Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Arsht-Markoff | Judge: Brovero, Stables, Weiner

Yemen

Status quo drone strikes in Yemen fuel AQAP recruitment and terrorism

Al Muslimi, 1-5-14
~Farea, The National, US drone attacks in Yemen protect no one but Al Qaeda, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/us-drone-attacks-in-yemen-protect-no-one-but-al-qaeda~~23full~~23ixzz2uw1rjRno~~ /Wyo-MB
The spontaneous public backlash against Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Aqap) was
AND
helping Al Qaeda in ways Al Qaeda could never have dreamt of itself.

Strikes destabilize Yemen and undermine the alliance and counter terror operations

Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and targeting errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

New

Lack of judicial protections in targeted killing undermines international law and United Nations right to life protections

Alkarama, 2013
~Swiss-based, independent human rights organisation established in 2004, Yemen/USA: License to Kill; Why the American Drone War on Yemen Violates International Law, 10-17-13, http://en.alkarama.org/yemen/66-reports/1157-yemen-license-to-kill-report~~ /Wyo-MB
8. Targeted killings under international law¶ Philip Alston, the UN’s former Special
AND
2013, but it is feared that Ms. Collyer will be divested.

Judicial review is key to the execution of international legal norms against deprivation of life—key to accountability and legitimacy

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Drone attacks undermine United Nations norms—particularly human rights law and the right to life

Heyns, 2013
~Christof, Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions in Sixty-eighth General Assembly Third Committee 27th 26 28th Meetings (AM 26 PM), DELEGATES CONSIDER DEADLY USE OF DRONE TECHNOLOGY AS THIRD COMMITTEE, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/gashc4078.doc.htm~~ /Wyo-MB
CHRISTOF HEYNS, Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, introduced his
AND
as they perceived them to occur, with drones or any other weapons.

Norms key to the United Nations

UN, 2004
~Report of the Secretary-General on the Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, United Nations rule of law, http://www.un.org/en/ruleoflaw/~~ /Wyo-MB
Promoting the rule of law at the national and international levels is at the heart
AND
making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency."

Strong UN is key to solve global conflict

Lei, 2012
~Xue Lei, Research Fellow, Center for Maritime and Polar Studies, Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, 9-24-12, The United Nations and the Future of Global Governance, Editor’s note: This roundup is a feature of the Council of Councils initiative, gathering opinions from global experts on major international developments, http://www.cfr.org/international-organizations-and-alliances/united-nations-future-global-governance/p29122~~ /Wyo-MB
In our rapidly globalized world, the challenges to humankind are myriad and complex.
AND
consensus can the UN fulfill its role of promoting sustainable peace and development.

UN is key to solve multiple global extinction scenarios

Spencer, 2011
~Christopher, Former Senior Advisor International Organizations Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Global Issues of the Twenty-First Century and United Nations Challenges A GUIDE TO FACTS AND VIEWS ON MAJOR OR FUTURE TRENDS, http://www.global-challenges.org/002global-issues.html~~ /Wyo-MB
GLOBAL ISSUES AND UN RELEVANCE¶ (A) Employing Human Resources Better:¶ Behind
AND
and so responsibility. We must try; there is no rational excuse.

Siding with rule of law and right to life is key to international and human rights law

The Messenger, 2013
~Staff writer, 8-13-13, UN chief urges US to follow international law on drone strikes, Lexis~ /Wyo-MB
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has insisted that US drones must
AND
the attacks were undermining the rules designed to protect the right of life.

Human rights law solves global war

William W. Burke-White 4, Lecturer in Public and International Affairs and Senior Special Assistant to the Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Spring 2004, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 17 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 249, p. 279-280
This Article presents a strategic—as opposed to ideological or normative—argument that
AND
U.S.-U.N. cooperation on human rights issues.

The plan uniquely bolsters legal safeguards and human rights leadership

Ghitis, 12 ~"On human rights, U.S. must lead — or no one will", Frida,a world affairs columnist at the World Politics Review,  author and consultant. She started her career at CNN, where she worked initially as a show producer, http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/08/06/2930361/on-human-rights-us-must-lead-or.html~~
Now, in an unexpected turn of events, Washington’s harshest critics are asking the
AND
both Romney and Obama would do well to listen to this group’s advice.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: Ndtd2qualifier | Round: 2 | Opponent: Puget Sound Donnelly-McGougan | Judge: Copenhaver

Terror

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

China

Drone prolif in Asian causes rapid escalation and war—lack of norms ensures drones will trigger great power war in the region

Brimley et al, 2013 *gender modified
~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB
It’s now been a year since Japan’s previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Executive unilateralism fails to solve the advantage—can’t overcome mistrust or generate international support

Goldsmith, 2013
~Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism~~ /Wyo-MB
A related sin is the Obama administration’s surprising failure to secure formal congressional support.
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

The plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: Ndtd2qualifier | Round: 2 | Opponent: Puget Sound Donnelly-McGougan | Judge: Copenhaver

Terror

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

China

Drone prolif in Asian causes rapid escalation and war—lack of norms ensures drones will trigger great power war in the region

Brimley et al, 2013 *gender modified
~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB
It’s now been a year since Japan’s previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Executive unilateralism fails to solve the advantage—can’t overcome mistrust or generate international support

Goldsmith, 2013
~Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism~~ /Wyo-MB
A related sin is the Obama administration’s surprising failure to secure formal congressional support.
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

The plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Weber State Butterfield-Shoell | Judge: Dunn

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Drone Prolif

First, the global drone arms race is underway now

Boyle 2013
~MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. and#34;The costs and consequences of drone warfare,and#34; International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr1026vid=126hid=25//wyo-ng~~
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
even that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities

Second, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.

Third, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, and#34;The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,and#34; Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Fourth, Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and to solve transparency

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, and#34;The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,and#34; 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

Fifth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict and Indo-Pak war

Boyle, 13 ~and#34;The costs and consequences of drone warfareand#34;, MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Indo Pak war causes extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, and#34;Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,and#34; online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
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well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.
And, Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that causes extinction
Falk, 2012
~Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328~~ /Wyo-MB
Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do
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of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.

the risk is high and impact defense doesn’t apply—Drone prolif erodes norms against war and makes conflict more likely

Cortright, 2011
~David, director of policy studies for the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, The scary prospect of global drone warfare, 10-19-11, http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/19/opinion/cortright-drones~~ /Wyo-MB
The development of drone weapons raises profound moral questions about the future of war.
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civilians since the U.N. began keeping records in 2007, the

Terror

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
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and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Untailored use of drones causes blowback-new guidelines k

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Impact is nuclear war

Wright, 2003
~Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/~~ /Wyo-MB
A fascinating facet of Kennedy’s legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among
AND
, and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, and#34;Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,and#34; 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
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.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists.and#34;

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
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in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Terrorists are trying to get nuclear weapons

Brian Michael Jenkins, 12
senior advisor to the president of the RAND   Corporation and director of the National Transportation Security Center at the   Mineta Transportation Institute, is a recognized authority on terrorism and   security. and#34;Tackling al Qaeda Todayand#34; https://www.defenddemocracy.org/stuff/uploads/documents/Peaceable_Kingdom.pdf~~23page=167-https://www.defenddemocracy.org/stuff/uploads/documents/Peaceable_Kingdom.pdf, accessed 7/9/13,WYO/JF
The 2002 report devoted considerable attention to the prospect of   terrorists with weapons of mass
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entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that   creates needless terror.

Terrorism causes nuclear war-

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (and#34;After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,and#34; Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

AQAP has the intent and capacity to shut down the Bab al-Mandeb

Thomas 11
(Matthew, MA Nonproliferation and Terrorism Studies, and#34;Al Qaeda in the Land of Faith and Wisdom: The Fall of Saleh and March on Al-Aqsa,and#34; Monterey Institute of International Studies, May 8)
AQAP is well aware of the positive implications of Yemen’s strategic location in the Gulf
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already struggling to recover from rampant political revolutions could follow Yemen into chaos. 

Closing the strait collapses the economy, hegemony and causes Iran expansionism

UPI 10
(and#34;Al-Qaida threatens to close key oil artery,and#34; Feb. 24, 2010. UPI. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/02/24/Al-Qaida-threatens-to-close-key-oil-artery/UPI-27151267027462/~~23ixzz1XPTj8CWP. CR)
SANAA, Yemen, Feb. 24 (UPI) — Amid the growing war
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, where it is making a major effort to secure allies and markets.

The impact is nuclear war

Royal, 10
Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, 2010. p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Solvency

Drone courts solve—provides credibility and independence to counterterror policy

Plaw, 2006
~Avery, associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Fighting Terror Ethically and Legally: The Case of Targeting Terrorists, (A working paper prepared for the CPSA Conference, June 2006), http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2006/Plaw.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
The most telling issues raised by critics of targeting fall into three broad categories:
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particular, by engaging in perfidy or employing unnecessary ¶ or disproportionate force.

And, Courts key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

And drones first policy undermines cooperation and counterterror credibility

Boyle 13
(Michael, International Affairs, and#34;The costs and consequences of drone warfare,and#34; 2013, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf) /wyo-mm
Much of the existing debate on drones has focused on their legality under international and
AND
polarized between those who have drones and those who are victims of them.

Tournament: Httpwwwweberdebatecomvalbrowningcollegerrhtm | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State Sharif-Tippets | Judge: Peters

1AC – Val

Contention One: The Status Quo

The status quo sociotechnical imaginary has created the social conditions that inform the ways in which war occurs- these imaginaries have been made manifest in media depictions of warfare that embrace the idea of precision that now characterizes U.S. warfare

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
In spite of assorted criticisms, it seems that the promise and appeal of "
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" (Boston Globe, 12/09/01). (2004) 

Although our desire for a clean and precise war may create a casualty conscious public, this sociotechnical imaginary has created the epistemic foundations to institutionalize the use of weapons deemed objective

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
Fleck, however, did not limit his critique to scientific observation. According to
AND
identity and physical embodiment are reduced to track-able and quantifiable information. 

And, these imaginaries have manifested themselves in the ultimate weapon of surgical precision and objectivity: drones

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
The sociotechnical imaginary of "precision strikes" and "casualty-free conflict"
AND
, policy documents and official rhetoric. (Adey et al. 2007) 

Unfortunately, drones are built upon the epistemic foundations that legitimize the reduction of whole populations to informationalized bodies and the demarcation of deviant bodies through drone technology

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
Epistemological traditions, even the most positivist, are nevertheless the product of socio-
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make these "forms of life" seem more practically or politically attainable.

And, this makes ethical engagement impossible and normalizes the track and target logic

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
By applying Lakoff’s concept to this essay’s subject matter, we can further understand the
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framed and dealt with only in terms translatable by IT-mediated surveillance.

That makes dehumanization inevitable-

Wall and Monahan 11
(Tyler and Torin, Eastern Kentucky University, Vanderbilt University, Theoretical Criminology, "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes," 2011, http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf-http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf) /wyo-mm
Journalist Noah Schachtman (2005), who observed drone operators monitoring the US-Mexico
AND
legal and moral ways than less technologically advanced countries (Beier, 2003).

And sets the stage for endless atrocities-

Pryer 13
(Douglas A., Lieutenant Colonel, Military Review, "The Rise of the Machines Why Increasingly "Perfect" Weapons Help Perpetuate our Wars and Endanger Our Nation, March 2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art005.pdf-http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art005.pdf) /wyo-mm
Before my nightmare in which my soldiers used drones to help U.S.
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our species’ seemingly limitless capacity to dehumanize other members of our same species.

Failure to interrogate the social conditions that surround our precision warfare and obsession with visual culture has allowed for us to use technical solutions to social problems; this makes empathy building impossible and normalizes these violence

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
As warfare becomes increasingly characterized by remote detection, this means that it has also
AND
identity is reduced only to those elements which can be scanned and quantified.

This is the embodiment of biopolitical warfare where our weapons can choose who ought to live and who should be exterminated

Wilcox 09
(Lauren, University Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies, University of Cambridge, UK, Political Theory Colloquium, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," December 11, 2009) /wyo-mm
The precision bomber, like the torturer, accepts virtually no risk, especially when
AND
out targets cleanly with little risk to the surroundings are largely a myth.

Drive for survival causes a kill to save mentality that allows destuction. If life must live, than all the threatening parts of life must be eliminated

Dillon, 2008 
(Michael, "Revisiting Franco’s Death" Foucault on Politics, Security and War. Pg 167-169, mb)
Foucault tells us that the object of biopolitics is to make life live. But
AND
live and ’let’ die. (Foucault, 2003b: p. 241)

However, the sociotechnical imaginary that has manifested itself in drone technology is not inevitable- our desire for precision warfare and total knowledge is a result of our social relations and practices- interrogating these concepts is critical to understandings the ways in which this knowledge is produced and reproduced

Wilcox 09
(Lauren, University Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies, University of Cambridge, UK, Political Theory Colloquium, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," December 11, 2009) /wyo-mm
Foucault’s critique of power/knowledge is also particularly relevant in terms of precision bombing
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and danger on one hand, and technologies of control on the other.

Contention 2: Our Criticism

Affirming a criticism of the sociotechnical imaginaries involved in targeted killing is key to revealing the politics that exists behind targeted killing in drone warfare- we cannot begin to trust mechanisms that foster drone technology before seriously interrogating the ways in which our sociotechnical imaginary has led to our wrongful framing of foreign populations

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
This thesis has argued that as form of politics, drones focus public attention on
AND
origins before placing our confidence in the worlds they seem to promise us.

And, understanding the epistemological foundations that underly these imaginaries is critical to understanding how technologies are made, used, and influenced in the future- drones are a key site of interrogation

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
In "The Limits of Security Governance", Theo Farrell claims that our development,
AND
pathway determined by the discovery of the real world." (Spinardi 1994)

And, understanding the social conditions that surround and shape technology is critical to influencing the ways in which technology exists, is used, and imagined– aff solves

Brayton 13
(Thomas, Science and Technology Studies Master’s Degree 2011-2013 (in progress) University of Vienna, Department of Sociology Applied Psychology Bachelor Degree 2003-2007 Champlain College - Graduated Magna Cum Laude, angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts, "Identities Mediated, Worlds Calculated The Sociotechnical Imaginary of ’Precision Warfare’ and Case Study Analysis," 2013, http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf-http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_sciencestudies/pdf_files/publikationen/thesis/Brayton_MA-Thesis_Final_Draft_July25.pdf) /wyo-mm
As U.S. strategist Colin Gray points out, the aircraft that the
AND
—because of what such history reveals about society." (Gillespie 2006)

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton Herrera-Cepin | Judge: Murillo

Contention 1

First, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.

Second, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Third, independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Fourth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Fifth, Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict – norms are key

Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Blowback causes unnecessary civilian casualties and creates cycles of violence

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
In terms of their current usage, drone strikes that cause civilian deaths as a
AND
lend some legitimacy to these strikes in the eyes of the Pakistani people.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Impact is nuclear war

Wright, 2003
~Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/~~ /Wyo-MB
A fascinating facet of Kennedy’s legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among
AND
, and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Debating the law teaches us how to make it better

Todd Hedrick, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, Sept 2012, Democratic Constitutionalism as Mediation: The Decline and Recovery of an Idea in Critical Social Theory, Constellations  Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 382–400
Habermas’ alleged abandonment of immanent critique, however, is belied by the role that
AND
, without the triumphalist pretension of ever being able to fully do so. 

Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making—-avoids cooption

Laura K. Donohue 13, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11, "National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations", http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Judicial action is a meaningful restraint, and debating judicial prez powers restraints is good

Serrano and Minami, ’03  (Susan, Project Director, Equal Justice Society; J.D. 1998, William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai’, partner, Minami, Lew 26 Timaki, Asian Law Journal, Korematsu v. United States: A "Constant Caution" in a Time of Crisis, p. Lexis)
Today, a broadly conceived political identity is critical to the defense of civil liberties
AND
us every day to Asian Americans and other racial communities and beyond." n64

A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy pros who know what they’re talking about

McClean,01
~Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, ’1 (David E., "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope", Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy~
Or we might take Foucault who, at best, has provided us with what
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

The Aff’s focus on deliberative approaches to public policy makes participation in policy decisions by those without their hands on the levers of power possible

Hickman, 12
~Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, "Citizen Participation: more or less?" Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fi26page=hickman_28_6~~ /Wyo-MB
Progressives such as John Dewey have tended to take a very different view from that
AND
to public problems and experts who can advise those representatives on technical matters.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Al Hiland

Adv

Scenario 1

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility ~edited for gendered language~

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Terrorism causes nuclear war-

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Scenario 2

Obama has shifted most drone strikes to Yemen

Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
An extensive CT drone campaign requires coordination with the central government of the territories in
AND
produce an increase in the lethality and frequency of drone strikes in Yemen.

Yemen drone strikes will cause wide spread blowback and strengthen the capacity of AQAP – retaliatory attacks, AQAP recruitment, US policy strategic confusion, undermines Yemeni government credibility to govern, and upsets US-Yemen relations

Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

AQAP has the intent and capacity to shut down the Bab al-Mandeb

Thomas 11
(Matthew, MA Nonproliferation and Terrorism Studies, "Al Qaeda in the Land of Faith and Wisdom: The Fall of Saleh and March on Al-Aqsa," Monterey Institute of International Studies, May 8)
AQAP is well aware of the positive implications of Yemen’s strategic location in the Gulf
AND
already struggling to recover from rampant political revolutions could follow Yemen into chaos. 

Closing the strait collapses the economy

UPI 10
("Al-Qaida threatens to close key oil artery," Feb. 24, 2010. UPI. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/02/24/Al-Qaida-threatens-to-close-key-oil-artery/UPI-27151267027462/~~23ixzz1XPTj8CWP. CR)
SANAA, Yemen, Feb. 24 (UPI) — Amid the growing war
AND
, where it is making a major effort to secure allies and markets.
Economic declines would trigger instability and warfare-empirically proven
Royal, 10
Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, 2010. p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Adv 2

Scenario 1

First, the global drone arms race is underway now

Boyle 2013
~MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr1026vid=126hid=25//wyo-ng~~
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
even that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities

Second, Drone courts limit executive behavior and are key to solve transparency in drone strikes

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

Third, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Fourth, now is key, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
First, Failure to implement clear international standards for drone use makes global warfare from drone proliferation a certainty
Roberts, 2013
~Kristin, national journal, When the Whole World Has Drones, 3-22-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321~~ /Wyo-MB
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.
And, Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that causes extinction
Falk, 2012
~Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328~~ /Wyo-MB
Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do
AND
of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.

the risk is high and impact defense doesn’t apply—Drone prolif erodes norms against war and makes conflict more likely

Cortright, 2011
~David, director of policy studies for the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, The scary prospect of global drone warfare, 10-19-11, http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/19/opinion/cortright-drones~~ /Wyo-MB
The development of drone weapons raises profound moral questions about the future of war.
AND
Assistance Mission in Afghanistan reported. June’s death toll was almost as high.

Scenario 2

Chinese drone acquisition threatens U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific and causes aggression – only reforming our drone policy checks them

CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) PC
China’s move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military’s growing sophistication and could
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.

Chinese Drone proliferation collapses Japan China relations, and increases instability between China and the U.S. in the South China Sea

Narayani Basu, 13
Writes for the IPCS, Institute of Peace and Conflict Stories  "China: The Dawn of the Drones" http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/china-the-dawn-of-the-drones-3948.html-http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/china-the-dawn-of-the-drones-3948.html, accessed 9/2/13,WYO/JF
¶ The primary role of China’s growing drone programme is to help Beijing control and
AND
evidenced by the DSB report - in the top echelons of the Pentagon.

CONFLICT IN THE SCS ESCALATES TO FULL-SCALE NUCLEAR WAR

STRAITS TIMES 1995
~staff, "Choose Your Own Style of Democracy", May 21, p. ln wyo-tjc~
In his speech, Dr Mahathir also painted three scenarios for Asia.
In the first -the worst possible scenario -Asian countries would go to war
AND
full-scale war breaks out with both sides resorting to nuclear weapons.

Extinction

Lieven 12 Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), "Avoiding US-China War," New York Times, 6-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html
Relations between the United States and China are on a course that may one day
AND
— for example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America.
The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Solvency

1AC – Solvency

A drone court solves judicial oversight of targeted killings while maintaining a balance between counterterrorism and civil liberty concerns

McKelvey, 2011
~Benjamin, Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Due process rights and the targeted killing of suspected terrorists: the unconstitutional scope of executive killing power, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, v.44, no.5, 2011 Nov, p.1353(32), Online~ /Wyo-MB
As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem of targeted killing would
AND
would promote the use of all peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.

Judicial review solves clarification of limits to AUMF, and encourages the executive to restrain its use war power

Jaffer, 2013
~Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, Reaction: Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185 (2013), http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php~~ /Wyo-MB
The argument for some form of judicial review is compelling, not least because such
AND
said that even the mere prospect of judicial review deters error and abuse.

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Kim-Seaton | Judge: Murillo

Plan text

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Adv

Scenario 1

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility ~edited for gendered language~

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human~HUMYN~ judgment,
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, and#34;Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,and#34; 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists.and#34;

Terrorism causes nuclear war-

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (and#34;After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,and#34; Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Scenario 2

Obama has shifted most drone strikes to Yemen

Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. and#34;Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,and#34; Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
An extensive CT drone campaign requires coordination with the central government of the territories in
AND
produce an increase in the lethality and frequency of drone strikes in Yemen.

Yemen drone strikes will cause wide spread blowback and strengthen the capacity of AQAP – retaliatory attacks, AQAP recruitment, US policy strategic confusion, undermines Yemeni government credibility to govern, and upsets US-Yemen relations

Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. and#34;Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,and#34; Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

AQAP has the intent and capacity to shut down the Bab al-Mandeb

Thomas 11
(Matthew, MA Nonproliferation and Terrorism Studies, and#34;Al Qaeda in the Land of Faith and Wisdom: The Fall of Saleh and March on Al-Aqsa,and#34; Monterey Institute of International Studies, May 8)
AQAP is well aware of the positive implications of Yemen’s strategic location in the Gulf
AND
already struggling to recover from rampant political revolutions could follow Yemen into chaos. 

Closing the strait collapses the economy

UPI 10
(and#34;Al-Qaida threatens to close key oil artery,and#34; Feb. 24, 2010. UPI. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/02/24/Al-Qaida-threatens-to-close-key-oil-artery/UPI-27151267027462/~~23ixzz1XPTj8CWP. CR)
SANAA, Yemen, Feb. 24 (UPI) — Amid the growing war
AND
, where it is making a major effort to secure allies and markets.
Economic declines would trigger instability and warfare-empirically proven
Royal, 10
Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, 2010. p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Adv 2

Scenario 1

First, the global drone arms race is underway now

Boyle 2013
~MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. and#34;The costs and consequences of drone warfare,and#34; International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr1026vid=126hid=25//wyo-ng~~
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
even that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities

Second, Drone courts limit executive behavior and are key to solve transparency in drone strikes

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, and#34;The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,and#34; 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

Third, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Fourth, now is key, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
First, Failure to implement clear international standards for drone use makes global warfare from drone proliferation a certainty
Roberts, 2013
~Kristin, national journal, When the Whole World Has Drones, 3-22-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321~~ /Wyo-MB
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.
And, Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that causes extinction
Falk, 2012
~Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328~~ /Wyo-MB
Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do
AND
of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.

the risk is high and impact defense doesn’t apply—Drone prolif erodes norms against war and makes conflict more likely

Cortright, 2011
~David, director of policy studies for the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, The scary prospect of global drone warfare, 10-19-11, http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/19/opinion/cortright-drones~~ /Wyo-MB
The development of drone weapons raises profound moral questions about the future of war.
AND
Assistance Mission in Afghanistan reported. June’s death toll was almost as high.

Scenario 2

Chinese drone acquisition threatens U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific and causes aggression – only reforming our drone policy checks them

CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) PC
China’s move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military’s growing sophistication and could
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are,and#34; he said.

Chinese Drone proliferation collapses Japan China relations, and increases instability between China and the U.S. in the South China Sea

Narayani Basu, 13
Writes for the IPCS, Institute of Peace and Conflict Stories  and#34;China: The Dawn of the Dronesand#34; http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/china-the-dawn-of-the-drones-3948.html-http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/china-the-dawn-of-the-drones-3948.html, accessed 9/2/13,WYO/JF
¶ The primary role of China’s growing drone programme is to help Beijing control and
AND
evidenced by the DSB report - in the top echelons of the Pentagon.

CONFLICT IN THE SCS ESCALATES TO FULL-SCALE NUCLEAR WAR

STRAITS TIMES 1995
~staff, and#34;Choose Your Own Style of Democracyand#34;, May 21, p. ln wyo-tjc~
In his speech, Dr Mahathir also painted three scenarios for Asia.
In the first -the worst possible scenario -Asian countries would go to war
AND
full-scale war breaks out with both sides resorting to nuclear weapons.

Extinction

Lieven 12 Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), and#34;Avoiding US-China War,and#34; New York Times, 6-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html
Relations between the United States and China are on a course that may one day
AND
— for example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America.

Solvency

1AC – Solvency

Drone courts solve—provides credibility and independence to counterterror policy

Plaw, 2006
~Avery, associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Fighting Terror Ethically and Legally: The Case of Targeting Terrorists, (A working paper prepared for the CPSA Conference, June 2006), http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2006/Plaw.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
The most telling issues raised by critics of targeting fall into three broad categories:
AND
particular, by engaging in perfidy or employing unnecessary ¶ or disproportionate force.

And, Courts key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State Olsen-Veeder | Judge: Cochran

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Drone Prolif

First, the global drone arms race is underway now
Boyle 2013
MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr10andvid=1andhid=25//wyo-ng
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities.
Second, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve
Zenko, 2013
Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Third, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key
Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
Fourth, Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and to solve transparency
Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Fifth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013
Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict and Indo-Pak war
Boyle, 13 “The costs and consequences of drone warfare”, MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Indo Pak war causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.
Escalation uniquely likely now – no impact defense
Overdorf, 8/15/13 Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhi's surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from India's meteoric economic growth.  He's written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelers' Tales and other publications.  He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University.“Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mounting” Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war-http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war
“This is a sad reality of India-Pakistan relations — whenever things are
AND
lead to escalation,” Kugelman said. “And that's a scary thought.”
And, Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that causes extinction
Falk, 2012
Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328 /Wyo-MB
Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do
AND
of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.
the risk is high and impact defense doesn’t apply—Drone prolif erodes norms against war and makes conflict more likely
Cortright, 2011
David, director of policy studies for the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, The scary prospect of global drone warfare, 10-19-11, http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/19/opinion/cortright-drones /Wyo-MB
The development of drone weapons raises profound moral questions about the future of war.
AND
Assistance Mission in Afghanistan reported. June's death toll was almost as high.
Terror
Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility
Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key
Guiora, 2012
Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
Impact is nuclear war
Wright, 2003
Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/ /Wyo-MB
A fascinating facet of Kennedy's legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among
AND
, and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television.
The impact is empirically proven
Jervis, 4 (Robert, political science and international politics professor at Columbia University and a consultant to the CIA, The Record, 7/14, lexis)
But was that indeed what happened? "Groupthink" - identified in the early
AND
they consider the possibility that the group was on the totally wrong track.
Richard Nixon's Watergate cover-up was in part maintained by the same dynamic. To many outsiders even at the time, it was obvious that the only way for Nixon to survive was to air the full truth early on. But the Nixon White House was a small group, closed-mouthed and predisposed to keeping everything secret.
Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback
Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, “Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,” 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists.”
Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent
ETN, 9-26-13
E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.
Terrorists are trying to get nuclear weapons
Brian Michael Jenkins, 12
senior advisor to the president of the RAND   Corporation and director of the National Transportation Security Center at the   Mineta Transportation Institute, is a recognized authority on terrorism and   security. “Tackling al Qaeda Today” https://www.defenddemocracy.org/stuff/uploads/documents/Peaceable_Kingdom.pdf#page=167-https://www.defenddemocracy.org/stuff/uploads/documents/Peaceable_Kingdom.pdf, accessed 7/9/13,WYO/JF
The 2002 report devoted considerable attention to the prospect of   terrorists with weapons of mass
AND
entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that   creates needless terror.
Terrorism causes nuclear war-
Ayson 10
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
The probability is significant and the magnitude increases the risk exponentially
Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, “Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism,” Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller discounts the consequences of an improvised nuclear device in odd ways. He suggests
AND
a nuclear detonation occur in one of the great cities of the world.

Solvency
The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review
Plaw, 2007
Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013 /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.
And, Courts key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-ODonnell | Judge: Winfrey

Terror

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

And drones first policy undermines cooperation and counterterror credibility

Boyle 13
(Michael, International Affairs, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," 2013, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf) /wyo-mm
Much of the existing debate on drones has focused on their legality under international and
AND
polarized between those who have drones and those who are victims of them.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

China

Drone prolif in Asian causes rapid escalation and war—lack of norms ensures drones will trigger great power war in the region

Brimley et al, 2013
~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB
It’s now been a year since Japan’s previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key to create a normative framework with China

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

The plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas Robb-Murphy | Judge: Guha-Majumdar

1AC

Terror

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

And drones first policy undermines cooperation and counterterror credibility

Boyle 13
(Michael, International Affairs, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," 2013, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf) /wyo-mm
Much of the existing debate on drones has focused on their legality under international and
AND
polarized between those who have drones and those who are victims of them.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Prolif

Drone Prolif Now

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
It is estimated that the number of states that have acquired a com- plete
AND
that there have been intentionally hidden advances toward states’ development of weaponized drones.

Third, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Third, independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Fifth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict

Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Western Connecticut State Adams-Escoffery | Judge: Winfrey

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Terror

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

And drones first policy undermines cooperation and counterterror credibility

Boyle 13
(Michael, International Affairs, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," 2013, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf) /wyo-mm
Much of the existing debate on drones has focused on their legality under international and
AND
polarized between those who have drones and those who are victims of them.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Current terror blowback results in bioterror

Nader 11
(Ralph, Stop the War Coaltion, "How Obama’s drone warfare increases the likelihood of blowback," November 13, 2011, http://www.stopwar.org.uk/index.php/afghanistan-and-pakistan/933-how-drone-warfare-increases-the-likelihood-of-terrorist-blowback~-~-http://www.stopwar.org.uk/index.php/afghanistan-and-pakistan/933-how-drone-warfare-increases-the-likelihood-of-terrorist-blowback-) /wyo-mm
People who see invaders occupying their land with military domination that is beyond reach will
AND
the blowback spills over into even more lethally indefensible chemical and biological attacks.

