Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Indiana FH | Judge: Sharpe, Strauss, Wunderlich

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Discursive focus fails

Adrian Hyde-Price (Professor of International Politics at Bath) 2001 "Europes new security challenges" p. 39
Securitization thus focuses almost exclusively on the discursive domain and eschews any attempt to determine
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serious empirical research and setting it adrift on a sea of floating signifiers. 

Impossible to mobilize support for lashout

Mandelbaum 11 (Michael Mandelbaum, A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC; and Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, "CFR 90th Anniversary Series on Renewing America: American Power and Profligacy," Jan 2011) http://www.cfr.org/publication/23828/cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on_renewing_america.html?cid=rss-fullfeed-cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on-01181126utm_source=feedburner26utm_medium=feed26utm_campaign=Feed:+cfr_main+(CFR.org+-+Main+Site+Feed
HAASS: Michael, I think I know the answer to this question, but
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as a single unit. And that unit has come to an end.

Acct

Prolif doesn’t solve war—-empirics go aff

Mark S. Bell 13, PhD student in Political Science at MIT, MPP from the Harvard Kennedy School, and Nicholas Miller, PhD Candidate in IR at MIT, August 19, 2013, "Questioning the Effect of Nuclear Weapons on Conflict," Journal of Conflict Resolution, a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on international conflict and conflict resolution, http://jcr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/08/19/0022002713499718.abstract
Our results call into question several aspects of the conventional wisdom on nuclear weapons and
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a note of caution for those who see little danger in future proliferation.

Prefer experimental evidence

Kai Quek 12, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics and Administration at the university of Hong Kong, PhD in Poli Sci from MIT, "Nuclear Proliferation and the Risk of Nuclear War: An Experimental Approach," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2106695
Is the decision to use a nuclear option influenced by the number of nuclear actors
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, which is hard to achieve with observational data due to potential confounders.

S

Ex post means they’ll win their suits

Paul Taylor 13, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research with a focus on national security policy, international relations, targeted killings, and drone operations, JD from Seton Hall University School of Law, "A FISC for Drones?" http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/02/a-fisc-for-drones/
Judges would likely be much more comfortable with ex post review. Ex post review
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of the operation, from the initial targeting decision to the final execution.

Immediate observer effect

Ashley Deeks 13, Associate Prof of Law at the University of Virginia Law School, "The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference," Fordham Law Review Vol. 82, October 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667
In another sense, though, much of substance has been decided since 2002—
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as with the Guantánamo habeas cases in the D.C. Circuit.

Political costs cause compliance

Stephen I. Vladeck 9, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3-1-2009, "The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox," http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=facsch_bkrev
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
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comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

Pro bono lawyers empirically represent victims in other countries

Law and Disorder 11, weekly, independent radio program focused on legal issues related to civil liberties and national security, "Law and Disorder July 25, 2011," http://lawanddisorder.org/2011/07/law-and-disorder-july-25-2011/
Michael Ratner is President of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) in New
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in his work has been litigation against government spying and surveillance of activists.

T

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
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. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
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dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
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, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

K

Efforts to avoid death are inevitable and sustain dignity and value

Robert Wuthnow 10, Gerhard Andlinger Prof of Sociology at Princeton, PhD in Sociology from Cal Berkeley, "Be Very Afraid: The Cultural Response to Terror, Pandemics, Environmental Devastation, Nuclear Annihilation, and Other Threats," p. 15, google books
The response to peril will consist in large measure of problem solving. Research demonstrates
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environmental threats have focused largely on the search for scientific and technological solutions.

Life has intrinsic and objective value achieved through subjective pleasures—-its preservation should be an a priori goal

Amien Kacou 8 WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
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priori value—what gives us pleasure is a matter for empirical investigation.
Thus, we can see now that, in general, something primitively valuable is
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at least for the sake of preserving the possibility of finding that good.
However, this platitude about the value that can be found in life turns out
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and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Seeking to change the world is an affirmation of life—-answers the "why" question of the 1NC

Todd May 5, prof @ Clemson. "To change the world, to celebrate life," Philosophy 26 Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 nos 5–6 pp. 517–531
And that is why, in the end, there can be no such thing
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acknowledge the chiasm of body and world that is the wellspring of both.  

