Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fullerton RS | Judge: Vincent

1NC

The prioritization of discussions on human-centered oppression naturalizes a dualism between the human and nonhuman, justifying endless consumption of nature

Rose ’06 (Rebecca, Lecturer in Literature for Trinity College Foundation Studies, The University of Melbourne, "COLLOQUY text theory critique", http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/colloquy/download/colloquy_issue_12_november_2006/issue12.pdf, AO)
Arguing that nonhumans are inherently valuable, that is, nonhumans have rights independent of
AND
nonhuman nature: the human/nature dualism appears in classical epistemology.18

The human non-human divide is a prerequisite understanding to identity

Pugliese 2013 (Joseph, Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. 2013; Law and the Postcolonial, AO)
In his Lectures at the College de France, Foucault examines the category of race
AND
applies to the whole animal kingdom with the exception of the human.’

Vote negative to endorse the global suicide of humanity

Our total rejection of human centered agency and the continuation of human life functions as a valuable thought experiment that allows us to break free from anthropocentric epistemology

Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands)
How might such a standpoint of dialectical, utopian anti-humanism reconfigure a notion
AND
abhorrent or ridiculous, this question remains valid and relevant and will not go 

1NR

Discussion of humans first ignore all non-human suffering

Rose ’06 (Rebecca, Lecturer in Literature for Trinity College Foundation Studies, The University of Melbourne, "COLLOQUY text theory critique", http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/colloquy/download/colloquy_issue_12_november_2006/issue12.pdf, AO)
In recent decades concern for the human-human relationship has brought attention to the
AND
of ethical value – both the measure and the measurer of all things."

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Oklahoma HW | Judge: Tom Borougeni

1NC

The harms of the 1AC are merely subsets of an unawakened anxiety that exists at our core

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 19-20) Henge
"Suffering," the usual English translation for dukkha, is not very enlightening,
AND
lurk around every corner, because any little accident could be our last.

This anxious egoism makes violence inevitable

Ikeda 07 (Daisaku Ikeda President, Soka Gakkai International January 26, 2007 "Restoring the Human Connection: The First Step to Global Peace" http://www.sgi-usa.org/newsandevents/docs/peace2007.pdf) Dabo
The challenge of preventing any further proliferation of nuclear weapons is just such a trial
AND
certain sense makes inevitable the birth of such demonic progeny as nuclear weapons.

Vote negative to shed the ego

This is a path of self-transformation that recognizes the interpermeation of all beings

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 4-6) Henge
In contrast, the early Buddhist teachings focus almost exclusively on the path of self
AND
, that Indian thought never felt the Western need to differentiate between them.

2NC-Link OV

The anxiety of the aff is intrinsic to the ego as a suspicion of its own nothingness—the self cannot grasp itself, thus we attach our anxiety to things to ground ourselves in the world

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 21-23) Henge
That third type is sankhara-dukkhata, dukkha "from conditioned states," although
AND
only lead to more frantic and desperate attempts to real-ize ourselves.

Objectivity Link

All concepts are relative—the emptiness of everything is itself a subjective tool to free us from attachment—we should allow no truth to become objective

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 24-26) Henge
This nomadic conception of theory continues to discomfort many in the social sciences. Less
AND
and the supposed selfidentities of those subjects—us—who study them.

AT-Do Both

The desire for attachment coopts the permutation—only the genuine awakening of the alternative can create a formless self

Loy, 9
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "Awareness Bound and Unbound" pg. 22-23) Henge
Nevertheless, after awakening one’s mental predispositions (samskaras) do not necessarily or immediately
AND
empty-in-itself awareness and the various forms it assumes.10

The permutation traps us by attaching us to the affirmative—only the alternative can create a formless mind

Loy, 9
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "Awareness Bound and Unbound" pg. 13-15) Henge
Do we miss the nature of liberated mind, not because it is too obscure
AND
created Mind . . . (Huihai, in Blofeld 1969, 56) 

2NC-Karma Add-On

Karma is the way we construct ourselves by our intentional actions—habitual thoughts determine the way we view every experience—the anger and hatred of egoism causes us to view life as hell

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 7-8) Henge
There are other important dimensions to karma, aside from those pertaining to psychical and
AND
contemporary Buddhism is to mature, however, this task cannot be evaded.

Already Dead

We are already dead

Bahder in 2007
(Paul, Medical Doctor, "We Are Already Dead", http://www.homeopathyusa.com/we_are_already_dead.htm, rcheek)
What we call "our life" is really the experience that takes place in
AND
time. Time has no entrance into eternal even though eternal permeates time.

2NC-Alt OV

Realizing the nonduality of existence allows us to quit striving to fill the void—we become like a refreshing spring that gushes out of our core—this liberation from the lack is true freedom and enlightenment

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 30-31) Henge
Perhaps the meaning of "blown out" is better understood in terms of what
AND
no need to ask why you take care of your own body.19

Formlessness

Embracing a mind of nondwelling allows us to achieve a formless, clear perception of the mind itself—we can’t allow objects to trap us

Loy, 9
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "Awareness Bound and Unbound" pg. 13-15) Henge
Do we miss the nature of liberated mind, not because it is too obscure
AND
created Mind . . . (Huihai, in Blofeld 1969, 56)

Realism Link

Realism is egoistic, self-centered IR

Snauwaert, 9
(Dale Snauwaert, University of Toledo. "The Ethics and Ontology of Cosmopolitanism: Education for a Shared Humanity" http://www.academia.edu/537918/The_Ethics_and_Ontology_of_Cosmopolitanism_Education_for_a_Shared_Humanity) Henge
Cosmopolitans posit the existence of ethical values and principles that are universally applicable to all
AND
turn generates a corollary assumption of the existence a state of perpetual war.

AT—Util/Consequences

Suffering and morals are complex—we must first discuss intentions, because those ground action—the alternative is a path, not a prescription

Garfield, ND
(Jay Garfield, Smith College, the University of Melbourne, and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies. "Buddhist Ethics" http://www.academia.edu/2833485/Buddhist_Ethics) Henge
While many, following the traditional Tibetan classification of three trainings, focus specifically on
AND
broad indication of the complexity of the solution to the problem of suffering.

New 1NC Alternative Card

This is a self-transformative recognition of the interpermeation of all beings

Snauwaert, 9
(Dale Snauwaert, University of Toledo. "The Ethics and Ontology of Cosmopolitanism: Education for a Shared Humanity" http://www.academia.edu/537918/The_Ethics_and_Ontology_of_Cosmopolitanism_Education_for_a_Shared_Humanity) Henge
Cosmopolitans assert the existence of a duty of moral consideration to all human beings on
AND
the essence of morality, rests upon an awareness of our fundamental interconnection.

US Ideals Link

The goal of spreading American ideals is an egoistic drive to pursue US interests in the name of values

Loy, 9
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "Awareness Bound and Unbound" pg. 151-152) Henge
We have supported constitutionalism, human rights, liberty, the rule of law,
AND
our (declared) values and our (short-term) interests.

Alt Solves Terrorism

Claims to solving terrorism are rooted in a broader problem of self-insecurity

Hershock 03 (Peter D, East-West Center Asian-Studies Development Program ISSN 1076-9005 From Vulnerability to Virtuosity: Buddhist Reflections on Responding to Terrorism and Tragedy Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005)
From a Buddhist perspective, although they are in many ways unique, terror and
AND
suffering that are rooted, for example, in the compulsive satisfaction of lust

AT-No Spillover

The self o/w—we can accept multiple arrangements

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 34) Henge
What is perhaps most remarkable about this process of letting go of illusions, including
AND
arrangements that are consistent with a personal and social emphasis on spiritual awakening.

