Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU | Judge: JP
1AC

Advantage 1:  The War on Terrorism

US is losing the War on Terrorism – proliferation of extra-AUMF Al Qaeda affiliates
Kagan, 7/18/2013 Frederick W., Christopher DeMuth Chair and Director, Critical Threats Project, American Enterprise Institute, “The Continued Expansion of Al Qaeda Affiliates and their Capabilities”, Statement before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs  Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade  On “Global al-Qaeda: Affiliates, Objectives, and Future Challenges”, http://www.criticalthreats.org/al-qaeda/kagan-continued-expansion-al-qaeda-affiliates-capabilities-july-18-2013, BJM

The war against al Qaeda is not going well. Afghanistan has seen the most
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former while observing the latter to ensure that they do not change course.  

AUMF ambiguity undermines effective counter terrorism operations against affiliates
Chesney et al. 13 Robert Chesney, Professor in Law at The University of Texas School of Law, Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University, Matthew Waxman, professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Benjamin Wittes, Senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security, “A Statutory Framework  for  Next-Generation  Terrorist  Threats”, Hoover Institution, Taskforce on National Security and Law, Stanford University, http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, BJM

The September 2001 AUMF provides for the use of force against the entity  responsible for
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Congress should  do anything about this situation, and if so precisely what.

Turning the tide is critical – al-Qaeda affiliates pose a high risk of nuclear and biological terrorism
Allison, IR Director @ Harvard, 12 Graham, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government, Harvard Kennedy School, "Living in the Era of Megaterror", Sept 7, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22302/living_in_the_era_of_megaterror.html. BJM

Forty years ago this week at the Munich Olympics of 1972, Palestinian terrorists conducted
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the eye can see, we will live in an era of megaterror.

Bioweapons are imminent and cause extinction – they’re easily obtainable and overwhelm our best defenses
Myhrvold, July 2013 Nathan, formerly Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, is co-founder of Intellectual Ventures—one of the largest patent holding companies in the world, “Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action”, The Lawfare Research Paper Series  Research paper NO . 2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf, BJM

Biotechnology is advancing so rapidly that it is hard to  keep track of all the
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cause compares with that of other calamities  that the human race has faced.

Ambiguity will force a collapse of operations in Yemen and Somalia
Chesney, 2012 Robert, Professor University of Texas School of Law, “Beyond the Battlefield, Beyond Al Qaeda: The  Destabilizing Legal Architecture of  Counterterrorism”, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS  SCHOOL OF LAW  Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 227, Aug 29, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2138623, BJM

The drawdown in Afghanistan, combined with the expansion of the shadow war model,  
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provides a useful illustration, or perhaps more accurately, a  cautionary tale.

Defeating AQAP in Yemen is key—prevents regional attacks on nearby waterways
Terrill 13 Dr. W. Andrew Terrill, Research Professor of National Security Affairs, retired Lt. Col., Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press, June, “THE STRUGGLE FOR YEMEN AND THE CHALLENGE OF AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1157

U.S. support for Yemen remains important, and the United States must
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indicated by repeated AQAP efforts to attack the U.S. homeland. 

New AQ merger proves a risk of waterway attack is high
Thomas, Aug 8, 2013 Matthew J., Monterey Institute of International Studies, “Exposing and exploiting  weaknesses in the merger of Al-  Qaeda and Al-Shabaab”, http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fswi20, SG

Still, the merger may pose new challenges that amplify the threat of  al-
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nations in order carry out  and/or incite domestic terrorist attacks.29

Bab El Mandeb strait is critical to global commerce and US hegemony
Mountain, 2012 Thomas, independent western journalist based in the Horn of Africa , Kavaz Center, “Could AQAP and al-Shabaab cause the death of the U.S.?”. News Fact Analysis, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/11/19/choke-point-bab-el-mandeb-understanding-the-strategically-critical-horn-of-africa/, BJM

The Horn of Africa is one of the most strategically critical regions in the world
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worlds lone superpower and it's control of the world as we know it.