Their rejection of normative state engagement causes worse violence

Zizek 4 Slavoj, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies in Ljubljana, 2004, Organs Without Bodies, p. 72-73
However, even if there is a grain of truth in the reproach of Deleuze’s
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, which means when I act against my "spontaneous" natural impulses.

Their rejection of material engagement in favor of interrogation is utopian and can’t solve violence

Peter Hallward, Professor in the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy at Middlesex University, London, 2006, Out of This World: Deleuze and the Philosophy of Creation, p. 161-162
Now Deleuze understands perfectly well why ’most of the objections raised against the great
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are genuinely between rather than external to individuals, classes, or principles.

No prior questions

Owen 2 ~David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7~
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Alt can’t solve drone violence—-it’s insulated from external resistance and micropolitical mobilization—-turns the K

Andrew Bacevich 12, Prof of History and IR at Boston University, PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton, visiting fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, "The New American Way of War," http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2012/02/13/andrew-bacevich/the-new-american-way-of-war/
For a democracy, waging endless war poses a challenge. There are essentially two
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Obama has surpassed his predecessor in shedding any remaining restraints on waging war.

Our approach to engaging the state is productive

Max M. Mutschler 10 - doctoral candidate in social sciences at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He holds a M.A. in political science and history from the University of Tübingen where he worked as a lecturer and research associate from 2007 to 2009. For his current research on arms control in space, he was awarded a dissertation fellowship by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, "Preventive Arms Control in Space: Breaking the Deadlock," Paper presented at ECPR-SGIR 7th Pan-European International Relations Conference, Stockholm 9-11 Sep. 2010,http://stockholm.sgir.eu/uploads/Mutschler_SGIR2010_Arms_Control_in_Space.pdf
How can epistemic communities carry out their role as norm entrepreneurs? Uncertainty about how
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technical information in order to show consequences of differing policy choices.16

Tournament: Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan State BS | Judge: Katie Frederick, Kelly Young, Casey Kelly

T

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
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there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
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dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Prefer it

a) Aff ground – only process-based affs can beat the executive CP

b) Topic education – it’s the "authority" topic not the "conduct" topic – only we allow a discussion of decision-making procedures

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

Competing interpretations is a race to the bottom—-default to reasonability—-T should be a check on abuse not a strategy

CP

b) Notification wrecks TKs

Mike Dreyfuss 12, J.D., Vanderbilt University Law School, January, 2012, "NOTE: My Fellow Americans, We Are Going to Kill You: The Legality of Targeting and Killing U.S. Citizens Abroad," Vanderbilt Law Review, 65 Vand. L. Rev. 249
Military expedience and security arguments support the practice of nonpublication of the lists. If the targets know that they have been designated, then they will make it more difficult, more expensive, and more dangerous for our armed forces to kill them. Notifying the targets will also make continued intelligence gathering more difficult.

Solvency advocate theory—-their author advocates outlawry for citizens only

Jane Y. Chong 12, "Targeting the Twenty-First Century Outlaw," http://www.yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/1123.pdf
abstract. This Note proposes using outlawry proceedings to bring legitimacy to the government’s targeted
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government’s targeted killing of U.S. citizens to limited judicial review.

Preventive War DA—-the counterplan leaves executive discretion about imminent threats in place

Jane Y. Chong 12, "Targeting the Twenty-First Century Outlaw," http://www.yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/1123.pdf
Meanwhile, the judiciary would hold the power to declare a citizen an "outlaw
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demand from the Executive comprehensive proof that use of lethal force is warranted.

Yemen DAs—-enforcing i-law and imminence is key to solve

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish
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the US government holds itself legally and morally accountable for its behaviour.156

Their author concedes it doesn’t solve perception

Jane Y. Chong 12, "Targeting the Twenty-First Century Outlaw," http://www.yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/1123.pdf
Concededly, outlawry offers the prospective target highly circumscribed protections. Not trial, but the right to trial.156 Not individualized notice, but centralized notice.157 Not express waiver, but implied waiver.158 As such, outlawry is unlikely to actually fully satisfy the civil libertarians, and is vulnerable to a criticism made of counterterrorism laws more generally: guilty of providing "too narrow a band of remedies focused on process."159

Voluntary restraint doesn’t set a precedent

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
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) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