2NC-Solve Terror

Terrorism is rooted in a broader problem of self-insecurity

Hershock 03 (Peter D, East-West Center Asian-Studies Development Program ISSN 1076-9005 From Vulnerability to Virtuosity: Buddhist Reflections on Responding to Terrorism and Tragedy Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005)
From a Buddhist perspective, although they are in many ways unique, terror and
AND
suffering that are rooted, for example, in the compulsive satisfaction of lust

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Sam Allen

Chaos DA—policymakers’ attempts to impose order and certainty on the world result in constant war and violence

Burke in 2007
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, pMUSE, cheek)
~23  At the same time, Kissinger’s hubris and hunger for control was beset by
AND
control of the weapons themselves, into political utility and rational strategy.66

Ontological claims come first—they provide the foundation for all claims—the aff’s claims about solving war are rooted in egocentric mind-world dualism

Jackson, 11
(Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, Associate Dean for Undergraduate Education and Professor of International Relations in the School of International Service. "The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations" pg. 41-42) Henge
Ontological commitments, whether philosophical or scientific, logically precede substantive claims, and serve
AND
, or even prescriptively mandate, that our future look the same way.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Sam Allen

Their claims to solving problems are rooted in a sense of lack—they will never fulfill the emptiness of being unreal—trying to ground ourselves in the world creates a constant condition of panic and anger

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 27) Henge
According to Shakyamuni, the cause of our individual dukkha is tanha, usually translated
AND
are inclined to seek this-worldly solutions to our sense of lack.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley ME | Judge: Sam Allen

CIR CP

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley ME | Judge: Sam Allen

Counterplan Text: The United States Federal Government should pass Comprehensive Immigration reform.

Immigration reform solves soft power in the short-term through tech benefits and cultural perception and in the long term through economic sustainability

Joseph S. Nye Dec. 10, 2012 (Joseph S. Nye, Coined the term and#34;Soft Powerand#34;, a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University,. and#34;Immigration and Soft Powerand#34; http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye, KMH)
But mass communications and market forces produce powerful incentives to master the English language and
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley ME | Judge: Sam Allen

CLS K Cal Berkeley ME

1NC

The Justice system is racist and Islamophobic. Muslims accused of terrorism are presumed guilty and subjected to dehumanizing conditions and torture in the American prisons they would send them to. That turns the aff.

Brittain in 2013
(Victoria, journalist and former editor at the Guardian, and#34;U.S. Muslims guilty until proven innocentand#34;,http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/, rcheek)
A four-month hunger strike, mass force-feedings, and widespread media
AND
someday, like the abuses at Guantanamo, gain the attention they deserve.

And, focusing on Guantanamo ignores the systemic violence experienced by millions in prisons across the democratic world

Johns in 2005
(Fleur, Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Law, Sydney, Australia, and#34;Guantánamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exceptionand#34;,http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full, rcheek)
In arguing against Agamben and others that the experience of the exception anticipated by Schmitt
AND
immigrants in the most informal and vulnerable sectors of the contemporary economy.99

The alternative is a fanatical rejection of the 1AC

There can be no compromise in combatting institutionalized oppression.

Olson 26 Charles 10
(Joel, in an interview with Charles. and#34;Radically Democratic Extremism: An Interview with Joel Olsonand#34;, http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/radically-democratic-extremism-an-interview-with-joel-olson/**, May 26th, 2010)IAA
JO: Moderation (not tolerance or reason) is the true antithesis of fanaticism
AND
, and#34;baby-killingand#34; or and#34;life,and#34; slavery or abolition.

2NC—FW

First, policymaking methods are structured by the assumptions of white, male elites. Their analysis is predicated on an instrumental rationality that glosses over gender, race, class and sexuality as being tied to the prevailing relations of power and systemic oppression

Shaw in 2004
(Kathleen M., and#34;Using Feminist Critical Policy Analysis in the Realm of Higher Education: The Case of Welfare Reform as Gendered Educational Policyand#34;, Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 75, Issue 1, rcheek)
Feminist critical policy analysis has been most clearly articulated in the work of Catherine Marshall
AND
tied to prevailing relations of powerand#34; (1997a, p. 3).

And, roleplaying a state policymaker colludes with an imperialist agenda that maintains status quo power, privilege, and oppression by distancing debaters from real world participation in the political contexts we debate about.

Reid-Brinkley in 2008
(Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, University of Pittsburgh Department of Communications, and#34;THE HARSH REALITIES OF and#34;ACTING BLACKand#34;: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLEand#34; 2008)
Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a and#34;sense
AND
of the and#34;policymakerand#34; and require their opponents to do the same. 

The New Normal DA—the political institutions they rely on can do absolutely nothing to deal with upcoming widespread changes—the only relevant activity is that in our own micro-level existence

Schlag, 13
(Pierre Schlag is a Byron White Professor of Constitutional Law at Colorado Law. and#34;The New Normaland#34;http://brazenandtenured.com/2013/05/07/the-new-normal/)Henge
So is this the New Normal? The question gets asked about lots of things
AND
return to the old normal and yet knowing it’s not going to happen.

traditional imaginations of change objectify the world

White 85
(James Boyd. Professor of Law and Professor of English Language and Literature, University of Michigan. and#34;Law as Rhetoric, Rhetoric as Law: The Arts of Cultural and Communal Lifeand#34; The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Summer, 1985), Pg. 685-685http:www.jstor.org/stable/1599632. -Veeder
As a result, the law is at present usually spoken of (by aca
AND
conceived of as the attainment of certain ends with the smallest possible costs.

2NC—Link

And, application of the law works to silence marginalized voices

Cammiss, Steven, Senior Lecturer at the University of Leicester School of Law.  2013. and#34;Stories in law: Providing Space for ’Oppositionists’?and#34; in and#34;Law and Language: Current Legal Issues.and#34; Edited by Michael Freeman and Fiona Smith. Oxford Press. Pg. 222-223. -Veeder
Scarry suggests that those who advocate the telling of stories in law rely upon three
AND
rules works to silence those who do not speak the language of law.  

Supermax

Leaving detainees in Guantanamo is highly preferable to the dehumanizing supermax prisons they would send them to.

Eviatar in 2009
(Daphne, staff reporter, and#34;U.S. Prison Conditions Far Worse Than Guantanamo’sand#34;, The Washington Independent,http://washingtonindependent.com/62313/u-s-prison-conditions-far-worse-than-guantanamos, rcheek)
By refusing to allow Guantanamo detainees to be transferred anywhere in the United States,
AND
read newspapers and books, and play handheld electronic games, reports Finn.

2NC—Impact

We are already dead. Means there is no impact to the aff. Vote neg on presumption.

Bahder in 2007
(Paul, Medical Doctor, and#34;We Are Already Deadand#34;,http://www.homeopathyusa.com/we_are_already_dead.htm, rcheek)
What we call and#34;our lifeand#34; is really the experience that takes place in
AND
time. Time has no entrance into eternal even though eternal permeates time.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: Grace Saez

1NC

Text: The 38 most likely states should send their state legislators to meet in a limited Article V Constitutional Convention to pass an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to (   ).

The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land—must be followed

Natelson, 04
(Robert G Natelson, Professor of Law at the University of Montana and senior fellow at the Goldwater Institute; Buffalo Law Review 10777 2004)
The drafters of the constitution included several provisions designed to promote and enforce the duty
AND
, or otherwise in violation of, the rules of the trust. n286

Avoids politics—can’t oppose the Constitution

Walker, 09
(Bill Walker, Friends of the Article V Convention administrator, June 6, “The MIAC Report and an Article V Convention”, http://www.article-5.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=266)
The issue is the failure of Congress to call an Article V Convention. What
AND
everyone knows, the Constitution is “supreme law” of this nation.

