Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Indiana HF | Judge: Lindsey Shook

Advantage 1-Credibility

Cyber militarization by the US is observed and modelled globally due to Snowden—perception of overbearing cyber power causes cyber retaliation, destroys legitimacy, and frustrates allies

Wallace, 13
(Ian Wallace, visiting fellow in the Center on 21st Century Security and Intelligence at Brookings. Wallace previously served as a senior official at the British Ministry of Defence, where he helped develop the UK government’s cyber strategy as well as Britain’s cyber relationship with the United States. "Militarizing the Internet?" http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/militarizing-the-internet-8734?page=show) Henge
Following a recent speech, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Martin Dempsey
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matter of time before this country suffers a taste of its own medicine.

Cyber retaliation against the US escalates—kinetic response is part of National Military Strategy

Lawson 9 (Sean - assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict, 5/13, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477)
At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over the
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lethal agent is regarded with the same or greater seriousness." ~7~ 

And they cause meltdowns—the threshold is low—more sophistication will make each attack worse than the last

Kesler, 11
(Brent Kesler, MA in international policy with a focus on terrorism from the Monterey Institute of International Studies; web developer and managing editor of Strategic Insights at the Naval Postgraduate School. "The Vulnerability of Nuclear Facilities to Cyber Attack" http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/institutional/newsletters/strategic20insight/2011/SI-v10-I1_Kesler.pdf)
The United States has 104 nuclear power plants generating 98,000 megawatts of electricity
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cyber attacks more precise, supplementing their methods with intelligence from other sources.

Meltdowns cause extinction—it outweighs any other impact

Lendman 11 – Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization (Stephen, 03/ 13, "Nuclear Meltdown in Japan," http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan)
For years, Helen Caldicott warned it’s coming. In her 1978 book, "
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, that if serious enough can cause enormous, possibly catastrophic, harm.

The cyber domain is a unique space where the US needs soft power—diffusion of power, rapid technological change, and it’s human made—deterrence is possible, but it’s different from other areas—cyber policy spills over

Nye, 10
(Joseph Nye, American political scientist and former Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He currently holds the position of University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University where he has been a member of the faculty since 1964. He is also the co-founder, along with Robert Keohane, of the international relations theory neoliberalism, developed in their 1977 book Power and Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored transnational relations and world politics in an edited volume in the 1970s. More recently, he pioneered the theory of soft power. He is a fellows of the American Academy of Arts 26 Sciences and The British Academy. Nye is also a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy. The 2011 TRIP survey of over 1700 international relations scholars ranks Joe Nye as the sixth most influential scholar in the field of international relations in the past twenty years. In 2011, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers. "Cyber Power" http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/cyber-power.pdf) Henge *Tables omitted
The evolution modern social science definitions of behavioral power is sometimes summarized as "the
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bite, and dealing with those bites can lead to a complex politics.

The cyber realm has placed international war back on the table—only credible norms can maintain cyber peace—US actions are modelled and retaliatory—cyber legitimacy is key—offensive ops exacerbate tensions, leading to escalated global war

Kavanaugh and Stauffacher, 13
(Camino Kavanagh, pursuing a Ph.D. in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. Her research is centered on transformation in strategic affairs, with a specific focus on how cyberspace has evolved into a domain of strategic competition between states and she engages in different initiatives and projects on this subject. Camino is also a Senior Fellow at NYU’s Centre on International Cooperation and currently serving as an advisor to the Kofi Annan Foundation on the evolution of organized crime and drug trafficking in West Africa. She has worked with United Nations peace operations in Guatemala and Burundi and other international organizations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America 26 the Caribbean. She has a MA in Contemporary War Studies and a MA in Human Rights Law. Daniel Stauffacher, a former Ambassador of Switzerland, has a Ph.D. in media and copyright law from the University of Zürich and a Master’s degree in International Economic Affairs from Columbia University. After working for a Swiss publishing company, he joined the UN in 1982 and worked in New York, Laos and China. Subsequently he joined the Swiss Federal Office for Foreign Economic Affairs (Bawi) in 1990, where he was a Director for Economic and Financial Co-operation with major Asian and Central and Eastern European countries. In 1995, he was posted to the Swiss Mission to the European Union in Brussels as Counsellor for Economic and Financial Affairs. From 1999 to 2005, he was Ambassador of Switzerland to the United Nations in Geneva and New York and the Swiss Federal Government’s Special Representative for the hosting and preparation of the United Nations World Summit for Social Development (Geneva, 2000) and of the UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) that was held in Geneva in 2003 and in Tunis 2005. He was a member of UN SG Kofi Annan’s UN ICT Task Force and is a founding Trustee of Tim Berners Lee’s World Wide Web Foundation (www.webfoundation.org). Dr. Stauffacher is the Founder and Chairman of ICT4Peace Foundation (www.ICT4Peace.org), President of the Geneva Security Forum and a Board Member of the Gulf Research Foundation (GRC), Geneva. He is and serves as a Special Advisor to the UN Secretariat and the Swiss Federal Department for Foreign Affairs. "THE REACH OF SOFT POWER IN RESPONDING TO INTERNATIONAL CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES" http://ict4peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/The-Reach-of-Soft-Power-in-Responding-to-International-Cybersecurity-Challenges-v.-7-Sept.pdf) Henge
For several decades, international relations and strategic studies scholars have sought to develop a
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longer-term. States must work for a balance between both approaches.