Congress can’t solve because the courts won’t allow them to regulate the exercise of inherent self-defense authority—-only the plan lets the courts restrict the scope of that authority

Geoffrey Corn 10, Associate Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law, formerly the Army’s senior law of war expert in the Office of the Judge Advocate General and Chief of the Law of War Branch in the International Law Division, 4/7/2010, "TRIGGERING CONGRESSIONAL WAR POWERS NOTIFICATION: A PROPOSAL TO RECONCILE CONSTITUTIONAL PRACTICE WITH OPERATIONAL REALITY," Lewis 26 Clark Law Review Vol 14:2, http://www.lclark.edu/live/files/4813
Complicating any effort to require the President to interact with Congress on war powers decisions
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and constitutional legal standards is both unjustified and detrimental to defining constitutional authorities. 

Their "solves imminence" card is just an FYI about Brennan, not a solvency claim

JANE Y. Chong December 2012 (Yale Law School, J.D. 2014; Duke University, B.A. 2009, yale law journal, "Targeting the Twenty-First-Century Outlaw" 122 Yale L.J. 724 lexis)
C. Outlawry Provides Coherent Principles for Legitimating and Limiting the Government’s Use of Lethal
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and punishment is key to outlawry’s constitutionality, as the next Part explains.

Warfite

Link empirically denied and ex post solves

Pardiss Kebriaei 13, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center Constitutional Rights, adjunct lecturer at Brooklyn College, Feb 5 2013, PLAINTIFFS’ OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS in al-Aulaqi vs Panetta, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/tk2_opposition_filed_plus_declaration.pdf
Defendants’ "special factors" warnings of damage to military effectiveness, prestige, and
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when they took actions resulting in the deaths of three American citizens.30

Court review improves effectiveness—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
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the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Military power is not key to peace

Christopher J. Fettweis 11, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
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global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Drones are useless for power projection and they trade off with capabilities that matter

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
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and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Drones don’t solve terrorism—-statistical analysis goes aff

James Igoe Walsh 13, Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, PhD in IR from American University; and Megan Smith, UNC Charlotte Dept of Political Science, "Do Drone Strikes Degrade Al Qaeda? Evidence From Propaganda Output," Terrorism 26 Political Violence 25:311-327, 2013, http://www.jamesigoewalsh.com/tpv.pdf
Conclusion¶ Do drone strikes hinder Al Qaeda’s ability to engage in sophisticated political and
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propaganda output appears to be quite resilient in the face of drone strikes.

No link—-normal means is to substitute the USFG as the defendant by waiving sovereign immunity—-that’s Vladeck—-and the Westfall Act solves

Stephen Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, answering a question from Doug Collins (R, Georgia), "Drones and the War on Terror: When can the U.S. Target Alleged American Terrorists Overseas?" Hearing before the House Committee on the Judiciary, Feb 27 2013, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg79585/html/CHRG-113hhrg79585.htm
But my question is, and you brought this up, we wouldn’t indict one
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to point the finger at one guy who is just doing his job.

Preventive strike norm causes war with North Korea

Dominika Svarc 6, Researcher at the Institute for Comparative Law at the University of Ljubljana, LLM in Public International Law from the London School of Economics and Political Science, Fall 2006, "ARTICLE 26 ESSAY: REDEFINING IMMINENCE: THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST THREATS AND ARMED ATTACKS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY," 13 ILSA J Int’l 26 Comp L 171, lexis
Universal acceptance of the preventive strikes doctrine would create greater potential for violence, the
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fragile norms and institutions designed to prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Extinction

Peter Hayes 11, Prof of IR at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Ph.D. in energy and resources from UC Berkeley, and Michael Hamel-Green, Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development at Victoria University, Melbourne,
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
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the stratosphere would cause a huge reduction in the Earth’s protective ozone.4

Ptx

Plan solves Israel strike

Katherine Slager 13, JD Candidate at the University of North Carolina School of Law, Articles Editor for the North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, "Legality, Legitimacy and Anticipatory Self-Defense: Considering an Israeli Preemptive Strike on Iran’s Nuclear Program," 38 N.C.J. Int’l L. 26 Com. Reg. 267, lexis
Under both traditional and alternative analyses, Israel would not be presently justified to preemptively
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thus foiling the trigger that would lead the world into World War III.