2NC Solvency Cards

Concon key to civil society

Papenfuse, 10
(Ed Papenfuse, PhD in history from Johns Hopkins, "Are Constittutional Conventions Necessary Every Generation?", Oct 31, marylandarchivist.blogspot.com/2010/10/are-constitutional-conventions.html)
Seven years ago I addressed a group of mostly legal librarians on The Critical Importance
AND
for the future was to repeat the constitutional debate in convention every generation.

CP lets people participate—solves democracy

May, 87
Janice C. May, Associate Professor of Government, University of Texas at Austin, Winter, 1987 Publius, Vol. 17, No. 1, New Developments in State Constitutional Law pp. 153-179¶ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3330031?seq=226Search=yes26term=amendment26term=state26term=constitutional26list=hide26searchUri=2Faction2FdoBasicSearch3FQuery3Dstate2Bconstitutional2Bamendment26wc3Don26x3D1226y3D1826item=226ttl=5777926returnArticleService=showArticle26resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle
The only role for citizen participation is through the procedure that permits voters to elect
AND
select the delegates, modern proposals to implements the provision require popular election.

2NC-Avoids Ptx

CP is perceived as state action—avoids ptix

Rogers, 07
(James Kenneth Rogers, 2007, "THE OTHER WAY TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION: THE ARTICLE V CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION: AMENDMENT PROCESS", Summer, 30 Harv. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 1005)
Exclusive and complete control of the convention process by Congress would be contrary to the
AND
, thereby defeating the purpose of the convention method of amending the Constitution.

AT-Logrolling

The delegates have no incentive to log-roll – the convention will be a one-time thing

Elliott, 85
~E. Donald, Professor of Law, Yale Law School, ARTICLE: CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS AND THE DEFICIT, Duke Law Journal, December, 1985 Duke L.J. 1077~
Moreover, the fact that a convention is an ad hoc assembly, called into
AND
or it would not be able to agree on any solution at all.

Tournament: Chico | Round: 2 | Opponent: ASU MY | Judge: McBride

1NC

The 1AC’s race-centric approach to liberation is an anti-dentificaiton with the oppressive structures they criticize. They don’t tell you what they are, they tell you what they’re not – this dooms their strategy to failure.

Muñoz 99 (José Estabon, Professor of Performance arts at NYU, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics, p. 11-2, )IAA
The theory of disidentification that I am offering is meant to contribute to an understanding
AND
at the same time valuing the importance of local everyday struggles of resistance.

This turns the case – anti-dentifications still carry with them the violent manifestations of assimilation.

Muñoz 99 (José Estabon, Professor of Performance arts at NYU, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics, p. 95)IAA
The toll is one that subjects who attempt to identify with and assimilate to dominant
AND
that promise narratives of self that surpass the limits prescribed by the dominant culture

And, self-abnegation is the biggest impact – minorities become no one in the process of assimilation

Foss, Foss, 26 Griffin, 99 (Karen A. Sonja K., 26 Cindy L., Feminist Rhetorical Theories, p. 107)
The psychic restlessness imposed by the Borderlands is compounded by the silencing of its inhabitants
AND
cancels out the other and we are zero, nothing, no one".

Vote negative to disidentify with the affirmative’s call for the ballot

Disidentification is the best response to trauma and systemic violence

Muñoz 99 (José Estabon, Professor of Performance arts at NYU, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics, p. 31, )IAA
By "limits" I mean something other than failures. Instead, I want
AND
subjectivity that do not conform or respond to narratives of universalization and normalization.

1NR

Impact Stuff

We’re turning the case  — their wester epistemology arguments are all ways they trap the minonritarian subject into the state power aparatus.

Muñoz 99 (José Estabon, Professor of Performance arts at NYU, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics, p. 97)IAA
Disidentification is a performative mode of tactical recognition that vari-ous minoritarian subjects employ
AND
the most lucid explications of a modality of performance that I call disidentificatory. 

Alt

Queer disidentifying performances allows minoritarian subjects to gain social agency.

Muñoz 99 (José Estabon, Professor of Performance arts at NYU, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics, p. 1,)
There is a certain lure to the spectacle of one queer standing onstage alone,
AND
subject a space to situate itself in history and thus seize social agency.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Witman BM | Judge: Mike Bausch

Drones Good PIC

1NC

We should use the word and~#34;dronesand~#34; to remind us of the real danger of robotic weaponry

Port in 2013
(Rob, finalist for the Watch Dog of the Year from the Sam Adams Alliance and winner of the Americans For Prosperity Award for Online Excellence, and~#34;The Proponents Of Drones Want You To Stop Calling Them Dronesand~#34;,http://sayanythingblog.com/entry/the-proponents-of-drones-want-you-to-stop-calling-them-drones/, rcheek)
Mr. Regenhard suggests that we not use the word and~#34;dronesand~#34; because it is reminiscent of movies about dystopian futures in which robotic weapons are used to evil ends. I suggest we keep using the term drones, to remind us that while this technology may be marvelous and could be used in our society in any number of useful and beneficial ways, the potential for the ill-use of this technology is very, very real.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton PC | Judge: Izak

1NC

Views of the past In imagination of the future necessitate norms of reproduction that always exclude the queer body—the exclusion of the Other becomes necessary to the identity of the included

Edelman ’98 (Lee, English Prof @ Tufts University, The Ohio State University Press, Narrative, Vol. 6, No. 1, January, p. 18-30, "The Future is Kid Stuff: Queer Theory, Disidentification and the Death Drive", JSTOR, AO)
In what follows I want to interrogate the politics that informs the pervasive trope of
AND
order to bring it into the presence, deferred perpetually, of itself. 

Predictions and risk analysis in debate is not accurate forecasting.  Rather, it’s a way to imagine and harness the uncertain future, allowing imagined scenarios to call the shots of the present.

De Goede 08 (Marieke, Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. "Beyond Risk: Premediation and the Post-9/11 Security Imagination" Security Dialogue Vol. 39, no. 2-3, April)
Premediation is a promising term to denote the discursive economies through which terrorist futures are
AND
how of the coming havoc. We can only speculate’ (emphasis added). 

Futurism necessitates violence.  The queer must be exterminated in order to achieve harmony.

Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Lacanian Psychoanalyst, Lacan and the Political, p. 99-101, Questia,)
Our age is clearly an age of social fragmentation, political disenchantment and open cynicism
AND
functioning society as a highly problematic area (seminar of 18 June 1958).

Voting negative is an identification with death, queerness, and negativity in the face of a politics that is only valuable through some reconciled, future order

Schotten 09 (C. Heike, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Nietzsche’s Revolution: Decadence, Politics, and Sexuality, p. 203-6)IAA
Instead of falling prey to the logic of the Child, however, and its
AND
he knew the choice was a setup—like all dichotomies, false.

1NR

Identity politics reinscribes the oppression it attempts to solve.  By historicizing oppression through identity they create a nostalgia for the past that is used to ensure a salvific future.

Schotten 09 (C. Heike, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Nietzsche’s Revolution: Decadence, Politics, and Sexuality, p. 199-201)
Critics have long complained that the post-structuralist turn authorized by Nietzsche, popularized
AND
compulsion, a revisiting of the past to which it is inextricably tethered.

Fantasy

Edelman 04 (Lee, Prof @ Tuffman University, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive, P. 47-9)
The death drive as which the.queer figures, then, refuses the calcification
AND
else in the world, by force if needed, must give way?

The social order will always project images of potential suffering and violence which necessitate positive actions to avoid catastrophes.  Our foremost ethical duty is to challenge this forced choice: to take make the impossible decision and say yes to all their threats.

Edelman 04(Lee, Prof @ Tuffman University, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive, P. 108-9)
On the face of Mount Rushmore, as he faces the void to which he
AND
which everything "human," to have one, must turn its face.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU CM | Judge: Kevin Kuswa

Framework

Resolved requires a policy action

Louisiana House 2005, (3-8-5http:house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term and#34;resolvedand#34;. Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan

American Heritage Dictionary – 2000~www.dictionary.com~
Used to express probability or expectation

The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.