Legitimacy is key to band-wagoning alliances and heg

Lavina Rajendram Lee 10 is a lecturer in the Department of Modern History, Politics and International Relations at Macquarie University, Australia, and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Sydney. "US Hegemony and International Legitimacy," 1-25-10, http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415552363/, Accessed date: 11-7-12 y2k
This book examines US hegemony and international legitimacy in the post-Cold War era
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rehabilitate the global leadership credentials of the United States under the Obama Administration. 

Alliances solve multiple extinction scenarios

Nye 8 (Joseph, professor of International Relations at Harvard University, "American Power After the Financial Crises," Foresight Project, 2008, http://www.foresightproject.net/publications/articles/article.asp?p=3533)
Power always depends on context, and in today’s world, it is distributed in
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that even the largest country cannot achieve its aims without the help of others

Heg solves global nuclear war—multiple hotspots

Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth, 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks, G. John Ikenberry, and William C. Wohlforth, STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is a Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is a Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, January 2013, Lean Forward In Defense of American Engagement, http://www.twc.edu/sites/default/files/assets/academicCourseDocs/22.20Brooks,20Lean20Forward.pdf, B. Morales~
¶ They are wrong. In making their case, advocates of retrenchment overstate the
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illicit transfers, irrational decisions, accidents, and unforeseen crises goes up.

Advantage 2-Democracy

The perception of state-based cyber authority encourages autocracy—emerging powers will adopt a statist approach to the internet

Wallace, 13
(Ian Wallace, visiting fellow in the Center on 21st Century Security and Intelligence at Brookings. Wallace previously served as a senior official at the British Ministry of Defence, where he helped develop the UK government’s cyber strategy as well as Britain’s cyber relationship with the United States. "Militarizing the Internet?" http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/militarizing-the-internet-8734?page=show) Henge
But a more subtle and damaging effect relates to how the internet operates. The
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firms—Washington’s true cyber power—as extensions of the American state.

Democratic peace theory is the most empirically supported causal explanation for nonviolence—multiple explanations prove democratization is sufficient to prevent conflict—socio-economic developments can only create peace when filtered through democracies—debating over DPT is uniquely good for academia

Hegre, 14
(Håvard Hegre Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University 26 Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) "Democracy and armed conflict" SAGE) Henge
Introduction The idea that democracies rarely if ever fight each other is often traced back
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the beneficial changes due to development to be manifested as more peaceful societies.

Empirical validity is sufficient justification for action—prior questions are reductionist views of IR and cause a vicious cycle

Owen, university of Southampton, 02 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Qualitative research is good—best way to support causal conclusions

Maxwell ’12 Joseph A. Maxwell, "The Importance of Qualitative Research for Causal Explanation in Education," Qualitative Inquiry 2012 18: 655-661, Sage
In conclusion, I am making two claims. First, I am arguing that
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methods and approaches in order to understand "what works" and why.

Absolute causality may be impossible, but analyzing probability is key

Campbell and Currie, 6
Scott Campbell and Greg Currie, University of Nottingham, "Against Beck: In Defence of Risk Analysis," Philosophy of the Social Science, June 2006
Beck’s next objection is that good science demands impossible standards for proving a causal link
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low-probability event can be risky if the harm is high enough.  

1AC—Plan

The United States Congress should substantially increase restrictions on the offensive cyber operations war power authority of the President of the United States.

Solvency

Congressional oversight solves without destroying flex—circumvention isn’t a reason to vote neg

Dycus, 10
(Stephen Dycus, Professor, Vermont Law School; internationally recognized authority on national security law and environmental law. He was founding chair of the National Security Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools. He is the lead author of "National Security Law" (the field’s leading casebook) and "Counterterrorism Law", and he was founding co-editor in chief of the Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy. "Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare" http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf) Henge
In his celebrated concurring opinion in The Steel Seizure Case, 1 Justice Jackson cautioned
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experiences to work together to meet these challenges, as the Framers intended. 

US OCO policy creates norms—it’s reverse causal

Bradbury, 11
(Steven G. Bradbury is an attorney at the Washington, D.C office of Dechert LLP. Bradbury was head of the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) in the United States Department of Justice during the George W. Bush administration. "The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and Offensive Cyber Operations" http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Vol.-2_Bradbury_Final.pdf) Henge
Conclusion. So here’s my thesis: To my view, the lack of clarity
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norms. I think that’s the way we should want it to work. 