CIA shift pounds the link

Jordain Carney 1/16, Defense Correspondent for National Journal, "Congress Restricts Push to Transfer Drone Program From CIA to Pentagon," http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/congress-restricts-push-to-transfer-drone-program-from-cia-to-pentagon-20140116
Lawmakers are using the omnibus spending bill to restrict President Obama’s attempt to transfer control
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about the Pentagon’s ability to oversee the country’s drone program effectively and accurately.

Obama won’t fight the plan—-he’s open to judicial review

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
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— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Obama not key—-Congressional and grassroots pressure are sufficient

Dmitriy Shapiro 2/12, Political Reporter, "Dealings may sink Iran sanctions," http://washingtonjewishweek.com/dealings-may-sink-iran-sanctions/
Following a slow start mobilizing support to block bipartisan efforts in the Senate and House
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the letter’s backers intend to balance the pro-sanctions voices in Congress.

TPA pounds

Tom Raum 2/19, AP, "Trade bills divide Obama, fellow Democrats", 2014, awww.onlinesentinel.com/news/Trade_bills_divide_Obamafellow_Democrats.html
WASHINGTON – The White House says it will continue to press Congress for "fast
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that are important to labor unions, they’re abandoning Obama on this issue.

No Israel strike

Daniel Larison 12/2, senior editor at The American Conservative, PhD in history from the University of Chicago, "Why Israel Won’t Attack Iran," http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/why-israel-wont-attack-iran/
Zachary Keck lists the reasons why Israel isn’t going to attack Iran. One reason
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that Israel would assume all the risks of starting a war with Iran.

Talks will fail—-hardliners

Tracy Connor 2/17, senior writer for NBC News, "Iran’s Ayatollah ’Not Optimistic’ as Nuclear Talks Resume," http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/irans-ayatollah-not-optimistic-nuclear-talks-resume-n32056
Six world powers and Iran met in Vienna to begin hashing out a long-
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elected, doesnt meant he’s going to be given free reign to govern."

Sanctions are dead and uniqueness overwhelms—-cosponsors have abandoned the bill

PressTV 2/9, "AIPAC rejects backing Obama for delaying sanctions against Iran," http://www.presstv.com/detail/2014/02/09/349893/aipac-rejects-backing-obama-over-iran/
Last month, two Senate Democratic aides admitted that the sanctions legislation is already dead
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hasty and ill-conceived this effort has been," the aide said.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: North Texas AK | Judge: Michael Eisenstadt

1AC

Norms

Failure to adopt rules for US drone use sets an abusive international precedent—-causes global drone overuse and instability

Kristen Roberts 13, news editor for National Journal, master’s in security studies from Georgetown University, master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University, March 21st, 2013, "When the Whole World Has Drones," National Journal, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
To implement this covert program, the administration has adopted a tool that lowers the
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uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.

The drone arms race is real and US precedent-setting is key—-only changing the perceived utility of unrestrained targeted killing can alter US behavior

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
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policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

Independently, unaccountable drone prolif wrecks strategic stability among nuclear states

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
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powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

The spread of drones makes war more likely by removing the disincentives for the use of force—-tighter legal restrictions are key to avoid great power war

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
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When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

Now is key to shape international norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
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, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Norms on the use of force are a key variable in restraining conflict escalation globally

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
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war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Unrestrained drone use facilitates violent internal policing and reinforces unequal international power dynamics

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Fourth, there is a distinct danger that the world will divide into two camps
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the coercive instruments of power and against those who dare to challenge them.

Credible external oversight is key—-leads to international modeling and allows the US to effectively pressure countries that abuse drones

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
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oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

The proliferation of drones is inevitable, but establishing standards for drone use would mitigate their worst consequences

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish
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legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.
Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured in targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friend.

Solvency

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
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If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about targeted killing—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
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relevant private, government, and legal interests at stake in such cases.

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
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more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
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robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Court involvement is key to stop overuse—-otherwise skewed risk assessment within the executive will guarantee expansive targeting

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
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choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Only legal barriers can constrain drones—-they’re insulated from popular opposition

Andrew Bacevich 12, Prof of History and IR at Boston University, PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton, visiting fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, "The New American Way of War," http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2012/02/13/andrew-bacevich/the-new-american-way-of-war/
For a democracy, waging endless war poses a challenge. There are essentially two
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Obama has surpassed his predecessor in shedding any remaining restraints on waging war.