Triggers immediate global economic collapse
Korin and Luft 4 Anne Korin, Director of Policy and Strategic Planning at IAGS and Editor of Energy Security, and Gal Luft, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, Nov/Dec Foreign Affairs, “Terrorism Goes to Sea” http://www.cfr.org/world/terrorism-goes-sea/p7545

Such experts, however, fail to realize that the popular perception that the international
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that pass through it each year are tankers carrying Russian and Caspian oil.

Global nuclear war
Royal 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Adv 2: Jus ad Bellum

The AUMF is nearing obsolescence – specifically because of the 9/11 nexus and AQ affiliates.
Barnes, 12
Beau D., Boston University - School of Law; Tufts University - The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, “Reauthorizing the 'War on Terror': The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence”, 211 Military Law Review 57 (2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874

In the weeks after September 11, 2001, no one seriously questioned37 the President’s
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will soon prove insufficient to legally authorize the United States’ global counterterrorism efforts. 

Status quo guarantees destabilizing interpretations of jus ad bellum law---plan is key to preventing
Barnes, 12
Beau D., Boston University - School of Law; Tufts University - The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, “Reauthorizing the 'War on Terror': The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence”, 211 Military Law Review 57 (2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874

A new AUMF is the best option available to U.S. policymakers if
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authorizing unlimited, permanent war with whomever the President deems an enemy.8 

A failure to reauthorize the AUMF causes a reliance on broad  interpretations of international law- means the U.S. promotes massively chaotic and disruptive global norms---this particularly causes east Asian instability
Barnes, 12
Beau D., Boston University - School of Law; Tufts University - The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, “Reauthorizing the 'War on Terror': The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence”, 211 Military Law Review 57 (2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874
A failure to reauthorize military force would lead to significant negative consequences on the international
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the continued successful targeting of Al Qaeda members, is rapidly approaching zero. 

International justifications for U.S. drone policy flips the international model of imminence
Brooks 2013
-Rosa, Drones and the International Rule of Law scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2296andcontext=facpub, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz, Senior Fellow, New America Foundation

That’s a lot of unknowns. Nevertheless, if we piece together public statements by
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(or the totality of strikes) satisfies these legal and ethical principles. 

That independently causes flashpoints to go nuclear.
Obayemi, 6 -- East Bay Law School professor
Olumide, admitted to the Bars of Federal Republic of Nigeria and the State of California, Golden Gate University School of Law, "Article: Legal Standards Governing Pre-Emptive Strikes and Forcible Measures of Anticipatory Self-Defense Under the U.N. Charter and General International Law," 12 Ann. Surv. Int'l and Comp. L. 19, l/n, accessed 9-19-13, mss

The United States must abide by the rigorous standards set out above that are meant
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. This is the essence of the preamble to the United Nations Charter.

Specifically - it’s only norms stopping SCS escalation now – China is continuously testing the limits of international opposition.
USIP 2013
Aaron Austin, USIP 2013, China’s Subtle Strategy in the South China Sea http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PB154-ChinaE28099s20Subtle20Strategy_0.pdf
Although surprising to many and frustrating to most, the United States military—the
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and methods—of international opposition to its territorial expansion in the SCS. 

China is looking for U.S. international precedent in drone use to justify
Bodeen ‘13
-Christopher, Beijing correspondent for The Associated Press, 5/3/2013, "China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive", www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html

Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
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a regular basis and Japan frequently scrambles fighters to tail Chinese manned aircraft.

SCS conflict causes extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?",  www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
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—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction. 

Specifically, China will use expansive use of force against Uighurs
Alston, 11 Philip, Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2012, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, pg. lexis, ALB
¶ China is another case in point. It has consistently characterized unrest among its
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acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.