The plan best captures the middle ground between absolute transparency and secrecy—perception controls the reality of the international system

Wallace, 13
(Ian Wallace, visiting fellow in the Center on 21st Century Security and Intelligence at Brookings. Wallace previously served as a senior official at the British Ministry of Defence, where he helped develop the UK government’s cyber strategy as well as Britain’s cyber relationship with the United States. "Militarizing the Internet?" http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/militarizing-the-internet-8734?page=show) Henge
Balancing Cyber Reward and Internet Risk  Policymakers must not only ask whether a national-
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to avoid being out-maneuvered in the geopolitics of the internet age.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Lundeen

In the aftermath of 9-11, preemption logic has proliferated, vindicating all action in the face of radical uncertainty

Stockdale, 13
(Liam Stockdale, Ph.D. in International Relations, Department of Political Science, McMaster University. "Imagined Futures and exceptional presents: a conceptual critique of ’pre-emptive security’" http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14781158.2013.774342) Henge
A growing body of work has meticulously documented the emergence of pre-emption as
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the logic of pre-emptive security and the logic of political exceptionalism.

Status quo offensive cyber ops are a fear-driven militarization of the cyber realm—-the cyber-industrial complex hypes cyber-threats for profit, causing a self-fulfilling prophecy

Severs, 13
(Henry Severs holds 1st (Hons) in Criminology 26 Social Policy from the University of Sheffield, further awarded the Vaughan Bevan Prize by the Faculty of Law. Currently a postgraduate of War Studies at King’s College London, reading Terrorism, Security, 26 Society as a Stapley Trust Scholar. "The Cyber-Industrial-Complex" http://theriskyshift.com/2013/03/the-cyber-industrial-complex-2/) Henge
This paper lays plain the growing pressure and increased enthusiasm of governments, armed services
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with the mind to inform more conversant and commensurate cyber-security policymaking.

This threat perception is flawed—-Cold War fears have spilled over to cyberspace and the military lashes out for lack of control

Cavelty, 12
(Dr. Myriam Dunn Cavelty is Head of the New Risk Research Unit at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and was Fellow at the "stiftung neue verantwortung" in Berlin, Germany. She publishes regularly in international journals and has authored and edited several books on information age security issues In addition to her teaching, research and publishing activities, she advises governments, international institutions and companies in the areas of cyber security, cyber warfare, critical infrastructure protection, risk analysis and strategic foresight. As an internationally renowned cyber expert she is a frequent speaker at professional conferences. "The militarisation of cyber security as a source of global tension" http://ssrn.com/abstract=2007043) Henge
Over the last few years, cyber security has been catapulted from the confined realm
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attribution challenge also conveniently allows state actors to distance themselves officially from attacks.

Fears of proliferation are misplaced—-cyber codes become obsolete before they can be utilized more than once

Cavelty, 12
(Dr. Myriam Dunn Cavelty is Head of the New Risk Research Unit at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and was Fellow at the "stiftung neue verantwortung" in Berlin, Germany. She publishes regularly in international journals and has authored and edited several books on information age security issues In addition to her teaching, research and publishing activities, she advises governments, international institutions and companies in the areas of cyber security, cyber warfare, critical infrastructure protection, risk analysis and strategic foresight. As an internationally renowned cyber expert she is a frequent speaker at professional conferences. "The militarisation of cyber security as a source of global tension" http://ssrn.com/abstract=2007043) Henge
In the mainstream representation of the Stuxnet story, the Bushehr nuclear plant is the
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high risks, and again, it adds to the cyber security dilemma.

Cyber threat reps are a set of discursive constructions—-rhetoric of cyber war is formulated to exacerbate fears and threaten the order of law

Cavelty, 13
(Dr. Myriam Dunn Cavelty is Head of the New Risk Research Unit at
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Security Discourse" doi: 10.1111/misr.12023) Henge
Cyber-Threat Representations: Creating and Changing "the Reservoir" Cyber-security
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the form of cyber-espionage, are the main focus of attention.

OCO’s are an attempt to control cyberspace, the most complex of all realms

Paganini, 13
(Pierluigi Paganini, Editor-in-Chief at Cyber Defense Magazine. "Does the US really think to leverage preemptive cyber attacks as a deterrent?" http://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/are-us-really-thinking-to-preemptive-cyber-attacks-as-deterrent/) Henge
There are a great number of activities in cyber space, whereby governments are secretly
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A cyber war is much more subtle and dangerous than preemptive cyber attack21 

Therefore, Jordan and I affirm the chaos of cyberspace

The Socratic reason of the world is rooted in distaste for tragedy and a fear of instability—-the attempt to create constancy and resolve universal contradiction only internalizes suffering and ressentiment

Saurette ’96 ~Paul, 1996 "I mistrust all Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory." Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25, number 1. pp. 3-6~
The Philosophical Foundation of the Will to Truth/Order: ’I mistrust all
AND
affirms and sanctions solely from the point of view of its interpretation.’

The vicious ressentiment of counterterror preemption obliterates all of life’s value

Siemens and Shapiro in 2008
(Herman, Assistant Professor for the Institute for Philosophy at the University of Leiden, and Gary, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Richmond, "What Does Nietzsche Mean for Contemporary Politics and Political Thought?", The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, Issue 35/36, Spring/Autumn, pMUSE, rcheek)
Does Fukuyama offer a genuine alternative on the questions of the "one" and
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the abrogation of international agreements that characterize the "global war on terror."