Causes extinction

Ochs 2002 
(Richard; Naturalist – Grand Teton National Park with a Masters in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers) "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately" 6/9 www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
 Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons,
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Newest developments take out all impact defense

Jordans, 2011
~Frank, Associated Press, 12-7-11, Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45584359/ns/~~23.UkkMV2T72Ik~~ /Wyo-MB
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
AND
nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab’s activities.

Prolif

Drone Prolif Now

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
It is estimated that the number of states that have acquired a com- plete
AND
that there have been intentionally hidden advances toward states’ development of weaponized drones.

Second, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.

Third, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Third, independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Fifth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict

Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
And, Drone use erodes norms for war and causes global conflict that causes extinction
Falk, 2012
~Richard, Richard Falk is Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University, The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare, 2-13-12, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328~~ /Wyo-MB
Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do
AND
of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.

China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Ford-Glanzman | Judge: Harris

Contention One: The Exclusion of the Rural

Several ongoing conversations are taking place in our debate community regarding social barriers that exist that are shaped by gender, race, class and sexuality. However, these conversations ignore the way that all of these identity issues are structured along geographic lines. Despite the progress that is being made through these conversations we remain strategically silent or willfully ignorant to the question of place. It is ironic since the question of place and space IS the very physical and geographical barrier and force that must be addressed to transport bodies to participate in these conversations in the first place. To debate in rural communities in the west is to choose between spending 5 of the budget to come to a tournament early or face down an 18 hour travel day to join teams in Winston Salem, Northwestern, Georgia State, Texas, Kentucky, or the Coast.

Predictably, the focus on the president in the resolution also perpetuates the urban-rural divide. This form of distancing prioritizes the urban at the expense of the rural by focusing away from rural issues, authority, and power relations. Just as this divide should be interrogated in the debate community the question we should ask is "governmental change for who?" If rural societies are ignored, stereotyped and rendered politically powerless, thus, absent from interrogation power relations will remain intact

Walsh 11
(Katherine Cramer, Associate Professor of Political Science Morgridge Center for Public Service Faculty Research Scholar, "A Geography of Power: Rural Perspectives of Political Inequality," February 8, 2011, http://www.jakebowers.org/MethodsPapers/Walsh-18-02-2011.pdf//wyo-mm)
The rural vs. urban lensstructured rural residents’ ideas about which geographic areas of the
AND
in cities, and people with common sense resided primarily in nonmetro areas.

Wyoming comprises one of the thirteen states with a rural majority- these voices are so lacking in numbers and widely dispersed that it makes their voices invisible and disenfranchised. Lack of rural representation allows the continued dominance of the urban majority who makes decisions in the debate community and our government without consideration of and by the rural areas that are dying and without a voice

Bassett 03
(Debra Lyn, Associate Professor of Law at Michigan State University, Arizona State Law Journal, "The Politics of the Rural Vote," Fall 2003, Lexiswyo-mm)
Today, only thirteen states have a rural majority: Montana (seventy-six
AND
and electoral votes, but also with respect to income and political contributions.

Ignoring the implications and lived experience of rural dwellers dooms those people and spaces to invisible discrimination

Jerke 11
(Bud W., resident and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard Journal of Law 26 Gender, "Queer Ruralism," Winter 2011, Lexiswyo-mm)
A growing body of scholarship is examining America’s rural-urban divide in the context
AND
racial minorities face by residing at the intersection of racism and ruralism. n32

There are three impacts:

First is dehumanization of rural dwellers

Pruitt 11
(Lisa R., University of California, Davis, Selected Works of Lisa Pruitt, "The Geography of the Class Culture Wars," January 2011, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=102326context=lisa_pruitt//wyo-mm)
Williams urges us to learn about life in the Missing Middle,199 but we
AND
, we have relegated those in rural America to "nobody" status.

Second, is that failure to interrogate the Urban/Rural distinction leaves privilege unquestioned in debate

Bassett 06
(Debra Lyn, Associate Professor of Law at Michigan State University, Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law 26 Policy, "Distancing Rural Poverty," Spring 2006, Lexiswyo-mm)
Discrimination against the rural is place-based discrimination, which, similar to gender
AND
played an enormous part in the history of . . . discrimination. n118

Finally—the failure to interrogate urbanist bias magnifies every other oppression—ruralism creates unique forms of oppression that demand interrogation

Bassett 03
~Debra Lyn Bassett, Associate Professor of Law at Michigan State University, IOWA LAW REVIEW, "Ruralism", Jan. 2003, 88 Iowa L. Rev. 273, p. 276-279 wyo-tjc~
Ruralism has two equally devastating impacts. First, ruralism exacerbates the impact of discrimination
AND
to exist, it is discovered in virtually all aspects of living.250

Contention Two: Bringing the Rural to Debate

Imagine a map of the United States—policy debate in the rural west is dying at an extreme rate. In high school debate lack of willing teachers, lack of resources and lack of opportunity is causing the decline of a once vibrant policy debate community in Wyoming.

Similarly, at the college level in 2008, the D9 was carved up and chipped into the D1 and D2 because it ’made sense geographically’ to funnel Arizona and Nevada into the Los Angeles Metropolitan area.

The rapid decline in policy debate in rural, western states has been catastrophic.  Colorado, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Oregon are part of what has been cast off to invisibility and irrelevance in the world of policy debate.  Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah are a breath away from the same fate as well.

Urbanist bias fundamentally obscures and legitimizes the sacrifice of rural communities for the greater good of their urbanist community. Dealing with such issues is inconvenient and outside the scope of the concern of those who enjoy urban privilege.

The discussion about travel equality at Wake Forest last year highlighted the truth of the problem of ruralism. As long as the issue remains invisible to the urban majority than it will remain "someone else problem and responsibility." Those who are placed in spaces of invisibility and silence will be left with the responsibility for dealing with the implications of that disenfranchisement as well.

In response to ruralism in debate,  and I affirm that we should interrogate ruralism in the debate community.

Using place as the starting point for discussing our social location is critical to determining how we come to understand politics, resource allocation and engenders insight into how geographical distinctions establish our identity

Walsh 11
(Katherine Cramer, Associate Professor of Political Science Morgridge Center for Public Service Faculty Research Scholar, "A Geography of Power: Rural Perspectives of Political Inequality," February 8, 2011, http://www.jakebowers.org/MethodsPapers/Walsh-18-02-2011.pdf//wyo-mm)
When people attempt to make sense of the political world, what do they draw
AND
about the political world. I call these perceptions individuals’ geographies of power.

A place-based pedagogy helps to transform the power relations in the community to a more socially just forum- focusing on identities ought to be a precursor to large-scale impacts because our geographic situatedness is the prerequisite to solving large-scale problems

Gruenewald 03
(David, assistant professor of education in the Department of Teaching and Learning, Washington State University, Educational Researcher, "The best of both worlds: A critical pedagogy of place," 2003, Proquestwyo-mm)
By promoting a pedagogy for student engagement in community life, place-based educators
AND
, before being asked to heal its wounds" (p. 10).

This is particularly important for debate for two reasons—bringing the rural into community discussions ensures that these spaces will not be sacrificed and that rural zones will be included in discussions of resource allocation and distribution.

Ensuring debate can flourish in these zones is important because debate is a force that can expose its participants to different ways of thinking and action that solve the magnification of oppression in rural zones

Walsh 11
(Katherine Cramer, Associate Professor of Political Science Morgridge Center for Public Service Faculty Research Scholar, "A Geography of Power: Rural Perspectives of Political Inequality," February 8, 2011, http://www.jakebowers.org/MethodsPapers/Walsh-18-02-2011.pdf//wyo-mm)
Place is also likely important for understanding politics because it serves as a social identity
AND
meaning for people who identify with it (Mellow 2005; Bell 1992).

Tournament: tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Baylor Montgomery-Stump | Judge: Munday

Targeted killing

 killing of persons not in state custody====
Crandall, 2012
~Carla, Law Clerk to the Honorable Laura Denvir Stith, Supreme Court of Missouri and the author was previously employed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, READY . . . FIRE . . . AIM21 A CASE FOR APPLYING AMERICAN DUE PROCESS PRINCIPLES BEFORE ENGAGING IN DRONE STRIKES, April, 2012 Florida Journal of International Law 24 Fla. J. Int’l L. 55, Lexis~ /Wyo-MB
As used here, targeted killing is defined as the "extra-judicial,
AND
commencement of a drone strike to ensure that it is indeed legitimate. n15

And, Substantially" means to large extent

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 02, 
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Tenth Edition 2002 http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
To a great extent or degree

Preventing extinction needs to come first

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Drones are inevitable

Henning, 2-20-12
~Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are "in
AND
polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶

Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power

John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2.
The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business
AND
the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.

Third, security’s inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, turns the K

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches. 

There is always value to life, it is subjective—can’t determine for others

Schwartz 2004
~"A Value to Life: Who Decides and How?" www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf~
Those who choose to reason on this basis hope that if the quality of a
AND
imperative that we must treat persons as rational and as ends in themselves.

No Impact- Biopolitics doesn’t result in atrocity

Ojakangas 05
~Mike, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, "Impossible Dialogues on Bio-Power: Agamben and Foucault," Foucault Studies 2 (5-28), www.foucault-studies.com/no2/ojakangas1.pdf, acc. 9-24-06uwyo-ajl~
For Foucault, the coexistence in political structures of large destructive mechanisms and institutions oriented
AND
believe, what Foucault meant when he wrote about their "demonic combination".

Fourth, Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability,
AND
reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states. 

Fifth, scenario creation isn’t the same as threat construction, it’s crucial to see if policies are a good idea and reduce the risk of nuclear war.

Darryl S.L.Jarvis - School of Economics 26 Political Science, U. of Sydney - 2K3 "Political Risk in International Relations: Empirical Experiences and Conceptual Approaches" School of Economics and Political Science, Working Papers
Scenario generation has its origins in the Cold War when strategic analysts developed the method
AND
and checked, can derail the construction of quality scenarios and their utility. 

Alt fails to create a sustainable model for our species- Using crisis driven politics is the only way to mobilize people in a way necessary to interrogate actions that threaten extinction

Schatz 12
(JL, Binghampton University, The Journal of Ecocentrism, "The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism," 2012, http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/394/382-http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/394/382) /wyo-mm
Third, and most importantly, ecocritics must adopt tactics that can most effectively influence
AND
world that we will be ¶ able to envision how to save it.

Sixth, No impact –threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars

Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ’9
(Stuart J, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434)
Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
of rising fear, hostility, and mutual threat that results in violence.
A virtue of this symbolist theory is that symbolist logic explains why ethnic peace is more common than ethnonationalist war. Even if hostile narratives, fears, and opportunity exist, severe violence usually can still be avoided if ethnic elites skillfully define group needs in moderate ways and collaborate across group lines to prevent violence: this is consociationalism.17 War is likely only if hostile narratives, fears, and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

And, failure to interrogate human relationships first ensures that we cause wa that turns the environment- means we’re a pre-req to the K

Duncan Clark 9, editorial environmental consultant to the London Guardian, co-director of GreenProfile, January 2, 2009, "The carbon footprint of nuclear war," online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2009/jan/02/nuclear-war-emissions
Almost 700m ~million~ tonnes of CO2 would be released into the Earth’s atmosphere
AND
the potential future risks of mortality and carbon emissions when comparing energy sources."
And shouldn’t prioritize some lives over others
Lillehammer, 2011
~Hallvard, Faculty of Philosophy Cambridge University, "Consequentialism and global ethics." Forthcoming in M. Boylan, Ed., Global Morality and Justice: A Reader, Westview Press, Online, http://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/teaching_staff/lillehammer/Consequentialism_and_Global_Ethics-1-2.pdf-http://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/teaching_staff/lillehammer/Consequentialism_and_Global_Ethics-1-2.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Contemporary discussions of consequentialism and global ethics have been marked by a focus on examples
AND
, therefore, you will have to show what is wrong with those principles

No root cause – war causes their impacts

Goldstein 01
~Professor of International Relations at American University, 2001 (Joshua S., War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, pp.411-412) ~
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Anti-anthropocentric rhetoric reinforces a more dominant frame of human value because they reify ideological opposition to respect for non-human life

Hayward 97 
~PhD, Department of Politics at Edinburgh University, "Anthropocentrism: a Misunderstood Problem", Environmental Values, p. aspwyo-tjc~
Anthropocentrism, widely used as a term of criticism in environmental ethics and politics,
AND
-anthropocentrism is not only conceptually unsatisfactory, it is counterproductive in practice.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas Robb-Murphy | Judge: Guha-Majumdar

2AC

Perm—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president

Buchanan 2013
~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~
The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later
AND
not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.

3rd, counterplan links to politics

Schier 9 
~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences. 

Judicial review is essential to judicial independence

Gerber, 2007
~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
AND
they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.

Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation

Herron and Randazzo, 2003
~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
AND
of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime" (Mohan 1982, 110).1

Solves global wars,

Epstien et al, 2007
~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
AND
as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25

Won’t Pass - tea party opposition and Boehner fails
Haraldsson 1-2
(Hrafnkell Haraldsson, a social liberal with leanings toward centrist politics has degrees in history and philosophy. "Don’t Expect 2014 to Bring Any Meaningful Change in Immigration Reform" 1-2-14 http://www.politicususa.com/2014/01/02/expect-2014-bring-meaningful-change-immigration-reform.html//wyoccd)
If you are taking stock on the year that just past 2013 left something to
AND
that a change, let alone meaningful change? It’s not even news.

The ACA thumps- continuous assault from the GOP
Berman 1-2
(Russell Berman, writer for the Hill. "House GOP takes fresh aim at ObamaCare" 1-2-14 http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/194287-house-gop-takes-fresh-aim-at-obamacare//wyoccd)
The House plans to take fresh aim at ObamaCare when it returns next week,
AND
, and work with Democrats to strengthen and build upon this historic law."

Plan popular in congress

Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. "Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikes" 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards," the senators wrote.

Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins

Hirsh, 2013
~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."

No econ decline war—-best and most recent data

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf-http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42

Preventing extinction needs to come first

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Drones are inevitable

Henning, 2-20-12
~Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are "in
AND
polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶

Debating the law teaches us how to make it better – rejection is worse

Todd Hedrick, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, Sept 2012, Democratic Constitutionalism as Mediation: The Decline and Recovery of an Idea in Critical Social Theory, Constellations  Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 382–400
Habermas’ alleged abandonment of immanent critique, however, is belied by the role that
AND
, without the triumphalist pretension of ever being able to fully do so. 

We solve the impact- Review of targeted killing key to maintain morality in war and undermine video-game effects

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that
AND
target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.

Third, security’s inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, turns the K

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches. 

Fourth, Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability,
AND
reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states. 