Encarta Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000~http://encarta.msn.com~~~~
and#34;The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC.and#34;

1. Operating outside the and#34;game space of debateand#34; prevents effective dialectical discussion

Hanghøj 2008 (Thorkild Hanghøj PhD, author affiliated with Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE An Explorative Study of Educational Gaminghttp://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf ) MT
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itselfand#34; (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

2. Debating over controversial issues is essential to learn about political thinking to understand how policies happen – the affirmative’s truth statements destroy our ability to moralize – leads to a subjective view of politics that can never change anything – turns the case

Steinberg and Freeley 2008
(David L Steinberg is a professor of communication studies – University of Miami, and Austin J Freeley is a  criminal, civil rights law, and personal injury attorney., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pg.3-4 ) MT
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

3. Without traditional political simulations we become passive spectators in the political sphere - leading to alienation and the worst form of politics – switch side debate is key

Joyner 1999 – Christopher C Jouner Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University Spring, 1999 5 ILSA J Int’l 26 Comp L 377 ILSA Journal of International 26 Comparative Law
Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Witman BM | Judge: Mike Bausch

Fear of Obama K

1NC

First, criticizing Obama for his drone policy ignores the broader history of white supremacist violence and is complicit in a racist system of privilege that oppresses marginalized communities every single day

Lawyer in 2013
(Rad-Femme, practicing litigator living in Chicago, and~#34;Drone Policy is the Most Important Racismand~#34;,http://thisweekinblackness.com/2013/07/25/drone-policy-is-the-most-important-racism/, rcheek)
Salon’s arc of fail last week began with David Sirota’s meditation that and~#34;we are
AND
them as such. Remind me how that, itself, isn’t racist?

And, Racism is the root cause of violence

Foucault 76 (Michel, Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-1976, p. 254-257 Trans. David Macey, MV)
What in fact is racism? It is primarily a way of introducing a break
AND
half of the nineteenth century), except by activating the theme of racism.

The alternative is to vote negative to speak out against the racism embedded in the 1AC criticism of Obama’s drone policy.

Only by speaking out against racism can we hope to eliminate it. Privileging their exaggerated impact scenarios sustains the dominant structures that make institutional racism inevitable

IRC in 2006
(InterReligious Council of Central New York,http://www.irccny.org/programs/cwd/racism/fr_session5.php, rcheek)
According to this view, we must work to improve racial understanding, end prejudice
AND
carefully at our institutions, and make the needed changes at all levels. 

2NC—Link OV

And, their silence on the impact of race on Obama’s drone policy belies a thinly veiled racism that constrains the black presidency

Coates in 2012
(Ta-Nehisi, senior editor at The Atlantic, and~#34;Fear of a Black Presidentand~#34;, The Atlantic, September 2012,http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/, rcheek)
Obama offered black America a convenient narrative that could be meshed with the larger American
AND
patriotism is presumably best done quietly, politely, and with great deference. 

2NC—Impact OV

And, white supremacy turns the aff. It’s a deadly brew of exploitation, sexism, homophobia, and militarism that makes all violence inevitable.

Martinas in 1994
(Sharon, organizer of the Third World Liberation Front and legal staff worker at the National Lawyers Guild, and~#34;THE CULTURE OF WHITE SUPREMACYand~#34;,http://whgbetc.com/mind/culture-white-sup.html, rcheek)
White supremacy is an historically based, institutionally perpetuated system of exploitation and oppression of
AND
Cultural Thought and Behavior. New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1994.)

2NC—FW

The New Normal DA—the political institutions they rely on can do absolutely nothing to deal with upcoming widespread changes—the only relevant activity is that in our own micro-level existence

Schlag, 13
(Pierre Schlag is a Byron White Professor of Constitutional Law at Colorado Law. and~#34;The New Normaland~#34;http://brazenandtenured.com/2013/05/07/the-new-normal/)Henge
So is this the New Normal? The question gets asked about lots of things
AND
return to the old normal and yet knowing it’s not going to happen.

AT—Extinction

We are already dead. Means there is no impact to the aff. Vote neg on presumption.

Bahder in 2007
(Paul, Medical Doctor, and~#34;We Are Already Deadand~#34;,http://www.homeopathyusa.com/we_are_already_dead.htm, rcheek)
What we call and~#34;our lifeand~#34; is really the experience that takes place in
AND
time. Time has no entrance into eternal even though eternal permeates time.

Tournament: Val RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Darren Elliot

1NC

First, death is a predetermined inevitability that is futile to prevent. The aff’s fear of mortal finitude is the mark of non-believers. Instead, we must orient ourselves through a transcendent faith in God who gives both our lives and deaths meaning.

Yayha 13 ~ Harun Yahya Turkish Islamic author; "Death Is Not the End"; http://www.new-muslims.info/abcs-of-islam/articles-of-faith/death-is-not-the-end/?ModPagespeed=noscript BlackMagic~
Every self will taste death. We test you with both good and evil as
AND
is Certain comes to you. (Al-Hijr 15:99)

And, the secularist framing of the aff collapses into relativism. It’s a disenchantment with nature, a desacralization of politics, and a deconsecration of values. Their immanent metaphysics renders all impacts meaningless.

Al-Attas 93 ~Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas; a prominent contemporary Muslim philosopher and thinker from Malaysia;  M.A. degree with distinction in Islamic philosophy in 1962, Ph.D  School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London: Founder of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization and University Professor of Islamic Thought and Civilization; "islam and Secularism" BlackMagic~
Secularization is defined as the deliverance of man ’first from religious and then from
AND
God Himself, has become incarnate in man in time and in history.

And, secularism is responsible for the most vicious forms of statist oppression.

Sayyid 04 ~Bobby S. Sayyid is a Lecturer in Sociology, University of Salford, Manchester. He has previously taught at the Universities of East London, Manchester and Salford; "A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism";BlackMagic~
Failure of nationalist secular elites. For Fouad Ajami this failure owes much to the
AND
institutional ensemble that remains semi-autonomous from the state - the mosque.

The alternative is an Islamization of our epistemology.

That alternative is mutually exclusive with the secularism of the aff. Only Islamization can solve the immanent devaluation of life.

Al-Attas 93 ~Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas; a prominent contemporary Muslim philosopher and thinker from Malaysia;  M.A. degree with distinction in Islamic philosophy in 1962, Ph.D  School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London: Founder of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization and University Professor of Islamic Thought and Civilization; "islam and Secularism" BlackMagic~
 Socialism is a separate, secular ideology, and there can never be such
AND
one’s own pre-Islamic cultural traditions; or it is also secularization.

Transcendental Ethic

In order to reach an ideal of true unity we must embrace a transcendental ethic—instead of attempting to reverse whiteness we must center community around the oneness of God and creation

Salahuddin 1995 ~Abubakr Ben Ishmael Salahuddin ; black American religious author "The Afrocentric Myth or Islam: The Liberator of the American People"BlackMagic~
If a homogenous nation of 1.2 billion people is forced to integrate "
AND
whiteness" is a condition which many non-Caucasians suffer from also~. 

God Exists

God is that than which none greater can be conceived.

Anselm 2007
(St. Anselm, "The Ontological Argument", Pages 3-5, Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology, Louis Pojman, Michael Rea, Dil)
Therefore, Lord, you who grant understanding to faith, grant that, insofar
AND
, I could not fail to understand that you exist. . . . 

And, God exists and that is beautiful

Himma in 2005
(Kenneth Einar, Associate Professor, Seattle Pacific University, Department of Philosophy, "Ontological Argument", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.iep.utm.edu/ont-arg/, rcheek)
In contrast, the ontological arguments are conceptual in roughly the following sense: just
AND
the greatest possible being that can be imagined.)¶ Therefore, God exists.

