Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Harris, Kurr, Walters
2
Focusing on racial politics trades off with a structural critique of capitalism
Wilkie, Assistant Professor of Cultural and Digital Studies – U Wisconsin-La Crosse, ‘12
(Rob, “Capitalism's Posthuman Empire,” The Red Critique Vol. 14, Fall/Winter)

Despite their differences, what each film relies on in re-writing the contradictions
AND
freedom and necessity, between the individual and the species" (84).

Capitalism causes inevitable crises, inequality, and dehumanization—the alternative is a class-based critique of the system—pedagogical spaces are the crucial staging ground for keeping socialism on the horizon
McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4
(Peter and Valerie, “Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’,” Educational Philosophy and Theory Vol. 36, Issue 2, p. 183-199)

For well over two decades we have witnessed the jubilant liberal and conservative pronouncements of
AND
memories. Its potential remains untapped and its promise needs to be redeemed.

Class-based resistance demands active praxis, making collective, cross-cutting demands on society—that’s more likely to transform structures of oppression than the stance of the 1AC
Frank, author, editor – The Baffler, ‘12
(Thomas, "To the Precinct Station: How theory met practice …and drove it absolutely crazy" http://www.thebaffler.com/past/to_the_precinct_station)

Occupy itself is pretty much gone. It was evicted from Zuccotti Park about two
AND
,” in which the experience of protesting is what protesting is all about.

Capitalism is the root cause of educational inequality—that’s the biggest impediment to participation in college debate because people can’t get their foot in the door
Sonti, graduate student – history @ UC Santa Barbara, ‘13
(Samir, “Going Back to Class: Why We Need to Make University Free, and How We Can Do It,” Nonsite Issue 9, http://nonsite.org/article/why-we-need-to-make-college-free-going-back-to-class)

After a three-decade free fall in state funding levels, US public higher
AND
the remarkable increase in economic inequality over the past third of a century.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Harris, Kurr, Walters
CASE
Trend lines prove the status quo form of political engagement works— this isn’t to say that everything is OK, but that falsifiable claims matter for assessing impacts AND that engagement can be effective  
Zach Beauchamp, Think Progress, 12/11/13, 5 Reasons Why 2013 Was The Best Year In Human History, thinkprogress.org/security/2013/12/11/3036671/2013-certainly-year-human-history/

Racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination
AND
paid off. It’s up to us to make sure they continue to.

Progressivism is possible, and it depends on effective decision-making, so T turns the case
Clark, professor of law – Catholic University, ‘95
(Leroy D., 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) 

I must now address the thesis that there has been no evolutionary progress for blacks
AND
of progress,' short-lived victories that slide into irrelevance." n51
Progress toward reducing racial discrimination and subordination has never been "automatic," if that
AND
occurred in the international arena, and were not exclusively under American control.
With these qualifications, and a long view of history, blacks and their white allies achieved two profound and qualitatively different leaps forward toward the goal of equality: the end of slavery, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Moreover, despite open and, lately, covert resistance, black progress has never been shoved back, in a qualitative sense, to the powerlessness and abuse of periods preceding these leaps forward. n52

Accessibility in the debate space is an empty act of tolerance that ensures that nothing really changes
Zizek 8
Slavoj, Institute for Social Sciences, Ljubljana, The Prospects of Radical Politics Today, Int’l Journal of Baudrillard Studies, 5;1 ellipses in orig 

Let us take two predominant topics of to day's American radical academia: postcolonial and
AND
of suffering and humiliation.2 Singer then provides the Darwinian background.3 

Anti-blackness isn’t inherent or ontological—it’s historically contingent and hence able to change
Hudson, professor of political studies – University of the Witwatersrand, ‘13
(Peter, “The state and the colonial unconscious,” Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies
Vol. 39, Issue 2, p. 263-277)

Thus the self-same/other distinction is necessary for the possibility of identity
AND
, as distinct from “subject” position based on a determinate identity.

The 1ACs confession of white privilege reifies anti blackness
Smith, associate professor – Media and Cultural Studies @ UC Riverside, ‘13
(Andrea, “The Problem with Privilege,” http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/)

Rey Chow notes that within this position of ethnographic entrapment, the only rhetorical position
AND
the Native, thus legitimizing and naturalizing the settler’s claims to this land.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Harris, Kurr, Walters
3
The ideal of community creates scapegoating and exclusion based on race, sex and class. Even radical reappropriation fails in this context – it’s best to ditch the concept altogether
Young 90
IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE 237-38 (1990).
Iris Marion Young (2 January 1949 - 1 August 2006) was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies 1 and the Human Rights program there. Her research covered contemporary political theory, feminist social theory, and normative analysis of public policy.

I have argued that the ideal of community denies the difference between subjects and the
AND
same time recognize and affirm the group and individual differences within the group.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Harris, Kurr, Walters
1
Your decision should answer the resolutional question: Is the enactment of topical action better than the status quo or a competitive option? 

1. “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
   AOS ‘04
    (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
   The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
   AND
   with dock g.  A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:"
   Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. “USFG should” means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ‘03
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action. That undermines preparation and clash. Changing the question now leaves one side unprepared, resulting in shallow, uneducational debate. Requiring debate on a communal topic forces argument development and develops persuasive skills critical to any political outcome. 

Simulated national security law debates inculcate agency and decision-making skills—that enables activism and avoids cooption  
Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf

The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Decision making—

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
AND
should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.

Engagement the law solves their impacts, even if bottom-up approaches are ultimately better
Andrews, associate professor of law – University of San Francisco, ‘3
(Rhonda V. Magee, 54 Ala. L. Rev. 483)

The following argument relies on a few important assumptions. The first is the assumption
AND
-slavery America, and the law itself will play a central role.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Harris, Kurr, Walters
They can also still use metaphors as long as they conclude with a policy – zero offense
Orly Lobel, University of San Diego Assistant Professor of Law, 2007, The Paradox of Extralegal Activism: Critical Legal Consciousness and Transformative Politics,” 120 HARV. L. REV. 937, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf

V. RESTORING CRITICAL OPTIMISM IN THE LEGAL FIELD
“La critique est aisée; l’art difficile.”
A critique of cooptation often takes an uneasy path. Critique has always been and
AND
constantly redefining the boundaries of legal reform and making visible law’s broad reach. 

The process of inculcating critical thinking is more transformative than their just demanding a stand
Catherine Fox, teaches writing at Iowa State University. Her research interests focus on feminist and critical pedagogies, critical race theory, and feminist rhetorics, 2002, The Race to Truth: Disarticulating Critical Thinking from Whiteliness, Pedagogy 2.2 (2002) 197-212

We also tend to acknowledge critical thinking only as an analytic form of thought that
AND
at solutions, question the consequences, and return again to making meaning.

That proves that process comes before product—inscribing a set ethical outcome at the outset destroys agency
Race and Pedagogy Project, University of California at Santa Barbara, 2005, Jay, Gregory and Gerald Graff. “A Critique of Critical Pedagogy”, http://bit.ly/11e8uXY

Jay and Graff argue that critical pedagogy is problematic because it claims to liberate students
AND
even for those with whom one is ideologically at odds.” (208)

Engaging the state is productive – otherwise they cede the political to the right
Donald S. Lutz, Professor of Polisci at Houston, 2K Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 36-7

The position argued here is that to the extent such a discussion between political theorists
AND
effective, by itself for marrying justice with power in the long run.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Harris, Kurr, Walters
ZIZEK

It’s a prerequisite to the aff—single-issue focus within capitalism means nobody will support the aff, it’s quickly transformed into multicultural inclusionism
McLaren, Critical Studies @ Chapman U, urban schooling prof @ UCLA, ‘1
(Peter, “Rage and Hope: The Revolutionary Pedagogy of Peter McLaren – an Interview with Peter McLaren,” Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n. 2, p. xlix-lix)

McLaren: Let me try. Calls for diversity by politicians and educators and social
AND
movement here in the United States known as the ‘new abolitionists.’

Identity is a useless starting point—capitalism will erase it if it becomes too effective
Saczkowski, PhD candidate – adult education and community development @ U Toronto, ‘11
(Thomas, “NARRATIVES OF VIOLENCE: THE RELATIONSHIP OF MASCULINITY AND
ABLEISM,” https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/30054/1/Narratives_of_Violence_tspace.pdf)

Eisenstein (1979) contends that a function of capitalism is to erase the experiences
AND
the experiences of people with disabilities, by negating to address their difference.

2NC ROLE OF THE BALLOT

We meet their role of the ballot—a Marxist pedagogy pedagogy is necessary for accessibility. 

The role of the judge is to unrelentingly critique capitalism.

This is a better method—Historical accuracy is critical to movement success because it dictates resources and prioritization—that’s McLaren—if we win historical materialism best explains racism then the alt is the only logical starting point. 

Even if we’re wrong about method—a broad-based intersecting approach to resistance solves best—class is a better rallying point because it enables fundamental changes to structure—that’s Frank

LINK

Race—prioritizing a discussion of blackness divorces cultural forces like racism from material relations of production. It divides the proletariat along the social fiction of race and naturalizes capitalist social relations by making collectivity impossible. 

Their call for accessibility in relation to racism IS the neoliberal individualism Wilkie critiques—it substitutes freedom from exploitative production relations for consumerism of new cultural perspectives within capital. 

