greatest force for good in the world
Boot, 2003 (Max, Olin senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "American Imperialism? No Need to Run Away from Label," 5-18-2003, www.attacberlin.de/fileadmin/Sommerakademie/Boot_Imperialim_fine.pdf) The greatest danger is that we won’t use all of our power for fear of AND empire whatever we do. We might as well be a successful empire.
Keith Koffler, covered the White House as a reporter for CongressDaily and Roll Call, is editor of the website White House Dossier, "Obama’s crisis of credibility," Politico, 10/11/13 President Barack Obama is like a novice flier thrust into the cockpit of a 747 AND , or even trusted. And that’s a fatal flaw in a president.
Negotiations will continue to fail- Iran won’t agree to a deal that limits it’s uranium
Goodman 8/15 ~Alana, staff writer for the Washington Free Beacon. Prior to joining the Beacon, she was assistant online editor at Commentary. She has written for the Weekly Standard, the New York Post and the Washington Examiner "WMD Czar: Negotiations with Iran Unlikely to Lead to Deal,"http://freebeacon.com/wmd-czar-negotiations-with-iran-unlikely-to-lead-to-deal///wyo-hdm~~ The latest round of nuclear negotiations AND a conference call organized by The Israel Project on Tuesday.
Syria killed Obama and Kerry’s cred—hype followed by inaction makes the administration look weak.
We already look weak- Iranian aggressive posture is inevitable
Karl 13 ~David J. Karl is president of the Asia Strategy Initiative, an analysis and advisory firm that has a particular focus on South Asia. He serves on the board of counselors of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy and previously on the Executive Committee of the Southern California chapter of TiE (formerly The Indus Entrepreneurs), the world’s largest not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting entrepreneurship. David previously served as director of studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy, in charge of the Council’s think tank focused on foreign policy issues of special resonance to the U.S West Coast, and was project director of the Bi-national Task Force on Enhancing India-U.S. Cooperation in the Global Innovation "Obama’s NDU Speech: Implications for Tehran," 5-31-13, ~http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2013/05/31/obamas-ndu-speech-implications-for-tehran///wyo-hdm~~ ¶ The major speech on counter-terrorism policy President Obama delivered last week at AND point person on the Middle East for much of the administration’s first term.
No Impact—History disproves fears of escalation, nuclear weapon use, and cooperation with terrorists
Waltz, 2012 ~Kenneth, American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations. Why Iran should get the bomb: Nuclear balancing would mean stability. Foreign Affairs, 91(4), 2-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479-http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479wyo-SF~ Nevertheless, even some observers and policymakers who accept that the Iranian regime is rational AND arms race then, there is no reason a nuclear Iran should now.
Iran going nuclear increases balance of power
Waltz, 2012 ~Kenneth, American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations. Why Iran should get the bomb: Nuclear balancing would mean stability. Foreign Affairs, 91(4), 2-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479-http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479wyo-SF~ The third possible outcome of the standoff is that Iran continues its current course and AND crisis that will end only when a balance of military power is restored.
1st, Restrictions on targeted killing coming now—debates on transparency and oversight thump the disad
Stangler, 9-16-13 ~Cole, In These Times staff writer based in northeast D.C., covering Congress, corruption and politics in Washington. His reporting has appeared in The Huffington Post and The American Prospect, Will Syria Re-Energize the Anti-Drone Movement?, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15627/will_syria_re_energize_the_anti_drone_movement/~~ /Wyo-MB "It can be enough to have champions in Congress who are going to AND on drones. These hearings generated calls for greater transparency and federal oversight.
2nd, drone courts popular in congress—particularly with Feinstein and King
Hosenball, 2-8-2013 ~Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209~~ /Wyo-MB During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama’s claim that he AND least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive."
Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties
4th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013 ~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly AND change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."
5th, Obama wont spend PC and he won’t be effective if he does
Jay Cost, staff writer, 2-11-2013, "Obama the Bargainer," The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/obama-bargainer_699205.html?page=1 Thus, with the festivities finished and the glow of the inauguration fading, it AND help in whipping his party and negotiating a compromise with the other side.
Joshua S. Goldstein, Professor of International Relations at American University, 2001 ("Reflections: The Mutuality of Gender and War," War and Gender, Published by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521001803, p. 411-412) First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working AND injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate. 10
Extinction Outweighs
Jonas 96 ~Hans, Former Alvin Johnson Prof. Phil. At the New School for Social Research 26 Former Eric Voegelin Visiting Prof. at U. Munich, *do not agree with gendered language, Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good after Auschwitz, pg 111-2 With this look ahead at an ethics for the future, we are touching at AND this confession of faith we come to the end of our essay ontology.
Third, permutation do both- Legal reforms dampen emergency powers and prevent future injustices from our counter-terrorism policies
O’Cinneide ’08 ~Colm, University College London senior law lecturer, "’Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle" http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html//wyo-hdm~~ However, certain legal processes appear to have some capacity to slow down AND legitimacy and generate less repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted.
Fifth, no impact- drones have no effect on the acceptability of war, don’t make war more likely, and are key to decreases detriments of war
Etzioni 13 (Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, Military Review, "Great Drone Debate," 2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf) /wyo-mm Mary Dudziak of the University of Southern California’s Gould School of Law opines that "~ AND successful air campaign which followed, as reported by The Guardian’s Nick Hopkins.
Sixth, the alt makes authoritarianism and oppression inevitable
Boyle, La Salle University political science assistant professor, 2013 ~Michael, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare" http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, p.25-6, accessed 9-8-13~ Fourth, there is a distinct danger that the world will divide into two AND secessionist or even national liberation claims, including just ones, upon ¶ them.
Third, attempting to solve the root cause of terror is impossible, encourages more terrorism and casualties, only way to defeat is to incapacitate terrorism completely
Dershowitz 02 (Alan M., Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge, Pgs. 24-26wyo-mm) The reason terrorism works—and will persist unless there are significant changes in the AND "root cause" of terrorism that must be eliminated is its success.