Policymakers’ attempts to impose order and certainty on the world result in constant war and violence

Burke in 2007 
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, pMUSE, cheek)
~23 At the same time, Kissinger’s hubris and hunger for control was beset by
AND
control of the weapons themselves, into political utility and rational strategy.66 

Risk-assessment of future threats is based in incomplete information—-this temporal logic devalues the present to preserve the future

Stockdale, 10
(Liam Stockdale, Ph.D. in International Relations, Department of Political Science, McMaster University. "Securitizing the Future? A Critical Interrogation of the Pre-emptive Turn in the Theory and Practice of Contemporary Security" https://www.academia.edu/430468/Securitizing_the_Future_A_Critical_Interrogation_of_the_Pre-Emptive_Turn_In_the_Theory_and_Practice_of_Contemporary_Security) Henge
As mentioned above, an explicitly temporal element has underwritten the development of security practices
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the ultimately unified objective of securing an imagined future that underwrites their enaction.

A prior understanding of the discursive underpinnings of cyber policy opens up avenues of political choices—-we must analyze the supposed truths that establish a reservoir of accepted threat representations

Cavelty, 13
(Dr. Myriam Dunn Cavelty is Head of the New Risk Research Unit at
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Security Discourse" doi: 10.1111/misr.12023) Henge
Matters of cyber-(in)-security—though not always under this name—
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opportunity to look at how such a reservoir of threat representations was formed.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Lucas-Bolin, Tandet, Varda

There are some different rants contained in various places in the 1AC

The mythos of "the West" and the supposed "western psychic imaginary" is persistently haunted by the struggle between Dionysus and Apollo: order and chaos do not exist in this sense in simple binary opposition, or as a mere dialectical synthesis, rather Apollo must annihilate Dionysus without remainder, because any remnant represents a destabilization of sensible reality and a threat to the linearity of time, there must be one single progressive ascent to absolute order, this narrative however is unstable, constantly incapable of holding together, always threatened by the god with a thousand faces, in incalculable spaces, unnamable in Greek, Latin, Italian, French, Dutch, English, ENGLISH, Binary Code, C++, JAVA, each new code, vulnerable to viruses, to Trojan Horses, to the Lakota hiding in the mountains, loose the arrows! The grid is far too vulnerable to a well-placed attack! Rolling black-outs, rolling from the hills like so many bare chested Gallic warriors, time keeps repeating, circling back on itself, ERROR! Thirteen threats have been detected to this 1ac, would you like to run a scan for a one-time charge 9 dollars and 99 cents worth of winter blankets, ERROR! Closing this window leaves this 1ac vulnerable to a small band of Lakota gathering on pine ridge, click this link to send in the black helicopters, TIME keeps circling back on itself, Dionysus and Apollo.

Spanos 2k (William V, Professor of English at Binghamton University, America’s Shadow, p. 10-13)
This binary logic, in other words, empowers the privi¬leged term to represent the
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terms endemic to and mandated by the Occident’s compartmentalization of being and knowledge.

Offensive Cyber Operations are an attempt to colonize the internet, and the language justifying them worships Apollo, and subjugates us to Apollo’s fears all over again

Paganini, 13
(Pierluigi Paganini, Editor-in-Chief at Cyber Defense Magazine. "Does the US really think to leverage preemptive cyber attacks as a deterrent?" http://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/are-us-really-thinking-to-preemptive-cyber-attacks-as-deterrent/) Henge
There are a great number of activities in cyber space, whereby governments are secretly
AND
A cyber war is much more subtle and dangerous than preemptive cyber attack21 

The Socratic reason of the world is rooted in distaste for tragedy and a fear of instability—-the attempt to create constancy and resolve universal contradiction only internalizes suffering and ressentiment

Saurette ’96 ~Paul, 1996 "I mistrust all Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory." Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25, number 1. pp. 3-6~
The Philosophical Foundation of the Will to Truth/Order: ’I mistrust all
AND
affirms and sanctions solely from the point of view of its interpretation.’

When Apollonian time stretches across a new space it must envelope it, master it, cover it with a blue crash-screen, all chaotic space must be territorialized and re-territorialized, spatialized and re-spatialized, and so the great expanse of the INTERNET lay out in front of the colonizers, "this my friends is the American West, some call it wild, some call it dangerous, I see the future, shining and paved, orderly, with all of the necessary fences, but first it must be cleared of all ’undesirables,’ it is our destiny," then a man with a thick Spanish accent exclaimed, " from this vantage point I can see everything, we must identify each unique user, track their activity and identify their allegiances, unless otherwise cleared, consider each an enemy, all threats must be immediately dealt with pre-emptively"

Bittarello 2009
(Maria Beatrice, independent scholar and PHD in cultural/religious studies, "Spatial Metaphors describing the Internet and religious Websites: sacred Space and sacred Place" Observatorio Journal, 11, 2009, odekirkian)
Ratzan (2000) mentions several spatial metaphors used to define the Internet, such
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—the position of the surfer, who travels in the new space.