Their ahistorical approach to labor relations ensures continual domination—our argument is not that race is artificial or unimportant, but that analyzing it in the context of production relations is more effective
McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4
(Peter and Valerie, “Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’,” Educational Philosophy and Theory Vol. 36, Issue 2, p. 183-199)

Moreover, it presents a challenge to those theorizations that work to consolidate ‘identitarian’
AND
one is situated in the capitalist global economy (Meyerson, 2000).6

Accessibility—mediated by capital—UDLs were a response to public schools defunding programs
AND
best for resolving accessibility—strong unions, reinvigorated public school systems—Franck 

We have a link to their particular focus on the debate space—that naturalizes the structures the determine debate participation
McLaren, Critical Studies @ Chapman U, urban schooling prof @ UCLA, ‘1
(Peter, “Rage and Hope: The Revolutionary Pedagogy of Peter McLaren – an Interview with Peter McLaren,” Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n. 2, p. xlix-lix)

Let me address your comment on universalism. Yes, the general critique of the
AND
theory that takes this factor into account. But I could go on….

Performance—Situating resistance within experience makes it impossible to build cross-sectional coalitions—the alt starts with an objective critique of capital, and uses experience to supplement that critique  
McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4
(Peter and Valerie, “Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’,” Educational Philosophy and Theory Vol. 36, Issue 2, p. 183-199)

Another caveat. In making such a claim, we are not renouncing the concept
AND
capitalist society in order to resist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy more fully.7

Resisting whiteness fails—alt solves better
Cole, Centre for Education for Social Justice @ Bishop Grosseteste U College Lincoln, ‘12
(Mike, “Critical race theory in education, Marxism and abstract racial domination,” British Journal of Sociology of Education, 33:2, p. 167-183)

What then are the implications for educational practice? Preston’s pedagogical solutions are the abolition
AND
socialism, is being considered seriously as a viable alternative to capitalism.14

2NC AT: PERM

You don’t get a permutation—the ROB establishes the criteria, so only one team can do it best—any marginal net benefit is sufficient to link turn their presentation—our role of the ballot also excludes it because our links prove the aff is anything but an unrelenting critique of capital. 

Footnoting---locating class alongside identity strips class of its concrete, socioeconomic nature
McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4
(Peter and Valerie, “Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’,” Educational Philosophy and Theory Vol. 36, Issue 2, p. 183-199)

In stating this, we need to include an important caveat that differentiates our approach
AND
subjective understandings of who they really are based on their ‘experiences.’

Starting points---must start from class, or else you misunderstand everything
Wilkie, Assistant Professor of Cultural and Digital Studies – U Wisconsin-La Crosse, ‘12
(Rob, “Capitalism's Posthuman Empire,” The Red Critique Vol. 14, Fall/Winter)

The economic tumultuousness of capitalism requires a constant turnover of ideological concepts which, on
AND
capital is not the locality of markets, but the globality of labor. 

The perm is ideological cleansing—foregrounding _ as the starting point for politics displaces a focus on materialism
Cotter, assistant professor of English – William Jewell College, former research fellow – Center for the Study of Women @ UCLA, ‘12
(Jennifer, “Bio-politics, Transspecies Love and/as Class Commons-Sense,” The Red Critique Vol. 14)

By theorizing love as a "bio-political event" Hardt and Negri understand
AND
copy—of the ideal form (Plato, Dialogues 477-495).

Cooption---capitalism incorporates any strategy that doesn’t challenge the system as a totality
Bjerre, assistant professor of philosophy – Aarhus University, and Lausten, associate professor of political science – Aarhus University, ‘10
(Henrik and Carsten, The Subject of Politics: Slavoj Žižek's Political Philosophy, p. 93-94)

Žižek’s point of departure is that the economy is not just one among different social
AND
to choose between Jay Leno and David Letterman or between Coke and Pepsi.

No redeployment—any inclusion of the aff truncates class
Markels, professor emeritus of English – The Ohio State University, ‘4
(Julian, “How to Stop Paying Lip-Service to Class—and Why It Won't Happen,” colloquium paper delivered at Ohio State University on Oct. 15, 2004)

Literary and cultural scholars now generally agree that where gender, ethnicity, and class
AND
And in today's North American academy deconstructions like these just ain't gonna happen.

ANTIBLACKNESS MAKES IT WORSE

Race doesn’t explain the evolution of slavery—the dominant planter class created a wedge between blacks and whites in order to shore up the labor supply
Alexander 2010 (Michelle, associate professor of law, Ohio State University, Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, former direct of ACLU’S Racial Justice Project, J.D., Stanford Law School) The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, The New Press 2010, pages 23-25

The concept of race is a relatively recent development. Only in the past few
AND
logic of their situation and sought ways to expand their racially privileged position.

2NC ALT

The alternative is to use pedagogy to develop concrete strategies of resistance to capitalism---a mix of critical examination of class conflict and political demands through collective organizing is critical to envisioning a socialist horizon that abolishes oppression—that’s McLaren and Frank. 

The alternative solves—a politics of class does not prevent fights against racism, but it acknowledges that materialism forms the basis for all oppression, which then is subdivided by individual and collective structures
McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D’Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, ‘4
(Peter and Valerie, “Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ‘difference’,” Educational Philosophy and Theory Vol. 36, Issue 2, p. 183-199)

We have argued that it is virtually impossible to conceptualize class without attending to the
AND
educators and theorists must cease displacing class analysis with the politics of difference.

As researchers and students, the question is how do we orient our scholarship? Starting with the correct topic of analysis is critical to imagine alternatives to the current system
McLaren, Critical Studies @ Chapman U, urban schooling prof @ UCLA, ‘1
(Peter, “Rage and Hope: The Revolutionary Pedagogy of Peter McLaren – an Interview with Peter McLaren,” Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n. 2, p. xlix-lix)

McLaren: Mitja, I like the way that you framed that question. The
AND
is social science – and politics – the way it should be practiced.

Class struggle in educational spaces is key
McLaren, Critical Studies @ Chapman U, urban schooling prof @ UCLA, ‘1
(Peter, “Rage and Hope: The Revolutionary Pedagogy of Peter McLaren – an Interview with Peter McLaren,” Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n. 2, p. xlix-lix)

McLaren: That is a point of real contestation among social theorists and political activists
AND
capital’s law of value as a central form of mediation between human beings.

2NC CONDO GOOD

We can kick arguments---key to fairness against critical affs – it’s tough to predict what they’ll defend, so we need multiple angles to pre-empt morphing.

Unfair debate’s bad because the neg never wins, and it’s POLITICALLY bad because there’s no REFINEMENT of strategies absent ENGAGEMENT.

Logic---multiple forms of scrutiny create the most rigorous truth test in any framework.  A demand for fixed commitment is a formula for groupthink.  THEY BAN BRAINSTORMING and contingent testing.

No limit to this argument—do we lose if we don’t read the same argument each debate? Or if we read different arguments in high school? They link too AND that means all arguments become ossified. 

They link—the aff doesn’t go for every 1ac argument in the 2ar. Argument REFINEMENT uses the arc of debate to logically advance positions—that’s important for critical thought
Lewis, professor of management – U Cincinnati, and Dehler, associate professor – College of Charleston School of Business and Economics, 2K
(Gordon E. and Ann, Journal of Management Education vol. 24 no. 6, p. 708-725)

Teaching with paradox requires “walking the talk.” If students are truly going to
AND
real education has happened” (Palmer, 1998, p. 94). 

*T
OV

The ballot should be used to answer the resolutional question–the aff must defend the normative idea that the federal government take topical action—

A limited statis point is key to decisionmaking—simulating federal government action is necessary to access a broad and contestable research base which is the only internal link to learning decision making skills—that’s Steinberg. This is not to say that the U.S. government is the best focus for activism or politics. It is only a device to discuss decisionmaking in this room.

Decision making turns the aff— 

Their vision of debate devolves into truisms–they could simply assert racism bad or sexism bad, which doesn’t create discussion– 

Topic engagement turns the case—engaging government debates on national security law teaches tools and expertise necessary to change war powers. Simulation uniquely inculcates relevant decision-making skills, which make activism AND government action better—that’s Donohue and Mellor

View this through the lens of the ballot paradox—if any issue is MORE IMPORTANT than debate, we think it SHOULD be discussed—but the ballot should be linked to the question of the resolution to channel debate’s competitive incentive into its primary educational benefit—this disproves their exclusion claims and means you can write you agree with the affirmative on the ballot which solves all their offense

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Harris, Kurr, Walters
4

War metaphors are coercive ploys that map social reality onto a realm of militarism
Nuri ’09 (Dalia, Political Studies Department, Bar-Ilan University and Hadassah College, Jerusalem, “Friendly fire: war-normalizing metaphors in the Israeli political discourse,” Journal of Peace Education Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2009, 153–169) 

Combining principles of peace education and political discourse analysis, this study dwells on one
AND
on a culture of peace and should be eliminated from any political discourse.
This article reports the findings of a case study of the war-normalizing metaphors
AND
the arenas available for shaping public opinion with respect to peace and conflict.
While political discourse on peace and war, as defined here, usually evokes political
AND

Salomon 2004; Cavin 2006; Friedrich 2007; Wenden 2007).4
Wenden (2003, 171) has succinctly summed up the crucial importance of ‘the linguistic factor’ in promoting a culture of peace:
Since ideologies are expressed in text and talk, albeit indirectly, and since discourses
AND
to deal with the problems of social...violence that challenge contemporary societies.
The current research fits this orientation.
The article opens with an overview of the conceptual framework and continues
with a discussion of the concept war-normalizing metaphors. Following the method-
AND
to encourage a peace-oriented rhetorical consciousness among political and military leaders.
The conceptual framework
War and peace discourses function as effective mechanisms for sustaining relations of control within a
AND
forthcoming) and many others. Manipulation is not only a linguistic device:
Socially, manipulation is defined as illegitimate domination confirming social inequality. Cognitively, manipulation as mind control involves the interference with processes of understanding, the formation of biased mental models and social representations. Discursively, manipulation generally involves the usual forms and formats of ideological discourse. (Van Dijk 2006)
The manipulative powers of political metaphors in general and war metaphors in particular will be discussed below.
Metaphors
Metaphors have traditionally been studied by scholars in the fields of literature, rhet- oric and linguistics. For many years, this area of study was considered inappropriate for the analysis of social and political events. Curticapean (2006, 17) succinctly described this attitude: ‘They were deemed incompatible with reason (because meta- phors get in the way of clear ideas and plain truth) or, at best, garments of rational thought (ornaments which decorate texts without affecting their meaning).’
Advances in cognitive linguistics altered the narrow perception of metaphors in the latter part of
AND
strategists stress the importance of controlling the metaphor’ (Thompson 1996, 190).