Fourth, Focus on language-discourse in the war on terror fails to create effective models for combatting violence, understanding war, and history proves there’s no causality between language and war
However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his AND analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.
3/18/14
2AC v Judicial Review DA
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas State - SS | Judge: Lucas-Bolin
4th, Restrictions inevitable—-only a question of whether they are deliberate or haphazard
Benjamin Wittes 9, senior fellow and research director in public law at the Brookings Institution, is the author of Law and the Long War: The Future of Justice in the Age of Terror and is also a member of the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law, "Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book, p. 17 A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor AND past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.
We solve the Impact- specialized courts are fast- wouldn’t compromise operations
Somin, 13 ~April 23rd, HEARING ON "DRONE WARS: THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND COUNTERTERRORISM IMPLICATIONS OF TARGETED KILLING" TESTIMONY BEFORE THE UNITED STATES SENATE JUDICIARY SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, CIVIL RIGHTS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS April 23, 2013, Illya, Professor of Law~ B. Possible Institutional Safeguards. One partial solution to the problem of target selection AND difficult than a court that only covers relatively rare cases directed at Americans.
A National Security Court devastates US credibility and violates several tenets of international law
Paust 8 Professor at the University of Houston, a former U.S. Army JAG officer and member of the faculty of the Judge Advocate General’s School (The Case Against a National Security Court, http://warisacrime.org/node/37079) JURIST Contributing Editor Jordan Paust of the University of Houston Law Center says that instituting AND and international stature during a new Administration committed to the rule of law.
Key to hegemony
Biegon, 2013 ~Rubrick, PhD Candidate School of Politics and International Relations, University of Kent British International Studies Association (BISA) Conference – June 2013, The Banality of Smart Power: Reconstituting US Hegemony after Bush, Although Nye maintains that concerns over American decline are overblown,48 there is little AND levels to expand American influence and establish the legitimacy of American action.53
Nuke war
Jervis 9 ~Robert, a professor of international politics at Columbia University, World Politics, "Unipolarity: A structural perspective", January 2009, p. asp~ With unipolarity, world war is less of a problem and more obviously separated from AND a role here, it would at most be an enabling one.12
And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections AND interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105
2nd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president
Buchanan 2013 ~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~ The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later AND not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.
3rd, counterplan links to politics
Schier 9 ~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~ In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and AND Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes
Wexler 13 (Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the AND . Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Can’t solve judicial independence—perceived as extension of the executive
Herron and Randazzo, 2003 ~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB Understanding the relationship between independence and judicial review is¶ essential to determining the role AND law as unconstitutional or unlawful or declared¶ legislation unlawful for procedural reasons.
Strong judicial model prevents Russian loose nukes
Nagle, Independent Research Consultant Specializing in the Soviet Union, 1994 (Chad. "What America needs to do to help Russia avoid chaos" Washington Times, August 1, Lexis Nexis) As things stand right now, there is indeed potential for danger and instability in AND the hand of friendship and pray for Mr. Yeltsin’s continued good health.
Nuclear war
Allison, 2000 ~Graham T. Allison, Russia’’s "Loose Nukes" The continuing threat to American security, Harvard Magazine, September-October 2000, Vol. 103, No. 1. page 34-35~ /Wyo-MB Fortunately, today we do not have Cuban missile crises that force citizens to experience AND and should prompt policymakers to think carefully about the greatest danger of all.
And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers
Chebab, 2012 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections AND interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105
2nd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president
Buchanan 2013 ~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~ The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later AND not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.
3rd, counterplan links to politics
Schier 9 ~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~ In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and AND Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes
Wexler 13 (Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the AND . Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Engaging the state is critical to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing internationalist state and refocuses its energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges
Sassen 2009 ~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~
Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a AND the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet AND of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is key to maintain morality in war
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Their epistemology K is flawed – social constructions are knowable – they pre-exist individuals and constrain action in predictable ways – prefer the specificity of the aff to broad philosophical indictments
Fluck, 10 PhD in International Politics from Aberystwyth, ’10 (Matthew, November, "Truth, Values and the Value of Truth in Critical International Relations Theory" Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 39 No 2, SagePub), accessed 10/20/12,WYO/JF Critical Realists arrive at their understanding of truth by inverting the post-positivist attitude AND .44 It therefore remains possible to pursue the truth about social reality.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The K essentializes East/West dichotomy – makes it impossible for either to fully understand one another – replicating the same violence
Western understandings of the Middle East are accurate – their evidence suffers from selection bias
Teitelbaum and Litvak 6 (Joshua, Senior Fellow – Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv U. and Dr. Meir, Senior Lecturer – Tel Aviv U., "Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism", Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 1, March, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue1/Teitelbaum_Litvak.pdf-http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue1/Teitelbaum_Litvak.pdf , accessed 10-9-2011,WYO/JF The critics did not deny that Western culture and scholarship in the past has included AND - -had become quite rich and multi- faceted over the years.
Said’s critique is totalizing and prevents successful politics in the Middle East
Teitelbaum and Litvak 6 (Joshua and Meir, Senior Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies at Tel Aviv University, "Students, Teachers and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism," Middle East Review of International Affairs, March,www.campus-watch.org/article/id/2493, accessed 10-9-2011,WYO/JF Since the publication of Orientalism in 1978, Edward Said’s critique has become the hegemonic AND of the field, as well as of Middle Eastern society and politics.
Orientalism good—doesn’t require adherence to western values and is critical to solve state violence
Sayyid, 2011 ~S, Professor and Director of the International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding at the University of South Australia, "Dis-Orienting Clusters of Civility." Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2011, pg. 981-987, Accessed Online~ /Wyo-MB The ’third democratic wave’,10 which saw the replacement of Eastern Europe’s Soviet AND is a consequences of particular polices being chosen in a specific international context.
4th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013 ~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly AND change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."