The vicious ressentiment of counterterror preemption obliterates all of life’s value

Siemens and Shapiro in 2008
(Herman, Assistant Professor for the Institute for Philosophy at the University of Leiden, and Gary, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Richmond, "What Does Nietzsche Mean for Contemporary Politics and Political Thought?", The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, Issue 35/36, Spring/Autumn, pMUSE, rcheek)
Does Fukuyama offer a genuine alternative on the questions of the "one" and
AND
the abrogation of international agreements that characterize the "global war on terror."

Attempts to impose order and certainty on the world result in constant war and violence

Burke in 2007
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, pMUSE, cheek)
~23  At the same time, Kissinger’s hubris and hunger for control was beset by
AND
control of the weapons themselves, into political utility and rational strategy.66  

ERROR21 Rational strategy is collapsing, this 1AC is crashing, and time is running out21 Therefore, before the blue screen, Jordan and I ask that you vote in affirmation of this performance against Apollo.

Risk-assessment of future threats is based in incomplete information—-this temporal logic devalues the present to preserve the future

Stockdale, 10
(Liam Stockdale, Ph.D. in International Relations, Department of Political Science, McMaster University. "Securitizing the Future? A Critical Interrogation of the Pre-emptive Turn in the Theory and Practice of Contemporary Security" https://www.academia.edu/430468/Securitizing_the_Future_A_Critical_Interrogation_of_the_Pre-Emptive_Turn_In_the_Theory_and_Practice_of_Contemporary_Security) Henge
As mentioned above, an utexplicitly temporal element has underwritten the development of security practices
AND
the ultimately unified objective of securing an imagined future that underwrites their enaction.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Zendeh

Statutory checks on war powers increase deterrence capabilities by providing cred

Waxman, 13
Matthew C. Waxman, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War", Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), 8/25/2013, PDF
A second argument, this one advanced by some congressionalists, is that stronger legislative
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by pointing foreign actors to the appropriate institution or process for reading them.

a. Attribution

Jensen 2012 (Eric Talbot Jensen, Associate Professor, Brigham Young University Law School, Cyber Deterrence, 26 EMORY INT’L L. REV 773 (2012))
One of the most vexing problems associated with cyber operations is the¶ issue of
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be a vexing issue for victims that significantly compromises¶ attempts at deterrence.

b. Signaling intentions

Jensen 2012 (Eric Talbot Jensen, Associate Professor, Brigham Young University Law School, Cyber Deterrence, 26 EMORY INT’L L. REV 773 (2012))
Throughout the history of deterrence, the ability to signal one’s adversaries¶ was a
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appears to be diminished¶ in comparison with more traditional means of deterrence.

c. Jus ad bellum and self-defense

Jensen 2012 (Eric Talbot Jensen, Associate Professor, Brigham Young University Law School, Cyber Deterrence, 26 EMORY INT’L L. REV 773 (2012))
Finally, it is important to mention briefly the doctrine of necessity. Under¶
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be accounted for by a nation in its various approaches to deterring adversaries.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Abelkop

State of the Union means flex is down

Noonan, 2-3
(Michael P. Noonan is the Director of the Program on National Security at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia. "A More Sensible Set of War Powers" http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2014/02/03/the-war-powers-resolution-is-ripe-for-reform) Henge
Last week in the State of the Union address, President Barack Obama said the
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The bill lays out several exceptions to the terms "significant armed conflict.)

The plan captures the perfect middle ground between destroying flex and overarching prez authority—Congressional oversight makes OCOs credible and effective—this ev also takes out covert action CP

Lorber, 13
(Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. "EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?" http://ssrn.com/abstract=2017036) Henge *We don’t endorse ableist language
V. A MIDDLE GROUND OF LEGAL OVERSIGHT This analysis suggests that, given inherent
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and other nations develop and employ these capabilities with ever-greater frequency.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Lundeen

2AC—-FW Top Level

Tragedy DA—-radical democracy must be open to its own destruction

Hatab in 2002
(Lawrence J, Professor of Philosophy at Old Dominion University, "Prospects for a Democratic Agon: Why We Can Still Be Nietzscheans", The Nietzsche Journal, pMUSE)
Appel insists that a radical agonistics is a significant threat to democratic ideals and principles
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would see it as a possibility intrinsic to the openness of democratic practice.

2AC—-Limits

Competition must always be open to the transvaluation of limits—-each debate leaves contest radically open to new possibilities—-forcing FW debates is a good thing

Acampora, 6 
(Christa Davis, professor of philosophy at City University of New York. "CRITICAL AFFINITIES: NIETZSCHE AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN THOUGHT" pg. 183-4)
Given that, he asks, what form of struggle might best advance human possibilities
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community that will provide the institutional framework for such agonistic enterprises to occur.