The internalization of militarism leads to pure war and extinction
Borg, Executive Director at Community Consulting Group, Graduate White Institiute Psychoanalystic Program, 2003, Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society 8.1 (2003) 57-67

Paul Virilio and Sylvere Lotringer's concept of "pure war"refers to the potential
AND
but we no longer have the means of recognizing it" (42). 

Vote negative to endorse the whole 1AC except for the statement that Kevon’s body has been targeted and killed.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 8 | Opponent: wake dl | Judge: 

1ac

1AC – Plan

The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President's war powers authority by prohibiting the use of offensive cyber operations.

1AC – Warming

Contention One: Warming
New multilateral warming agreements are being negotiated for 2015 – they require resolving disputes between developed and developing countries
Langley 13 (Claire, Research Associate at The Brookings Institution, 11/27/2013, "Climate Change Negotiations in Warsaw Result in a Timeline for Agreement in 2015," Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/11/27-climate-change-warsaw-cop19-timeline-hultman) 

Small steps toward an agreement on climate change in 2015 were made at the recent
AND
between the developed and developing country parties will widen over the coming months.
That requires US-China cooperation
Kerry 13 (John, Sec of State, 7/19/2013, "Getting The U.S.-China Climate Partnership Right", thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/07/19/2328571/sec-kerry-getting-the-us-china-climate-partnership-right/)

Today, it's not just our geopolitics that are changing — it's the earth itself
AND
example out of us. After all, Mother Nature knows no boundaries.  
Resolving cyber issues are key to that coop
Walker 13 (Tim, Writer for The Independent, 6/9/2013, "'Positive' US-China summit stumbles over cyber security", www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/positive-uschina-summit-stumbles-over-cyber-security-8651256.html)

A weekend summit between the US President Barack Obama and his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping
AND
refrigerators and other appliances, which is believed to contribute to climate change.  

The plan solves – prevents poisonous spillover to warming policy
Lieberthal 26 Singer 12 (Kenneth G. Lieberthal - Director @ John L. Thornton China Center 26 Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development @ Brookings Peter W. Singer — Director @ 21st Century Defense Initiative 26 Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy @ Brookings, " Cybersecurity and U.S.-China Relations" February 23, 2012, Brookings Institution)

There is perhaps no relationship as significant to the future of world politics as that between the U.S. and China. No other two nations play such dominant roles in critical global issues from peace and security to finance, trade, and the environment. How these two powers manage their relationship will likely be a key determinant of not only their own political and economic futures, but also wider global stability and prosperity.
In the web of relationships that have built up between the U.S.
AND
depend on the safe and secure operation of this globalized network of networks.
And yet, concerns over this domain have rapidly moved to the forefront of U
AND
, human rights, cross-Strait relations, and regional territorial disputes).
The underlying concern is driven by the fact that the malevolent side of cyberspace has
AND
even millions of computers externally controlled and often used for nefarious activities. 3
But even more important than the growing numbers behind the mali cious use of the
AND
with rapid and often unexpected consequences, so too is the negative side.
The Internet thus may have no formal state borders, but it is increas ingly
AND
72 governments, international institutions, corpora tions, and think tanks. 5
Such incidents have reportedly involved the unapproved copy ing and exportation of startling amounts and
AND
measured in financial terms, it would be the largest theft in history.
Despite China's own blanket denials of culpability in such actions, the perception is growing
AND
also can simultaneously lay the potential groundwork for future exploitation and attack. 7
In short, U.S. concern about cybersecurity has reached a fever pitch
AND
War between the U.S. and USSR of a past generation.
While the Cold War metaphor is certainly a flawed parallel, as scholars at Brookings
AND
.S. ever felt it suffered too dearly in the cyber realm.
Unsurprisingly, Chinese writers and officials have reacted angrily to the above narrative of direct
AND
release of more than 100 million Internet user names, passwords and emails.
Even more, many believe that China's systems are more vulnerable than are America's. 18 This assertion has merit, in part because greater use of "pirated" software by Chinese companies and institutions means that their systems typically do not get the same upgrades of protection to evolving cyber threats that normal buyers receive. Some estimate that 10 million or more Chinese computers are currently part of botnets. 19
Chinese officials and writers also assert that most attacks on Chinese computers originate in the
AND
. government agencies like the NSA are active and expert in cyber operations.
Finally, Chinese actors often express a sense of unfairness. Many feel that the
AND
global Internet, started out through a U.S. government mandate.
Whichever position one takes, what is even more worrisome is that such tensions and
AND
and Chinese circles as an indicator of a new level of threat. 23
Indeed, two scholars at the Chinese Academy of Military Sciences re leased a report
AND
can't be passive but is making preparations to fight the Internet war." 24
In sum, distrust of each other's actions in the cyber realm is growing between
AND
have a basically cooperative or antagonistic relationship over the coming several decades. 25
In traditional relations between two powers, the intersection of capability, vulnerability, and
AND
other to handle the major issues we collectively face in a changing world.
Warming is real and anthropogenic–best climate data and models
Mueller 12
(The New York Times, Richard A. Mueller, July 28, 2012, "The Conversion of a Climate Change Skeptic" Richard A. Muller, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of "Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines." http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=126pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=126pagewanted=all)

CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in previous climate
AND
the shape of the observed temperature rise and the known greenhouse gas increase.
Prefer scientific consensus
Trenberth et al. 12 (Kevin Trenberth, Sc.D, Distinguished Senior Scientist, Climate Analysis Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research Richard Somerville, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego Katharine Hayhoe, Ph.D., Director, Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University Rasmus Benestad, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute Gerald Meehl, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research Michael Oppenheimer, Ph.D., Professor of Geosciences; Director, Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Princeton University Peter Gleick, Ph.D., co-founder and president, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security Michael C. MacCracken, Ph.D., Chief Scientist, Climate Institute, Washington Michael Mann, Ph.D., Director, Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University Steven Running, Ph.D., Professor, Director, Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana Robert Corell, Ph.D., Chair, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment; Principal, Global Environment Technology Foundation Dennis Ojima, Ph.D., Professor, Senior Research Scientist, and Head of the Dept. of Interior's Climate Science Center at Colorado State University Josh Willis, Ph.D., Climate Scientist, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Matthew England, Ph.D., Professor, Joint Director of the Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia Ken Caldeira, Ph.D., Atmospheric Scientist, Dept. of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution Warren Washington, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research Terry L. Root, Ph.D., Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University David Karoly, Ph.D., ARC Federation Fellow and Professor, University of Melbourne, Australia Jeffrey Kiehl, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research Donald Wuebbles, Ph.D., Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois Camille Parmesan, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, University of Texas; Professor of Global Change Biology, Marine Institute, University of Plymouth, UK Simon Donner, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Canada Barrett N. Rock, Ph.D., Professor, Complex Systems Research Center and Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire David Griggs, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Australia Roger N. Jones, Ph.D., Professor, Professorial Research Fellow, Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Australia William L. Chameides, Ph.D., Dean and Professor, School of the Environment, Duke University Gary Yohe, Ph.D., Professor, Economics and Environmental Studies, Wesleyan University, CT Robert Watson, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Chair of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia Steven Sherwood, Ph.D., Director, Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Chris Rapley, Ph.D., Professor of Climate Science, University College London, UK Joan Kleypas, Ph.D., Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research James J. McCarthy, Ph.D., Professor of Biological Oceanography, Harvard University Stefan Rahmstorf, Ph.D., Professor of Physics of the Oceans, Potsdam University, Germany Julia Cole, Ph.D., Professor, Geosciences and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona William H. Schlesinger, Ph.D., President, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Jonathan Overpeck, Ph.D., Professor of Geosciences and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona Eric Rignot, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Professor of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine Wolfgang Cramer, Professor of Global Ecology, Mediterranean Institute for Biodiversity and Ecology, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France, 2/1/2012, "Check With Climate Scientists for Views on Climate", http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204740904577193270727472662.html)

Do you consult your dentist about your heart condition? In science, as in
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could also drive decades of economic growth. Just what the doctor ordered.
It's not too late—emissions reductions can avoid and delay catastrophic impacts.
Chestney 1/13/13
Nina, senior environmental correspondent, "Climate Change Study: Emissions Limits Could Avoid Damage By Two-Thirds," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/13/climate-change-study-emissions-limits_n_2467995.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/13/climate-change-study-emissions-limits_n_2467995.html, AM

The world could avoid much of the damaging effects of climate change this century if
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, transport systems and agriculture more resilient to climate change," Arnell said.
Warming causes extinction
Brandenberg 99 (John 26 Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233)

The ozone hole expands, driven by a monstrous synergy with global warming that puts
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Mars—red, desolate, with perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving.