First Cause

There must be a first cause, and that cause is God

Vlach accessed in 2011
(Michael J., Associate Professor of Theology at the Master’s Seminary in Sun Valley, California, "The 4 Primary Arguments for God’s Existence", http://www.theologicalstudies.org/page/page/1572404.htm, accessed 2/1/2011)
The term "cosmological" comes from the Greek word "kosmos" which means "world."   The cosmological argument for God’s existence goes like this: The world could not exist on its own so there must have been a first cause that brought it into being. This first cause is God. Or put another way, the universe could not just exist on its own—someone or something must have made it. This cause of the universe is God. 

God is the only explanation for the big bang

Adamson accessed in 2011
(Marilyn, Former Atheist, "Is there a God?", http://www.everystudent.com/features/isthere.html, accessed 2/1/2011)
Scientists are convinced that our universe began with one enormous explosion of energy and light
AND
? Scientists have no explanation for the sudden explosion of light and matter. 

Aquinas

Motion

Aquinas 07
(St. Thomas, "The Five Ways", pages 12-14, Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology, Louis Pojman, Michael Rea, Dil) 

There are five ways to prove that God exists. The first and clearest way
AND
moved by anything. And this is what everyone takes to be God. 

Science

Science proves God exists

Collins 07
(Robin, "A Scientific Argument for the Existence of God", 75-89, Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology, Louis Pojman, Michael Rea, Dil)
The universe is analogous to such a ’’biosphere,’’ according to recent findings
AND
it seems enormously improbable that such a coincidence could have happened by chance.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fullerton SR | Judge: Shooter

1NC

First, Rebelling against sexism, racism, homophobia, etc. is in service to the system. and#34;Rebelsand#34; are simultaneously enforcers of the system’s agenda and lightning rods that contain deeper criticism of the system.

Kaczynski in 2010
(Ted, PhD from University of Michigan, former assistant professor of mathematics at University of California, Berkeley, and#34;Technological Slaveryand#34;, kindle)
All of us in modern society are hemmed in by a dense network of rules
AND
seen as having been forced on the System by pressure from the radicals. 

And, the aff is a leftist project that suffers from oversocialization. The drive to restore ethics and morality in society maintains the industrial-technological system and produces guilt and defeatism.

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future,http://www.42inc.com/~~~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)
24. Psychologists use the term and#34;socializationand#34; to designate the process by which
AND
how to make love, how to raise our kids and so forth. 

And, guilt expresses a hatred of this world that allows for a secret instinct of annihilation

Nietzsche, 1872 (Friedrich, philosopher, and#34;The Birth of Tragedyand#34; Online, MB)
Already in the preface addressed to Richard Wagner, art, and not morality,
AND
in the name of a Greek god: I called it Dionysian. — 

And, the industrial-technological system will guarantee the enslavement and eventual extinction of all living organisms.

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future,http://www.42inc.com/~~~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)
171. But suppose now that industrial society does survive the next several decade and
AND
would be better to dump the whole stinking system and take the consequences. 

The alternative is to destroy the industrial-technological system.

Only a revolutionary strategy against modern technology can break down the system. Any perm would compromise the revolution by enabling technological solutions to other problems.

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future,http://www.42inc.com/~~~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)
180. The technophiles are taking us all on an utterly reckless ride into the
AND
not going to give good results, then those recommendations should be discarded. 

2NC—Reform Links

The aff is mere reform

Kaczynski in 2010
(Ted, PhD from University of Michigan, former assistant professor of mathematics at University of California, Berkeley, and#34;Technological Slaveryand#34;, kindle)
Yet I don’t doubt that Haviland is perfectly sincere in his belief that anthropologists challenge
AND
have taken a revolutionary direction, to the service of these modest reforms. 

Rebellion is co-opted by the system

Kaczynski in 2010
(Ted, PhD from University of Michigan, former assistant professor of mathematics at University of California, Berkeley, and#34;Technological Slaveryand#34;, kindle)
So, in a nutshell, the System’s neatest trick is this:  (a
AND
institutions and is directed instead at the radicals who spearhead the social changes.

Reform is hopeless. Only a revolutionary embrace of the total destruction of the current order has the ability to restore freedom.

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future,http://www.42inc.com/~~~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)

The foregoing principles help to show how hopelessly difficult it would be to
AND
give more specific reasons for concluding that freedom and technological progress are incompatible. 

Revolution against the economic and technological basis for society is critical to solve

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future,http://www.42inc.com/~~~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)
4. We therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system. This revolution may
AND
of wild nature, even though we consider these to be highly important. 

2NC—Techno-Industry Bad

The industrial-technological system is the source of widespread suffering and devastation. Its continued existence will reduce all life to mere cogs in the machine. Breakdown now is better than later, no matter the consequence.

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future,http://www.42inc.com/~~~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)
The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human
AND
is to break down it had best break down sooner rather than later. 

The possible costs of revolution are exceeded by the certainty of dehumanization and extinction of all life if the technoindustrial system continues unimpeded

Kaczynski in 2010
(Ted, PhD from University of Michigan, former assistant professor of mathematics at University of California, Berkeley, and#34;Technological Slaveryand#34;, kindle)
6. Finally, there is hopelessness and apathy. The system seems so all
AND
, that revolution is really necessary in order to justify such action.149 

Technoindustrial system will destroy value to life and render human beings obsolete and disposable

Kaczynski in 2010
(Ted, PhD from University of Michigan, former assistant professor of mathematics at University of California, Berkeley, and#34;Technological Slaveryand#34;, kindle)
Still, I am not one of those who predict a worldwide physical and biological
AND
possible to conceive how the final result can be anything other than disastrous.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 7 | Opponent: Puget Sound BQ | Judge: Aaron Weathers

Institutions of higher learning only serve to perpetuate the logic of racism and colonization

Maldonado-Torres 11 (Nelson, Prof of Ethnic Studies at Berkeley, "Thinking through the Decolonial Turn: Post-continental Interventions in Theory, Philosophy, and Critique—An Introduction," Transmodernity, Fall 2011 Issue)IAA
The institutions of higher learning that were facing the demands could not see much beyond
AND
the work of many), and which finds expression in the decolonial turn.

University intellectuals fighting against racism, colonialism, sexism, etc. sustain the system by steering rebellious impulses toward stereotyped targets that do not endanger the system

Kaczynski in 2010
(Ted, PhD from University of Michigan, former assistant professor of mathematics at University of California, Berkeley, "Technological Slavery", kindle)
Through this type of process, rebel movements that are dangerous to the System are
AND
just as hairstyles, clothing styles, and other fads spread through imitation.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: Grace Saez

The drone vastly exceeds pure representation—the power of the drone is via it’s material agency—the affirmative’s failure to defend a material response to the problem of the drone forecloses new political agency

Holmqvist, 13
(Dr. Caroline Holmqvist is Senior Lecturer, Department of Security and Strategy at the Swedish National Defence College in Stockholm and a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She holds a PhD in War Studies. "Undoing War: War Ontologies and the Materiality of Drone Warfare" http://mil.sagepub.com/content/41/3/535) Henge
Yet the demarcation between subject and object, between people and things, between the
AND
agents, regardless of the ’actual’ autonomy of their decision-making.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Fullerton SR | Judge: Peter Cancro

OOO Kritik

1NC

The affirmative employs an epistemic fallacy by reducing ontological issues to epistemic concerns—this creates correlationism

Bryant, 11
(Levi Bryant is Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. and~#34;The Democracy of Objectsand~#34; pg. 60-61) Henge
Here it is necessary to clarify what the epistemic fallacy is and is not about
AND
increasingly lead to the dissolution of the world as a genuine ontological category.