Focusing on epistemology or ontology selfishly ignores real world problems

Jarvis, 2K – Prof Philosophy @ U South Carolina (Darryl, Studies in International Relations, "International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism", pg. 2)
While Hoffmann might well be correct, these days one can neither begin nor conclude
AND
," where novelty has itself become "an appropriate form of scholarship."5

Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Epner-Martin | Judge: Parker

1^st, No deference now--- lots of rulings

Flaherty 2011 (Martin Flaherty, Leitner Professor of International Law, Fordham Law School, “Judicial Foreign Relations Authority After 9/11,” NYLS Law Review, http://www.nylslawreview.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Flaherty-56-1.pdf)
For a time the forces of judicial isolationism appeared to have gained traction and ¶
AND
¶ reassertion will mean restoration, however, still remains to be seen.

1st, Pres powers low now—Syria decision undermined Obama’s presidential powers
Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13
David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html /Wyo-MB
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.
2nd, A multitude of other actors hamper presidential flexibility—thumps the disad
Rozell 12
(Mark Rozell, Professor of Public Policy, George Mason University, “From Idealism to Power: The Presidency in the Age of Obama” 2012, http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/-http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/, KB)
A substantial portion of Goldsmith’s book presents in detail his case that various forces outside
AND
little understanding of the broader implications of tying down the president with legalisms.
3rd, Link Turn—extend 1ac Chebab evidence, Counterplan bolsters executive action—Obama power is vindicated when he has the backing and support of courts, plan results in more decisive executive actions.
And, the link turn outweighs the link—Judicial oversight serves to legitimize executive decisions
Kwoka 11
(Lindsay, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D, Journal of Constitutional Law, “Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror,” 2011, Lexis) /wyo-mm
Providing an intra-executive process is not sufficient in the context of targeted killing
AND
necessary. A federal judge would not likely be subject so such influence.
4th, Political power is not zero sum—no trade off
Read, 3-1-12
James, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, jread@csbsju.edu, Is Power Zero-Sum or Variable-Sum? Old Arguments and New Beginnings, Political Science Faculty Publications.Paper 4, http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004andcontext=polsci_pubs /Wyo-MB
The specific question with which this essay is concerned is whether power – and ¶
AND
– as the zero-sum view (see Read 2009a; 2010).
No deal – Boehner can’t get house GOP in line
Alberta 9-26 (Tim Alberta, leadership reporter for the National Journal, Republicans Not Sold on Boehner's Debt-Ceiling Plan, National Journal, 26 September 2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/republicans-not-sold-on-boehner-s-debt-ceiling-plan-20130926, da 9-26-13) PC
Speaker John Boehner attempted Thursday morning to sell House Republicans on a debt-ceiling
AND
find out," he said. "You'll have to ask the whip."

1st, Debates on drone courts now—legislation being written and proposed—thumps the disad
Wolverton, 3-12-13
Joe, professor of American Government at Chattanooga State and was a practicing attorney until 2009, Federal Courts Rubber Stamp Federal Spying, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/05/12/federal-courts-rubber-stamp-federal-spying/comment-page-1/#.UfqaW2T70bh /Wyo-MB
Although certainly not one to recognize checks on the executive, the White House indicated
AND
similar proposals made by legal experts were being kicked around on Capitol Hill.¶
2nd, Link turn drone courts popular in congress—particularly with Feinstein and King
Hosenball, 2-8-2013
Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209 /Wyo-MB
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama's claim that he
AND
least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive."
Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties
Tate 13
(Curits, Mcclatchy Newspapers, “Sen. Dianne Feinstein presses her decades-long crusade on guns,” March 10, 2013, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html#.Uhp4YpKThSQ-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html) /wyo-mm
Feinstein is a veteran lawmaker who knows how to work behind the scenes and across
AND
, but she’s also very able at finding common ground and solving problems.”
4th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013
Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207 /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect.”
Prioritization solves default
Tamara Keith, “House GOP Leaders Gear Up For Debt Ceiling Battle,” NPR, 9/27/13. http://www.npr.org/2013/09/27/226716489/house-gop-leaders-gear-up-for-debt-ceiling-battle
KEITH: John Kline is a Minnesota Republican. He says, unlike a government
AND
will never be a shortfall on that, so that default is impossible.

No impact – Obama will unilaterally lift
Greg Valliere, chief political strategic for Potomac Research group, “If all else fails, Obama will raise debt ceiling himself: analyst,” Market Watch, 9/25/13
If Congress fails to raise the debt limit by Oct. 17, could President
AND
second term in office. “Obama has fewer constraints,” Valliere said.

Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
Drones are inevitable
Henning, 2-20-12
Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0 /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are “in
AND
polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶ 

Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power
John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2.
The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business
AND
the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.

Dershowitz 02
(Alan M., Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge, Pgs. 24-26wyo-mm)
The reason terrorism works—and will persist unless there are significant changes in the
AND
"root cause" of terrorism that must be eliminated is its success.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgia Galerstein-Davis | Judge: Cram Helwich

We meet – contextual ev

Guiora, 12 ~Amos, Professor of Law, SJ Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, author of numerous books dealing with military law and national security including Legitimate Target: A Criteria-Based Approach to Targeted Killing, "Drone Policy: A Proposal Moving Forward," http://jurist.org/forum/2013/03/amos-guiora-drone-policy.php-http://jurist.org/forum/2013/03/amos-guiora-drone-policy.php~~
To re-phrase, this strict scrutiny test seeks to strike a balance by
AND
conducted in accordance with the rule of law and morality in armed conflict.

2. Counter interpretation:

"Statutory restrictions" can mandate judicial review, but are enacted by congress

Mortenson 11 (Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, "Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524," Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377)
At least two of Yoo’s main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential
AND
(III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).

And, Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.").
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

A restriction on war powers authority limits Presidential discretion

Jules Lobel 8, Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh  Law School, President of the Center for Constitutional Rights, represented members of Congress challenging assertions of Executive power to unilaterally initiate warfare, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power  over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol 69, p 391, 2008, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf
So too, the congressional power to declare or authorize war has been long held
AND
decisively ejected from Kuwait, a limitation recognized by President Bush himself.64 

In the area of means a certain scope

Elizabeth Miura 12, China Presentation, prezi.com/tccgenlw25so/chin165a-final-presentation/
"in the area of" refers to a certain scope

Congress solves circumvention—-raises political costs
Ilya Somin 11, Professor of Law at George Mason University School of Law, June 21 2011, "Obama, the OLC, and the Libya Intervention," http://www.volokh.com/2011/06/21/obama-the-olc-and-the-libya-intervention/
But I am more skeptical than Balkin that illegal presidential action can be constrained through
AND
to be seen whether President Obama will suffer any political damage over Libya.

1st, Pres powers low now—Syria decision undermined Obama’s presidential powers

Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13
~David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html~~ /Wyo-MB
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.

2^nd, Restrictions inevitable—-only a question of whether they are deliberate or haphazard

Benjamin Wittes 9, senior fellow and research director in public law at the Brookings Institution, is the author of Law and the Long War: The Future of Justice in the Age of Terror and is also a member of the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law, "Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book, p. 17
A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor
AND
past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.

Congressional authorization vindicates Presidential decisions and enables him to act faster

Cronogue 12
(Graham Cronogue, JD from Duke University School of Law, 2012, "A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror," Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil)

Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably make congressional authorization of force unnecessary, it is extremely important for the conflict against al-Qaeda and its allies. First, as seen above, the existence of a state of war or national emergency is not entirely clear and might not authorize offensive war anyway. Next, assuming that a state of war did exist, specific congressional authorization would further legitimate and guide the executive branch in the prosecution of this conflict by setting out exactly what Congress authorizes and what it does not. Finally, Congress should specifically set out what the President can and cannot do to limit his discretionary authority and prevent adding to the gloss on executive power. Even during a state of war, a congressional authorization for conflict that clearly sets out the acceptable targets and means would further legitimate the President’s actions and help guide his decision making during this new form of warfare. Under Justice Jackson’s framework from Youngstown, presidential authority is at its height when the Executive is acting pursuant to an implicit or explicit congressional authorization.74 In this zone, the President can act quickly and decisively because s/he knows the full extent of ~her or~ his power.75 In contrast, the constitutionality of presidential action merely supported by a president’s inherent authority exists in the "zone of twilight."76 Without a congressional grant of power, the President’s war actions are often of questionable constitutionality because Congress has not specifically delegated any of its own war powers to the executive.77 This problem forces the President to make complex judgments regarding the extent and scope of his inherent authority. The resulting uncertainty creates unwelcome issues of constitutionality that might hinder the President’s ability to prosecute this conflict effectively. In timesensitive and dangerous situations, where the President needs to make splitsecond decisions that could fundamentally impact American lives and safety, s/he should not have to guess at the scope of his ~or her~ authority. Instead, Congress should provide a clear, unambiguous grant of power, which would mitigate many questions of authorization. Allowing the President to understand the extent of his authority will enable him to act quickly,

4^th, Judicial review on targeted killing doesn’t spillover to other restrictions on military force

Brooks, prof of Law @ Georgetown, 13 (Rosa, Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing", Testimony Before the Senate, April 23, 2013, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)

It is also worth noting that the practical concerns militating against justiciability in the context
AND
whether an individual may lawfully be targeted are generally made well in advance. 

No prolif impact

Colin H. Kahl 13, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Melissa G. Dalton, Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, Matthew Irvine, Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security, February, "If Iran Builds the Bomb, Will Saudi Arabia Be Next?" http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AtomicKingdom_Kahl.pdf-http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AtomicKingdom_Kahl.pdf
*cites Jacques Hymans, USC Associate Professor of IR*
I I I . LESSONS FROM HISTOR Y Concerns over "regional proliferation chains,"
AND
-related motivations) but are wary of the negative consequences of proliferation.

Targeted killing is only drone strikes

Bachman, 2013
~Sascha-Dominik Bachmann Reader in International Law (University of Lincoln); State Exam in Law (Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich), Assessor Jur, LLM (Stellenbosch), LLD (Johannesburg); Sascha-Dominik is a Lieutenant Colonel in the German Army Reserves and had multiple deployments in peacekeeping missions in operational and advisory roles as part of NATO/KFOR from 2002 to 2006. During that time he was also an exchange officer to the 23rd US Marine Regiment, Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities
Conflict Security Law (2013) doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krt007 First published online: May 31, 2013, http://jcsl.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/31/jcsl.krt007.full~~ /Wyo-MB
Operation ’Neptune Spear’ as well as the alleged Israeli Mossad Operation to kill the
AND
using remotely piloted aircraft, UAVs or drones respectively, as weapons platform.

Can’t solve blowback—Special forces targeted killings cause civilian casualties

Mackenzie, 2011
~Jean, 5-13-11, Afghanistan War: Are Special Forces and targeted killings the answer?, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/afghanistan/110513/afghanistan-war-are-special-forces-and-targete~~ /Wyo-MB
KABUL, Afghanistan — Still riding the wave of euphoria over the Abbottabad strike that
AND
, in which NATO insists it targeted and killed more than 30 insurgents.

Won’t Pass- Boehner-

Sargent 11-13
(Greg, writer at the Washington Post. "John Boehner just put immigration reform on life support" 11-13-13 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/11/13/john-boehner-just-put-immigration-reform-on-life-support//wyoccd)
John Boehner, at a presser just now, just said something that pushed immigration
AND
on developing a set of principles for us to deal with this issue."

Other issues are destroying US-India ties, but relations remain resilient

Joshi, 10/8
(PhD Student-Harvard, "US-India relations hit a rough patch,"
http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2013/10/08/US-India-relations-hit-a-rough-patch.aspx)

When Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Washington last week for the first time in
AND
in tone that convey strategic shifts as much as any large policy initiative. 

Third, security’s inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, turns the K

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Kim-Seaton | Judge: Murillo

Case

They can build a bomb

Joyner 9
(Christopher C., Professor of International Law at Georgetown University, and#34;Nuclear Terrorism in a Globalizing World: Assessing the Threat and the Emerging Management Regime,and#34; Stanford Journal of International Law, Summer, p. 218, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Nuclear+terrorism+in+a+globalizing+world3A+assessing+the+threat+and...-a0216486733)
A further cause for alarm is the relative ease with which nuclear weapons can be
AND
bomb was well within the capabilities of al-Qaeda. (72)

2AC – Pres Powers Disad

1^st, Pres powers low now—Syria decision undermined Obama’s presidential powers

Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13
~David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html~~ /Wyo-MB
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.

2^nd, A multitude of other actors hamper presidential flexibility—thumps the disad

Rozell 12
(Mark Rozell, Professor of Public Policy, George Mason University, and#34;From Idealism to Power: The Presidency in the Age of Obamaand#34; 2012, http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/-http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/, KB)
A substantial portion of Goldsmith’s book presents in detail his case that various forces outside
AND
little understanding of the broader implications of tying down the president with legalisms.

And, the link turn outweighs the link—Judicial oversight serves to legitimize executive decisions

Kwoka 11
(Lindsay, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D, Journal of Constitutional Law, and#34;Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror,and#34; 2011, Lexis) /wyo-mm
Providing an intra-executive process is not sufficient in the context of targeted killing
AND
necessary. A federal judge would not likely be subject so such influence.

4^th, Political power is not zero sum—no trade off

Read, 3-1-12
~James, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University, jread@csbsju.edu, Is Power Zero-Sum or Variable-Sum? Old Arguments and New Beginnings, Political Science Faculty Publications.Paper 4, http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100426context=polsci_pubs~~ /Wyo-MB
The specific question with which this essay is concerned is whether power – and ¶
AND
– as the zero-sum view (see Read 2009a; 2010).

Data disproves hegemony impacts

Fettweis, 11
Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

CP

1st, The Counterplan can’t solve terrorism—extend the Chebab groupthink internals—review from solely within the executive doesn’t break free from the cycle of groupthink that makes unproportional targeting inevitable—the impact is blowback and undermining the war on terrorism

1. Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient

Bazzle 12
(Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, and#34;Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror,and#34; 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
AND
an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.

2. Can’t solve drone prolif- 1AC Zenko ev says need to send signal of constraint, not unilateralism

2nd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president

Buchanan 2013
~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~
The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later
AND
not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.

And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
U.S. citizens, there must be a degree of inter-branch
AND
interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105

Judicial review is essential to judicial independence

Gerber, 2007
~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
AND
they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.

Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation

Herron and Randazzo, 2003
~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
AND
of a totalitarian and dictatorial regimeand#34; (Mohan 1982, 110).1

Solves global wars,

Epstien et al, 2007
~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
AND
as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25

5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, and#34;The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,and#34; 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

2AC – Topshelf Kritik Answers

2AC – K

Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts

Alford, 2011 
~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB
The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet
AND
of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶ 

And, Drones are inevitable

Henning, 2-20-12
~Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are and#34;in
AND
polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶

And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is to maintain morality in war and undermine the video-game like effect of killing targets with drones

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that
AND
target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.

Security is inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, flipping the impact

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches. 

Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability,
AND
reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states. 

Scenario creation isn’t the same as threat construction, it’s crucial to see if policies are a good idea and reduce the risk of nuclear war.