That destabilizes China and pulls them into war with border states
Clarke, China analyst for the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 2010 (Christopher, independent China consultant, China analyst for 25 years and head of the China Division of the state departments Bureau of Intelligence and Research, “Xinjiang – Where China’s Worry Intersects the World”, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/xinjiang-where-chinas-worry-intersects-world)
The February 15 killing of militant Uighur leader Abdul Haq al-Turkistani by an
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Western extremity, even if the real terrorist threat to China has diminished.

Chinese instability and territorial fragmentation overcomes all defense---risk nuclear war
Yee and Storey 2002 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002, The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5)
The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
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disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Diplomacy and econ don’t’ check
Auslin, 1/28/2013 (Michael – scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, The Sino-Japanese Standoff, National Review, p. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/338852/sinondashjapanese-standoff-michael-auslin?pg=2)
This Sino–Japanese standoff also is a problem for the United States, which
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, and Asia could face its gravest crisis perhaps since World War II.

De-escalation impossible
Wittmeyer, 3/19/2013 (Alicia – assistant editor at Foreign Policy, Why Japan and China could accidentally end up at war, Foreign Policy, p. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/19/china_japan_accidental_war_islands)
Great. At a time when Chinese authorities seem to be making efforts to dial
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that these deliberate moves escalate beyond what either Japan or China is anticipating. 

Solvency

The United States Federal Government should limit the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force to al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and their co-belligerents.

Co-Belligerent distinction limits enemy definition in the AUMF
Bradley and Goldsmith, 2005 Curtis A,  Professor, University of Virginia School of Law , Jack L,  Professor, Harvard Law School, Harvard Law Review, “ CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORIZATION AND THE WAR ON TERRORISM”, May,  VOLUME 118,  NUMBER 7, http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5503/h09/undervisningsmateriale/bradley_goldsmith.pdf, BJM

Nothing in the analysis thus far has indicated how close the affilia-tion between
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ter-rorist organizations that are functional co-belligerents of al Qaeda.

Action to clearly define the enemy restricts the executive scope of the AUMF while preserving presidential flexibility and the joint decision-making capabilities
Cronogue 2012 Graham, Duke University School of Law, J.D; University of North Carolina B.A. 2010, A NEW AUMF: DEFINING COMBATANTS IN THE WAR ON TERROR scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil, BJM

The AUMF must be updated. In 2001, the AUMF authorized force to  fight
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against any groups that directly aid group “I” in its struggle.
My proposal for the new AUMF would appear as follows:  AFFIRMATION OF ARMED CONFLICT
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emerging threats or engage  in appropriate and calculated actions of self-defense.
The definition of “associated forces” will add much needed clarity and  provide congressional
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against those nations that present the greatest threat to the United States  today.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa Croat-Shearer | Judge: Box
Won’t pass because of election fears and Obama’s approach prolongs Republican backlash- star this card
Kaplan 10-3-13 Rebecca, serves as City Councilmember At-Large for Oakland, California, CBS News, “Why is it so difficult to end the government shutdown?” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57605784/why-is-it-so-difficult-to-end-the-government-shutdown/

As the government shutdown enters its third day, Democrats and Republicans seem no closer
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said, will give Republicans more areas where they can look for victory.

All their link args are non-unique
NPR 9/21, “Have Obama's Troubles Weakened Him For Fall's Fiscal Fights?” http://www.ideastream.org/news/npr/224494760
President Obama has had a tough year. He failed to pass gun legislation.
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now facing showdowns with the Republicans over a potential government shutdown and a default

on the nation's debt. On Friday, the House voted to fund government operations through mid-December, while also defunding the president's signature health care law — a position that's bound to fail in the Senate.¶ As these fiscal battles proceed, Republicans have been emboldened by the president's recent troubles, says former GOP leadership aide Ron Bonjean.