US influence in Latin America resilient and inevitable
Frank O. Mora ’13, PhD in international affairs, Director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center and Professor of international relations at FSU AND Patrick Duddy, an American diplomat, formerly United States Ambassador to Venezuela, 5/1/13, "Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning?," http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html~~23storylink=cpy Is U.S. influence in Latin America on the wane? It depends AND . influence in ways that are difficult to measure and impossible to quantify.
No impact to Warming- Mitigation and adaptation will solve
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem AND range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.
Obama not pushing now, his PC fails, and bill likely after election
McAuliff et al 2-14 (Michael, Huffington Post. Sam Stein, Huffington Post. Sabrina Saddiqui, Huffington Post. "Joe Biden Admits Vast Obama Trade Deals Are On Hold" 2-14-14 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/14/white-house-trade-deal_n_4790338.html//wyoccd) WASHINGTON — The White House’s trade plans are on hold, at least for now AND the administration’s best chance for success will not come until after the elections.
3rd, no political battle means plan won’t derail Obama’s agenda- plan is popular in congress
4th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013 ~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly AND change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."
Trade doesn’t solve war
Martin 6—prof pol sci, U France. Chair in Economics at the Paris School of Economics. Former economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Former assistant professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Visiting researcher at Princeton. PhD from Georgetown. (Phillipe, "Make Trade not War?," 12 April 2006, http://www.ecore.be/Papers/1177063947.pdf) Does globalization pacify international relations? The "liberal" view in political science argues AND conflicts even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.
Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13 ~David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html~~ /Wyo-MB President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head AND alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.
A multitude of other actors hamper presidential flexibility—thumps the disad
And, the link turn outweighs the link—Judicial oversight serves to legitimize executive decisions
Kwoka 11 (Lindsay, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D, Journal of Constitutional Law, "Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror," 2011, Lexis) /wyo-mm Providing an intra-executive process is not sufficient in the context of targeted killing AND necessary. A federal judge would not likely be subject so such influence.
Political power is not zero sum—no trade off
Read, 3-1-12 ~James, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University, jread@csbsju.edu, Is Power Zero-Sum or Variable-Sum? Old Arguments and New Beginnings, Political Science Faculty Publications.Paper 4, http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100426context=polsci_pubs~~ /Wyo-MB The specific question with which this essay is concerned is whether power – and ¶ especially political power – should be regarded as inherently zero-sum, one?s agent?s gain ¶ entailing by definition an equivalent loss for another or others; or variable-sum, whereby it is ¶ possible to have mutual gains of power not offset by equivalent losses somewhere else (positivesum), and mutual losses of power not offset by equivalent gains somewhere else (negative-sum). ¶ This essay is part of a larger book-length project that will systematically examine zero-sum and ¶ variable-sum understandings of power; and argue that a variable-sum understanding of power is ¶ at least as fruitful in describing actual power relations – including relations characterized by ¶ significant conflict – as the zero-sum view (see Read 2009a; 2010).
No Impact—Fast and flexible doesn’t mean effective, unilateral action doesn’t solve disad impacts
O’Neil 11 (Robert, Houston Law Review, "The Price of Purity: Weakening the Executive Model of the United States’ Counter-Terror Legal System," Winter 2011, Lexiswyo-mm) Those opposed to enacting anti-terror policy through the regular bicameral process criticize the AND during the Bush Administration, and compromised the United States’ credibility abroad. n164
10/25/13
2AC v Prez Powers DA - Wake
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley EM | Judge: Janna White
Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13 ~David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html~~ /Wyo-MB President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head AND alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.
4th, Restrictions inevitable—-only a question of whether they are deliberate or haphazard
Benjamin Wittes 9, senior fellow and research director in public law at the Brookings Institution, is the author of Law and the Long War: The Future of Justice in the Age of Terror and is also a member of the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law, "Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book, p. 17 A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor AND past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.
5th, Link Turn—Obama’s vindicated when he has backing and support of courts, plan results in more decisive executive actions – Plaw impacts this—undermines opposition and key to long term effectiveness
Finish Chebab ev 112 These qualifications make them ideal candidates to ensure that the executive exercises constitutional and AND and reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.
Congressional authorization vindicates Presidential decisions and enables him to act faster
Cronogue 12 (Graham Cronogue, JD from Duke University School of Law, 2012, "A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror," Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil) Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times AND authority will enable him to act quickly
6th, Judicial review on targeted killing doesn’t spillover to other restrictions on military force
Brooks, prof of Law @ Georgetown, 13 (Rosa, Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing", Testimony Before the Senate, April 23, 2013, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
It is also worth noting that the practical concerns militating against justiciability in the context AND whether an individual may lawfully be targeted are generally made well in advance.
8th, We solve the Impact- specialized courts are fast- wouldn’t compromise operations
Somin, 13 ~April 23rd, HEARING ON "DRONE WARS: THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND COUNTERTERRORISM IMPLICATIONS OF TARGETED KILLING" TESTIMONY BEFORE THE UNITED STATES SENATE JUDICIARY SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, CIVIL RIGHTS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS April 23, 2013, Illya, Professor of Law~ B. Possible Institutional Safeguards. One partial solution to the problem of target selection AND difficult than a court that only covers relatively rare cases directed at Americans.
12/17/13
2AC v Rubber Stamp DA
Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Gonzalez-Rajan | Judge: Kuswa
Courts will stand up to the executive—empirically proven
Plaw, 2006 ~Avery, associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Fighting Terror Ethically and Legally: The Case of Targeting Terrorists, (A working paper prepared for the CPSA Conference, June 2006), http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2006/Plaw.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB Some critics and advocates of targeting will no doubt be dissatisfied with this resolution. AND , and 3799/02 on the IDF use of ¶ human shields).