Darryl S.L.Jarvis - School of Economics 26 Political Science, U. of Sydney - 2K3 and#34;Political Risk in International Relations: Empirical Experiences and Conceptual Approachesand#34; School of Economics and Political Science, Working Papers
Scenario generation has its origins in the Cold War when strategic analysts developed the method
AND
and checked, can derail the construction of quality scenarios and their utility.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas State Ramirez-McMillin-Beckman | Judge: Reed

Focus on language-discourse in the war on terror fails to create effective models for combatting violence, understanding war, and history proves there’s no causality between language and war

Rodwell, 05
(Jonathan, PhD student at Manchester Met. researching the U.S. Foreign Policy, "Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson," 2005, http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm-http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm) /wyo-mm

However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his
AND
analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.

Won’t pass
Mayer, 12/30/13 (Amy, "One thing that didn’t happen in 2013: a Farm Bill" High Plains Public Radio, http://hppr.org/post/one-thing-didn-t-happen-2013-farm-bill-http://hppr.org/post/one-thing-didn-t-happen-2013-farm-bill)
The inability to settle on a farm bill illustrates the deep divisions that have become
AND
history of wending its way through relatively easily makes the delay more striking. 

Vote won’t be for weeks and negotiations don’t involve Obama
Clayton, 1/2/14 (Chris, "New Year means New Farm Bill" http://www.kxlo-klcm.com/site/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=2269:new-year-means-new-farm-bill26catid=8:ag-news-pod26Itemid=115-http://www.kxlo-klcm.com/site/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=2269:new-year-means-new-farm-bill26catid=8:ag-news-pod26Itemid=115)
USDA will continue holding back on any effort to implement permanent law with expectations that
AND
and present a conference report and hopefully get it passed," Vilsack said.
solve food prices—tons of things overcome
First, warming
Damian Carrington 11, head environment reporter at the Guardian, "Food prices driven up by global warming, study shows", May 5, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/05/food-prices-global-warming-http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/05/food-prices-global-warming

Global warming has already harmed the world’s food production and has driven up food prices
AND
damage in England in 2000 were made two to three times more likely.

Plan popular in congress

Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. "Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikes" 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards," the senators wrote.

Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins

Hirsh, 2013
~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."

Countries will cooperate over food

Burger et al. 10 
*Kees Burger Development Economics, Corresponding author, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg Jeroen Warner AND Eefje Derix Disaster Studies, Wageningen Universit "Governance of the world food system and crisis prevention" http://www.stuurgroepta.nl/rapporten/Foodshock-web.pdf
Both European water and agricultural policies are based on the belief that there will always
AND
al. 2008: 512, Boin et al. 2008: 406). 

Preventing extinction needs to come first

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Posner and Vermeule are wrong—-external checks are effective

Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here,
AND
political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion.
Legal grey holes not inevitable
Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis nexis
The second problem with Vermeule’s approach is the extent to which it blurs empirical conclusions
AND
also ensure that the public will be much more involved in the process.

there’s a tangible impact to activist advocacies. Only an understanding of the consequences of our advocacies can make us ethically responsible.

David Kennedy, Manley O. Hudson Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, 2004, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism, p. xvii-xviii
Of course, activism and policy making are not always so distinct. The activist
AND
conviction that we know more than we do about what justice can be.

Legal restraints work – the theory of the exception is self-serving and wrong

William E. Scheuerman 6, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Carl Schmitt and the Road to Abu Ghraib, Constellations, Volume 13, Issue 1

Yet this argument relies on Schmitt’s controversial model of politics, as outlined eloquently but
AND
to develop a legal apparatus suited to the special problem of irregular combatants.

The alternative fails – movements can’t coalesce, even if collapse is inevitable

Jamie Peck 10, geography prof at the University of British Columbia, Postneoliberalism and its Malcontents, Antipode, Volume 41, Issue Supplement s1, pages 94–116
While Latin American experiences can and should spur the postneoliberal imagination, the region’s lessons
AND
dull compulsion of competitive pressures and through the harsh imperatives of regulatory downloading.

The alt doesn’t influence legal decisionmaking and results in tyranny

Paul Passavant, Ph.D., Hobart and William Smith College Associate Professor of Political Science, December 2010, Yoo’s Law, Sovereignty, and Whatever, Constellations  Volume 17, Issue 4, pages 549–571
For some on the left, it has become conventional to celebrate, if not
AND
recalling that this was the purpose of the U.S. Constitution.

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 5 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Russo | Judge: Bunas

Casualties

Their ev is biased and based on unreliable data

Boyle 13
(Michael, International Affairs, and#34;The costs and consequences of drone warfare,and#34; 2013, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf) /wyo-mm
First, the claim that drones are effective at killing terrorist operatives without causing civilian
AND
nine drone strikes, with a total death toll between 58 and 170.

2AC – AT – Politics DA

Negotiations will fall through – neither side compromising, Obamacare

Healey 9/10 
Jon, and#34;House GOP playing with fire by tying debt ceiling to Obamacare,and#34; http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-gop-defunding-obamacare-plan-shifts-toward-delaying-it-20130910,0,4825515.story-http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-gop-defunding-obamacare-plan-shifts-toward-delaying-it-20130910,0,4825515.story, MCR

Having said that, Cantor’s proposal still amounts to playing a game of chicken with
AND
fiscal hurdle. But he only makes the second one harder to overcome.

1^st, Debates on drone courts now—legislation being written and proposed—thumps the disad

Wolverton, 3-12-13
~Joe, professor of American Government at Chattanooga State and was a practicing attorney until 2009, Federal Courts Rubber Stamp Federal Spying, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/05/12/federal-courts-rubber-stamp-federal-spying/comment-page-1/~~23.UfqaW2T70bh~~ /Wyo-MB
Although certainly not one to recognize checks on the executive, the White House indicated
AND
similar proposals made by legal experts were being kicked around on Capitol Hill.¶

2^nd, Link turn drone courts popular in congress—particularly with Feinstein and King

Hosenball, 2-8-2013
~Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. and#34;drone courtand#34; to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209~~ /Wyo-MB
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama’s claim that he
AND
least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive.and#34;

Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties

Tate 13
(Curits, Mcclatchy Newspapers, and#34;Sen. Dianne Feinstein presses her decades-long crusade on guns,and#34; March 10, 2013, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html~~23.Uhp4YpKThSQ-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html) /wyo-mm
Feinstein is a veteran lawmaker who knows how to work behind the scenes and across
AND
, but she’s also very able at finding common ground and solving problems.and#34; 

3^rd, Link turn – plan popular in congress

Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. and#34;Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikesand#34; 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards,and#34; the senators wrote.

4^th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins

Hirsh, 2013
~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect.and#34;

Syria guarantees PC is on a downward spiral – tanks the entire agenda – also proves PC is ineffective

Hughes 9/11 
Brian, and#34;Syria push imperils Obama’s fall agendaand#34;, http://washingtonexaminer.com/syria-push-imperils-obamas-fall-agenda/article/2535611-http://washingtonexaminer.com/syria-push-imperils-obamas-fall-agenda/article/2535611, MCR

President Obama may have avoided an embarrassing legislative defeat over Syria, but the debate
AND
Time is working against White House efforts to regain any leverage, though.

5^th, Obama wont spend PC and he won’t be effective if he does

Jay Cost, staff writer, 2-11-2013, and#34;Obama the Bargainer,and#34; The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/obama-bargainer_699205.html?page=1
Thus, with the festivities finished and the glow of the inauguration fading, it
AND
help in whipping his party and negotiating a compromise with the other side.

Terror

And, Terror threat high and getting stronger

Boerma, 8-11-13
~Lindsay, CBS news, U.S. still on terror alert as embassies reopen, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3460_162-57598021/u.s-still-on-terror-alert-as-embassies-reopen/~~ /Wyo-MB
The U.S. government was and#34;absolutely notand#34; overreacting by closing 19
AND
of connecting the dots - this was clear, explicit intelligence and evidence.and#34;

And, the turns outweigh the links—only the plan creates an effective targeted killing framework that is essential to counterterrorism

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy, and policy
AND
killing provides the nation state with significant advantages in the context of counterterrorism.

2AC – Generic CPs

Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president

Buchanan 2013
~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~
The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later
AND
not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.

CIA control fails- lacks transparency necessary to solve modeling

Zenko 13
(Micah, Douglas Dillon Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, and#34;Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon,and#34; April 2013, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434-http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434) /wyo-mm
In an interview, President Obama revealed, and#34;I think creating a legal structure
AND
the precedents of greater openness in how such operations are conducted by others.

1. Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient

Bazzle 12
(Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, and#34;Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror,and#34; 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
AND
an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.

Judicial review is essential to judicial independence

Gerber, 2007
~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
AND
they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.

Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation

Herron and Randazzo, 2003
~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
AND
of a totalitarian and dictatorial regimeand#34; (Mohan 1982, 110).1

Solves global wars,

Epstien et al, 2007
~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
AND
as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25

Second, Links to politics- causes massive controversy

Goldsmith 13
(Jack, Lawfare, and#34;More on Drone Shift from CIA to DOD,and#34; March 21, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/more-on-drone-shift-from-dod-to-cia/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/more-on-drone-shift-from-dod-to-cia/) /wyo-mm
Following up on Wells’ post, I increasingly think that the shift in drone authorities
AND
details here) could have large consequences for the success of any shift.

3rd, counterplan links to politics

Schier 9 
~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,and#34;Understanding the Obama Presidency,and#34; The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences. 

Sig Strikes CP

plan functionally erases signature strikes

Cohen 13
(Adam, Program assistant, Friends Committee on National Legislation, Huffington Post, and#34;One Step Closer to Meaningful Oversight of International Targeted Killing,and#34; March 30, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-cohen/drone-killings-hearing_b_3180495.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-cohen/drone-killings-hearing_b_3180495.html) /wyo-mm
We also learned from this hearing that there is near-unanimous consent for a
AND
meaningful transparency and accountability. We must move quickly to take the next.

Fifth, Signature strikes are good and don’t risk civilian casualties when intelligence is effectively used strikes can kill high value targets

Greg Miller, Washington Post, and#34;CIA seeks new authority to expand Yemen drone campaign,and#34; April 18, 2012.
Proponents of the plan said improvements in U.S. intelligence collection in Yemen
AND
— based on the location and number of security operatives surrounding the site.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northern Iowa Shew-Simonson | Judge: Thomas

1AC

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted murder orders.

2AC

~~ WM – plan restricts targeted murders - murder means killing

Bing Dictionary
Definition of murder
mur•der
~ múrd?r ~
1.crime of killing somebody: the crime of killing another person deliberately and not in self-defense or with any other extenuating circumstance recognized by law

rendering visible the impacts policymaking has on non-western bodies allows an inclusion of their voices into policy praxis that solves a risk of a link

Turner et al 08
(Nancy J., Robin Gregory, Cheryl Brooks, Lee Failing and Terre Satterfield, Ecology and Society, "From Invisibility to Transparency: Identifying the Implications," 2008, Jstorwyo-mm)
This paper has explored a range of issues related to¶ the need for a
AND
¶ were previously felt to be "intangible" or¶ "invisible."

fourth, the squo is worse- not locating the enemy allows uses signature strikes that decimate mass amounts of civilians- drones most moral technology

Brooks 13
(Rosa, law professor at Georgetown University, fellow at the New America Foundation and former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Georgetown University Law Center, "Drones and Cognitive Dissonance," 2013, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=226626context=facpub-http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=226626context=facpub) /wyo-mm
For many on the political left (and more than a few in the middle
AND
, at vehicle checkpoints, or as a result of close air support?

Preventing extinction needs to come first

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Second, perm do both- Spanos’ demand for purity ensures his marginalization and forecloses on coalition building – only the perm offers a way out

Perkin ’93
~J. Russell, Prof. English @ St. Mary’s, "Theorizing the Culture Wars," Postmodern Culture 3: 3, 1993, Museuwyo~
My final criticism is that Spanos, by his attempt to put all humanists into
AND
" (192), and endorses a coalition of liberalism and the left.

Fourth, no risk of endless warfare from American exceptionalism-

Gray 7
Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

1. Perm do both

Richard Rorty, Professor of Humanities, University of Virginia, Truth, Politics, and Postmodernism, Spinoza Lectures, 1997, p. 51-2
This distinction between the theoretical and the practical point of view is often drawn by
AND
But we have been given no reason to stop hoping to get lucky.

Replacing words with other words does nothing and leaves aggressive attitudes intact

Zizek ’97
~Slavoj, Moving away from the darkness, The Plague of Fantasies, New York: Verso, 1997, 111-2uwyo-ajl~
In his formidable Fear in the Occident,7 Jean Delumeau draws attention to the
AND
is that it functions as an autonomous act of dismissing the aggressive sting.

They create hierarchies in language that makes their impact inevitable

Bleiker 2003  (Roland, Professor of International Relations Harvard and Cambridge, Discourse
and Human Agency, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. p. 27-28 UWYO KB)
’It is within discourse,’ one of Foucault’s much rehearsed passages (1976
AND
saturated with reason that their emergence out of unreason thereby becomes improbable.’

Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making—-avoids cooption

Laura K. Donohue 13, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11, "National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations", http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Our interpretation makes participation in policy decisions by those without their hands on the levers of power possible

Hickman, 12
~Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, "Citizen Participation: more or less?" Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fi26page=hickman_28_6~~ /Wyo-MB
Lippmann, and the Roberts Court. In his 1927 book The Public and Its
AND
to public problems and experts who can advise those representatives on technical matters.

We can challenge those with their hands on the levers of power—the Aff’s education is key to deliberative democracy and developing informed citizenry

Hickman, 12
~Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, "Citizen Participation: more or less?" Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fi26page=hickman_28_6~~ /Wyo-MB
How can preclusionary decisions be justified? In their 2004 book Why Deliberative Democracy?,
AND
disenfranchisement. The answer is more education and thus an enlarged deliberative democracy.

Perm solves—should look at state and individual experience they are entangled together

Little 2002 (Adrian, Ph.D from Queen’s University Belfast, "The politics of community: theory and practice",  Google Book, UWYO KB)
The implications of the variations mentioned above are manifold in theoretical terms but it is
AND
be constituted by communities that individuals choose to belong to (Kukathas 1996).

And, the aff is a gift of justice that enables community building

Vaughan 1999 (Genevieve went to Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania and later attended graduate school at the University of Texas, "Gift giving and the goddess A philosophy for social change" Avalon Magazine http://www.gift-economy.com/articlesAndEssays/giftAndGoddess.html UWYO KB)
Over the years I developed a theory of language as gift giving in contrast to
AND
is also a lack of altruism and gift giving is defeated once more.

Perm solves

Little 2002 (Adrian, Ph.D from Queen’s University Belfast, "The politics of community: theory and practice",  Google Book, UWYO KB)
Community is a key ingredient in the complex matrix of social organisation and individual self
AND
community and the problems that emerge in practically applying it in contemporary politics.

Focusing on epistemology or ontology selfishly ignores real world problems

Jarvis, 2K – Prof Philosophy @ U South Carolina (Darryl, Studies in International Relations, "International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism", pg. 2)
While Hoffmann might well be correct, these days one can neither begin nor conclude
AND
," where novelty has itself become "an appropriate form of scholarship."5

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Al Hiland

"Statutory restrictions" can mandate judicial review, but are enacted by congress

Mortenson 11 (Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, "Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524," Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377)
At least two of Yoo’s main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential
AND
(III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).