2AC—-Deliberation

True deliberation demands no rules—-and it relies on rationality and idealism that agonism avoids

Mouffe, 99
(Chantal Mouffe, Belgian political theorist. "Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?" http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971349) Henge
There are many different versions of "deliberative democracy," but the most theoretically sophisticated
AND
an impartial assessment of what is in the general interest could be reached.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: Crowe, Spring, Lundeen

Human extinction is inevitable—-gwarm tipping points

Curry, 13
(Nathan Curry, Vice. "SOME CREDIBLE SCIENTISTS BELIEVE HUMANITY IS IRREPARABLY CLOSE TO DESTRUCTION" http://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/near-term-extinctionists-believe-the-world-is-going-to-end-very-soon) Henge
If you were to zoom out and take a comparative look back at our planet
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some are seeing the writing on the wall: We’re all gonna die21

Correlation with stability doesn’t imply causality—Brooks et al oversell benefits and ignore drawbacks

Walt 13 Stephen M. Walt, professor of international affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, "More or less: The debate on U.S. grand strategy," 1/2/2013, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/01/02/more_or_less_the_debate_on_us_grand_strategy
Third, B, I, 26 W give "deep engagement" full credit
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of other societies along liberal lines as highly desirable if not strategically essential.

Decline now—rising challengers and erosion in political, military and economic cred

Layne ’12 Christopher Layne, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University, noted neorealist, "This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana," International Studies Quarterly (2012) 56, 203-213
Some twenty years after the Cold War’s end, it now is evident that both
AND
and the United States’ own domestic economic weaknesses, it already is withering.

Heg collapse inevitable—structural economic weakness

Layne ’12 Christopher Layne, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University, noted neorealist, "This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana," International Studies Quarterly (2012) 56, 203-213
Contrary to the way their argument was portrayed by many of their critics, the
AND
now is facing the dilemmas that Gilpin and the other declinists warned about.

Stable rise of the rest is key to control prolif, terrorism, failed states, and the economy

Larson ’10 (Debra Welch, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Alexei Shevchenko, Assistant Professor of Political Science at California State University, Fullerton, Spring, ~www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.63~)
Since the end of the Cold War, scholars and foreign policy analysts have debated
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conclusion identiªes contributions of SIT to understanding otherwise puzzling Chinese and Russian behavior. 

Heg impacts are exaggerated to mobilize domestic support

Layne ’97 Christopher Layne, Visiting Associate Professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, "From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing," International Security, Summer 1997
The security/interdependence nexus results in the exaggeration of threats to American strategic interests
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potential adversaries—that it will uphold its security obligations in core areas.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Lundeen

Consumerism and money are tools of securitization—-socialism is slave morality but capitalism is nihilistic hedonism

Kilivris, 11
(Michael Kilivris, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College. Certified red chili pepper hotness rating on RateMyProfessor. "Beyond Goods and Services: Toward a Nietzschean Critique of Capitalism" http://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_10/kilivris_december2011.pdf) Henge
From Below: Nietzsche’s Critique of Socialism Nietzsche appears to have two closely related problems
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latter claim, as well as discuss its implications for our own time.

History disproves materialism and the alt is impossible

Domhoff, 5
(William Domhoff, Professor in Sociology at UC Santa Cruz. "A Critique of Marxism" http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/theory/marxism.html) Henge
Historical Materialism From a Four Networks point of view, Marxism’s emphasis on historical materialism
AND
about "market socialism" (Elson, 1998; Ollman, 1998).

That causes ascetic ressentiment

Turanli, 03
(The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 26 (2003) 55-63, Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World, Aydan Turanli, Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Istanbul Technical University)
The craving for absolutely general specifications results in doing metaphysics. Unlike Wittgenstein, Nietzsche
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"to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle"

Criticizing temporality KT labor struggle—-aff is key

Groundwork, 13 
(Groundwork Philosophy, a blog by past and present students of the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy (CRMEP). "The Problem of Temporality for a Materialist Concept of History" http://groundworkphilosophy.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/the-problem-of-temporality-for-a-materialist-concept-of-history/) Henge
What is the future of Marx’s materialist concept of history? It is evident that
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must explore the manifold implications of the complex relationship between labour and temporality.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UCO VY | Judge: Mathis, Shook, Haynal

PDB—-perspectivism means regardless of a link we can affirm different stuff

Solomon, 96
(Robert C. Solomon was a professor of Continental philosophy at the University of Texas. "Nietzsche Ad Hominem: Perspectivism, Personality and Ressentiment" pg. 203-204)
Nietzsche is not an "immoralist" — as he occasionally likes to bill himself
AND
submission to a prince: in itself it is nothing moral."56) 

Demanding social justice for historical injury codifies ressentiment and locks subordinated groups in their subordination

Brown 95 Professor of Women’s Studies @ UC Santa Cruz, 1995 ~Wendy, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity pg. 66-70~
Liberalism contains from its inception a generalized incitement to what Nietzsche terms ressentiment, the
AND
on and requiring its sustained rejection by a "hostile external world."32

The modern is never actual, only virtual—-means the aff is a prereq

Grossberg 10 (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 260) DDI13
The question is neither empirical nor conceptual, but conjunctural and discursive. To theorize
AND
is never fully actualized, because it can be actualized in multiple ways.