Fiat means the plan passes instantaneously and doesn’t cost capital

Shutdown crushes Obama’s agenda
O’Brien 10/1 (Michael O'Brien 10/1, "Winners and losers of the government shutdown", 2013, nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/01/20763839-winners-and-losers-of-the-government-shutdown?lite)

Obama¶ The fiscal fight is a double-edged sword for Obama.¶ Yes
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-term priorities, like comprehensive immigration reform, are on life support.

Political capital isn’t key and Obama isn’t spending it
Allen, 9/27/13- politics reporter for Politico (Jonathan, “President Obama’s distance diplomacy” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/government-shutdown-barack-obama-house-gop-97483.html?hp=t3_3)

The White House’s distance diplomacy with Republicans is an approach that tacitly acknowledges three inescapable
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government and pay our bills.” Whether Obama can sustain his no-negotiatio

n position on the debt ceiling remains to be seen. Senate Republicans — even
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the president’s always had a “laissez-faire” approach to Congress.

Obama’s PC is low and decreasing
Steinhauser, 9/26/13 – CNN Political Editor (Paul, “Obama's support slips; controversies, sluggish economy cited” http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/politics/cnn-poll-of-polls-obama/?hpt=po_c2) 

As he battles with congressional Republicans over the budget and the debt ceiling, and
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will not negotiate with the GOP in Congress over extending the debt ceiling.

No Default – internal checks and balanced budget
Dorfman, 10/3 Jeffrey, Forbes, “Don't Believe The Debt Ceiling Hype: The Federal Government Can Survive Without An Increase”, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffreydorfman/2013/10/03/dont-believe-the-debt-ceiling-hype-the-federal-government-can-survive-without-an-increase/, BJM

That’s right. As much as the politicians and news media have tried to convince
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earns. Just like ordinary Americans have to do in their everyday lives.

Fights now and McCain supports the plan.
Shapiro May 29th 2013
-Ari, Why Obama Wants To Change The Key Law In The Terrorism Fighwww.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/05/29/187059276/why-obama-wants-to-change-the-key-law-in-the-terrorism-fight

The AUMF is one of the most unusual laws Congress has passed this century.
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president giving up power. It would look like a president ending wars."

McCain key to success in talks
Curry, 10/3 Tom, NBC Politics, “McCain in the middle: Can Senate's GOP elders solve shutdown mess?”,http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/02/20790845-mccain-in-the-middle-can-senates-gop-elders-solve-shutdown-mess?lite, BJM

Arizona Sen. John McCain and other like-minded Republican senatorscould end up reprising
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let's rifle shot amendments so that we force people to vote on those.”

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Missouri State Hamaker-Miller | Judge: Moczulski
Shocks to the democratic system are the ONLY propensity for conflict—globalization and liberal norms have created definitive positive trends towards non-violence and peace.
John Horgan 9 is Director of the Center for Science at Stevens Institute of Technology, former senior writer at Scientific American, B.A. from Columbia and an M.S. from Columbia “The End of the Age of War,” Dec 7 http://www.newsweek.com/id/225616/page/1

The economic crisis was supposed to increase violence around the world. The truth is
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pageant -contestants—or something like it may finally come to pass. 

Neo-positivism is good, much of the world is subjective but there ARE some patterns and focusing on those is best for policy.
Houghton 8
David Patrick, *Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida, 2008, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?, International Politics, pg 45 

As long ago as 1981, Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach effectively laid the influence
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epistemological ones, ought to be what divides the international relations scene today.

A violent war on terror is the only way to solve—nonviolent solutions empirically fail
Victor Davis Hanson 10, Senior Fellow, Hoover.Former visiting prof, classics, Stanford. PhD in classics, Stanford, The Tragic Truth of War, 19 February 2010, http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/hanson021910.html

Victory has usually been defined throughout the ages as forcing the enemy to accept certain
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, and tragically always will — until the nature of man himself changes. 