And, Restrictions are legal limitations on activities

Law.Com 9
("restriction", The People’s Law Dictionary by Gerald and Kathleen Hill (legal writers), http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=183526bold=restrict-http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=183526bold=restrict, accessed 9-9-9)
restriction
n. any limitation on activity, by statute, regulation or contract provision. In multi-unit real estate developments, condominium and cooperative housing projects managed by homeowners’ associations or similar organizations, such organizations are usually required by state law to impose restrictions on use. Thus, the restrictions are part of the "covenants, conditions and restrictions" intended to enhance the use of common facilities and property which are recorded and incorporated into the title of each owner.

Second, can’t solve blowback- drones key to winning the war on terror-

Crandall, 2012
~Carla, Law Clerk to the Honorable Laura Denvir Stith, Supreme Court of Missouri and the author was previously employed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, READY . . . FIRE . . . AIM21 A CASE FOR APPLYING AMERICAN DUE PROCESS PRINCIPLES BEFORE ENGAGING IN DRONE STRIKES, April, 2012 Florida Journal of International Law 24 Fla. J. Int’l L. 55, Lexis~ /Wyo-MB
As important as these developments were to the burgeoning of drones, it was not
AND
which divert~ed~ their energy from planning new attacks." n36¶

And can’t solve judicial independence, amendments undermine court legitimacy

Sullivan 96
(Kathleen, Professor of Law at Stanford University, January, "Constitutional Constancy: Why Congress Should Cure Itself of Amendment Fever", 17 Cardozo L. Rev. 691, Lexis)
Increasing the frequency of constitutional amendment would undermine the respect and legitimacy the Court now
AND
only four times in order to overrule the Supreme Court is worth remembering.

And no solvency- Courts would roll back the amendment

Sullivan 96
(Kathleen, Professor of Law at Stanford University, January, "Constitutional Constancy: Why Congress Should Cure Itself of Amendment Fever", 17 Cardozo L. Rev. 691, Lexis)
As a second illustration of the problem of amendments inconsistent with the Constitution, consider
AND
is at least an additional argument for keeping amendments to an essential minimum.

1^st, Debates on drone courts now—legislation being written and proposed—thumps the disad

Wolverton, 3-12-13
~Joe, professor of American Government at Chattanooga State and was a practicing attorney until 2009, Federal Courts Rubber Stamp Federal Spying, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/05/12/federal-courts-rubber-stamp-federal-spying/comment-page-1/~~23.UfqaW2T70bh~~ /Wyo-MB
Although certainly not one to recognize checks on the executive, the White House indicated
AND
similar proposals made by legal experts were being kicked around on Capitol Hill.¶

2^nd, Link turn drone courts popular in congress—particularly with Feinstein and King

Hosenball, 2-8-2013
~Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209~~ /Wyo-MB
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama’s claim that he
AND
least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive."

Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties

Tate 13
(Curits, Mcclatchy Newspapers, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein presses her decades-long crusade on guns," March 10, 2013, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html~~23.Uhp4YpKThSQ-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html) /wyo-mm
Feinstein is a veteran lawmaker who knows how to work behind the scenes and across
AND
, but she’s also very able at finding common ground and solving problems." 

3^rd, Link turn – plan popular in congress

Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. "Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikes" 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards," the senators wrote.

4^th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins

Hirsh, 2013
~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."

5^th, Obama wont spend PC and he won’t be effective if he does

Jay Cost, staff writer, 2-11-2013, "Obama the Bargainer," The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/obama-bargainer_699205.html?page=1
Thus, with the festivities finished and the glow of the inauguration fading, it
AND
help in whipping his party and negotiating a compromise with the other side.

1^st, Pres powers low now—Syria decision undermined Obama’s presidential powers

Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13
~David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html~~ /Wyo-MB
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.

2^nd, A multitude of other actors hamper presidential flexibility—thumps the disad

Rozell 12
(Mark Rozell, Professor of Public Policy, George Mason University, "From Idealism to Power: The Presidency in the Age of Obama" 2012, http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/-http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/, KB)
A substantial portion of Goldsmith’s book presents in detail his case that various forces outside
AND
little understanding of the broader implications of tying down the president with legalisms.

And, the link turn outweighs the link—Judicial oversight serves to legitimize executive decisions

Kwoka 11
(Lindsay, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D, Journal of Constitutional Law, "Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror," 2011, Lexis) /wyo-mm
Providing an intra-executive process is not sufficient in the context of targeted killing
AND
necessary. A federal judge would not likely be subject so such influence.

4^th, Political power is not zero sum—no trade off

Read, 3-1-12
~James, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University, jread@csbsju.edu, Is Power Zero-Sum or Variable-Sum? Old Arguments and New Beginnings, Political Science Faculty Publications.Paper 4, http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100426context=polsci_pubs~~ /Wyo-MB
The specific question with which this essay is concerned is whether power – and ¶
AND
– as the zero-sum view (see Read 2009a; 2010).

War powers controversies cost the Court PC, empirically they have avoided the issue

Magee, 8
~James, University of Delaware Professor, "The Supreme Court, the Constitution, and Foreign Affairs," October 2008, http://www.udel.edu/poscir/faculty/JMycoff/tab2/ConferencePaperMAGEE.pdf-http://www.udel.edu/poscir/faculty/JMycoff/tab2/ConferencePaperMAGEE.pdf uwyo-baj~
When the Court confronted the Vietnam War, it ducked—very often. Even the Court
under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969)—until the current Court, perhaps the most activist
Supreme Court in American history—repeatedly without explanation denied review of cases
brought by young men challenging the constitutionality of an undeclared war escalating in
Vietnam.35 Politically alert, at least six justices could always be counted on to avoid ruling on
the matter; a minimum of four justices must consent to grant review of any case, and hence the
Court never officially faced that issue. The official resolution would inevitably have framed the
issue in those cases as a "nonjusticiable political question," an exercise of one of the "passive
virtues" of which Professor Bickel was so fond for keeping the Court out of trouble. The Warren
Court had another agenda—indeed, many—regarding civil rights and liberties and barely enough
political capital to move that agenda forward.

SO2 plays a primary role in global warming

Ward 9
~Peter L., geophysicist, "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways
Notes for Science Writers," Teton Tectonics, February 9, 2009, http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/Notes20For20Science20Writers.pdf-http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/Notes For Science Writers.pdf uwyo-baj~
The recognition that sulfur dioxide appears to play the primary role in initiating climate change
AND
used especially by ships traversing our oceans should also be a high priority. 

Warming threatens the existence of humanity: destroys biodiversity in multiple environments, increases the probability of violent natural disasters, and kills agriculture production

Srivastava 11
(Ashnu Srivastava is a frequent writer for the Journal of International Environmental Application. "Impact of Global Warming on Flora and Fauna" April-June 2011. Proquestwyoccd)
Pollution is the real threat to mankind, as we emit contaminants into the environment
AND
environment. Violent storms and other extreme climate carrying deadly diseases occur frequently.

1. Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient

Bazzle 12
(Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, "Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror," 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
AND
an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.

Judicial review is essential to judicial independence

Gerber, 2007
~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
AND
they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.

Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation

Herron and Randazzo, 2003
~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
AND
of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime" (Mohan 1982, 110).1

Solves global wars,

Epstien et al, 2007
~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
AND
as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25

And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
U.S. citizens, there must be a degree of inter-branch
AND
interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105

3rd, counterplan links to politics

Schier 9 
~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences. 

5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Weber State Butterfield-Shoell | Judge: Dunn

And, Terror threat high and getting stronger

Boerma, 8-11-13
~Lindsay, CBS news, U.S. still on terror alert as embassies reopen, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3460_162-57598021/u.s-still-on-terror-alert-as-embassies-reopen/~~ /Wyo-MB
The U.S. government was and#34;absolutely notand#34; overreacting by closing 19
AND
of connecting the dots - this was clear, explicit intelligence and evidence.and#34;

only the plan creates an effective targeted killing framework that is essential to counterterrorism

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy, and policy
AND
killing provides the nation state with significant advantages in the context of counterterrorism.

Judicial oversight key to solve counterterror efforts- Guantanamo proves

O’Neil 11
(Robert, Houston Law Review, and#34;The Price of Purity: Weakening the Executive Model of the United States’ Counter-Terror Legal System,and#34; Winter 2011, Lexiswyo-mm)
While providing for judicial review may not make sense in every anti-terror context
AND
analysis of what was to be gained by the President’s detention policies. n155

Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts

Alford, 2011 
~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB
The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet
AND
of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶ 

And, Drones are inevitable

Henning, 2-20-12
~Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are and#34;in
AND
polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶ 

And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is to maintain morality in war and undermine the video-game like effect of killing targets with drones

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that
AND
target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.

And, the perm solves should combine both criticism to search for similarities

Miller, 13
~Anna Lenkas, independent journalist on the Middle East, Global Comment feature writer, and#34;Trayvon Martin, Abdulrahman al-Aulaqi and Observing Drone Policy Through A White Lens,and#34; Global Comment, August 1, 2013, http://globalcomment.com/trayvon-martin-abdulrahman-al-aulaqi-and-observing-drone-policy-through-a-white-lens/ uwyo-baj~
And it isn’t fair to minimize this pain for anyone—whether they are Black
AND
state that is killing our relatives and loved ones with our tax dollars.
e
4th, Racism not the root cause of all violence
Mertus 99
 (Professor Julie Mertus is the co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions. She is the author or editor of ten books, including Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, named and#34;human rights book of the yearand#34; by the American Political Science Association) and, most recently Human Rights Matters: Local Politics and National Human Rights Institutions and The United Nations and Human Rights. Before entering academia, she worked as a researcher, writer and lawyer for several human rights and humanitarian organizations., J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University,  International Council on Human Rights Policy, and#34;THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICTand#34;, http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf)
This paper examines the role of racism as a cause of or factor in wars
AND
as a method of gaining power and, when necessary, waging war. 

6th, the alt fails—just adds a voice to the mix—doesn’t challenge assumptions

Shome, 1996
~Raka, Doctoral candidate at univ of Georgia, and#34;Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An and#34;otherand#34; view.and#34; Communication theory, Vol. 6 issue 1, February, 40-59, Accessed Online via Wiley Online Library,~ /Wyo-MB
In fact, even when we do sometimes try to break out of the Eurocen
AND
we fre- quently use the canon to appropriate and#34;otherand#34; voice^.^

7th, the aff draws attention to American problems—doesn’t mask racism

Belton, 7-23-13
~Danielle, Cornel West Calls Obama A and#34;Global George Zimmerman,and#34; Internet Yawns, http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2013/07/cornel-west-calls-obama-a-global-george-zimmerman-internet-yawns/~~ /Wyo-MB
In the latest bit of and#34;oh, it’s Tuesday again?and#34; scholar and budding
AND
– completely screwed up and in the pocket of the military industrial complex.and#34;

, Racism not the root cause of all violence

Mertus 99
 (Professor Julie Mertus is the co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions. She is the author or editor of ten books, including Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, named and#34;human rights book of the yearand#34; by the American Political Science Association) and, most recently Human Rights Matters: Local Politics and National Human Rights Institutions and The United Nations and Human Rights. Before entering academia, she worked as a researcher, writer and lawyer for several human rights and humanitarian organizations., J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University,  International Council on Human Rights Policy, and#34;THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICTand#34;, http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf)
This paper examines the role of racism as a cause of or factor in wars
AND
as a method of gaining power and, when necessary, waging war. 

Consq

Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Scenario planning is good. In a catastrophe-ridden world—it’s vital to make predictions about the future.

Kurasawa, 2004
~Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology at York University, and#34;Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention
and the Work of Foresight.and#34; 2004, Constellations, Vol. 11, No. 4~
Independently of this room for maneuver and the chances of success. Humanitarian, environmental
AND
us, we come to be more concerned about the here and now.

Their refusal to defend the consequences of the plan replicates a totalitarian disregard for life – they sacrifice political responsibility on the altar of morality, which turns the case.

Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Summer 2002, Social Research, and#34;Hannah Arendt on human rights and the limits of exposure, or why Noam Chomsky is wrong about the meaning of Kosovoand#34;
What does Arendt mean here? She does not attribute primary responsibility, either causal
AND
plurality of the world (see Arendt, 1971: 50-54).

Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power

John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2.
The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business
AND
the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.

There is always value to life, it is subjective—can’t determine for others

Schwartz 2004
~and#34;A Value to Life: Who Decides and How?and#34; www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf~
Those who choose to reason on this basis hope that if the quality of a
AND
imperative that we must treat persons as rational and as ends in themselves.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Western Connecticut State Adams-Escoffery | Judge: Winfrey

Perm do both- the scenario planning of the aff can happen analogously to the thought process within dance

P.H. Liotta, Jerome E. Levy Cahir, Economic Geography and National Security, Naval War College and Timothy E. Somes, Professor Emeritus, "The Art of Perceiving Scenarios and the Future," NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW v. 56 n. 4, Autumn 2003, http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2003/Autumn/cy1-a03.htm-http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2003/Autumn/cy1-a03.htm.

The relationship between driving forces, predetermined elements, and critical uncertainties is complex,
AND
flexible enough to consider plausible alternatives and possibilities we might not otherwise consider. 

Preventing extinction needs to come first

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

The Aff’s focus on deliberative approaches to public policy makes participation in policy decisions by those without their hands on the levers of power possible

Hickman, 12
~Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, "Citizen Participation: more or less?" Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fi26page=hickman_28_6~~ /Wyo-MB
Progressives such as John Dewey have tended to take a very different view from that
AND
to public problems and experts who can advise those representatives on technical matters.

Focus on language-discourse in the war on terror fails to create effective models for combatting violence, understanding war, and history proves there’s no causality between language and war

Rodwell, 05
(Jonathan, PhD student at Manchester Met. researching the U.S. Foreign Policy, "Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson," 2005, http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm-http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm) /wyo-mm

However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his
AND
analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism

Phelan 96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded, documented, or otherwise participate in the circulation of representations of representations: once it does so, it becomes something other than performance. To the degree that performance attempts to enter the economy of reproduction it betrays and lessens the promise of its own ontology. Performance’s being, like the ontology of subjectivity proposed here, becomes itself through disappearance.
The pressures brought to bear on performance to succumb to the laws of the reproductive
AND
only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism .

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)

Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
publication record is itself sufficient evidence of the success of their endeavor. n200
Certainly, publication of a best seller may transform its author’s life, with the
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205
IV. The Autobiographical Self
The outsider narratives do not reflect on another feature of autobiographical discourse that is perhaps
AND
whose claims to full individuality have often been denied by our society." n210
Precisely because it appeals to readers’ fascination with the self-sufficiency, resiliency and
AND
her individual desires and rights above the needs and obligations of a collectivity.
Moreover, literary theorists have remarked the tendency of autobiographical discourse to override radical authorial
AND
text’s political and social observations only as another aspect of the author’s personality.
Paradoxically, although autobiography is the product of a culture that cultivates human individuality,
AND
, rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-ODonnell | Judge: Winfrey

"Statutory restrictions" can mandate judicial review, but are enacted by congress

Mortenson 11 (Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, "Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524," Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377)
At least two of Yoo’s main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential
AND
(III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).