Correlationist exceptionalism is the root of all violence and ecological destruction—we must recognize the ontologies of the object to understand the world

Bryant, 12
(Levi Bryant is Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. and~#34;The Stakes of SR/NFM/OOO/Onticology: Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolves?and~#34;http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/the-stakes-of-srnfmoooonticology-whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-wolves/)Henge
By SR I mean and~#34;speculative realismand~#34;, by and~#34;NFMand~#34; new materialist feminism
AND
very much the spirit of what’s unfolding with the new materialisms and realisms.

Vote negative to engage in an object-oriented inquiry of (  ).

Current ontological theory rejects the importance of objects, yet they are intrinsically related to politics—the aff’s worldview prevents reflection and restricts political potential—the alt’s realignment of metaphysics creates material political change

Shaw and Meehan, 13
(Ian Shaw is a research fellow in the School of Geographical and Earth Sciences at the University of Glasgow. Katharine Meehan is an Assistant Professor in Geography at the University of Oregon. and~#34;Force-Full: Power, Politics, and Object-Oriented Philosophyand~#34;http://www.academia.edu/3550209/Force-Full_Power_Politics_and_Object-Oriented_Philosophy)Henge
From aerial drones to border fences, from peace treaties to infectious diseases, objects
AND
2004a, 2004b) the appearance and distribution of objects in a world.

2NC—Epistemology Link

Epistemological starting points links to OOO

Bryant, 11
(Levi Bryant is Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. and~#34;The Democracy of Objectsand~#34; pg. 24) Henge
On the epistemological front, the subject/object distinction has the curious effect of
AND
and the common place where the world of the human and nonhuman meets.

2NC—Structures Link

Structuralism can’t explain the causality as to how structures gain the power that they have—yes things exceed the individual, but more explanation is required to avoid falling into descriptive banality

Bryant, 10
(Levi Bryant is Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. and~#34;Structuralism, Cybernetics, and Regimes of Attractionand~#34;http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/structuralism-cybernetics-and-regimes-of-attraction/) Henge
In the after panel discussions, one of the key questions that came up was
AND
failing to illuminate any of the causal mechanisms through which structure does this.

2NC—Anthro

The correlational approach to subjectivity demands an intense anthropocentrism as the object is relativized to the subject

Bryant, 11
(Levi Bryant is Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. and~#34;The Democracy of Objectsand~#34; pg. 38-39) Henge
As a consequence, it becomes clear that, for the correlationist, objects take
AND
, for both the humanists and the anti-humanists, entirely foreclosed. 

The slightest risk of anthropocentric ontology demands you vote negative—specieism vindicates highly organized and efficient forms of violent slaughter of all difference

Kochi and Ordan, 8
(Dr. Tarik Kochi is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the Univ. of Sussex. Noam Ordan is a linguist and translator who conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University in Israel. and~#34;An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity.and~#34;http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
moral action re-conceived through this relational or dialectical standpoint in thought.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton PC | Judge: Izak

1NC

The aff’s commitment to selfless ethics is a destruction of the self—it results in sacrificial annihilation of personal values

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 17-19) Henge
Selflessness is any moral code that exhorts a man to place something-be it
AND
the exploitation of other people. Let us now turn to that view.

Egoism is the root of life’s every value

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 11-13) Henge
Readers of Ayn Rand’s novels generally notice how purposeful, proud, and fulfilled her
AND
empty, drained of personal meaning, filled with only resentment and bitterness.

Vote negative as an act of heroism

The hero is committed to rational, life-promoting values—the choice is key

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 57-59) Henge
That reason is man’s means of survival has profound impact on the life of each
AND
are directly apparent to an individual’s examination of his own internal mental states.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Josh Miller

1NC

Terrorism is rooted in a history of political failures to embrace egoism—the aff rejects the government’s fundamental obligation to fight the war on terror no matter the cost in favor of altruistic selflessness

Peikoff, 1
(Leonard Peikoff, former professor of philosophy, heir of Ayn Rand and founder of the Ayn Rand Institute. "End States Who Sponsor Terrorism" http://www.peikoff.com/essays_and_articles/end-states-who-sponsor-terrorism/) Henge *Ableist lang. modified
October 2, 2001—Fifty years of increasing American appeasement in the Mideast have
AND
is no way for our bullets to be aimed only at evil men.

Egoism is the root of life’s every value

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 11-13) Henge
Readers of Ayn Rand’s novels generally notice how purposeful, proud, and fulfilled her
AND
empty, drained of personal meaning, filled with only resentment and bitterness.

Vote negative as an act of heroism

The hero is committed to rational, life-promoting values—the choice is key

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 57-59) Henge
That reason is man’s means of survival has profound impact on the life of each
AND
are directly apparent to an individual’s examination of his own internal mental states.

AT—Permutation

The permutation is the surrendering of values

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 13-16) Henge
In The Fountainhead, the story of Catherine Halsey provides a perfect example- and
AND
to gain happiness and selflessly relinquish the personal values upon which happiness depends.

The permutation is the ultimate example of self-sacrifice—can’t solve

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 16) Henge
To be true to the self is to be true to one’s values. This
AND
unswervingly true to his values, he brings them to an exultant fruition.

2NC—Link Top Level

Terrorism is rooted in a hatred of reason—the alternative is key to ME stability

Hudgins, 13
(Edward Hudgins writes on political and social issues. "September 11 And The Need For Enlightenment" http://www.atlassociety.org/ele/blog/2013/09/10/september-11-and-need-enlightenment) Henge
September 10, 2013 — Twelve years after the attacks on America by Islamist mass
AND
advocates for the philosophy of reason and freedom that underlies the modern world.

Rational, self-interested, and fully offensive war on jihadists ought not be interrogated

Lewis, 11
(John David Lewis, associate professor in the Philosophy, Politics, and Economics Program at Duke. "9/11 Ten Years Later: The Fruits of the Philosophy of Self-Abnegation" http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2011-fall/911-ten-years-later.asp) Henge
History is littered with the detritus of attacks by tribal gangs against civilized world powers
AND
, we can expect more of the same, into a darkening future.

Impact Top Level

Reason and rationality are the tool of human survival

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 25-26) Henge
Observe that Ayn Rand’s heroes and heroines are men and women of the mind,
AND
needs weapons, and to make weapons - a process of thought. I

Impact Calculus

The choice to be a hero outweighs any consequence

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 62-64) Henge
Further, death and/or physical torture are by no means the only dangers
AND
to exercise it are the greatest achievers or heroes of the human race.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Jishnu-Guha-Majumdar

Orientalism K

First, restraining executive war powers whitewashes a long history of extreme racism and bloody U.S. imperialism

Street in 2008
(Paul, doctorate in U.S. History at Binghamton University, and~#34;The Audacity of Imperial Airbrushing: Barack Obama’s Whitewashed History of U.S. Foreign Policy and Why it Mattersand~#34;, http://www.zcommunications.org/the-audacity-of-imperial-airbrushing-barack-obama-s-whitewashed-history-of-u-s-foreign-policy-and-why-it-matters-by-paul-street.html, July 5^th, 2008, rcheek)
and~#34;IT NEVER HAPPENEDand~#34;¶ ¶ Under the rules of and~#34;mainstreamand~#34; political discourse
AND
help avoid future conflictsand~#34; (Obama, Audacity, p. 283).

And, the affirmatives claims to solving the atrocities committed in the unending War on Terror continue the perverse brainwashing project of the Obama administration that allows for the destruction of Islamic communities through benign imperialism.