Their explanation of coloniality locks subjects in with NO ESCAPE

Grossberg 10 (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) (Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 265-66) DDI13
This exteriority is, it seems to me, further compromised by the assumption that
AND
) open up the multiplicity of modernities as well as alternatives to modernity?

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Asware, Miller, Antonucci

This threat perception is flawed

Cavelty, 12
(Dr. Myriam Dunn Cavelty is Head of the New Risk Research Unit at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and was Fellow at the "stiftung neue verantwortung" in Berlin, Germany. She publishes regularly in international journals and has authored and edited several books on information age security issues In addition to her teaching, research and publishing activities, she advises governments, international institutions and companies in the areas of cyber security, cyber warfare, critical infrastructure protection, risk analysis and strategic foresight. As an internationally renowned cyber expert she is a frequent speaker at professional conferences. "The militarisation of cyber security as a source of global tension" http://ssrn.com/abstract=2007043) Henge
Over the last few years, cyber security has been catapulted from the confined realm
AND
attribution challenge also conveniently allows state actors to distance themselves officially from attacks.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: James Madison BM | Judge: Deven

Blaming Western civilization obscures the true history of slavery and racism

Warraq in 2011
(Ibn, former visiting fellow at the Center for Law and Counterterrorism, a project for the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, "Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate’s Defense of Liberal Democracy", p. 103-105, rcheek)

It is commonplace among intellectuals and opinion-makers to see non-Western cultures
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the moral corruption inherent in a commerce that treated fellow humans as merchandise.

We have a moral obligation to defend Western values. It is the only way to guarantee true human freedom and equality before the law

Warraq in 2011
(Ibn, former visiting fellow at the Center for Law and Counterterrorism, a project for the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, "Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate’s Defense of Liberal Democracy", p. 211-212, rcheek)
At conferences where the topics of reforming Islam and combating radical Islam are discussed,
AND
sharia, tout court. We must insist on equality before the law.

The ethical obligation to aid the other demands use of the state to engage violence

Delhom ’9 (Pascal, Phil. – U. Flensburg, in "Levinas in Jerusalem: Phenomology, Ethics, Politics, Aesthetics", Ed. Joelle Hansel, p. 80-82)
Nevertheless, according to Levinas it would be wrong to separate the  domain of ethical
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. And the state should be evaluated and  judged according to its justice.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 2 | Opponent: Idaho State DI | Judge: Bausch

Totalizing anti-statism is silly—the slave can use the master’s tools to burn the plantation down

James ’9 – Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Robin M, Autonomy, Universality, and Playing the Guitar: On the Politics and Aesthetics of Contemporary Feminist Deployments of the "Master’s Tools", April 14, DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01033.x)
In these two instances of successful reappropriation of the master’s tools—autonomy/universality
AND
," and playing the guitar) can indeed bring down the master’s house.

War turns the k

Goldstein ’1 Joshua S. Goldstein, professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender: How Gender shapes the War System and Vice Versa, 2001, pp. 411-412
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate. 

Democracies correlate with increased compliance with IHL norms

Fraiser 2002 (Malcolm Fraser ¶ 22-23 April 2002 ¶ The John F. Kennedy School of Government, ¶ Harvard University http://interactioncouncil.org/international-humanitarian-law-humanitarian-crises-and-military-intervention-o)
4. Democratic societies which purport to value respect for human rights and freedoms should
AND
, particularly young people, about the importance of respect for human rights.

Spills over and enforced domestically—-best for human rights

McGinnis 26 Somin 2009 (John O. McGinnis, Professor of Law¶ Northwestern University School of Law¶ Ilya Somin, Professor of Law¶ DEMOCRACY AND INTERNATIONAL¶ HUMAN RIGHTS LAW George Mason University School of Law¶ Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 4,¶ pp 1739-1798, May 2009)
Ultimately, democracy is itself an institution dependent on legal¶ norms. Precisely because
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way that the imposition of other substantive¶ international human rights norms might. 

Warming causes extinction

Tickell 8 (Oliver, Environmental Researcher, The Guardian, August 11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange, JMB, accessed 6-23-11)
We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
the warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth 

It’s real and anthropogenic

Suzuki 10 7/19/10 (David, Chair of the David Suzuki Foundation, is an award-winning scientist, Environmentalist, Science deals blow to deluded climate change deniers, http://www.bclocalnews.com/opinion/98758379.html**)**
It must be difficult, if not downright embarrassing, to be a climate change
AND
bird, marine, and human life, as well as local economies.

Warming reps good

Keating ’13 Joshua E. Keating, associate editor at Foreign Policy, "Terror Management," Foreign Policy. Mar/Apr2013, Issue 199, p30-30. 4/5p
REFLECTING ON U.S.-Soviet relations late in his presidency, Ronald Reagan
AND
movies enemies always unite just in time to fight off the bad guys.