Warming disrprotionately impacts oppressed populations
Burkett 8 (Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor of Law, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, "Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism," 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis)

The profound injustices that inhere in climate change's disproportionate effects are obvious, yet two
AND
of crafting solutions, "fair outcomes will only ever be coincidental."84 

This is overwhelmingly the case.
Cuomo '11
(Chris Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and an affiliate faculty member of
AND
," Hypatia 26 no4 Fall 2011 p. 690-714, AM) 

The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina made it plain that structural inequalities produced by racism can
AND
surprisingly, their vulnerabilities are also shaped by norms of sex and gender. 

Warming causes hydrogen sulfide poisoning—extinction.
Ward 10
(Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010)

In the rest of this chapter I will support a contention that within several millennia
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Planet Earth: the thermohaline current systems, sometimes called the conveyor currents. 

The state is inevitable and an indispensable part of the solution to warming
Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, "The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty", MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8
While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the
AND
at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17

It super-charges any other solution.
Cuomo '11
(Chris Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and an affiliate faculty member of
AND
," Hypatia 26 no4 Fall 2011 p. 690-714, AM) 

Due to the scale of change that is needed, individual and household reductions in
AND
toward better futures. Grand successes along those lines are needed very soon. 

1AC – Deliberation

Contention two – deliberation
Debate over the implementation of the plan is key to effective advocacy and decision-making in war powers – those skills overcome technocracy and improve political outcomes
Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf

The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.
It's specifically true for climate policy
Mitchell 10
 Gordon R. Mitchell is Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department
of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh, where he also directs the William Pitt Debating
Union. Robert Asen's patient and thoughtful feedback sharpened this manuscript, which was also
improved by contributions from members of the Schenley Park Debate Authors Working Group
(DAWG), a consortium of public argument scholars at the University of Pittsburgh that strives
to generate rigorous scholarship addressing the role of argumentation and debate in society.  SWITCH-SIDE DEBATING MEETS DEMAND-DRIVEN RHETORIC OF SCIENCE.  MITCHELL, GORDON R.1 Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs; Spring2010, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p95-120, 26p 

 The watchwords for the intelligence community's debating initiative— collaboration, critical thinking,
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challenge involves finding meaning in inverted rhetorical situations characterized by an endemic surplus of
heterogeneous content.
The skills acquired in the process of debating warming policy are necessary and sufficient to overcome political apathy and dissuasion
Herbeck and Isham 10
http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775-http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775
 Jon Isham
Associate Professor of Economics, Middlebury College
 In the fall of 1999, Jon joined the department of economics and the
AND

and the effect of local social capital on environmental outcomes in Vermont.
Herbeck, member of the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources and the Honors College.*edited

 Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere will require massive investments
AND
, including those on pressing issues related to climate change and clean energy. 

The inclusion of hypothetical impact scenarios supercharges the deliberative process by providing a normative means of assessing consequences
Larsen et al 9
    a KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy and History of Technology, Division of History of Science and Technology, Teknikringen 76, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
    b KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Division of Environmental Strategies Research, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
 Habitat International
Volume 33, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 260–266
Climate Change and Human Settlements
Climatechange scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures 

 In constructing normative scenarios a set of images are generated illustrating future ways of
AND
result, both the content sustainability and the capacity to act might increase.
Our heuristic overcomes disbelief and mobilizes public responses
Romm 12 (Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 "Best Blogs of 2010.? In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm ~2388 on its list of 100 "people who are reinventing America." Time named him a "Hero of the Environment? and "The Web's most influential climate-change blogger." Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw 241 billion in R26D, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT., 2/26/2012, "Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of 'Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages' on Climate", http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/~~23more-432546)

The two greatest myths about global warming communications are 1) constant repetition of doomsday
AND
by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture.

Adopting a mindset of scientific inquiry for climate change makes sense because it's a phenomenon uniquely suited to an empiricist methodology
Jean Bricmont 1, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, "Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism", September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf-http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf

Given that instrumentalism is not defensible when it is formulated as a rigid doctrine,
AND
but we would like to offer a few ideas that might prove useful.

We are not science, we use science – our method is the same one everyone inevitably uses on a day-to-day basis, just more rigorous
Jean Bricmont 1, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, "Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism", September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf-http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf
So, how does one obtain evidence concerning the truth or falsity of scientific assertions
AND
between the alternative theories if indeed they should be regarded as different theories.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 8 | Opponent: wake dl | Judge: 

2AC ROB

Prioritization claims are counter-productive and illogical – you should evaluate the veracity of the 1ac's claims about the world while embracing a plurality of (methods / ontologies / theories)
Andrew Bennett 13, government prof at Georgetown, The mother of all isms: Causal mechanisms and structured pluralism in International Relations theory, European Journal of International Relations 2013 19:459

The political science subfield of International Relations (IR) continues to undergo debates on
AND
have explicitly framed their approach as paradigmatic or programmatic (Hopf, 1998).
A second level of the debate involves post-positivist critiques of IR as a
AND
that the social sciences face even more daunting challenges than the physical sciences.
A third axis of contestation has been methodological, involving claims regarding the strengths and
AND
2010; George and Bennett, 2005; Goertz and Mahoney, 2006).
These debates have each in their own way proved fruitful, increasing the theoretical,
AND
, military intervention, civil and ethnic conflicts, and many other topics.
Yet there is a widespread sense that this progress has arisen in spite of interparadigmatic
AND
explanatory weight is carried by more fine-grained theories about 'causal mechanisms."
In this article I argue that those urging a pragmatic turn in IR are correct
AND
, and that reaches beyond IR to the rest of the social sciences.
I maintain that in order to sustain the genuine contributions made under the guise of
AND
social science disciplines in ways that allow both intelligible discourse and cumulative progress.
Alter briefly outlining the problems associated with organizing the IR field around the "isms
AND
discourses that have been inhibited by the scholasticism of IR's ingrown 'isms.'

DM Impact

Decision-making is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals

Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, '9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x) 

These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason,
AND
, and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens.

Perm

The oppositional nature of our two political strategies proves the perm is the best option

Kathleen Higgins, University of Texas-Austin, Philosophy Professor, Winter 2013, Post-Truth Pluralism: The Unlikely Political Wisdom of Friedrich Nietzche, Kindle

Progressives are right that we live increasingly in a post-truth era, but
AND
to meanings. Citizens have more freedom to create new interpretations of facts.
This proliferation of viewpoints makes the challenge of democratically addressing contemporary problems more complex.
AND
address our current difficulties, or to advance liberal values in the culture.
A new progressive politics should have a different understanding of the truth than the one
AND
and power affect our determinations of what is true and what is false.
In the post­truth era, we should be able to articulate not one
AND
us for creative formulations of alternative possibilities for concerted responses to our problems.
Our era, in short, need not be an obstacle to taking common action
AND
can agree to disagree and still engage in pragmatic action in the World.

AT: Climate Justice

Alt can't solve warming – it will misdiagnose climate problems and undermine pragmatic, feasible solutions

Christopher Foreman, Breakthrough Institute Senior Fellow, University of Maryland Public Policy School Social Policy Program Director, Winter 2013, On Justice Movements: Why they Fail the Environment and the Poor, Kindle

But beneath Naidoo's aspirational vision lies a diagnosis of what ails the poor and the powerless that is a good deal more problematic. "You have loaded our atmosphere with a carbon debt. Do not pass the bill to the continent of Africa," he wrote in an open letter to world leaders.
The theory of climate justice tells us that the gap between rich and poor and
AND
renewable energy in the developing world is the fault of the developed world.
There is, of course, no shortage of injustices that have been visited upon
AND
more costly than fossil energy, which is why they require significant subsidies.
Demands for climate justice too often ignore basic practicalities of energy, poverty, and climate change, directing our gaze away from the issues that really matter to the future prospects of both the global poor and the planet and toward issues that don't.
Huge swaths of the world have been developing over the last three decades at an
AND
, lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty in the process.
Contemporary demands for climate justice have been, at best, indifferent to these rather remarkable developments and, at worst, openly hostile. Some activists reject development and modernization altogether, lauding poor indigenous communities for living a simpler, more virtuous life in a closer relationship with nature. Others almost unavoidably find themselves reinventing archaic international Socialist tropes in the name of sustainability.
Neither posture offers much succor to the global poor. While our inclination to slap
AND
does much for constituencies in desperate need of economic development and affordable energy.
The technological, social, and institutional innovations that will be necessary to expand access
AND
not always clear which side of that struggle the movement is actually on.