Legal restrictions are effective at restraining violence—-plan provides a new avenue of resistance

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
It appears that, as Scheuerman has noted, it is too easy to assume
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policy, but can play some role in impeding its traditional bulldozing progress.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: North Texas AK | Judge: Michael Eisenstadt
S

Pro bono lawyers empirically represent victims in other countries

Law and Disorder 11, weekly, independent radio program focused on legal issues related to civil liberties and national security, "Law and Disorder July 25, 2011," http://lawanddisorder.org/2011/07/law-and-disorder-july-25-2011/
Michael Ratner is President of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) in New
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in his work has been litigation against government spying and surveillance of activists.

Observer effect solves

Ashley Deeks 13, Associate Prof of Law at the University of Virginia Law School, "The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference," Fordham Law Review Vol. 82, October 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667
In another sense, though, much of substance has been decided since 2002—
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as with the Guantánamo habeas cases in the D.C. Circuit.

Ex post review doesn’t validate state violence

Steve Vladeck 2013, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, February 10, Steve, "Why a "Drone Court" Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…" http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/
Perhaps counterintuitively, I also believe that after-the-fact judicial review wouldn’t
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make them worth it–even if they are deeply, fundamentally flawed:

Legal restrictions work

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This ’symbiotic’ relationship between counter-terrorism measures and political violence, and the
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repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted. 

T—-Restriction/General

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
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. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
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dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
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, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.
K

No prior questions

Owen 2 ~David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7~
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

States choose to follow LOAC based on a system of incentives – studies prove that solves violence

Prorock and Appel 13 (Alyssa, and Benjamin, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, "Compliance with International Humanitarian Law: Democratic Third Parties and Civilian Targeting in Interstate War," Journal of Conflict Resolution 00(0) 1-28)
Coercion is a strategy of statecraft involving the threat or use of positive inducements and
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rights records as a form of coercive punishment (Lebovic and Voeten 2009).
We focus theoretically and empirically on the expectation of coercion. As Thompson (2009
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when that expectation will alter payoffs sufficiently to induce compliance with the law.
While a growing body of literature recognizes that international coercion can induce compliance and contribute
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threats and a third party’s ability to induce compliance through this enforcement mechanism.
While acknowledging this critique of coercion, we argue that it can act as an
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., Most and Starr 1989; Siverson and Starr 1990; Starr 1978).
Willingness: Clarity, Democracy, and the Salience of International Humanitarian Law
Enforcement through the coercion mechanism is only likely when at least one third-party state has a substantial enough interest in another party’s compliance that it is willing to act (Von Stein 2010). Third-party willingness, in turn, depends upon two conditions: (1) legal principles must be clearly defined, making violations easily identifiable and (2) third parties must regard the legal obligation as highly salient.
First, scholars have long recognized that there is significant variation in the precision and
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punishment and sanctions for violating the law when legal obligations are clearly defined.
While some bodies of law are imprecise, international humanitarian law establishes a comprehensive code of conduct regarding the intentional targeting of noncombatants during war (e.g., Murphy 2006; Shaw 2003). Starting with the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions and continuing through the 1949 Geneva Convention (Protocol IV), the law clearly prohibits the intentional targeting of noncombatants in war.
This clarity allows international humanitarian law to serve as a "bright line" that
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law and greater punishment for violating it when the clarity condition is met.

Rejecting the aff forecloses an epistemic middle ground that allows designing effective political responses

Rudra Sil, assistant professor of Political Science at University of Pennsylvania. "Against Epistemological Absolutism: Toward a "Pragmatic" Center," in Beyond Boundaries ed Sil and Eileen M. Doherty 2000 p164-166
These categories along the "epistemological spectrum" do not repre¬sent distinct points along a
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valuable insights from intellectual prod¬ucts developed on the basis of different foundational assumptions.

Perm—-endorse the aff and the alt—-they can serve as two parallel political strategies working toward the same end

Brady Heiner 3, doctoral student in philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Social Justice, Vol. 30, No. 2 (92), War, Dissent, and Justice: A Dialogue (2003), pp. 98-101Published by: Social Justice/Global Options, JSTOR
However, we must acknowledge that the line between reformist practices and abolitionist practices is
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prison, and, more generally, between the local and the global.