Lawyers hired by the court would solve rubber stamping
Adselberg, 2012 ~Samuel, J.D. Candidate 2013, Yale Law School, Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens, Harvard Law 26 Policy Review ~Vol. 6~, http://www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/hlpr/files/2013/06/Bouncing-the-Executives-Blank-Check.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB To help ensure that the CTRC does not become a rubber stamp, an¶ AND over to the accused’s defense attorney any exculpatory intelligence regarding the targeted citizen.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The prioritization of method over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Perm
Rejecting the state and focusing on sphere discussions only lead to conservatives stopping state intervention policies
Lobel 07 ~Orly Lobel, Assistant Professor of Law, University of San Diego, "THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS", 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, wyo-bb~ In former eras, the claims about the legal cooptation of the transformative visions of AND categories and by placing rigid time limits on the provision of benefits.170
The state is necessary- non state actors get buried in bureaucracy while striving for change
Lobel 07 ~Orly Lobel, Assistant Professor of Law, University of San Diego, "THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS", 2007, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf, wyo-bb~ Moreover, the need to frame questions relating to work, welfare, and AND perpetual perils. The myth of exit exemplifies the myriad concerns of cooptation.
Engaging the state is critical to solve global challenges: Engagement refocuses energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges
Sassen 2009 ~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~
Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a AND the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet AND of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is key to maintain morality in war
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Terrorists want to destroy America and will never accept our existence—the neg’s arguments presume to understand terrorist motives better than the terrorists themselves do
ELSHTAIN 2003 (Jean Bethke, Prof of Social and Political Ethics at U Chicago, Just War Against Terrorism, p. 94-95) Those who do not argue outright that the United States is the author of its AND this seems to have seeped into the "Yes, but…" crowd.
They fetishize authenticity
Bewes ’97 ~Timothy, doctorate in English Literature at the University of Sussex, Cynicism and Postmodernity, New York City: Verso, 1997, 195-6u ku-ajl~ Despite the diligence and the sterling efforts of its best theoreti cians, then AND Blair, for example, is more ’postodern’ than any theoretician. . It should be clear that these three responses stand in an approximately analogous relationship to AND is the principal vehicle of what Baudrillard calls ’the illusion of the end’.
Impact is Auschwitz
Bewes ’97 ~Timothy, doctorate in English Literature at the University of Sussex, Cynicism and Postmodernity, New York City: Verso, 1997,146-7u ku-ajl~ If it is unreasonable to suppose that the Final Solution was potentiated or even necessarily AND of what Marshall Berman calls German-Christian interiority - by its preoccupation with authenticity, that is to say, and true political ’identity’. Auschwitz is a corollary not of reason, understood as risk, but of the fear of reason, which paradoxically is a fear of violence. The stench of burning bodies is haunted always by the sickly aroma of cheap metaphysics.
Scenario planning is possible in a catastrophe-ridden world—it’s vital to make predictions about the future.
Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004). Independently of this contractualist justification, global civil society actors are putting forth a number AND us, we come to be more concerned about the here and now.
Security is inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, flipping the impact
McCormack 10 ~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~ The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security AND the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.
Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights
McCormack 10 ~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~ A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability, AND reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states.
Engaging the state is critical to solve global challenges: Engagement refocuses energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges
Sassen 2009 ~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~
Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a AND the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions AND intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The prioritization of method over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments AND benefits of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is key to maintain morality in war
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Scenario planning is possible in a catastrophe-ridden world—it’s vital to make predictions about the future.
Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004). Independently of this contractualist justification, global civil society actors are putting forth a number AND us, we come to be more concerned about the here and now.
Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2. The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business, and it is likely to remain that way. Although the intensity of their competition waxes and wanes, great powers fear each other and always compete with each other for power. The overriding goal of each state is to maximize its share of world power, which means gaining power at the expense of other states. But great powers do not merely strive to be the strongest of all the great powers, although that is a welcome outcome. Their ultimate aim is to be the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.
Security is inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, flipping the impact
McCormack 10 ~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~ The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security AND the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.
Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights
McCormack 10 ~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~ A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability, AND reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states.
10/25/13
2AC v Spanos Death K
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNT AK | Judge:
Fear appeals mobilize for action against nuclear war. And failure to discuss the consequences of nuclear war means the discussion gets dominated by trivial issues that lose focus on preventing war.
Caldicott ’86 (Helen, MD, Founder – Women’s Action for Nuclear Disarmament, Co-Founder – Physicians for Social Responsibility, and Lecturer – New School for Social Research on the Media, Global Politics and the Environment, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, "Helen Caldicott on Tactics", May, Ebsco) "A Historical View of Scare Tactics" by Paul Boyer, and "Scared AND 1985 Nobel Peace Prize, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War.
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet AND of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is key to maintain morality in war
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
Scenario creation isn’t the same as threat construction, it’s crucial to see if policies are a good idea and reduce the risk of nuclear war.
Darryl S.L.Jarvis - School of Economics 26 Political Science, U. of Sydney - 2K3 "Political Risk in International Relations: Empirical Experiences and Conceptual Approaches" School of Economics and Political Science, Working Papers Scenario generation has its origins in the Cold War when strategic analysts developed the method AND and checked, can derail the construction of quality scenarios and their utility.
Fear of death is key to value to life – recognizing death is inevitable allows us to create a world of love.
A healthy fear of death would be the fear of dying unprepared, as this AND shall perform many positive actions, thereby creating the cause for future happiness.
Even if you think death isn’t the true "end," it still destroys the ontological subject which is a reason to vote to avoid it
Paterson, 3 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?" Studies in Christian Ethics, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 1-20, 2003, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1029225) Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that AND the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power
John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2. The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business AND the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.