1. The inspiration for our present-day proliferation of justice movements took root
   AND
   ascendant environmental movement appeared to divert the nation's attention away from their plight.
   The environmental justice movement changed all of that, providing a framework through which many
   AND
   "environmental justice," which sought to fuse classand race-based complaints.
   Research emerged to support the thesis and gained credibility among environmental journalists, who were
   AND
   executive director's job at the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
   Subsequent studies cast doubt on claims that polluters were deliberately targeting minority communities and that poor communities were disproportionately exposed to toxic waste. But by then the die had been cast. Toxic Wastes and Race fed a politically useful narrative and seemed intuitively on target.
   The concept of environmental justice was potent, since it implied a continuation of discrimination
   AND
   , encouraging agencies of government to accommodate this new brand of environmental concern.
   Environmental justice proved to be an important innovation for both the civil rights and environmental movements. It simultaneously injected a somewhat shopworn civil rights advocacy with new vitality, helped advance a national conversation about racial inequality, and brought new voices to environmental policy. Traditional environmental groups like the Sierra Club now had a way to reach people generally unexcited by the "hiking and biking" brand of environmentalism.
   Poorly funded local organizations came and went in response to NIMBY battles. But a robust movement endured, sustained by a combination of health fears, political mobilizing, government endorsement, energizing victories against potentially hazardous sites, and a supportive national network of sympathetic professors, students, advocacy journalists, and funders.
   Environmental justice also had real, if modest, impacts on environmental policy. Advocacy efforts raised the priority for research and assessment of lead, urban air pollutants, and other toxic substances. And by effectively targeting industrial and waste-permit processes, activists made industrial siting for companies like Shintech, the largest domestic producer of polyvinyl chloride, more treacherous.
   But other aspects of environmental justice advocacy were more problematic and would illustrate the ways
   AND
   for good organizing, it doesn't represent a particularly defensible public health prescription.
   People continue to speak of the region between New Orleans and Baton Rouge, for
   AND
   visible targets of outrage, could never prioritize the more abstract hurricane risk.
   Hurricane Katrina represents an admittedly spectacular misjudgment of the risks faced by low-income communities. But it is also just the tip of the iceberg. A long list of more prosaic risks - heart disease, smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, and crime, to name just a few - plague low-income communities and dwarf the concerns that have generally mobilized the environmental justice movement.
   Moreover, the environmental policies that have significantly improved health outcomes in minority and low
   AND
   come at the expense of community-of­color "sacrifice zones."
   Still, environmental justice activists were, from the start, on to something central
   AND
   has never had much success in improving quality of life in poor communities.
   Consider that after some two years of struggle, the town of Convent, Louisiana, finally fended off Shintech's proposed polyvinyl chloride plant when the company withdrew in September 1998. But while Shintech's corporate masters have taken their operation elsewhere, Convent remains desperately poor, its residents plagued by illnesses that rarely affect the affluent.
   2. Environmental justice set a template that other postmodern justice movements would follow:
   AND
   , the exploitation of the poor and nonwhite by the wealthy and white.
   Climate justice took this strategy to new heights, offering a framework from which virtually
   AND
   who suffer most from climate change have done the least to cause it."
   That same year, in a letter to Sweden's prime minister on the eve of
   AND
   owe their current prosperity to decades of overuse of our common atmospheric space."
   The claim made by Annan, Maathai, and other activists is not that global
   AND
   handle extreme natural disasters much better than poor countries do even modest disasters.
   The problems hanging over the climate justice agenda extend well beyond the difficulty of pinning
   AND
   current levels," they write, is impossible to achieve reasonable stabilization goals."
   Climate justice activists regularly argue that the West should compensate the Rest for past damages. But what is to be done about an emerging future where the lion's share of damages to vulnerable populations in the developing World is due to emissions from the developing world? If that world has not yet arrived, it will almost certainly be here soon.

2ac impact

Patriarchy's not the root cause

Bell, senior lecturer – Department of Politics and International Studies @ Cambridge University, '6
(Duncan, "Beware of false prophets: biology, human nature and the future of International Relations theory," International Affairs 82, 3 p. 493–510)

Writing in Foreign Aff airs in 1998, Francis Fukuyama, tireless promulgator of the
AND
essay unfortunately recur throughout the growing literature on the biology of international politics.

Their reliance on gender binaries to explain all violence is essentialist and wrong

Harvis, professor of government and IR – University of Sydney, 2K
(Darryl, "Feminist revisions of international relations," International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 162-3)

Critical research agendas of this type, however, are not found easily in International
AND
for understanding global politics if only because it can mean anything to anybody. 

2ac alt fails

Their deployment of strategic essentialism fails – creates false commonality that destroys political change
Stone '04 (Alison, Institute for Environment, Philosophy and Public Policy Lancaster University, "Essentialism and Anti-Essentialism in Feminist Philosophy," Journal of Moral Philosophy 1.2, 2004) 

An objection immediately arises to this strategic essentialist position. Any political strategy is effective
AND
from the descriptive essentialism which critics have plausibly condemned as false and oppressive.

2ac rage

The valorization of rage as a political leads to a vicious cycle of repetitive violence

Wenning '09 (Mario, Phd., Assistant professor of philosophy @ the University of Macau, "The Return of Rage," Parrhesia No. 8 pg. 89-99) 

The valorization of erotic emotions and virtues over thymotic ones is as old as philosophy
AND
than the reestablishment of justice and the fight against terror breed more terrorists. 

Perm is key – rage-filled politics capture the oppressed body in a state of precarious life and doom their dissent to an endless failure

Butler '03 (Judith, Maxine Eliot Professor of Rhetoric 26 Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, 2004, preface) 

"Precarious Life" approaches the question of a non-violent ethics, one
AND
is speakable and what is livable also functions as an instrument of censorship.

The aff re-instates a vilified form of feminism – rage is cast as the model of what NOT to be – reinforces cultural technologies of the self that cause female oppression

McRobbie '07 (Angela, Professor of Communications, Goldsmiths University, "ILLEGIBLE RAGE: YOUNG WOMEN'S POST-FEMINIST DISORDERS," Post- Feminist Disorders: Gender, Culture and Social Change, Ch. 1) 

In her account of melancholia and rage Butler is not talking explicitly about young women
AND
the heterosexual matrix, on the basis that she is now seemingly empowered. 

2ac offense

Their excessive male/female distinction causes the heterosexual complex to reaffirm its domination – turns case
Prasad '12 (Ajnesh, Australian School of Business, "Beyond analytical dichotomies," Human Relations May 2012 vol. 65 no. 5 567-595) 

A related stream of poststructuralist-inflected scholarship reveals how sexual identities that are predicated
AND
wholly dependent upon the patriarchal conflation of 'biological' sex and 'cultural' gender

 (Hird, 2004). As Pringle (2008: S112; also see
AND
, and desires are naturalized' (see Ringrose, 2008: 511).13 

1ar

eco fem

The alt fails – taking an ethical stance against patriarchal exploitation does nothing to alter material realities

Bina Agarwal 98, Professor of Economics, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, "Environmental management, equity and ecofeminism: Debating India's experience", Journal of Peasant Studies, 25:4, 55-95

How does the ecofeminist formulation hold up in the light of women's experiences in the
AND
, this was preceded by enabling them to interact with other women's groups ...

 Continuous interaction with ~the NGO's~ women staff has been another crucial input
AND
the central determinants of their response, as emphasised in ecofeminist discourse.38

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Bess-Rumbaugh | Judge: Lyle, Friend, Kall
1NC

circumvention

Obama circumvents the plan
Wolfgang 1/16/14
Ben, White House Correspondent for the Washington Times, "Little change expected in U.S. surveillance policy," http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jan/16/little-change-expected-in-us-surveillance-policy/

If the skeptics are correct, President Obama is about to embrace and endorse many
AND
the process, they have caused Mr. Obama significant foreign policy headaches.

Cred

No adventurism
Brooks 12 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry
AND
No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51

temptation. For many advocates of retrenchment, the mere possession of peerless, globe
AND
present much more argumentation and evidence to support their pessimism on this subject.

Congress can’t solve
Nzelibe 26 Yoo 6 ~Jide Nzelibe (Asst. Profesor of Law @ Northwestern) and John Yoo (Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law); "Rational War and Constitutional Design"; Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115; 2006~ 

A significant number of scholars have argued that the President remains more politically accountable than
AND
lion’s share of the electoral consequences of victory or defeat in war. n21
The benefits of delegating war power to the executive might be outweighed by a variety
AND
a President might seek personal glory in war rather than the national interest.
Arguments in favor of a requirement that Congress first authorize war, however, do
AND
the American republic than on national self-defense or presidential ambitions. n25

Crimea

No military response – not a NATO member and sanctions solve escalation
Pace 3-25 ~JULIE PACE (AP White House Correspondent); "Obama expresses concern that Russia will move deeper into Ukraine, warns Putin not to"; 3/25/14; http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2014/03/25/us-allies-seek-to-isolate-russia-moscow-shrugs~~
While Putin did not attend the long-planned Nuclear Security Summit, his provocative actions in Ukraine dominated the two days of talks in The Hague. Western nations have used their long-planned meetings here to project a united front in their dispute with the West, banking that diplomatic and political isolation might prevent Putin from launching further incursions into eastern and southern Ukraine.
Russia has amassed thousands of troops on its border near those regions, raising anxieties in Washington, as well as in other former Soviet territories. Obama sought to reassure some of those nations that NATO would come to the defense of any member of the 28-nation alliance.
"When it comes to a potential military response, that is defined by NATO membership," he said. "That’s what NATO’s about."
The West’s preferred method for preventing an escalation of the conflict continued to be economic sanctions, both on individuals close to Putin and the Russian economy.

Russia won’t go past Crimea and East Ukraine
Posner 3/27 ~Eric Posner (Professor at UChicago Law, co-author of The Executive Unbound); http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2014/03/sanctions_against_russia_why_everything_we_are_doing_about_crimea_is_completely.single.html; "What to Do About Crimea? Nothing.: Why all our responses in Crimea are wrongheaded and doomed to fail."; 3/27/2014~
A more straightforward reason for sanctioning Russia is to deter it from attacking other countries
AND
east—would offer Russia nothing but a guerilla war on foreign territory.