Neolib is resilient – movements get smothered out of existence regardless of its flaws

Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph’s ’Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left’ for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html
My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
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of revolt, there remains no left to give it direction and purpose.

All environmental factors getting better

Lomberg 10—Ph.D in pol science (4/21, Bjorn Earth Day: Smile, don’t shudder; Ignore doomsday environmentalists. Things aren’t so bad. And if rich countries would worry about the right things, all the better, USA Today, LexisNexis)
Given all the talk of impending catastrophe, this may come as a surprise,
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data showed us that many key environmental measures were indeed getting better. ,

No impact to the environment and no solvency

Holly Doremus 2k Professor of Law at UC Davis, "The Rhetoric and Reality of Nature Protection: Toward a New Discourse," Winter 2000 Washington 26 Lee Law Review 57 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis
Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close
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material benefits of destructive decisions frequently will exceed their identifiable material costs.  n221

Just because discourse caused colonialism does not mean that decolonization discourse will get rid of it —- material focus key

Allesi 9 (Ryan, Materiality of Discourses on Decolonization, massthink.wordpress.com/2009/10/20/materiality-of-discourses-on-decolonization/)
This begs the question as to what Mignolo is trying to do. Towards the
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it does not really theorize the relation between the discursive and the material?

Global war does not result from a Western desire for control—-it results from lack of clearly defined strategic imperatives—-the aff is necessary to reclaim the political

David Chandler 9, Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War’, Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243
Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive characteristics that Schmitt attributed to ’
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lack of clear contestation involving the strategic accommodation of diverse powers and interests. 

No risk of genocidal wars

Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
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strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

The alt fails—-the system’s too sticky to simply wish away

Sorensen 98 – British International Studies Association (Georg, IR Theory after the cold war, 87-88)
What, then, are the more general problems with the extreme versions of the
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post-positivism is metatheoretically compelled to embrace any conceivable change project.28

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Chris Crowe

Prev

Obama’s credibility means he’s more likely to set dangerous precedents than Bush

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
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) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

Russian preventive nuke war escalates—-causes US retal

Stephen J. Blank 11, Strategic Studies Institute expert on the post-Soviet world and the Soviet bloc, former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ph.D. in history from the University of Chicago, "RUSSIA AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS," Ch 7 in Russian Nuclear Weapons: Past, Present, and future," http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB1087.pdf
Thus, nuclear weapons are warfighting weapons. Moscow’s threats from October 2009 not only
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, further adding to the inherent unpredictability of any conceivable nuclear war scenario.

T

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

War powers authority is the President’s authority to wage war and conduct self defense—-the aff should be allowed to restrict the total scope of it

Manget 91 Fred F, Assistant General Counsel with the CIA, "Presidential War Powers", 1991, media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf
The President’s war powers authority is actually a national defense power that exists at all
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wage it, in the broadest sense. It operates at all times. 

We meet that

Lawfare no date, Lawfare Document Library, "Legality of U.S. Government’s Targeted Killing Program under Domestic Law," http://www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/legality-of-targeted-killing-program-under-u-s-domestic-law/
The U.S. Government (via Eric Holder and Harold Koh) itself
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the existence of an armed conflict with al-Qa’ida under international law."

b—Education—-they ignore discretionary authority that the executive creates by interpreting statute—-core of the topic

William G. Howell 11, Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago, PhD in political science from Stanford University, "The Future of the War Presidency: the Case of the War Powers Consultation Act," in The Presidency in the Twenty-first Century, Aug 1 2011, ed. Charles Dunn, google books
But a basic point remains: over the nation’s history, presidents have managed to
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"The AUMF places the President’s authority at its zenith under Youngston."18

CP

Preventive War DA—-CP doesn’t stop the president from citing self-defense authority, it just adds another justification—-Obama still has discretion to designate imminent threats

Cora Currier 13, "Drone strikes test legal grounds for ’war on terror’" http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/security/drone-strikes-test-legal-grounds-for-war-on-terror/16252/
Obama officials regularly cite self-defense alongside the AUMF in justifying targeted killing.
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.S. persons and interests will take place in the immediate future."