In-group out group distinctions are human nature, recognizing this is important to deal with it.
Dimijian 10 Dr. Gregory G. Dimijianm, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School "Warfare, genocide, and ethnic conflict: a Darwinian approach" Proc (BaylUniv Med Cent) July; 23(3): 292–300. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900985/
We have neglected to teach the evolution of human nature to children—very young
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when there are rich opportunities to understand the evolutionary origins of the paradox.

Rejecting securitization destabilizes identity, unleashing genocidal wars which end in extinction.
Reinhard 4
Kenneth, Professor of Jewish Studies @ UCLA, UCLA Center for Jewish Studies, “Towards a Political Theology of the Neighbor,” http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf

If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
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ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable” (PF 83).

Reinhard 4
Kenneth, Professor of Jewish Studies @ UCLA, UCLA Center for Jewish Studies, “Towards a Political Theology of the Neighbor,” http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf

If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
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ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable” (PF 83).

Enmity is inevitable --- it’s a question of embracing that to bracket violence
Prozorov 6 – Sergei Prozorov, collegium fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Professor of International Relations in the Department of International Relations, Faculty of Politics and Social Sciences, Petrozavodsk State University, Russia, 2006, “Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, p. 75-99
While these modalities of enmity are historically contingent, what remains necessary is the act
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consists precisely in attributing to him ahighly intense and violent construct of enmity.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Wimsatt-Sergent-Leventhal | Judge: Deming
Criticizing US imperialism focuses only on the bad – undermining U.S faith in its operations
Hanson 3(Victor Davis, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Professor Emeritus at California University, Fresno, Ph.D. from Stanford,  “Loyalty, How Quaint.” National Review Online.Novem.ber 24. http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/hanson112403v55iss.html)

Critical to this cynicism is the reductio ad absurdum, where the extreme and rare
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") than to identify those who are sophisticated and disloyal as simple traitors.
Historical revision has done its part as well in destroying the old virtue of national
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the citizen look to the past to galvanize his confidence in the present?
Yet to the classical mind it was never a question of whether an Athenian or
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why should one feel any loyalty to it in the here and now?
Finally, the most recent manifestation of internationalism has done its part to contribute to
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Peace Prize-winning opportunists, and cuddly banalities from a Kofi Annan.
Non-violent resistance fails – it’s too slow acting and only works under extremely specific circumstances – violence can solve these short-falls
Futterman95 (J.A.H., Researcher at Lawrence Libermore Lab,  Obscenity and Peace : Mediations on the Bomb http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html AFM)

4Gandhi's non-violence
. That said, non-violent confrontation may have worked against the Nazis if
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the progress made thus far.

Zero risk of their impact---instrumental knowledge production doesn’t cause violence and discursive criticism could never solve it anyway
Ken Hirschkop 7, Professor of English and Rhetoric at the University of Waterloo, July 25, 2007, “On Being Difficult,” Electronic Book Review, online: http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/criticalecologies/transitive

This defect - not being art - is one that theory should prolong and celebrate
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to more Sisyphean frustration. In fact, there are several good reasons.

Global war does not result from a Western desire for control---it results from lack of clearly defined strategic imperatives---the aff is necessary to reclaim the political
David Chandler 9, Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War', Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243

Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive characteristics that Schmitt attributed to ‘
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lack of clear contestation involving the strategic accommodation of diverse powers and interests. 

Neo-positivism is good, much of the world is subjective but there ARE some patterns and focusing on those is best for policy.
Houghton 8
David Patrick, *Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida, 2008, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?, International Politics, pg 45 

As long ago as 1981, Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach effectively laid the influence
AND
epistemological ones, ought to be what divides the international relations scene today.