No escalation – disagreements remain limited
Weitz 11 (Richard, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor 9/27/2011, "Global Insights: Putin not a Game-Changer for U.S.-Russia Ties," http://www.scribd.com/doc/66579517/Global-Insights-Putin-not-a-Game-Changer-for-U-S-Russia-Ties**)**

Fifth, there will inevitably be areas of conflict between Russia and the United States
AND
of social communication, that will constrain whoever is in charge of Russia.

2NC

circumvention

Obama will signing statement the aff—hollows the restriction out
Jeffrey Crouch, assistant professor of American politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell, acting dean and a professor of public policy at George Mason University, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger, associate professor of political science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, December 2013, The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43.4

In a January 2013 signing statement, President Barack Obama stated that his constitutional powers
AND
some of the more aggressive forms of constitutional signing statements that impact appropriations.

Congress cant check use of force
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 6-8

The role that Congress plays in deciding whether a war is continued or concluded is
AND
response. Certainly, more empirical analysis is needed to answer this question.

LOL What a surprise21 The next two paragraphs say their view is outdated and that modern presidents are likely to circumvent
Barron ’8
David J., Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
AND
the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.
~Northwestern’s card ends~
Thus, as future administrations contemplate the extent of their own discretion at the "
AND
a workable alternative, such forgetting will be far less likely to occur.

case—cred

Obama solves
Kaplan 14 (Robert D. Kaplan is Chief Geopolitical Analyst at Stratfor, a geopolitical analysis firm, 1/30/2014, "Debating Rouhani in Post-Imperial America", www.realclearworld.com/articles/2014/01/30/what_rouhani_means_for_post-imperial_america-2.html)

The skeptical vision, because it believes in American dominance, actively considers an American military strike on Iran desirable if the talks fail. The Obama vision rejects the idea of a military strike because it knows just how difficult such a strike would be, and that the president would be blamed for all the things that could go wrong with it.
America, quite simply, has been an imperial power, whether it has intervened for reasons of state or for humanitarian motives. The Obama administration represents America’s first full-fledged, post-imperial presidency since before World War II.
The Obama White House is indicative of America’s exhaustion. It looks around the world
AND
closer to home in America’s own hemisphere — namely, economically resurgent Mexico.
The Rouhani skeptics are not exhausted, however. They ask in almost all of these cases why America can’t do more — much more, in fact. Some of these people are humanitarians. Some believe in muscular interests of state. Some fall into both categories. The toughest sanctions and interventions is what they are often about.
The problem with the Rouhani skeptics is that they are not cognizant of what Yale
AND
pose a regional security dilemma much worse than any that exists at present.

No impact – zero risk of entanglement
Hurrell 6 (Director of the Centre for International Studies at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford (Andrew, Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would-be great powers? (p 1-19), International Affairs, January 24, 2006)

The contrast with the United States is instructive. Much is made of the unique
AND
national interest might have made the later large and potentially costly interventions unnecessary.

case—russia

Russian war doesn’t cause extinction
Bostrom 7 (Nick, Oxford Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy 26 James Martin 21st Century School. "The Future of Humanity," New Waves in Philosophy of Technology, http://www.nickbostrom.com/)

Extinction risks constitute an especially severe subset of what could go badly wrong for humanity
AND
setback: a giant massacre for man, a small misstep for mankind.

Conflicts will never go nuclear – prefer Russian generals
Ivashov 7 (Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems, 2007.  Defense and Security, "Will America Fight Russia?" p. Lexis)

Numerous scenarios and options are possible. Everything may begin as a local conflict that
AND
nuclear arsenals. It will stop the war and put negotiations into motion.
Zero military response
Wilson 3-25 ~Scott Wilson and Will Englund (Washington Post); "Obama calls Russia a ’regional power,’ warns of more sanctions if it expands military moves"; March 25, 2014; http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ousted-by-g-8-russia-says-it-will-remain-at-the-table-of-larger-g20/2014/03/25/2f70284a-b404-11e3-b899-20667de76985_story.html~~
THE HAGUE — President Obama acknowledged Tuesday that Russian President Vladimir Putin’s annexation of Crimea would be difficult to reverse, as Russia’s government announced plans to significantly increase forces on the Black Sea peninsula and create new ways to minimize the effect of Western economic sanctions.
Concluding a summit here on nuclear security, Obama warned that broader Russian military intervention in neighboring countries would trigger further economic sanctions that would disrupt the global economy but hit Russia the hardest. He pointedly called Russia a "regional power" acting out of political isolation and economic uncertainty.
Obama dismissed criticism that a perception of U.S. retreat abroad had prompted Putin to seize the Crimea region this month, an act the United States and Europe have said was a violation of Ukrainian and international law. But Obama made clear that Western nations are not contemplating a military response, unless Putin pushes into NATO member nations on Russia’s western border.
"There’s no expectation that they will be dislodged by force," Obama said in a news conference with Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, who hosted the Nuclear Security Summit. "And so what we can bring to bear are the legal arguments, the diplomatic arguments, the political pressure, the economic sanctions that are already in place, to try to make sure that there’s a cost to that process."

That won’t change – its Obama’s doctrine
Hirsh 3/20 ~Michael Hirsh (Chief correspondent, National Journal); "In Ukraine as in Syria, the ’Obama Doctrine’ Rules: No Military Aid: The president won’t arm Ukraine or use U.S. forces despite Russian troop deployment."; March 20, 2014; http://www.nationaljournal.com/white-house/in-ukraine-as-in-syria-the-obama-doctrine-rules-no-military-aid-20140320~~
Obama administration officials said Thursday that they are not considering arming the Ukrainian military, even as they raised alarms about the deployment of Russian forces along that country’s southern and eastern borders. It amounted to another iteration of a pattern observed in the two-year debate over Syria’s civil war, an emerging "Obama doctrine" in which the only pressure tools contemplated in a crisis are nonlethal aid and economic sanctions.
"Nobody wants the outcome here to be a full-bore military conflict between Ukraine and Russia," said a senior administration official in a conference call with reporters, although he earlier indicated the president was "deeply concerned by the positioning of Russian forces in southern and eastern Ukraine."
At the same time the administration announced more sanctions against Russian officials, as well as a "crony bank" called Bank Rossiya, Russia’s 17th largest, which is controlled by Yuri Kovalchuk, whom the Treasury Department calls the "personal banker" to Russian President Vladimir Putin and other senior officials. One U.S. official promised that the administration was "working actively to prepare additional sanctions."

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Bess-Rumbaugh | Judge: Lyle, Friend, Kall

1NC

1

Plan destroys war powers
Kriner ’9
Douglas, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Boston University, "CAN ENHANCED OVERSIGHT REPAIR "THE BROKEN BRANCH"?," http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume89n2/documents/KRINER.pdf

The presumption is widespread that through rigorous oversight of the executive branch Congress can maintain
AND
opinion, or are shifts in public opinion producing changes in congressional positions?

Spills-over to collapse prez powers
Klukowski 11 (Kenneth, Research Fellow, Liberty University School of Law; Fellow and Senior Legal Analyst, American Civil Rights Union; National-Bestselling Author. George Mason University School of Law, J.D. 2008; University of Notre Dame, B.B.A. 1998, "MAKING EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE WORK: A MULTI-FACTOR TEST IN AN AGE OF CZARS AND CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT" 2011, 59 Clev. St. L. Rev. 31)

VI. CONCLUSION
Most controversies between Congress and the White House over information are decided more by politics
AND
or the President is inappropriately shielded when political tides flow in his favor.
While the best outcome in any interbranch dispute is the political branches reaching a settlement
AND
primary objectives—or the hallmarks—of democratic government.’" n350
President Reagan declared that "you aren’t President; you are temporarily custodian of an
AND
where confidentiality is not warranted, courts must ensure public disclosure and accountability.

Extinction
Paul 98 (Joel, Professor, University of Connecticut School of Law, "The Geopolitical Constitution: Executive Expediency and Executive Agreements" July, 1998, 86 Calif. L. Rev. 671) Footnote 137-139 added

Whatever the complexity of causes that led to the Cold War - ideology, economics
AND
statement of Nicholas Katzenbach, Former Attorney General and Former Undersecretary of State). 

2

The executive branch of the United States should issue and enforce an executive order to cease the use of credibility as a national interest for justification of Presidential War Powers Authority to introduce armed forces into hostilities.

It’s binding law that solves the aff.
Graham Dodds, Ph.D., Concordia professor of political science, 2013, Take Up Your Pen: Unilateral Presidential Directives in American Politics, p. 10

If executive orders, proclamations, memoranda, and other unilateral presidential directives merely expressed
AND
with by Congress, courts, or by a future unilateral presidential directive. 

3

NSA reform is in a narrow Congressional sweet spot
David Hawkings, Roll Call, 3/25/14, Hill’s Bipartisan Deadlock on Phone Records May Be Easing, blogs.rollcall.com/hawkings/obama-nsa-reform-plan-could-ease-congressional-deadlock-on-spying/2/

Eight months ago, in one of its most important and fascinatingly nonpartisan votes of
AND
improbability of bipartisan agreement on hot-button issues in an election season.
"I recognize that people were concerned about what might happen in the future with
AND
a deal based on the ideas from the House and the White House.