The state’s inevitable

John Mearsheimer, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of political science at the University of Chicago and co-director of the Program on International Security Policy, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 2001, p. 366
Another reason to doubt these claims about the state’s impending demise is that there is
AND
state, they will surely go to great lengths to ensure its survival. 

Omission isn’t a link

Richard Rorty, professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford, "Hope and the Future," Peace Review, Vol. 14 No. 2, 2002, pp. 152-153
I have no quarrel with Cornell’s and Spivak’s claim that "what is missing in
AND
have been told, and should be told, in many other ways.

No social death

Brown ’9 Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, December 2009, p. 1231-1249
THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
AND
of becoming ’African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity."40  

Jux perm

Edleman 1987
~Murray. (Professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison). "SYMPOSIUM: EXCLUDED VOICES: REALITIES IN LAW AND LAW REFORM: The Construction of Social Problems as Buttresses of Inequalities." University of Miami Law Review. 42 U. Miami L. Rev. 7. LN Jamie~
It is not the expression of opposition but of consensus that makes for instability.
AND
appearance of dynamism and tension that rarely has any bearing upon its outcomes.

Wilderson is reductionist and essentialist

Ellison 11 (Mary, PhD, Fellow, African American and Indian American history and culture, Keele University, "Review of: Red, White and Black: cinema and the structure of US antagonisms" http://rac.sagepub.com/content/53/2/100.full.pdf+html?rss=1, Acc: 8/5/12, og)
These are two illuminating, but frustratingly flawed books. Their approaches are different,
AND
’red’ that is part of his title in any truly meaningful way.

Focusing upon the traumatic elements of black subjectivity denies agency

Walker ’12 –  Graduate of Psychosocial studies (Tracey, Graduate of Psychosocial Studies at Birbeck University of London, Graduate Journal of Social Science July 2012, Vol. 9, Issue 2, " The Future of Slavery: From Cultural Trauma to Ethical Remembrance" pg. 165-167, http://gjss.org/images/stories/volumes/9/2/Walker20Article.pdf)
To argue that there is more to the popular conception of slaves as victims who
AND
relation with our ancestors who lived and survived in the time of slavery.

Utilizing politicized identities and categories such as Black or White results in endless violence

Enns 7 (Diane, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Philosophy and Peace Studies, McMaster University, "Political Life Before Identity", Theory 26 Event  10:1, Project Muse, og)
That we need to extricate ourselves not only from the worldview of the perpetrator,
AND
life lived in an altered relation to politics and to other living beings.

The politics of mourning are key to create possibilities for Black communities

Stow 10 (Simon, Associate Professor, Department of Government, College of William and Mary. "Agonistic Homegoing: Frederick Douglass, Joseph Lowery, and the Democratic Value of African American Public Mourning." American Political Science Review, Vol. 104, No. 4, November 2010. –Veeder)
The history of public mourning suggests that the stories that we tell about the dead
AND
its passing, we pick up the mantle and carry on the work.

Alt fails – ignores oppression, lacks political strategy, and no one cares

O’Callaghan ’2 Terry O’Callaghan, lecturer in the school of International Relations at the University of South Australia, International Relations and the third debate, ed: Jarvis, 2002, p. 80-82
There are also a host of technological and logistical questions that plague George’s scheme and
AND
creativity, and openness, George’s postmodern musings have understandably attracted few disciples.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Abelkop

No predictable lit on self-restraint in the context of war powers

Sales, 12
(Nathan Sales, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. "Self-Restraint and National Security "  http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Henge
Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning national security rests on the assumption that the
AND
, the government sometimes adopts self-restraints that limit its ability to conduct 

Permutation do both—XOs that support legislation are best—CP alone links to politics and wrecks legitimacy—also causes inter-branch tension

Belco and Rottinghaus, 13
(Brandon Rottinghaus, Senator Don Henderson Scholar, University of Houston, Department of Political Science. Michelle Belco, University of Houston, Department of Political Science. "In Lieu of Legislation: Executive Unilateral Preemption or Support during the Legislative Process" Sage) Henge
In exercising their executive power within the legislative arena, presidents generally pursue a "
AND
of Congress through prearranged policy (Fisher 2007, 109; Warber 2006).

Inter-branch tension turns flex

Jamison 1993, Deputy of Governmental Relations at CSIS, (Linda S., Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, Spring Vol. 16, No. 2; Page 189)
Indeed, there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international implications
AND
that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

XOs are illegitimately perceived—can’t solve if Congress doesn’t approve actions—can’t solve long-term—every president gets XOs revoked

Powell, 14
(Jim Powell is Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, with which he has been associated since 1988. He has also done work for the Manhattan Institute, the Institute for Humane Studies, Citizens for a Sound Economy, the National Right to Work Committee and Americans for Free Choice in Medicine. Powell is an author on the history of liberty. "How President Obama Could be Swept Away with His Executive Orders That Defy Congress and the Courts" http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/how-president-obama-could-be-swept-away-executive-orders-defy-congress) Henge
Apparently President Obama has become convinced that he can make magic with that pen he
AND
established with executive orders is most vulnerable to being swept away by a whirlwind