10/25/13
2AC v State Secret DA
Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia State Nails-Stewart | Judge: Tews Nuclear deterrence does not prevent the use of weapons, but rather increases the likelihood of war
Scott D. Sagan, 13 Professor of Political Science, Stanford University and Co-Director, Center for International Security and Cooperation "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons; An Enduring Debate," Book. Chapter 2: More Will be Worse. Accessed 6/5/13,WYO/JF Waltz places great emphasis on the benefits of uncertainty regarding nuclear deterrence. Given the AND prudence, but it is a prudence that still leaves room for war. EVEN IF WEAPONS INDUCE CAUTION BY THE ACQUIRING STATE, THEIR PRESENCE INFLAMES REGIONAL TENSIONS BECAUSE IT CHANGES PERCEPTIONS OF THAT STATE, RISKING ESCALATION
Knopf in ’2 ~Jeffrey, Department of National Security Affairs at Naval Postgraduate School, Security Studies, "Recasting the Proliferation Optimism-Pessimism Debate", Oct. 2002~ Two other reasons why nuclear war is possible under standard rationality assumptions involve the intrinsic AND resolve, and any such demonstration carries with it some risk of escalation. NO DETERRENCE EFFECT OF PROLIF: ~2 REASONS~ (1) NUCLEAR STATES EMPIRICALLY FIGHT (2) HUMAN NATURE ENSURES DETERRENCE BREAKDOWN
Utgoff in 2 ~Victor A., Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analyses, "Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions," Survival, v. 44 n. 2, Summer 2002~. Worse still, in a highly proliferated world there would be more frequent opportunities for AND the problem at hand may lead to an unnecessarily extreme course of action.
2/13/14
2AC v T - Judicial Review
Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia State Nails-Stewart | Judge: Tews Judicial review over targeted killing is an on face restriction of executive authority McKelvey-JD Candidate Vandy-11 44 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 1353 NOTE: Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power B. The Aulaqi Case in Federal Court In August 2010, Nasser al- AND outcome and its potential implications on due process rights and executive power. 60
And, C/I —- Statutory restrictions must be legislative limits
The Law Dictionary 13 "What is Statutory Restriction?, The Law Dictionary: Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Edition, Accessed 7-22-2013, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/ What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION? Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
Guiora, 12 ~Amos, Professor of Law, SJ Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, author of numerous books dealing with military law and national security including Legitimate Target: A Criteria-Based Approach to Targeted Killing, "Drone Policy: A Proposal Moving Forward," http://jurist.org/forum/2013/03/amos-guiora-drone-policy.php-http://jurist.org/forum/2013/03/amos-guiora-drone-policy.php~~ To re-phrase, this strict scrutiny test seeks to strike a balance by AND conducted in accordance with the rule of law and morality in armed conflict.
"Statutory restrictions" can mandate judicial review, but are enacted by congress
Mortenson 11 (Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, "Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524," Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377) At least two of Yoo’s main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential AND (III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).
Restrict doesn’t mean prohibit
Coffey, 82 - US Circuit Judge, dissenting (VICTOR D. QUILICI, ROBERT STENGL, et al., GEORGE L. REICHERT, and ROBERT E. METLER, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. VILLAGE OF MORTON GROVE, et al., Defendants-Appellees Nos. 82-1045, 82-1076, 82-1132 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT 695 F.2d 261; 1982 U.S. App. LEXIS 23560, lexis)
Pursuant to section 83, a municipality can enact an ordinance reasonably restricting or confining AND or restrict involves a circumscription which falls far short of an absolute prohibition. "The words ’prohibit’ and ’restrict’ are not synonymous. They are not alike in their meaning in their ordinary use . . . . ’To restrict is to restrain within bounds; to limit; to confine and does not mean to destroy or prohibit.’"
killing of persons not in state custody==== Crandall, 2012 ~Carla, Law Clerk to the Honorable Laura Denvir Stith, Supreme Court of Missouri and the author was previously employed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, READY . . . FIRE . . . AIM21 A CASE FOR APPLYING AMERICAN DUE PROCESS PRINCIPLES BEFORE ENGAGING IN DRONE STRIKES, April, 2012 Florida Journal of International Law 24 Fla. J. Int’l L. 55, Lexis~ /Wyo-MB As used here, targeted killing is defined as the "extra-judicial, AND commencement of a drone strike to ensure that it is indeed legitimate. n15
3/18/14
2AC v TPA Politics
Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer-Johnson | Judge: Elliott TPA wont pass now—Obama isn’t spending PC and Reid killed and it wont even come to the House floor
Reids rejection kills TPA push—guarantees republicans aren’t on board
Feehery 2-3 (Feehery is president of Quinn Gillespie Communications and spent 15 years working in the House Republican leadership. "John Feehery: Reid tips balance on trade" 2-3-14 http://thehill.com/opinion/john-feehery/197305-john-feehery-reid-tips-balance-on-trade//wyoccd) It was typical Harry Reid: blunt, to the point and unambiguous. ¶ AND trust this president if his No. 1 ally in the Senate won’t?
3rd, no political battle means plan won’t derail Obama’s agenda- plan is popular in congress
4th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013 ~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly AND change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."
Trade doesn’t solve war
Martin 6—prof pol sci, U France. Chair in Economics at the Paris School of Economics. Former economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Former assistant professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Visiting researcher at Princeton. PhD from Georgetown. (Phillipe, "Make Trade not War?," 12 April 2006, http://www.ecore.be/Papers/1177063947.pdf) Does globalization pacify international relations? The "liberal" view in political science argues AND conflicts even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas State - SS | Judge: Lucas-Bolin
Targeted killing is only drone strikes
Bachman, 2013 ~Sascha-Dominik Bachmann Reader in International Law (University of Lincoln); State Exam in Law (Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich), Assessor Jur, LLM (Stellenbosch), LLD (Johannesburg); Sascha-Dominik is a Lieutenant Colonel in the German Army Reserves and had multiple deployments in peacekeeping missions in operational and advisory roles as part of NATO/KFOR from 2002 to 2006. During that time he was also an exchange officer to the 23rd US Marine Regiment, Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities Conflict Security Law (2013) doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krt007 First published online: May 31, 2013, http://jcsl.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/31/jcsl.krt007.full~~ /Wyo-MB Operation ’Neptune Spear’ as well as the alleged Israeli Mossad Operation to kill the AND using remotely piloted aircraft, UAVs or drones respectively, as weapons platform.