The plan’s fight over authority crowds it out
John Grant, Minority Counsel for the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 8/13/2010, Will There Be Cybersecurity Legislation?, jnslp.com/2010/08/13/will-there-be-cybersecurity-legislation/

In the course of just a few decades, information technology has become an essential
AND
taking on yet another major piece of complex and costly homeland security legislation.

That’s key to NSA authority—Congress would easily reject all NSA surveillance
Brendan Sasso, National Journal, 3/25/14, Why Obama and His NSA Defenders Changed Their Minds, www.nationaljournal.com/tech/why-obama-and-his-nsa-defenders-changed-their-minds-20140325

It was only months ago that President Obama, with bipartisan backing from the heads
AND
think that more than anything else, that is galvanizing us into action."
Obama and the House Intelligence Committee leaders believe their proposals are now the NSA’s best
AND
Freedom Act, and outside groups will continue their policy push as well. 

NSA surveillance authority key to prevent catastrophic cyber-attacks—reforms key to overall NSA role in cyber
Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 10/10/13, We Need an Invasive NSA, www.newrepublic.com/article/115002/invasive-nsa-will-protect-us-cyber-attacks

Ever since stories about the National Security Agency’s (NSA) electronic intelligence-gathering
AND
domestic sweeps are not justified by the terrorist threat they aim to prevent.
At the end of August, in the midst of the Times’ assault on the
AND
and could have "wreaked havoc" on its coverage if they wanted.
Such cyber-intrusions threaten corporate America and the U.S. government every
AND
will be justified in asking why their lawmakers ... failed to protect them."
The Times editorial board is quite right about the seriousness of the cyber- threat
AND
to ones the Timesand many others find reprehensible when done for counterterrorism ends.
The fate of domestic surveillance is today being fought around the topic of whether it is needed to stop Al Qaeda from blowing things up. But the fight tomorrow, and the more important fight, will be about whether it is necessary to protect our ways of life embedded in computer networks.
Anyone anywhere with a connection to the Internet can engage in cyber-operations within
AND
devoted to developing these tools and on sprawling black markets on the Internet.
Telecommunication networks are the channels through which malware typically travels, often anonymized or encrypted, and buried in the billions of communications that traverse the globe each day. The targets are the communications networks themselves as well as the computers they connect—things like the Times’ servers, the computer systems that monitor nuclear plants, classified documents on computers in the Pentagon, the nasdaq exchange, your local bank, and your social-network providers.
To keep these computers and networks secure, the government needs powerful intelligence capabilities abroad
AND
—vulnerabilities that can later be used as windows for cyber-attacks.
And yet that’s still not enough. The U.S. government can fully monitor air, space, and sea for potential attacks from abroad. But it has limited access to the channels of cyber-attack and cyber-theft, because they are owned by private telecommunication firms, and because Congress strictly limits government access to private communications. "I can’t defend the country until I’m into all the networks," General Alexander reportedly told senior government officials a few months ago.
For Alexander, being in the network means having government computers scan the content and
AND
so that it can discover the identity and geographical origin of the threat.
Alexander’s domestic cybersecurity plans look like pumped-up versions of the NSA’s counterterrorism-related homeland surveillance that has sparked so much controversy in recent months. That is why so many people in Washington think that Alexander’s vision has "virtually no chance of moving forward," as the Times recently reported. "Whatever trust was there is now gone," a senior intelligence official told Times.
There are two reasons to think that these predictions are wrong and that the government, with extensive assistance from the NSA, will one day intimately monitor private networks.
The first is that the cybersecurity threat is more pervasive and severe than the terrorism
AND
to remedy the problem and will adjust its tolerance for intrusive government measures.
At that point, the nation’s willingness to adopt some version of Alexander’s vision will depend on the possibility of credible restraints on the NSA’s activities and credible ways for the public to monitor, debate, and approve what the NSA is doing over time.
Which leads to the second reason why skeptics about enhanced government involvement in the network
AND
our national security in other respects, we have Edward Snowden to thank.

Nuclear war
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

More recently, awareness has been growing that the grid is also vulnerable to purposive
AND
however, may not share this fear or be deterred by this possibility.

4

The 1AC is military futurology, an attempt to secure reality against disorder via force causing apathy–they need to justify their prediction model first.
Matt Carr 10, freelance writer, published in Race 26 Class, Slouching towards dystopia: the new military futurism, http://www.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org/libri20in20regalo/201020CARR20New-Military-Futurism.pdf

This determination to shape, control and ’dominate’ the turbulent and conflict prone twenty
AND
, and the predictions of the military futurists are often very grim indeed.

5

Restrictions are limitations imposed on action–not reporting and monitoring
Schiedler-Brown ’12
Jean, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf

3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Vote negative—

Limits–hundreds of policies raise the costs of Presidential authority – they allow all of them

Ground–the key question is overarching authority in future situations – not programmatic changes
Precision–it’s the most important distinction
Solum, professor of law at UCLA, 2003
(Lawrence, "Legal Theory Lexicon 001: Ex Ante 26 Ex Post," http://lsolum.typepad.com/legal_theory_lexicon/2003/09/legal_theory_le_2.html)

If I had to select only one theoretical tool for a first-year law student to master, it would be the ex post/ex ante distinction. (Of course, this is cheating, because there is a lot packed into the distinction.) The terminology comes from law and economics, and here is the basic idea:
The ex post perspective is backward looking. From the ex post point of view, we ask questions like: Who acted badly and who acted well? Whose rights were violated? Roughly speaking, we associated the ex post perspective with fairness and rights. The ex post perspective in legal theory is also loosely connected with deontological approaches to moral theory. In general jurisprudence, we might associate the ex post perspective with legal formalism.
The ex ante perspective is forward looking. From the ex ante point of view
AND
might associate the ex ante perspective with legal instrumentalism (or legal realism).

New affs are independently a voter
They destroy in depth debate and research which are key to portable skills
Preround disclosure solves any of their offense

Topicality is a voting issue, or the aff will read a new uncontested aff every debate

6

The United States Federal Government should publicly establish the policy that it will cease the use of credibility as a national interest for justification of Presidential War Powers Authority to introduce armed forces into hostilities unless Saudi Arabia transitions to a constitutional monarchy. 

Pressuring Saudi Arabia to reform key to US credibility—-double standards make it impossible to promote democracy globally

Gerald, 11
(9/28, "International Affairs Columnist at Gundpowder 26 Lead, "Time to change U.S. policy toward Saudi Arabia," http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/28/time-to-change-u-s-policy-toward-saudi-arabia/)

American foreign policy is often torn between shared values and strategic interests. Nowhere is
AND
in a position to influence or lend assistance to a genuinely democratic movement?

The counterplan is key to pressure—-no way to restore US credibility unless we back up demands with real threats

Fitzgerald, 13
(Columnist-The Guardian, "Why won’t the west call out Saudi Arabia for persecution of democratic activists?" 12/29, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/29/saudi-arabia-us-human-rights-persecution-activists)

It is also of little surprise that American media hasn’t pressed Obama administration officials on
AND
an impossibility almost always end up on the "wrong side of history".

Mid East credibility solves nuclear war

Herbert I. London 10, President Emeritus of Hudson Institute, "The Coming Crisis in the Middle East", June 23, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details26id=710126pubType=HI_Opeds

The gathering storm in the Middle East is gaining momentum. War clouds are on
AND
tend to believe in its veracity. That is a truly bad sign.

7

War powers authority is enumerated in prior statutes—-restrictions need to be on a specified source of authority

Curtis Bradley 10, Richard A. Horvitz Professor of Law and Professor of Public Policy Studies, Duke Law School, Curtis, "CLEAR STATEMENT RULES AND EXECUTIVE WAR POWERS" http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=273026context=faculty_scholarship
The scope of the President’s independent war powers is notoriously unclear, and courts are
AND
for the courts than about prohibiting the executive from exercising statutorily conferred authority. 

8

Legal restraints motivated by conflict narratives naturalize exceptional violence—the impact is endless intervention and WMD warfare
Morrissey ’11
John Morrissey ’, Lecturer in Political and Cultural Geography, National University of Ireland, Galway; has held visiting research fellowships at University College Cork, City University of New York, Virginia Tech and the University of Cambridge. 2011, "Liberal Lawfare and Biopolitics: US Juridical Warfare in the War on Terror," Geopolitics, Volume 16, Issue 2, 2011

In the ’biopolitical nomos’ of camps and prisons in the Middle East and elsewhere
AND
toxic combination’ of US geopolitics and biopolitics defining the current age of securitization. 

Vote neg to debase the aff’s reliance securitized law in favor of democratic restraints on the President
Stephanie A. Levin 92, law prof at Hampshire College, Grassroots Voices: Local Action and National Military Policy, 40 Buff. L. Rev. 372

In this sense, what is important about federalism is not that it locates power
AND
Only in this dynamic tension does the best protection for the citizenry lie. 

9

The plan causes circumvention via PMCs—takes out the aff
Kruck ’14
Andreas, Geschwister Scholl Institute for Political Science, University of Munich, "Theorising the use of private military and security companies: a synthetic perspective," Journal of International Relations and Development, 2014, 17, (112–141)

In contrast with this functionalist view, the political-instrumentalist model conceives of privatisation
AND
States will first and foremost outsource politically and societally controversial tasks to PMSCs.

Destroys allied interoperability
Isenberg ’9
David, researcher and leader of the Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), and the author of Shadow Force: Private Security Contractors in Iraq (Greenwood, 2009), "Private Military Contractors and U.S. Grand Strategy," PRIO Report 1/2009

TODAY, THE U.S. GOVERNEMENT’S growing reliance on contractors constitutes an attempt
AND
or marine routinely winds up on the front page of the major papers.