A violent war on terror is the only way to solve—nonviolent solutions empirically fail
Victor Davis Hanson 10, Senior Fellow, Hoover.Former visiting prof, classics, Stanford. PhD in classics, Stanford, The Tragic Truth of War, 19 February 2010, http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/hanson021910.html

Victory has usually been defined throughout the ages as forcing the enemy to accept certain
AND
past that have no relevanceto the present ageof limited conflict, terrorism, an

d insurgency where ideology reigns? Not really. We don’t quite know all the
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, and tragically always will — until the nature of man himself changes.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa Croat-Shearer | Judge: Box

1. W/M – We limit the president’s authority to determine those responsible for 9/11 in the AUMF.
   Bradley and Goldsmith 2005
   - Curtis and - Jack, Professors at University of Virginia and Harvard Law Schools Respectively, CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORIZATION AND THE
   WAR ON TERRORISM, Harvard Law Review, Volume 118, May 2005

The AUMF is arguably more restrictive in one respect, and argua-bly broader
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of facts related to the exercise of his authority under the AUMF.147

Legal scholars agree it’s the most restrictive approach
Chesney, Goldsmith, Waxman, andWittes, 2013
Robert, Professor in Law at The University of Texas School of Law, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University, Matthew, professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Benjamin, Senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security, “A Statutory Framework¶ for¶ Next-Generation¶ Terrorist¶ Threats”, Hoover Institution, Taskforce on National Security and Law, Stanford University, http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf, BJM

Congress could instead authorize the president to use force against specified¶ terrorist groups and
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one that, among our three options, most restricts presidential¶ discretion.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa Croat-Shearer | Judge: Box
Deference kills pres-powers in the long term.
Margulies 2009
Peter, Professor of Law, Roger Williams University, THE WAGES OF PLAYING FOR TIME:¶ AVOIDANCE DOCTRINES AND INTERPRETIVE¶ METHOD IN NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS CASES
The response to advocates of presidential power accepts their general thesis on the advantages of
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The result might be a higher overall level of both liberty and security.

Obama’s decisions are hurting presidential powers now, even setting the precedent for lower powers in the future.
Yoo 2013
-John, WSJ,  JohnYoo: Diminishing the Presidency online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323375204578271681410646810.html 

A year ago this month, President Obama bypassed the Senate's advice-and-
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unfortunately, will prove to be his historical legacy unless he changes course.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa Croat-Shearer | Judge: Box
Case is a DA---Judicial process key
Steven Clark 12, former Staff Sergeant in the US Army, BA in PoliSci and Government from Campbell University, “Targeted Killings: Justified Acts of War or Too Much Power for One Government?” Global Security Studies, Summer 2012, Volume 3, Issue 3, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Clark20Targeted.pdf
Although Eric Holder was right when he distinguished between judicial process and due process,
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like this would also be able to act quickly in situations requiring immediate action

Congress is key – only the perm solves
Silverstein 2011
- Gordon, Fellow in the Program in Law and Public Affairs, Princeton University and Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, is the author of Law’s Allure: How Law Shapes, Constrains, Saves and Kills Politics (Cambridge University Press 2009) and Imbalance of Powers: Constitutional Interpretation and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Oxford University Press, 1997), “U.S. War and Emergency Powers: The Virtues of Constitutional Ambiguity”

Far from embedding a new normal, the Bush Administration’s lawfare strategy (Bruff 2009
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“twilight zone” in the opposite direction – away from Executive power.

XOs are net worse for political capital and prez powers
Scheir 2011
Steven E., Professor of Political Science at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota The Contemporary Presidency: The Presidential Authority Problem and the Political Power Trap Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume 41, Issue 4, pages 793–808, December 2011

So the “presidential authority problem” has several parts. Authority among elites faces
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the central political challenge confronted by modern presidents, and now by Obama. 

Theory of the unitary executive is not supported by history, and leads to facism it’s just been constrained the recent past. It’s no different in principle from the story of Hitler. The balanced approach of aff is best.
Bensing 2007
-Dwayne, B.A. University of Arkansas (cum laude), J.D. UPenn, Unitary Executive Theory: Constitutional Mandate or Fascist Threat?www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Calkins/Bensing.pdf
On the other hand, one need not look long to find the numerous critiques
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deemed “legal scholars” and “historians”-- to convince us otherwise.