Turn- Judicial review key to maximize effectiveness of SOF
Can’t solve cred or international norms without inclusion of special forces—regulation of all targeted killing is key
Bachman, 2013 ~Sascha-Dominik Bachmann Reader in International Law (University of Lincoln); State Exam in Law (Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich), Assessor Jur, LLM (Stellenbosch), LLD (Johannesburg); Sascha-Dominik is a Lieutenant Colonel in the German Army Reserves and had multiple deployments in peacekeeping missions in operational and advisory roles as part of NATO/KFOR from 2002 to 2006. During that time he was also an exchange officer to the 23rd US Marine Regiment, Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities Conflict Security Law (2013) doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krt007 First published online: May 31, 2013, http://jcsl.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/31/jcsl.krt007.full~~ /Wyo-MB This article concludes with the prediction that the use of UCAS as a method of AND terror’ may be both immoral as well as illegal in the long run.
The counterplan links just as much—Special forces use drone strikes
Kitfield, 2-3-13 ~James, Senior correspondent national journal, Targeted Killings: Obama’s Endless War, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/targeted-killings-obama-s-endless-war-20130131~~ /Wyo-MB For a president whose foreign policy is defined in large part by his determination to AND that has come to define the Obama administration’s counterterrorism policies crossed a Rubicon.
And, the turns outweigh the links—only the plan creates an effective targeted killing framework that is essential to counterterrorism
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy, and policy AND killing provides the nation state with significant advantages in the context of counterterrorism.
Judicial oversight key to solve counterterror efforts- Guantanamo proves
O’Neil 11 (Robert, Houston Law Review, "The Price of Purity: Weakening the Executive Model of the United States’ Counter-Terror Legal System," Winter 2011, Lexiswyo-mm) While providing for judicial review may not make sense in every anti-terror context AND analysis of what was to be gained by the President’s detention policies. n155
5th, No Impact—Fast and flexible doesn’t mean effective, unilateral action doesn’t solve disad impacts
O’Neil 11 (Robert, Houston Law Review, "The Price of Purity: Weakening the Executive Model of the United States’ Counter-Terror Legal System," Winter 2011, Lexiswyo-mm) Those opposed to enacting anti-terror policy through the regular bicameral process criticize the AND during the Bush Administration, and compromised the United States’ credibility abroad. n164
10/26/13
2AC v Terror Reps K
Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Gonzalez-Rajan | Judge: Kuswa
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
The prioritization of method over all else, trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet AND of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is key to maintain morality in war
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Their epistemology K is flawed – social constructions are knowable – they pre-exist individuals and constrain action in predictable ways – prefer the specificity of the aff to broad philosophical indictments
Fluck, 10 PhD in International Politics from Aberystwyth, ’10 (Matthew, November, "Truth, Values and the Value of Truth in Critical International Relations Theory" Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol 39 No 2, SagePub), accessed 10/20/12,WYO/JF Critical Realists arrive at their understanding of truth by inverting the post-positivist attitude AND .44 It therefore remains possible to pursue the truth about social reality.
Scenario planning is possible in a catastrophe-ridden world—it’s vital to make predictions about the future.
Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004). Independently of this contractualist justification, global civil society actors are putting forth a number AND us, we come to be more concerned about the here and now.
Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2. The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business AND the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.
Predictions of terrorism are true- their critique replicates the logic preceding the attacks on Britain
Attempting to solve the root cause of terror is impossible, encourages more terrorism and casualties, only way to defeat is to incapacitate terrorism completely
Dershowitz 02 (Alan M., Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge, Pgs. 24-26wyo-mm) The reason terrorism works—and will persist unless there are significant changes in the AND "root cause" of terrorism that must be eliminated is its success.
Turn – Labeling and condemning the term "terrorism" is vital to stigmatizing terrorist legitimacy and to eliminating violence against civilians as a means to attain political goals
Ganor, 01 (Boaz, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, "Defining Terrorism", http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm-http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm) The prevalent definitions of terrorism entail difficulties, both conceptual and syntactical. It is AND sooner the nations of the world come to this realization, the better.
10/26/13
2AC v Troop Tradeoff DA
Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman College Hauck-Kochman | Judge: Lain
And, the turns outweigh the links—only the plan creates an effective targeted killing framework that is essential to counterterrorism
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy, and policy AND killing provides the nation state with significant advantages in the context of counterterrorism.
No link uniqueness – drones decreasing now, but don’t take out the advantage
Focusing on epistemology or ontology selfishly ignores real world problems
Jarvis, 2K – Prof Philosophy @ U South Carolina (Darryl, Studies in International Relations, "International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism", pg. 2) While Hoffmann might well be correct, these days one can neither begin nor conclude AND ," where novelty has itself become "an appropriate form of scholarship."5
Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts
Alford, 2011 ~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet AND of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶
And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is to maintain morality in war and undermine the video-game like effect of killing targets with drones
Guiora, 2012 ~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that AND target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
War planning is inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, flipping the impact
McCormack 10 ~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~ The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security AND the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.
Shifting away from a military framework causes conflict and intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights
McCormack 10 ~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~ A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability, AND reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states.
3rd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president
Buchanan 2013 ~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~ The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later AND not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.
5th, counterplan links to politics
Schier 9 ~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~ In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and AND Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
6th, Transparency without reform doesn’t solve precedent—-investigating wrongful deaths is key
Naureen Shah 13, August 17th, 2013, "Obama has not delivered on May’s promise of transparency on drones," The Guardian, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/17/obama-promise-transparency-drone-killing Even more damning is that, in the absence of any commitment to investigating credible AND the sting of government secrecy, but it does not cure the disease.
Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient
Bazzle 12 (Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, "Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror," 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches AND an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.
Judicial review is essential to judicial independence
Gerber, 2007 ~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two AND they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.
Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation
Herron and Randazzo, 2003 ~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence AND of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime" (Mohan 1982, 110).1
Solves global wars,
Epstien et al, 2007 ~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of AND as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25
2/13/14
Ban Drones 2AC v Proximity K
Tournament: CEDA Nats | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Casas-Gonzaba | Judge: Samuels
Debating the law teaches us how to make it better
Todd Hedrick, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, Sept 2012, Democratic Constitutionalism as Mediation: The Decline and Recovery of an Idea in Critical Social Theory, Constellations Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 382–400 Habermas’ alleged abandonment of immanent critique, however, is belied by the role that AND , without the triumphalist pretension of ever being able to fully do so. u
We don’t say the state is ALWAYS good or necessary for all politics—however on the contingent question of drones we must engage the state because they are the only institution that engages in targeted killing. Debate over war powers allows for an engaged public that can expose the hypocrisy of the federal government—critical to exposing violence and the momentum for change
Mellor 13 The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations, "Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs," European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13 This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to AND the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52
Avoiding nuclear war comes first—multiple warrants
David Krieger, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, May 17, 2007, "Responsibility in an Era of Consequences," online: http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2007/05/17_krieger_Responsibility_In_An_Era.htm, accessed August 12, 2007 The inaugural meeting of the World Future Council was recently held in Hamburg, Germany AND urgently through a new initiative for the elimination of these instruments of annihilation."
Preventing extinction needs to come first
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the AND , they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
Pragmatic approaches to politics should be preferred because exclusively philosophical approaches will never completely describe a problem—you should default to the question of what should be done—these political questions should sequenced first or they get left unanswered—
David E. McClean, New School University, "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope," Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice. AND . That is to say, they are not easily explained at all.
Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making—-avoids cooption
Finally, prefer a problem drive approach to IR—no priori questions
Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653) Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~ AND the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Alt fails to create a sustainable model for our species- Using crisis driven politics is the only way to mobilize people in a way necessary to interrogate actions that threaten extinction
Schatz 12 (JL, Binghampton University, The Journal of Ecocentrism, "The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism," 2012, http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/394/382) /wyo-mm Third, and most importantly, ecocritics must adopt tactics that can most effectively influence AND world that we will be ¶ able to envision how to save it. .
form of communication ethics because it closes arguments off to refutation—that specifically turns their advocacy
Farber 99 (Professor of Law and Associate Dean of Faculty, University of Minnesota, "Beyond All Criticism", 83 Minn. L. Rev. 1735, Junewyoccd) The difficulty of extracting any workable conception of social equality from radical multiculturalism is a AND common affiliation. n114 This is a somewhat peculiar vision of academic discussion.
Personal experience at the expense of dialogue shuts down deliberation and makes debate useless
Subtonik 98 (Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center. Cornell J. L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 681) Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to AND to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.
Bearing witness fails and furthers suffering – the empathic response is experienced from a privileged and safe position which undermines the efficacy of its response, stories of suffering are appropriated and misrepresented by others which causes further pain, and witnessing violence in contemporary society contributes to compassion fatigue that makes empathetic response impossible.
Smaro Kamboureli, Canada Research Chair Tier 1 in Critical Studies in Canadian Literature University of Guelph, "Writing the Foreign in Canadian Literature and Humanitarian Narratives" University of Toronto Quarterly, 82(2), Spring 2013. This epigraph from Spivak reflects this special issue’s overall focus and encapsulates one of the AND 2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War.6
Aff is key to affirm indigenous scholarship here, in an academic space in which it is regularly excluded or assimilated
Maldonado-Torres 11 (Nelson, PhD, Religious Studies with a Certificate for Outstanding Work in Africana Studies, Brown University¶ BA, Philosophy, University of Puerto Rico: "THE LATINA/O ACADEMY OF ARTS¶ AND SCIENCES: DECOLONIZING¶ KNOWLEDGE AND SOCIETY IN THE¶ CONTEXT OF NEO-APARTHEID" Harvard Latino Law Review, Vol 14, 2011) To be sure, there are many Latina/o scholars and allies who take AND Academy of Arts and Sciences was bom out of this wish and need.
Native American populations are disproportionality affected by ableism—intersection of identity is key
Morrison, 2009 ~David, college student living with cerebral palsy. As Chair of the Cape Fear Disability Commission, Disabilities: Native Americans are People too: An Editorial, 8-14-2009, http://disabilities.blogs.starnewsonline.com/10339/disabilities-native-americans-are-people-too-an-editorial/~~ /Wyo-MB This article was inspired by one of my current professors and as I sit here AND under the Americans with Disabilities Act just as any other American would be.
Disability studies is rooted in western colonialism—need to infuse indigenous knowledge to expand out understanding
Schacht, 2001 ~Robert, Engaging Anthropology in Disability Studies: American Indian Issues, Disability Studies Quarterly, Summer 2001, Volume 21, No. 3 pages 17-36 Anthropological engagement in disability issues is at its best when it shows some awareness not AND for anthropological engagement with the disability issues of American Indians and Alaska Natives.
Unique disabilities affect indigenous communities—our analysis is key Hodge, 1989 ~Felicia, Disabled American Indians: A Special Population Requiring Special Considerations, AMERICAN lNDlAN CULTURE AND RESEARCH /OURNAL 13:3 b 4 (1989) 83-104~ /Wyo-MB It is well known that the health status of American Indians is be- ¶ AND prob- ¶ lems, barriers, and limitations facing the disabled Indian.
2/13/14
Natives 2AC v Intersectionality K
Tournament: Mukai | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Glanzman-Ford | Judge: Van Luvanee Hunter gives a narrative
We must decolonize education by centering minority epistemologies- we are key to intersectionality
Richardson 12 (Troy A, Associate Professor, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), Cornell University, "Disrupting the Coloniality of Being: Toward De-colonial Ontologies in Philosophy of Education." Studies in Philosophy and Education 31.6 (2012): 539-551)OG
Countering hierarchical social and educational relations in contexts of racialization is¶ outlined by Margonis AND enigma and¶ primitive to decolonial trans-ontologies in philosophy of education.