Allied interoperability prevents Hormuz closure and SCS conflict—overcomes Chinese regional A2/AD
Armitage ’12
Richard, president of Armitage International and a trustee of CSIS. From 2001 to 2005, he served as U.S. deputy secretary of state., Joseph S. Nye, dean emeritus of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a trustee of CSIS. "The U.S.-Japan Alliance anchoring stability in asia," CSIS August 2012 report

Japan can more fully exercise defense and military diplomacy through capacity building and bilateral and
AND
the Middle East, while Japan has conducted peacekeeping and disaster relief operations.

SCS conflict causes extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?",  www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction. 

2NC/1NR

xo

There’s no possible solvency deficit.
Graham Dodds, Ph.D., Concordia professor of political science, 2013, Take Up Your Pen: Unilateral Presidential Directives in American Politics, p. 243-4

As for the legislature, Congress has at times protested unilateral presidential directives, but
AND
over for an unprincipled President, this is where you end up." 63 

There’s no world the CP is the plan
Fisher, Scholar in Residence at The Constitution Project, 2012
(Louis, served for four decades at the Library of Congress, as Senior Specialist, Congressional Research Service, "Basic Principles of the War Power," 2012 Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy 5 J. Nat’l Security L. 26 Pol’y 319)

The second value that the Founders embraced in the Commander-in-Chief Clause
AND
is subject to the rule of law, including statutory and judicial restrictions.

This is the key academic question
Sinnar, assistant professor of law at Stanford Law School, May 2013
(Shirin, "Protecting Rights from Within? Inspectors General and National Security Oversight," 65 Stan. L. Rev. 1027, Lexis)
More than a decade after September 11, 2001, the debate over which institutions
AND
as a second-best option necessitated by congressional enfeeblement and judicial abdication.

saudi

Mid East war goes nuclear—no defense
Russell, 9 
(Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, Spring, "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East" IFRI, Proliferation Papers, ~2326, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf 

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

NSA politics

1NR Impact

Military operations solve all conflict so there’s only a risk of the DA

Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", April 24, 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf

We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
intensive missions such as the ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Kills the economy, causes nuclear meltdowns, and nuclear war – all cause extinction

Guterl, executive editor – Scientific American, 11/28/’12
(Fred, "Armageddon 2.0," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists)

The world lived for half a century with the constant specter of nuclear war and
AND
down, according to an analysis by Scott Borg, a cybersecurity expert. 

link uniqueness ov

Issue specific uniqueness prices in link uniqueness—Congress has shifted to NSA and can get it done within constraints
Ellen Nakashima, WaPo, 3/27/14, White House pushes Congress to quickly pass changes to NSA surveillance program, www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/white-house-pushes-congress-to-quickly-pass-changes-to-nsa-surveillance-program/2014/03/27/1a2c4052-b5b9-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html?wprss=rss_politics

The Obama administration has called on Congress to move quickly to pass legislation that would
AND
White House’s. But Obama’s proposal has become the baseline, analysts said.

Ukraine’s impact on the Congressional agenda is resolved
Deb Riechman, HuffPo, 3/27/14, Ukraine Aid Bill: Congress Rushes To Pass Legislation Containing Loans, Sanctions, www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/27/ukraine-aid-bill_n_5040236.html

Congress spoke with one voice on Thursday against Russia’s annexation of Crimea, passing legislation
AND
intended to get a final measure to the White House by day’s end.

Their ev is punditry
Michael Cohen, 3/3/14, Don’t listen to Obama’s Ukraine critics: he’s not ’losing’ – and it’s not his fight, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/03/obama-ukraine-russia-critics-credibility

As in practically every international crisis, the pundit class seems able to view events
AND
nothing, but it’s hardly in the top tier of US policy concerns.

Cyber

NSA surveillance authority key to prevent catastrophic cyber-attacks—reforms key to overall NSA role in cyber
Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 10/10/13, We Need an Invasive NSA, www.newrepublic.com/article/115002/invasive-nsa-will-protect-us-cyber-attacks

Ever since stories about the National Security Agency’s (NSA) electronic intelligence-gathering
AND
domestic sweeps are not justified by the terrorist threat they aim to prevent.
At the end of August, in the midst of the Times’ assault on the
AND
and could have "wreaked havoc" on its coverage if they wanted.
Such cyber-intrusions threaten corporate America and the U.S. government every
AND
will be justified in asking why their lawmakers ... failed to protect them."
The Times editorial board is quite right about the seriousness of the cyber- threat
AND
to ones the Timesand many others find reprehensible when done for counterterrorism ends.
The fate of domestic surveillance is today being fought around the topic of whether it is needed to stop Al Qaeda from blowing things up. But the fight tomorrow, and the more important fight, will be about whether it is necessary to protect our ways of life embedded in computer networks.
Anyone anywhere with a connection to the Internet can engage in cyber-operations within
AND
devoted to developing these tools and on sprawling black markets on the Internet.
Telecommunication networks are the channels through which malware typically travels, often anonymized or encrypted, and buried in the billions of communications that traverse the globe each day. The targets are the communications networks themselves as well as the computers they connect—things like the Times’ servers, the computer systems that monitor nuclear plants, classified documents on computers in the Pentagon, the nasdaq exchange, your local bank, and your social-network providers.
To keep these computers and networks secure, the government needs powerful intelligence capabilities abroad
AND
—vulnerabilities that can later be used as windows for cyber-attacks.
And yet that’s still not enough. The U.S. government can fully monitor air, space, and sea for potential attacks from abroad. But it has limited access to the channels of cyber-attack and cyber-theft, because they are owned by private telecommunication firms, and because Congress strictly limits government access to private communications. "I can’t defend the country until I’m into all the networks," General Alexander reportedly told senior government officials a few months ago.
For Alexander, being in the network means having government computers scan the content and
AND
so that it can discover the identity and geographical origin of the threat.
Alexander’s domestic cybersecurity plans look like pumped-up versions of the NSA’s counterterrorism-related homeland surveillance that has sparked so much controversy in recent months. That is why so many people in Washington think that Alexander’s vision has "virtually no chance of moving forward," as the Times recently reported. "Whatever trust was there is now gone," a senior intelligence official told Times.
There are two reasons to think that these predictions are wrong and that the government, with extensive assistance from the NSA, will one day intimately monitor private networks.
The first is that the cybersecurity threat is more pervasive and severe than the terrorism
AND
to remedy the problem and will adjust its tolerance for intrusive government measures.
At that point, the nation’s willingness to adopt some version of Alexander’s vision will depend on the possibility of credible restraints on the NSA’s activities and credible ways for the public to monitor, debate, and approve what the NSA is doing over time.
Which leads to the second reason why skeptics about enhanced government involvement in the network
AND
our national security in other respects, we have Edward Snowden to thank.

2nc link

This is not a generic foreign policy link – the plan’s fight over presidential authority escalates legal disputes
Alexander Ryland, United Kingdom Government Administration Aberdeenshire Council, Project Assistant, 7/9/2012, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/09/executive-legislative-conflict-over-the-war-powers-resolution/

The contradictions in congressional challenges to the president’s authority under the WPR show definite decline
AND
remains a power struggle, but the outcome is increasingly a foregone conclusion.

Obama initiating legislative NSA-reform push
Josh Gerstein, 3/24/14, Barack Obama seeks to end NSA phone sweep, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=D972E73A-3A55-40AA-A1FC-2B6300925853

President Barack Obama is poised to endorse a proposal that would end the National Security
AND
by the officials who confirmed the plan to end the domestic metadata program.

Presidential Powers

Executive war primacy key to nuclear deterrence
Hemesath 2k (Paul, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era" August, 2000, 88 Geo. L.J. 2473)

Politically, nuclear weapons wield such powerful and unique symbolic effects n70 that a decision
AND
, such as attacks on embassies or bombings of domestic population centers. n102

Pmcs DA

Best studies prove the link
Kruck ’14
Andreas, Geschwister Scholl Institute for Political Science, University of Munich, "Theorising the use of private military and security companies: a synthetic perspective," Journal of International Relations and Development, 2014, 17, (112–141)

The political-instrumentalist model is supported by numerous studies that find indications that the
AND
to the political-instrumentalist model’s main arguments (Deitelhoff 2010: 198).

Empirics—the executive uses PMCs to circumvent explicit restrictions and continue the mission
Gaston ’8
EL, JD, Harvard Law, "Mercenarism 2.0? The Rise of the Modern Private Security Industry and Its Implications for International Humanitarian Law Enforcement," Harvard International Law Journal VOLUME 49, NUMBER 1, WINTER 2008

Even for states that do have advanced military capabilities, the availability of advanced capabilities
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government can manage these additional capabilities with fewer bureaucratic resources or institutional hurdles.

The link is empirical and accountability is impossible
Gul ’6
Saad, Law Clerk to The Hon. John C. Martin, Chief Judge, North Carolina Court of Appeals. JD Wake Forest University School of Law, BA Davidson College., "THE SECRETARY WILL DENY ALL KNOWLEDGE OF YOUR ACTIONS: THE USE OF PRIVATE MILITARY CONTRACTORS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR STATE AND POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY," 10 Lewis 26 Clark L. Rev. 287 2006

The constitutional concerns of privatization are hardly unique to the military arena, 12 but
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able to evade unwelcome Congressional or public scrutiny than the uniformed services. 126