Street in 2008
(Paul, doctorate in U.S. History at Binghamton University, and~#34;The Audacity of Imperial Airbrushing: Barack Obama’s Whitewashed History of U.S. Foreign Policy and Why it Mattersand~#34;, http://www.zcommunications.org/the-audacity-of-imperial-airbrushing-barack-obama-s-whitewashed-history-of-u-s-foreign-policy-and-why-it-matters-by-paul-street.html, July 5^th, 2008, rcheek)
The same perverse Orwellian historical deletion and distortion that characterized and~#34;The Audacity of Hope
AND
Death of Iraq,and~#34; Current History, December 2007, p. 31).   

As a rhetorical critic, you should vote negative as a rhetorical criticism of the Orientalist assumptions of the 1AC.

We must challenge the neocolonial assumptions within our discipline to open spaces for marginalized voices

Shome in 1996
(Raka, Visiting Scholar in the Social and Cultural Analysis Department @ New York University, and~#34;Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An and~#34;Otherand~#34; Viewand~#34;, Communication Theory, Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 40-59, rcheek)
The solution, however, is not merely to do more rhetorical studies on nonwhite
AND
sensitive postcolonial responses to the neocolonial and racist circumstances of our present time.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Jishnu-Guha-Majumdar

Presidential Directive CP

1NC

Text: The President of the United States should issue a Presidential Policy Directive stating that (  ).

PPDs become part of the law but they remain secret—not perceived in Congress

Bewig, 7-15-13
(Matt Bewig, Graduate Student in History at the University of Florida. and~#34;Obama Administration Hiding Details of Presidential Policy Directivesand~#34;http://www.allgov.com/news/controversies/obama-administration-hiding-details-of-presidential-policy-directives-130715?news=850563) Henge
Despite promising the most transparent administration in history, the Obama White House has actually
AND
directives were publicly available, their successor directives from President Obama are not.

2NC Solvency—Cyber Ops

Obama supports self-restraint on cyber operations—empirics

Bob 3/22/13 (YONAH JEREMY BOB 03/22/2013 Yonah Jeremy Bob is The Jerusalem Post’s legal affairs correspondent. He primarily writes about major Supreme Court decisions, significant criminal trials, constitutional issues and international law matters. Prior to the Post, he worked on hasbara and international security law issues in the IDF Legal Division, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Justice International Law Division. Yonah has been interviewed and provided legal analysis multiple times for both the BBC and Skynews. Rule of Law: Obama, Israel and cyber warfare http://www.jpost.com/Features/Front-Lines/The-cyber-partys-over-307367)
If the US and Israel were patting themselves on the backs in the first round
AND
to unilaterally create new standards in the hope that its adversaries will reciprocate.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Tandet

1NC

Targeted killing is a euphemism that sanitizes and bureaucratizes a policy of sovereign violence and permanent war

Healy 12 
(Gene, VP of Cato Inst., "Drone-War Double-Think", http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/dronewar-doublethink)
"Political language," George Orwell wrote in 1946, "is designed to make
AND
"such operations are likely to be extended at least another decade."

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Jishnu-Guha-Majumdar

Transatlantic FTA CP

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should sign the Transatlantic Trade Agreement

Transatlantic Trade Agreement positively effects trade everywhere in the world

Michael J Boskin September 12th, 2013, ( Professor of Economics, Stanford University, and~#34;Transatlantic trade goes globaland~#34;http://www.worldfinance.com/columnists/transatlantic-trade-goes-global, KMH)
The TTIP is not just about the US and the EU. Mexico already has
AND
at the end of the TTIP negotiations justify the enthusiasm at their start.

2NC Solvency

Transatlantic trade agreement solves recent bumps in international relations

Martin Schulz 9th September 2013 (Martin Schulz is president of the European parliament, and~#34;Transatlantic trade deal would be ’welcome boost’ to EU economyand~#34;http://www.theparliament.com/latest-news/article/newsarticle/transatlantic-trade-deal-would-be-welcome-boost-to-eu-economy/~~~~23.UjJhoMasiSo, KMH)
We also intend to have a relationship with our allies which is based on mutual
AND
and more jobs. This is not the time to drag our feet.

CP solves US Japan Relations and cooperation through economic engagement

Vicki Needham- 08/19/13 (Reporter, blogger at The Hill, Masters in Economics from Northwestern University, and~#34;Froman touts benefits of US-Japan relationship to increase tradeand~#34; http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/317627-froman-touts-benefits-of-improved-us-japan-relationship, KMH)
U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman touted the benefits of Japan and the
AND
put and~#34;Japan on a new trajectory of increased trend growth and productivity.and~#34;

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Witman BM | Judge: Mike Bausch

CIR Politics UMKC

CIR will pass, big business support

Kelly 9/12 (Dominic, Reporter, Opposing Views, and~#34;Major Companies Urge Government To Pass Immigration Reform In Order To Hire Cheaper Labor, Yet Continue To Lay Off Millions Of American Workersand~#34;,http://www.opposingviews.com/i/politics/immigration/major-companies-urge-government-pass-immigration-reform-order-hire-cheaper~~~~23) AO
More than 100 major companies have written a letter to House Speaker John Boehner and
AND
field for U.S. employers. We can’t afford to wait.and~#34;

Link

Political capital is key to passing CIR

Foster 7/25/13 Charles C. Foster, Attorney Posted: 07/25/2013 Immigration Reform: Too Early To Start Planning?http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/marketplace/law_tv/immigration-reform-too-early-to-start-planning) MT
At this stage, it’s too early to predict, but it is somewhat likely
AND
, in particular, in the Republican Caucus that could derail the prospects. 

Immigration reform is key to the economy

METZLER 2013  (By REBEKAH  State house writer/Staffwriter/ July 29, 2013 / White House: Immigration Reform Helps the Economyhttp://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/29/white-house-immigration-reform-helps-the-economy MT
The agriculture industry is hampered by a broken immigration system that fails to support a
AND
,000 jobs in 2014 and nearly 40,000 jobs in 2045.and~#34;

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Mike Bausch

CIR will pass, big business support

Kelly 9/12 (Dominic, Reporter, Opposing Views, and~#34;Major Companies Urge Government To Pass Immigration Reform In Order To Hire Cheaper Labor, Yet Continue To Lay Off Millions Of American Workersand~#34;,http://www.opposingviews.com/i/politics/immigration/major-companies-urge-government-pass-immigration-reform-order-hire-cheaper~~~~23) AO
More than 100 major companies have written a letter to House Speaker John Boehner and
AND
field for U.S. employers. We can’t afford to wait.and~#34;

Link

Political capital is key to passing CIR

Foster 7/25/13 Charles C. Foster, Attorney Posted: 07/25/2013 Immigration Reform: Too Early To Start Planning?http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/marketplace/law_tv/immigration-reform-too-early-to-start-planning) MT
At this stage, it’s too early to predict, but it is somewhat likely
AND
, in particular, in the Republican Caucus that could derail the prospects. 

Immigration reform is key to the economy

METZLER 2013  (By REBEKAH  State house writer/Staffwriter/ July 29, 2013 / White House: Immigration Reform Helps the Economyhttp://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/29/white-house-immigration-reform-helps-the-economy MT
The agriculture industry is hampered by a broken immigration system that fails to support a
AND
,000 jobs in 2014 and nearly 40,000 jobs in 2045.and~#34;

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: Grace Saez

1NC

Immigration reform passes now—Obama’s key

Bowman 10/17/13 Michael Bowman October 17, 2013 Obama Renews Push for US Immigration Reform/ http://www.voanews.com/content/obama-renews-push-for-us-immigration-reform/1771832.html) MT
Thursday, President Barack Obama urged a renewed bipartisan commitment to confront the nation’s challenges
AND
legal, but you would not have any option to become a citizen."

Immigration reform is key the economy

Metzler 2013  (By REBEKAH  State house writer/Staffwriter/ July 29, 2013 / White House: Immigration Reform Helps the Economy http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/29/white-house-immigration-reform-helps-the-economy MT
The agriculture industry is hampered by a broken immigration system that fails to support a
AND
,000 jobs in 2014 and nearly 40,000 jobs in 2045."