In the area of means a certain scope

Elizabeth Miura 12, China Presentation, prezi.com/tccgenlw25so/chin165a-final-presentation/
"in the area of" refers to a certain scope

And, their interpretation is terrible and arbitrary Restrictions and regulations can both be prohibitions or limitations—no brightline to their interp

Supreme Court of Delaware 83 (THE MAYOR AND COUNCIL OF NEW CASTLE, a municipal corporation of the State of Delaware, Plaintiff Below, Appellant, v. ROLLINS OUTDOOR ADVERTISING, INC., Defendant Below, Appellee, No. 155, 1983, 475 A.2d 355; 1984 Del. LEXIS 324, November 21, 1983, Submitted, April 2, 1984, Decided)
The term "restrict" is defined as: To restrain within bounds; to
AND
upon reasonable notice, to prohibit some of those uses already in existence.

Nuke terror causes extinction—-equivalent to full-scale nuclear war

Toon 7
Owen B., chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

No root cause – war causes their impacts

Goldstein 01
~Professor of International Relations at American University, 2001 (Joshua S., War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, pp.411-412) ~
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

The prioritization of method trades off with real world change and creates a vicious cycle that prevents concrete solutions to problems

Owen 02, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton (David, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653-http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.

Preventing extinction needs to come first

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Transition DA- Transition away from cap causes war and violence

Blackledge 10
(Paul, International Socialism, "Marxism and anarchism," January 5, 2010, http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=61626issue=125~’’Marxismwyo-mm)
With respect to the modern capitalist states, Marxists focus on the way they help
AND
idea that the forces of globalisation have broken the power of states.39

Second, Perm do both: anticap struggles undermine other crucial social struggles.

Martin 09
(Brian, Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong, Social Alternatives, "Nonviolent Strategy Against Capitalism,*" January 1, 2009, Academic Search Premierewyo-mm)

Capitalism is not the only source of suffering in the world. There are other
AND
precedence over other struggles, but instead should be one struggle among many.

Capitalism won’t fall: current economy too strong, no market pressure, and no currency rivals.

Bremmer and Gordon 12
(Ian and David, USA Today, "Global negativity and 2012: Don’t buy it: Fear-mongering is keeping investors on the sidelines. Ignore the hand-wringing — this is 1979," January 2012, ProQuestwyo-mm)

More important, the current state of the global economic and political environment makes it virtually certain that the U.S. will not face major market pressure this year. America’s long-term fiscal situation is troubling, but U.S. capital markets are still the world’s largest, healthiest and most liquid, and Treasury bills are still the safest global financial asset. The dollar has no credible rival as a reserve currency.

Capitalism solves war, creates peace and establishes stability

Bandow 5
(Doug, Senior fellow at the Cato Institute, "Spreading Capitalism Is Good for Peace," Cato Institute, November 10, 2005, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/spreading-capitalism-is-good-peace//wyo-MM)

The shift from statist mercantilism to high-tech capitalism has transformed the economics behind
AND
of conquest; globalization creates economic interdependence, increasing the cost of war.

Transition DA- Transition away from cap causes war and violence

Blackledge 10
(Paul, International Socialism, "Marxism and anarchism," January 5, 2010, http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=61626issue=125~’’Marxismwyo-mm)
With respect to the modern capitalist states, Marxists focus on the way they help
AND
idea that the forces of globalisation have broken the power of states.39

Zizek theories can’t be translated into praxis: he never attains a clear understanding of contemporary capitalism

Rothenberg 06
(Mel, Journal of Labor and Society, "Revolution at the Gates," February 17, 2006, Volume 9, Issue 1, Wiley Online Librarywyo-mm)
Thus the evolution of Lenin’s strategic conception thoroughly rested on the political-economic analysis
AND
no viable international revolutionary project, despite widespread chaos, misery and war.

Zizekian analysis cannot be applied to the social field, despite claiming his theory of "The Act" has radical potential, it only results in identification with the problem – not a solution to it.

Robinson 2010 
(Andrew, PhD in Political Theory – Professor at University of Nottingham, "Symptoms of a New Politics: Networks, Minoritarianism and the Social Symptom in Žižek, Deleuze and Guattari, Deleuze Studies. Volume 4, Page 206-233 July 2010, UWYO KB)
Hence, the concept is useful in making sense of contemporary conflict. On the
AND
social exclusion oralienation (Butler, Laclau and Žižek 2000: 100–3

Response to US first strike causes economic collapse

Federation of American Scientists, 2006
~Report:  Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning, http://www.nukestrat.com/china/chinareport.htm~~ /Wyo-MB
Whether STRATCOM rejects countervalue targeting or not, the calculations¶ cited above about the
AND
in fear of an¶ eventual Chinese retaliatory strike would deepen the suffering.

The result of the counterplan would be global nuclear war

Symonds, 2013
~Peter, US think tank report weighs up "grim future" of nuclear war
http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/05/01/csis-m01.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Cordesman’s analysis of North Korea makes clear that his central preoccupation is China—not
AND
risks than the nuclear balance with Russia and Europe," the paper concludes.

US-China war goes nuclear- and China would win

Johnson 1
Chalmers, The Nation, May 14, Wilson OmniFile: Full Text Select

China is another matter. No sane figure in the Pentagon wants a war with
AND
forward-deployed US forces on China’s borders have virtually no deterrent effect.

Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict- global wars

Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

China has second strike capability – and matches the US in nuclear arsenal power now, time for fast war has passed

Cabestan, 2012
~The Chinese nuclear arsenal and its second-strike capability Jean-Pierre Cabestan, Research Director at the CNRS and professor at the Hong Kong Baptist University, http://www.cesim.fr/observatoire/eng/77/chronique/~~

It is well known that China possesses a second-strike capability, but a
AND
by henceforth mastering, amongst others, MIRV technology (DF-41).

Nuke capabilities of US don’t matter – China has second strike capabilities- will crush economy and use other offensive weapons that make attack irrelevant

Dobbins, 2012
~James, 8-14-12, Conflict with China: What It Would Look Like, How to Avoid It, http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/conflict-with-china-what-it-would-look-like-how-to.html~~ /Wyo-MB

While China’s overall military capabilities will not equal those of the United States anytime soon
AND
does not shift dangerously against the United States over the next several decades.

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wichita State McFarland-Russell | Judge: Harris

"Statutory restrictions" can mandate judicial review, but are enacted by congress

Mortenson 11 (Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, "Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524," Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377)
At least two of Yoo’s main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential
AND
(III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).

And, Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.").
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

A restriction on war powers authority limits Presidential discretion

Jules Lobel 8, Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh  Law School, President of the Center for Constitutional Rights, represented members of Congress challenging assertions of Executive power to unilaterally initiate warfare, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power  over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol 69, p 391, 2008, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf
So too, the congressional power to declare or authorize war has been long held
AND
decisively ejected from Kuwait, a limitation recognized by President Bush himself.64 

In the area of means a ceratin scope

Elizabeth Miura 12, China Presentation, prezi.com/tccgenlw25so/chin165a-final-presentation/
"in the area of" refers to a certain scope

. And, their interpretation is terrible and arbitrary Restrictions and regulations can both be prohibitions or limitations—no brightline to their interp

Supreme Court of Delaware 83 (THE MAYOR AND COUNCIL OF NEW CASTLE, a municipal corporation of the State of Delaware, Plaintiff Below, Appellant, v. ROLLINS OUTDOOR ADVERTISING, INC., Defendant Below, Appellee, No. 155, 1983, 475 A.2d 355; 1984 Del. LEXIS 324, November 21, 1983, Submitted, April 2, 1984, Decided)
The term "restrict" is defined as: To restrain within bounds; to
AND
upon reasonable notice, to prohibit some of those uses already in existence.

Solving targeting errors solves the impact-

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Focus on language-discourse in the war on terror fails to create effective models for combatting violence, understanding war, and is largely useless

Rodwell, 05
(Jonathan, PhD student at Manchester Met. researching the U.S. Foreign Policy, "Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson," 2005, http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm-http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm) /wyo-mm

However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his
AND
analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model.

Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts

Alford, 2011 
~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB
The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet
AND
of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶ 

And, Drones are inevitable

Henning, 2-20-12
~Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are "in
AND
polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶

And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is to maintain morality in war and undermine the video-game like effect of killing targets with drones

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that
AND
target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.

Perm do both- Feminism is compatible with realism, the modern nation-state is less gendered than past feudal regimes, its universal norms have been the basis of women’s liberation
Lind 05
~Michael Lind – editor of the National Interest – 2005 Of Arms and the Woman, review of the Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War by Cynthia Enloe
http://feminism.eserver.org/of-arms-and-the-woman.txt accessed 11-20-07~

Then there is "the state." Here, too, there is nothing in
AND
city-states, tribal amphictyonies—were not even more rigidly patriarchal.
Completely missing from such an analysis is any acknowledgement that the successes of feminism have
AND
may be necessary to prevent mass slaughter—and mass rape, too.)

Working from within but against the state is key to success of feminist struggles- the state is multifaceted and we reform aspects of the state to fight against dominant discourses and masculinist policies
Rai 02
~Shirin M. Rai - professor in the department of Politics and International Studies at Warwick – 2002 Gender and the Political Economy of Development p. 204-206~

As we saw in chapter 5, for feminists, the nation-state has
AND
, we can begin to address the tension between feasible and transformative politics. 

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else
Kacou ’08
~Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184~

Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Lack of foundational knowledge in Fem IR makes feminism complicit with dangerous representations of what it means to be a woman, reproducing the conditions necessary for binary thinking and exclusion
Stern and Zalewski 09
~MARIA STERN, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg University, AND MARYSIA ZALEWSKI, Director of Centre for Gender Studies at University of Aberdeen. "Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization" Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journalsuwyokb~

In this section we clarify what we mean by the problem of sexgender and how
AND
and preventing) conflict, or simply into hopeful scenarios for our students.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas Jones-Segura | Judge: Vega

Terror

Status quo drone strikes in Yemen fuel AQAP recruitment and terrorism

Al Muslimi, 1-5-14
~Farea, The National, US drone attacks in Yemen protect no one but Al Qaeda, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/us-drone-attacks-in-yemen-protect-no-one-but-al-qaeda~~23full~~23ixzz2uw1rjRno~~ /Wyo-MB
The spontaneous public backlash against Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Aqap) was
AND
helping Al Qaeda in ways Al Qaeda could never have dreamt of itself.

Strikes destabilize Yemen and undermine the alliance and counter terror operations

Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and targeting errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

AQAP terrorism will use bioweapons- more deadly than nukes

Ehrenfeld et. al 13
(Rachel, Jill van Aalst, Olivier Guitta, American Center for Democracy, "The Growing Toxicity of the Middle East," November 11, 2013, http://acdemocracy.org/the-growing-toxicity-of-the-middle-east/~~23sthash.L8vAXoiK.dpbs-http://acdemocracy.org/the-growing-toxicity-of-the-middle-east/) /wyo-mm
Since 2010, US President Barack Obama has been briefed on the threat of biological
AND
would certainly present major obstacles to counter and control this in democratic states.

Causes extinction

Ochs 2002 
(Richard; Naturalist – Grand Teton National Park with a Masters in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers) "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately" 6/9 www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
 Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons,
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Newest developments take out all impact defense

Jordans, 2011
~Frank, Associated Press, 12-7-11, Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45584359/ns/~~23.UkkMV2T72Ik~~ /Wyo-MB
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
AND
nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab’s activities.

China

Drone prolif in Asian causes rapid escalation and war—lack of norms ensures drones will trigger great power war in the region

Brimley et al, 2013 *gender modified
~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB
It’s now been a year since Japan’s previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Executive unilateralism fails to solve the advantage—can’t overcome mistrust or generate international support

Goldsmith, 2013
~Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism~~ /Wyo-MB
A related sin is the Obama administration’s surprising failure to secure formal congressional support.
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

The plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas Jones-Segura | Judge: Vega

Terror

Status quo drone strikes in Yemen fuel AQAP recruitment and terrorism

Al Muslimi, 1-5-14
~Farea, The National, US drone attacks in Yemen protect no one but Al Qaeda, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/us-drone-attacks-in-yemen-protect-no-one-but-al-qaeda~~23full~~23ixzz2uw1rjRno~~ /Wyo-MB
The spontaneous public backlash against Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Aqap) was
AND
helping Al Qaeda in ways Al Qaeda could never have dreamt of itself.

Strikes destabilize Yemen and undermine the alliance and counter terror operations

Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and targeting errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Yes Nuke terror—their defense is wrong on every level

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear
AND
enforcement or the terrorists except to hope for or to guard against betrayals.

Terrorism causes nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

AQAP terrorism will use bioweapons- more deadly than nukes

Ehrenfeld et. al 13
(Rachel, Jill van Aalst, Olivier Guitta, American Center for Democracy, "The Growing Toxicity of the Middle East," November 11, 2013, http://acdemocracy.org/the-growing-toxicity-of-the-middle-east/~~23sthash.L8vAXoiK.dpbs-http://acdemocracy.org/the-growing-toxicity-of-the-middle-east/) /wyo-mm
Since 2010, US President Barack Obama has been briefed on the threat of biological
AND
would certainly present major obstacles to counter and control this in democratic states.

Causes extinction

Ochs 2002 
(Richard; Naturalist – Grand Teton National Park with a Masters in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers) "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately" 6/9 www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
 Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons,
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Newest developments take out all impact defense

Jordans, 2011
~Frank, Associated Press, 12-7-11, Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45584359/ns/~~23.UkkMV2T72Ik~~ /Wyo-MB
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
AND
nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab’s activities.

China

Drone prolif in Asian causes rapid escalation and war—lack of norms ensures drones will trigger great power war in the region

Brimley et al, 2013 *gender modified
~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB
It’s now been a year since Japan’s previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Executive unilateralism fails to solve the advantage—can’t overcome mistrust or generate international support

Goldsmith, 2013
~Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism~~ /Wyo-MB
A related sin is the Obama administration’s surprising failure to secure formal congressional support.
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

The plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

The best scholarship validates our theory of arms races – unless norms precede formal agreements, they’ll be ineffective

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

China’s drone proliferation will cause war in the region—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders using unpiloted aerial vehicles.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Ford-Glanzman | Judge: Wonnacott

1AC – Ban Drones

Advantage

Scenario One is Miscalculation:

US drone policy is destabilizing and causes increased likelihood of escalation and violent confrontations with drones as they lower the threshold for war

Kreps and Zenko, 2014
~Sarah and Micah, SARAH KREPS is Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell University. MICAH ZENKO is Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Next Drone Wars, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140746/sarah-kreps-and-micah-zenko/the-next-drone-wars~~ /Wyo-MB
During World War II, a top commander in what was then the U.
AND
emerging drone powers would adopt policies that reduce the prospects for violent confrontations.

Drones cause miscalculation that leads to war

Kreps and Zenko, 2014
~Sarah and Micah, SARAH KREPS is Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell University. MICAH ZENKO is Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Next Drone Wars, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140746/sarah-kreps-and-micah-zenko/the-next-drone-wars~~ /Wyo-MB
These obstacles will likely keep the number of drone powers low, but even a
AND
they would likely do more aggressively than if they were deploying piloted aircraft.