12/18/13
Natives 2AC v Linguistic Imperialism
Tournament: Mukai | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Glanzman-Ford | Judge: Van Luvanee
Prior to the larger K of settlerism there is no non- colonizer term – Native American, American India, Indian, tribe, etc are all tied to colonial legacy - Critiques of terminology are a distraction. The best solution is deploying the generic terms in a context that is critical of the colonizer’s worldview which gave rise to the terms.
"American Indians" derives from the colonizers’ world-view and is therefore not AND of Indigenous Peoples is to critically use the generic name imposed on them.
Aff is key to affirm indigenous scholarship here, in an academic space in which it is regularly excluded- the kritik is more assimilation in disguise
Maldonado-Torres 11 (Nelson, PhD, Religious Studies with a Certificate for Outstanding Work in Africana Studies, Brown University¶ BA, Philosophy, University of Puerto Rico: "THE LATINA/O ACADEMY OF ARTS¶ AND SCIENCES: DECOLONIZING¶ KNOWLEDGE AND SOCIETY IN THE¶ CONTEXT OF NEO-APARTHEID" Harvard Latino Law Review, Vol 14, 2011) To be sure, there are many Latina/o scholars and allies who take AND Academy of Arts and Sciences was bom out of this wish and need.
The kritik allows Western Knowledge to perpetuate hierarchal typologies of humanity- Justification for colonial practices and world domination.
Smith 99 Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Associate professor of education and director of the international research institute for Maori and Indigenous Education at the University of Auckland, "Decolonizing Methodologies Research and Indigenous Populations", 1999
The development of scientific thought, the exploration and ’discovery’ by Europeans of other worlds AND back to the West through the authorship and authority of their representations.
Visibility is good even if there’s some commodification—1 risk means you vote aff
Kleinman et al 96 (Arthur and Joan Kleinman. "The appeal of experience; the dismay of images: Cultural appropriations of suffering in our times," Daedalus. Winter 1996. Vol.125, Iss. 1; pg. 1-24) It is ¶ necessary ¶ to balance the account of the ¶ globalization ¶ of AND to ¶ identify ¶ human needs and to craft ¶ humane ¶ responses.
2/18/14
Natives 2AC v Veterans K
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State Floyd-Finch | Judge: Woodruff Hunter gives a narrative
The negative calling me white or not having enough Indian blood to self identify with indigenous knowledge is a form of blood quantum that allows further military conquest against indigenous peoples and masks the violence against the natives who don’t fit certain stereotypes
Andrews and Chilcote ’12 ~Tria Andrews is Cherokee, Irish, and Filipina and a third-year PhD student in Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where she has taught Native American and Asian American Studies. She is also a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellow and Fulbright Scholar. Her research examines culturally relevant forms of rehabilitation for Native American youths in juvenile detention centers located on tribal grounds. This work is informed by over five years of tutoring and teaching yoga to incarcerated adolescents. Olivia Chilcote is a Payómkowishum (Luiseño) Indian and member of the San Luis Rey Band of Luiseño Indians from northern San Diego County. She is a second-year PhD student in Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where she is currently a Eugene Cota-Robles Predoctoral Fellow. Her research explores the interconnections between Native Californian identity, Federal Indian law and policy, and Native perspectives of California history. "Bad Blood?: The Visibility and Invisibility of Violence in the Antagonism Between Native Americans and African Americans," 10.14.2012. http://thefeministwire.com/2012/10/bad-blood-the-visibility-and-invisibility-of-violence-in-the-antagonism-between-native-americans-and-african-americans///wyo-hdm~~¶ I n Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U. AND who often have even less privilege: those who are phenotypically African American.
Our Methodology is good and key, rather than beginning from an understanding of identity that perpetuates colonial structures, you should endorse a methodology which addresses the needs of colonized people and begins from Indigenous Intellectualism
Sandy Grande. "American Indian Geographies of Power: At the Crossroads of Indigena and Mestizaje." Harvard Educational Review, 70:4. Winter 2000.
In the first draft of the final report of the Indian Nations at Risk Task AND for our children and grandchildren as tribal people" (p. 28).
Permutation do both: American Indian veterans suffer from the worst forms of PTSD due to cultural isolation and the lack of resources by the USFG to guide them through treatment. We must focus on the FIRST Americans before we can ever begin to heal the wounds of the colonizers
We are the first priority, we must begin to decolonize the western thought that made militarization possible in the first place- the military industrial complex is the problem- military recruitors force indigenous peoples to defend a country that commited genocide against them.
And, our epistemic resistance is key—Eurocentric society is built on the oppression of indigenous people and culturefighting coloniality must happen at the level of mind
Warrior 11 (Zig-Zag, writer for Warrior Publications, Promoting Indigenous Warrior Culture, Fighting Spirit, 26 Resistance Movement, "Colonization and Decolonization: A Manual for Indigenous Liberation in the 21st Century" 2011) The structure of European society is, by its very nature, a system of AND modem communications (TV, movies, music, printed material, etc.).
Permutation do both- the projects should be combined because the positionality of the black body and the red body are mutually constituted
Wilderson ’10 ~Frank B. III, Ph.D., Associate Professor at UC Irvine, Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 29-31wyo-hdm~ What are we to make of a world that responds to the most lucid enunciation AND . But this stability is a state of emergency for Indians and Blacks.
Focusing on the black body and the centrality of the slave occludes the dispossession of indigenous populations that made slavery in the U.S. possible in the first place
Moreton-Robinson 8 (Aileen, Queensland University Prof of Indigenous Studies, Transnational Whiteness Matters)kh Morrison further suggests in " Black Matters" that the African American presence has also AND Indigenous sense of belonging, home and place in its sovereign incommensurable difference.
A focus on Anti-Blackness fails to address the powers of colonialism- only the critique can solve their civil society claims
Byrd ’11 ~Jodi, The Transit of Empire, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. – Chickasaw wyo-hdm~ Building off ideas that African Americans are internally colonized with the United States, but AND "totem pole," which in indigenous worlds is neither hierarchical nor oppressive.