Pakistan and Yemen DAs—-enforcing i-law is key to solve

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish
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the US government holds itself legally and morally accountable for its behaviour.156

Reforming congressional procedures is insufficient—-there’s no will to engage in effective oversight

Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis
Much has been written about the type of reforms that might have enhanced congressional oversight
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of oversight is a rapidly expanding global program of state-directed killings.

The Prez will ignore the counterplan and congress won’t enforce it—-War Powers Rez proves

John Isaacs 11, Executive Director of Council for a Livable World, 7/21/11, "War Powers Resolution consistently ignored," http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/172803-war-powers-resolution-consistently-ignored
The War Powers Resolution also appeared to be a check against Nixon’s power, a
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to have no law rather than one that is ignored by all parties. 

Links to politics

Al Hunt 6/2/13, Columnist for Bloomberg View, a sector of Bloomberg News, "Roadblocks Limit Scope for Change," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/03/us/03iht-letter03.html
Mr. Obama did something almost unheard of for a modern U.S.
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expend the huge political capital required to achieve this goal? It’s doubtful.

Drones trade off with countering North Korea

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
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and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Extinction

Peter Hayes 11, Prof of IR at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Ph.D. in energy and resources from UC Berkeley, and Michael Hamel-Green, Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development at Victoria University, Melbourne,
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
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the stratosphere would cause a huge reduction in the Earth’s protective ozone.4

Terror DA

Drones don’t solve terrorism—-scattering and new enemies outweigh the benefits

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Yet the evidence that drones inhibit the operational latitude of terrorist groups and push them
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Camp Chapman in the Khost region of Afghanistan on 30 December 2009.66

No nuclear terror

John J. Mearsheimer 14, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, "America Unhinged", January 2, nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show
Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many
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encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

The court would not ban drones—-it would narrow imminence but recognize some strikes as legitimate

Lindsay Kwoka 11, JD from UPenn Law School, "TRIAL BY SNIPER: THE LEGALITY OF TARGETED KILLING IN THE WAR ON TERROR," University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law Vol 14:1, p 301-325, https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume14/issue1/Kwoka14U.Pa.J.Const.L.301(2011).pdf
But this is not the end of the inquiry. Even if a targeted individual
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to protect cit-izen’s constitutional rights while affording sufficient deference to theexecutive.

Low-value targeting is counterproductive

Matthew Fricker 10, Lecturer of Political Science at UMass Dartmouth, and Avery Plaw, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, "Sudden Justice?  Evaluating the U.S. Predator Campaign in Pakistan," http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/4/1/5/8/4/pages415840/p415840-25.php
VII. The thrust of this paper has been that the Obama administration would be
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strategy massively counterproductive.  It would be wisest to avoid a drone creep.

Court review improves effectiveness—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
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the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Drones trade off with other CIA ops

Jeremy Scahill 12, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine, Nov 14 2012, "The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?" http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia~~23
"I would not say that CIA has been taken over by the military,
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as their turf," he told me. "That’s the big danger." 

Key to cyber-defense

Kevin Coleman 13, senior fellow with the Technolytics Institute, former chief strategist at Netscape, and an adviser on cyber warfare and security, 8/1/13, "Digital Conflict," http://defensesystems.com/blogs/cyber-report/2013/08/cyber-intelligence.aspx
Cyber defense is gradually moving from a reactive to a proactive posture. Many observers
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aggression, we must increase the attention and resources devoted to cyber intelligence.

Nuke war

Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.

Ptx

Unemployment pounds the DA

David Jackson 1/7, "Obama’s day: Pushing unemployment benefits", 2014, www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2014/01/07/obama-unemployment-insurance-extension-senate-vote/4352303/
President Obama spends Tuesday on the first political fight of 2014 with congressional Republicans,
AND
the wrong direction," said Sen. Bob Corker, R-Tenn.

Veto override now

Payman Yazdani 1/4/14, The Tehran Times, "Any new Iran sanctions will seriously hurt U.S. credibility: academic,"  http://tehrantimes.com/component/content/article/93-interviews/113203-any-new-iran-sanctions-will-seriously-hurt-us-credibility-academic
*interview with Nader Entessar, PhD in political science from St. Louis University and professor of political science and Southern Alabama University
Q: What is the role of the Israeli lobby in pushing for new sanctions
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House is willing to allow Iran to have a modicum of enrichment capability.