Escalates to war—probability, timeframe, and magnitude are on our side

Brimley et al, 2013
~Foreign Policy, SHAWN BRIMLEY, BEN FITZGERALD, ELY RATNER SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 The Drone War Comes to Asia How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia~~23sthash.EnOImSFu.dpuf~~ /Wyo-MB
But there’s a much bigger and more pernicious cycle in motion. The introduction of
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Scenario Two is Groupthink:

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Impact is nuclear war

Wright, 2003
~Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/~~ /Wyo-MB
A fascinating facet of Kennedy’s legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among
AND
, and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television.

The impact is empirically proven

Jervis, 4 (Robert, political science and international politics professor at Columbia University and a consultant to the CIA, The Record, 7/14, lexis)
But was that indeed what happened? "Groupthink" - identified in the early
AND
they consider the possibility that the group was on the totally wrong track.
Richard Nixon’s Watergate cover-up was in part maintained by the same dynamic. To many outsiders even at the time, it was obvious that the only way for Nixon to survive was to air the full truth early on. But the Nixon White House was a small group, closed-mouthed and predisposed to keeping everything secret.

Scenario Three is Violence at home:

The violence of drones abroad boomerangs to recreate oppressive practices at home – the foreign spaces "targeted" by drones serve as a testing grounds for technologies and techniques of militarization and security that spillover to police domestic urban spaces

Stephen Graham, Professor of Cities and Society at Newcastle University and previously taught at Durham and MIT, among other universities, 2010, Cities Under Siege: the New Military Urbanism, p. xiii-xvii
Such fantasies of high-tech omnipotence are much more than science fiction.¶ As
AND
security operations, is the second key feature of the new military urbanism.

Solvency

Thus, we demand that the United States Federal Government should statutorily prohibit the use of targeted killing using unpiloted aerial vehicles

*Trigger Warning* Some of the following cards make reference to drug use as an analogy- these metaphors have been struck through/will not be read because of their potential triggering nature- the content/context of the cards has not been altered*

Only Banning the use of drones solves—provides a framework for challenging American exceptionalism and violence—citizen debates over drones are key to solve militarism and targeted killings establishment of war as a norm in international relations

Flowers and Zeese, 2013
~Kevin Zeese JD and Margaret Flowers MD, 11-13-13, Armed Drones Becoming the Norm? At the Crossroads of Robotic Warfare, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20008-armed-drones-becoming-the-norm-at-the-crossroads-of-robotic-warfare~~ /Wyo-MB
The Crossroads: Which Path on Drones?¶ Fueled by the Military Industrial Complex’s drive
AND
a reality before robotic killings become entrenched and war is made the norm.

Academic resistance to drones starts from "Just saying no"—this is key to generate resistance to the impact of militarism in the academy—solves groupthink, drone violence and militarism at home

*We DO NOT endorse any of the "drugs" or "kick the habit" analogies made in the evidence below , so those analogies have been struck out/modified without changing content/context
Sparrow, 2012
~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB
It is difficult to find a figure for the exact percentage of robotics research ¶
AND
not the ethics of war in general but the ethics of particular wars.

And, resisting the logic of targeted killing in academic spaces is key to solve the drive for war—there is a direct connecting between resistance to drones in academic research and lowering the risk of conflict

Sparrow, 2012
~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB
Again, let me emphasize that my reason for discussing these matters here is the
AND
why engineers should "just say no" to military funding ~2~.

We as academics are directly responsible for what we say or don’t say about drone violence—this space is not neutral since we chose to debate the war powers topic—we have a responsibility to make the choice to say no to drones

Sparrow, 2012
~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB
 "A Searching and Fearless Moral Inventory"¶ Nothing I have said here is
AND
research may not be funded, and one’s career may be seriously affected.

Even unsuccessful demands to say no generate debate that is key to change

Sparrow, 2012
~Robert, School of Philosophical, Historical and Inter- national Studies, "Just say no" to drones, IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE | SPRING 2012~ /Wyo-MB
An Appeal to the¶ Engineering Profession¶ For this reason, the argument that
AND
perhaps deciding to prioritize other, less morally compromised, sources of funding.

Debating the law teaches us how to make it better

Todd Hedrick, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, Sept 2012, Democratic Constitutionalism as Mediation: The Decline and Recovery of an Idea in Critical Social Theory, Constellations  Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 382–400
Habermas’ alleged abandonment of immanent critique, however, is belied by the role that
AND
, without the triumphalist pretension of ever being able to fully do so. 

Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making—-avoids cooption

Laura K. Donohue 13, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11, "National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations", http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Even if the aff doesn’t produce activism it produces empathy with those who have been destroyed by drones, this empathy can help erode our prejudices, assumption and results in here levels of pro social behavior

Krznaric 11 
~Roman Krznaric, Writer quoting peer reviewed studies and studies, "Marilyn Monroe and the dangerous science of empathy", 6 April 2011, http://www.romankrznaric.com/outrospection/2011/04/06/735,
wyo-bb~
In one study led by Adam Galinsky from Northwestern University in the US, a
AND
not simply in what neuroscience reveals, but in what society can create.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Arsht-Markoff | Judge: Brovero, Stables, Weiner

2AC

First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.

Prefer this-

(_) A. Aff Choice, any other framework moots 9 minutes of the 1ac

(_) B. Its predictable, the res demands USFG action

(_) C. Its fair, Weigh Aff Impacts and method of the Aff against the K, it’s the only way to test competition and determine the desirability of strategies

And voter for competitive equity—prefer our interpretation, allows both teams to compete, other roles of the ballot are arbitrary and self serving

Preventing extinction needs to come first

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

The courts solve circumvention—they make all targeting illegal without court approval—means circumvention is impossible—that’s plaw

Obama will comply

NYT, 4-7-13
~Editorial, The Trouble With Drones, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/opinion/the-trouble-with-drones.html?_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Mr. Obama has promised to break down the wall of secrecy and work with Congress to create a lasting legal framework for drone strikes. It is essential that the administration not drag its feet so it can maintain maximum authority with minimum oversight. Among the proposals it should consider is some form of judicial review, like the special court that approves wiretaps for intelligence gathering, before it kills American citizens.

Obama will accept any restraints to his war powers

Rohde, 2012
~Steven, Constitutional lawyer, lecturer, writer and political activist, Will President Obama Restore the Rule of Law During His Second Term?, 11/19/12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-rohde/obama-rule-of-law_b_2159415.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Asked if "Congress prohibits a specific interrogation technique, can the president instruct his
AND
both unlawful (as the Supreme Court held) and "bad ideas."

First perm do both,

And, debating the law teaches us how to make it better – rejection is worse

Hedrick 12
Todd Hedrick, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, Sept 2012, Democratic Constitutionalism as Mediation: The Decline and Recovery of an Idea in Critical Social Theory, Constellations  Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 382–400
Habermas’ alleged abandonment of immanent critique, however, is belied by the role that
AND
, without the triumphalist pretension of ever being able to fully do so. 

And, legal restraints work- positive role in solving violence

Scheuerman 06
William E. Scheuerman 6, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Carl Schmitt and the Road to Abu Ghraib, Constellations, Volume 13, Issue 1
Yet this argument relies on Schmitt’s controversial model of politics, as outlined eloquently but
AND
to develop a legal apparatus suited to the special problem of irregular combatants.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Arsht-Markoff | Judge: Brovero, Stables, Weiner

2AC

Plan popular in congress

Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. "Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikes" 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards," the senators wrote.

Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins

Hirsh, 2013
~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."

They say t’here’s a 50 chance that it will pass- they have no ev that other extremeities will happen- there are mltpl versions of the bill-

K debates and restrictions coming now—defense bill

Bennett 2-19
~JOHN T., Congressional 26 National Security reporter, "McCain Vows New Fight Over Control of US Armed Drone Program", Defense News: Gannett Government Media, 19 Feb 2014 http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140219/DEFREG02/302190025/McCain-Vows-New-Fight-Over-Control-US-Armed-Drone-Program//wyo CTL~
A senior US lawmaker intends to renew his fight to require the Obama administration to
AND
a simmering congressional turf war between the chambers’ Armed Services and Intelligence committees.

Midterms thump the agenda—items will only be symbolic—no legislation will pass

Crittenden, 3-26-14
~Michael, Wall street journal, Senate Democrats Try to Change Subject From Obamacare, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/03/26/senate-democrats-try-to-change-subject-from-obamacare/~~ /Wyo-MB
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D., Nev.) and other top Democrats on
AND
push on issues such as healthcare and energy policy in the coming months.

No war

Massie 12
(Allan Massie is a Scottish writer who has published nearly 30 books, including
AND
flesh-creep-but-armageddon-isnt-really-nigh/)

Then we had our expert Finance blogger Thomas Pascoe in similar thank-God-
AND
away from a complete reordering of the Continent" is Fat Boy stuff.

Drone debates happening now—Feinstein had gotten the FAA to cover drones

Pasternack 3/18
~Pasternack, Alan: Editor-At-Large. "Small Drones Are a Bigger Privacy Threat Than the NSA, Says Senate Intel Chair." Motherboard. Motherboard, 18 mar 2014. Web. 20 Mar 2014. http://motherboard.vice.com/read/small-drones-are-a-bigger-privacy-threat-than-the-nsa-says-senate-intel-chair. Wyo-BF~
Dianne Feinstein has a bone to pick with drones, especially since she confronted one
AND
to protect itself from, among other things, PETA activists with drones).

1AR

Link uniqueness

TK debates and restrictions will happen over the defense authorization bill—link is inevitable—that’s Bennett

Debates over court regulation of Drones now

Bravin, 2-4-14
~Jess, Wall street journal, Gonzales Calls for Limits on Drone Strikes, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/02/04/gonzales-calls-for-limits-on-drone-strikes/~~ /Wyo-MB
Former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales is calling on the Obama administration to put limits on
AND
prohibits the government from taking a life "without due process of law."

Restrictions on the president coming now

Bream, 2-19-14
~Shannon, Fox News, House Republicans sign on to measure to stop presidential overreach, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/02/19/house-republicans-sign-on-to-measure-to-stop-presidential-overreach/~~ /Wyo-MB
As President Obama’s critics grow increasingly concerned about his use of executive power, they’re
AND
I intend to reverse when I’m president of the United States of America."

Drone debates happening now—Feinstein had gotten the FAA to cover drones

Pasternack 3/18
~Pasternack, Alan: Editor-At-Large. "Small Drones Are a Bigger Privacy Threat Than the NSA, Says Senate Intel Chair." Motherboard. Motherboard, 18 mar 2014. Web. 20 Mar 2014. http://motherboard.vice.com/read/small-drones-are-a-bigger-privacy-threat-than-the-nsa-says-senate-intel-chair. Wyo-BF~
Dianne Feinstein has a bone to pick with drones, especially since she confronted one
AND
to protect itself from, among other things, PETA activists with drones).

Midterms thumper

Nothing will pass before midterms—all votes on legislation will be symbolic jockeying for position—that’s Crittenden

Nothing will pass before midterms—super low probability

Friedman, 1-5-14
~Dan, New york daily news, Gridlock in Congress expected to worsen with midterm elections looming, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/congressional-gridlock-expected-worsen-article-1.1566718~~ /Wyo-MB
WASHINGTON — If you thought Congress was useless in 2013, just wait until this
AND
imagine that, and more bills being voted on just for political gain."

Nothing passes til after midterms

Todd, 2-21-14
~Chuck, NBC News’ chief White House correspondent, Shutdown: Both Parties Avoid Action Until After Elections, http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/shutdown-both-parties-avoid-action-until-after-elections-n35366~~ /Wyo-MB
After Congress passed a debt-ceiling increase — without any strings attached — we
AND
even March 1, and both parties are waving the policy white flags.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Arsht-Markoff | Judge: Brovero, Stables, Weiner

2AC

Plaw- takes out the impact- because terorrists have already gone to ground- and your link is about drone courts in the abstract- not FCOC-

little evidence that the incorporation of reasonable judicial procedures, such as those of the
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Terrorism doesn’t require rapid decision-making

Holmes, 9 - Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law (Stephen, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, "In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", lexis)

 ~*310~  Emergency-room emergencies are urgent even when they are perfectly
AND
the war on terror seems that much more tenuous and open to question.

Weakness perception now-

Crimea crisis, Syria enforcement failure, and gutting of defense budget all wreck Obama’s presidential powers

Thiessen 3/3
~Marc A., fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. Thiessen served as a chief speechwriter to President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and before that as a senior aide to Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Jesse Helms. "Obama’s weakness emboldens Putin," 03.03.2014.  http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marc-thiessen-obamas-weakness-emboldens-putin/2014/03/03/28def926-a2e2-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html//wyo-hdm~~
When President Obama declared Friday that "there will be costs" for any Russian
AND
strongly worded statements are not going to get Russian troops out of Ukraine.

congressional authorization vindicates Presidential decisions and enables him to act faster

Cronogue 12
(Graham Cronogue, JD from Duke University School of Law, 2012, "A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror," Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil)
Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably
AND
his authority will enable him to act quickly, decisively but also constitutionally.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Arsht-Markoff | Judge: Brovero, Stables, Weiner

2AC

1st, Counterplan can’t solve UN- need judicial review mechanisms that create a fair trial and legal proceedings to prevent unilateral action that makes human rights violations inevitable- that’s Alkarama

2^nd, can’t solve terror—extend Chebab—review from the executive doesn’t break free from groupthink that makes targeting errors inevitable—impact is blowback and terror

2nd, Perm do both

Perm—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president

Buchanan 2013
~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~
The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later
AND
not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.

3rd, counterplan links to politics

Schier 9 
~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences. 

4th, Counterplan can’t solve—extend Chebab, Judicial review is key to solve targeting errors and send a signal of international legitimacy—independent judges are best suited

Judicial review is essential to judicial independence

Gerber, 2007
~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
AND
they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.

Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation

Herron and Randazzo, 2003
~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
AND
of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime" (Mohan 1982, 110).1

Solves global wars,

Epstien et al, 2007
~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
AND
as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25

And, Executive reform fails

not neutral decision-maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making
Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
U.S. citizens, there must be a degree of inter-branch
AND
interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105

Can’t solve UN- preserving the right to life norms is key internal link to setting a precedent- breaking down that norms justifies any rule-breaking and violence because it doesn’t preserve the most basic human right, controls every other factor

It’s a question of who is modeling the UN- even if the CP functions in the US, it doesn’t set a good precedent for countries with centralized gvts like Africa

1AR

Their model will fail in democratizing countries

K. Prempeh, The only answer to the amendments counterplan on the courts topic, "Defying the Odds," Journal of Democracy 12(4), October 2001. 10.1353/jod.2001.0080
In many newly democratizing countries, political and constitutional reforms accompanying democratic and market transitions
AND
system of horizontal and vertical checks and balances — is considered a nonstarter.

No Middle East war

Salem 11—Director of the Carnegie Middle East Center. PhD from Harvard (Paul, ’Arab Spring’ Has Yet to Alter Region’s Strategic Balance, carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=43907)

Despite their sweeping repercussions for both domestic and international players, the Arab uprisings have
AND
shift in the balance of power or the basic pattern of regional relations.