Studies prove decline causes war

Royal ’10 
(Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

2NC UQ

Will Pass – republicans have pressure from voters to negotiate with popular democrats

Leopold 10/17/2013 (David Leopold Immigration  Attorney/Immigration Reform Advocate, past president 26 past general counsel, American Immigration Lawyers Association Immigration Reform: A Pathway to Citizenship for the GOP? http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/immigration-reform-republicans_b_4115804.html) MT
Needless to say, the shutdown/debt crisis didn’t end well for Congressional Republicans
AND
by doing something big and bold and turning immediately to broad immigration reform.

Will pass – Obama is negotiating and pushing for immigration reform

Reuters 10/16/13  Wed Oct 16, 2013 Obama plans immigration push after fiscal crisis ends http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/16/us-usa-obama-immigration-idUSBRE99F01Q20131016O) MT
"Once that’s done, you know, the day after, I’m going to
AND
the issue in smaller sections that would include stricter provisions on border protection.

2NC-Drones Links

Congress overwhelmingly supports Obama’s drone authority

Rayfield 2/11 (Jillian, Assistant News Editor focused on politics, Salon, "Congress takes sides on drones", http://www.salon.com/2013/02/11/congress_takes_sides_on_drones/) AO
Unconditional Defenders: House Intelligence Committee Chairman Mike Rogers, R-Mich., called
AND
people? I believe that it’s a job for the Department of Defense."

Congress prefers presidential control so they avoid responsibility

Miller 2013 (Aaron David, internviewing Marin Kalb| MAY 31, 2013, They’re the Deciders, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/31/president_congress_war_power_marvin_kalb_interview?page=0,2 bs)
Foreign Policy: Do presidents want to go to war?¶ Marvin Kalb: No
AND
play a subordinate role to the executive in questions of war and peace.

Technological benefits outweigh—widespread adoption proves

Jackson, 13
(Henry, writer for Phys.org, "Congress gets mixed advice on regulating drones", May 17, phys.org/news/2013-05-congress-advice-drones.html NL)
"Technology is great—as long as it’s used the right and proper way
AND
carving out the Constitutional limits within which the police operate," Sensenbrenner said.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Jishnu-Guha-Majumdar

War on Terror DA

1NC

UMKC UQ

Core al-Qaeda has largely been decimated decreasing the ability to plan attacks

Bergen et al. 9-9 (Peter, Director of the National Security
AND
A Threat Assessment.and~#34; Bipartisan Policy Center. September 9th, 2013.
Pg. 23http:bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Jihadist20Terrorism-A20Threat20Assesment_0.pdf –Veeder)
Al-Qaeda hasn’t conducted a successful attack in the West since the bombings on
AND
to travel from Iran to Pakistan, or between Afghanistan and Pakistan.49

Flexibility in counterterrorism policy is key to fighting changing terrorist groups.

Zarate , Juan, former deputy national security adviser for combating terrorism and Thomas Sanderson, co-director of the Transnational Threats Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. August 6th, 2013.and~#34;Adapting to terrorism 2.0.and~#34; Washington Post. Lexis Nexis. -Veeder
Though the al-Qaida core has been decimated, its regional affiliates have adapted
AND
end, but we can’t blind ourselves to the terrorist adaptations already underway.

Terrorists in Pakistan get a nuke

Gregory, Shaun. Professor of International Security in the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University. June 4th, 2013. and~#34;The Terrorist Threat to Nuclear Weapons in Pakistan. and~#34; European Leadership Network.  http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/the-terrorist-threat-to-nuclear-weapons-in-pakistan_613.html —Veeder
All nuclear weapons states understand, however, that the terrorist threat to nuclear weapons
AND
military facilities and therefore are at greater risk than formal arrangements would suggest.

Nuclear terrorism risks global nuclear exchange

Ayson ’10 Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, and~#34;After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,and~#34; Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July 2010, informaworld
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

1NR Links

Judicial

Judicial checks undermine WOT effectiveness

Wittes 2008 (Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, where he is the Research Director in Public Law, and Co-Director of the Harvard Law School, and~#34;The Necessity and Impossibility of Judicial Review,and~#34; in Law and the Long War,https://webspace.utexas.edu/rmc2289/National20Security20and20the20Courts/Law20and20the20Long20War2020Chapter204.pdf)
A broad conception of judicial review in this conflict also suffers from an ¶ unrealistic
AND
combat operations. The public ¶ should find neither reaction an appealing prospect.  

Indef Trials

Providing trials to terrorists allow them to further proliferate their message  and inspire others

Striegher, Jason-Leigh. Australian Graduate School of Policing and Security, Charles Sturt University, Sydney, Australia. May 29th, 2013. and~#34;Early detection of the lone wolf: advancement of counter-terrorism investigations with an absence or abundance of information and intelligence.and~#34; Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism. Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2013. —Veeder
In Western societies, terrorists are able to use and manipulate laws designed to protect
AND
possible (Michael, 2011; Mudde, 2012; Pantucci, 2011b).

Tournament: Val RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Josh Miller

Text: The President of the United States should rescind sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 of the Prison Litigation Reform Act.

Solves the aff

Hanley, 12
(James Hanley is an ISPU fellow and an Associate Professor and Department Chair of Political Science at Adrian College. "The Continuing Growth Of Executive Power: The National Defense Authorization Act of 2012" http://www.ispu.org/pdfs/ISPU_Brief_NDAA_Bill_final.pdf) Henge

1. When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress
   AND
   of stating that the president must rely on a congressional grant of authority.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU CM | Judge: Kevin Kuswa

Nietzsche

Important Note: I very well might read Nietzsche against you with very different cards than the ones posted

We will never eliminate suffering—any progress we make imminently disappears into time and confirms the horror and meaninglessness of existence—we must increase suffering to toughen ourselves rather than let it weaken us by continually hoping to overcome it

Kain in 2007
(Philip J., Professor of Philosophy at Santa Clara University, and#34;Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existenceand#34;, The Nietzsche Journal, pMUSE)
Knowledge of the horror of existence kills action—which requires distance and illusion.
AND
, whose imminent disappearance will finally confirm the horror and meaninglessness of existence. 

The problem with the 1ac’s attempt to understand and control the world is that suffering and violence are endemic to life itself—the drive to end violence is a drive to deprive life of what gives it strength

Nietzsche, 1878 (Friedrich, philosopher, and#34;Human, All Too Human.and#34; The Nietzsche Channel, online, MB)
Genius incompatible with the ideal state.— Socialists desire to produce a good life for
AND
—and thus the original purpose of the state is most thoroughly thwarted. 

Pity is nothing but an attempt by the weak to exercise power over the strong

Nietzsche, 1878 (Friedrich, philosopher, and#34;Human, All Too Human.and#34; The Nietzsche Channel, online, MB)
Desire to arouse pity.— In the most noteworthy passage of his self-portrait
AND
as Lettres à une inconnue (1873)—and#34;Letters to an Unknown Girl.and#34;~ 

Ascetic ressentiment is the result of any attempt to imagine a better world—we should embrace it as it is

Turanli, 03
(The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 26 (2003) 55-63, Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World, Aydan Turanli, Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Istanbul Technical University)
The craving for absolutely general specifications results in doing metaphysics. Unlike Wittgenstein, Nietzsche
AND
and#34;to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottleand#34;

Vote negative to embrace the eternal return of the same.

Any attempt to solve suffering only enslaves us to it—we must embrace eternal recurrence to retain sovereignty over ourselves

Kain in 2007
(Philip J., Professor of Philosophy at Santa Clara University, and#34;Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existenceand#34;, The Nietzsche Journal, pMUSE)
For the same reason, I do not think it will work for us to
AND
goal to try to do so is to enslave yourself to that suffering.