Deterrence solves aggression

Joshi 12—associate fellow at the Royal United Services Institute. Doctoral student at Harvard (Shashank, Nuclear alarmism over Iran is backing us into a corner, 2/21/12, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/feb/21/nuclear-alarmism-iran)’
The first argument, that Iran is too crazy to be deterred, is historically
AND
wipe Israel off the map are gestures as empty as Mao’s nuclear posturing.

No arms race

Procida 9—National Intelligence Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Frank, Why an Iranian Nuclear Bomb Is Not the End of the World, 9 June 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65127/frank-procida/overblown)
Since the advent of the nuclear age, scientists, activists, academics, and
AND
be foolish to expect a rash of nuclear successes in the near future.

No impact to sanctions

John Rosen, area director American Jewish Committee, 1-2-2014, "Senate bill shifts burden to Iran’s leaders," New Jersey Jewish News, http://www.njjewishnews.com/article/20235/senate-bill-shifts-burden-to-irans-leaders~~23.UswiL_RDs4A
Sanctions work. They prompted Iran to return to negotiations with the United States,
AND
determination and the consequences of an Iranian failure to act in good faith.

Obama waivers solve

Eric Auner 11/15/13, a senior analyst at Guardian Six Consulting, "In Congress, Obama Administration Faces Uphill Battle on Iran Sanctions," World Politics Review,http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/13386/in-congress-obama-administration-faces-uphill-battle-on-iran-sanctions
Whether or not the Obama administration can convince Congress to hold off on new sanctions
AND
," said Ali Vaez of the International Crisis Group in an email interview. 

Talks are failing now—-Obama will veto sanctions, or they’re inevitable because of Treasury circumvention

Sara Rajabova 12-28, December 28th, 2013, "U.S. not likely to impose new sanctions on Iran: expert," www.azernews.az/analysis/62959.html
There is a struggle between the White House and Congress, for a while,
AND
and the failure of the two rounds of technical negotiations supports the idea.

Obama won’t fight the plan

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Threat of future sanctions is an alt cause, and talks will fail anyway

Clifford D. May 12-25, is president of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a policy institute focusing on national security, December 25th, 2013, "Iran’s Delays and Deceptions," www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=6777
Just before Congress recessed for the holidays, 26 senators, 13 Democrats and 13
AND
and misinterpretation persist — would begin to make that case seriously and strenuously.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: William Smelko

T

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
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. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
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dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
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, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

CP 1

Voluntary restraint doesn’t set a precedent

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
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) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

Exec fiat is a voting issue—-our authors take squo Prez policies as given which makes aff offense impossible—-and there’s no comparative lit

Richard H. Pildes 13, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, and Samuel Issacharoff, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, June 1st, 2013, "Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,"lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=140826context=nyu_plltwp
As with all use of lethal force, there must be procedures in place to
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constitutional law scholars who survey these issues from much higher levels of generality.

Internal fixes aren’t credible

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war—
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, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

Reforming congressional procedures is insufficient—-there’s no will to engage in effective oversight

Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis
Much has been written about the type of reforms that might have enhanced congressional oversight
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of oversight is a rapidly expanding global program of state-directed killings.

CP 2

Drones trade off with other CIA ops

Jeremy Scahill 12, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine, Nov 14 2012, "The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?" http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia~~23
"I would not say that CIA has been taken over by the military,
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as their turf," he told me. "That’s the big danger." 

Key to cyber-defense

Kevin Coleman 13, senior fellow with the Technolytics Institute, former chief strategist at Netscape, and an adviser on cyber warfare and security, 8/1/13, "Digital Conflict," http://defensesystems.com/blogs/cyber-report/2013/08/cyber-intelligence.aspx
Cyber defense is gradually moving from a reactive to a proactive posture. Many observers
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aggression, we must increase the attention and resources devoted to cyber intelligence.

Nuke war

Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.

Drone

Link empirically denied and ex post solves

Pardiss Kebriaei 13, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center Constitutional Rights, adjunct lecturer at Brooklyn College, Feb 5 2013, PLAINTIFFS’ OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS in al-Aulaqi vs Panetta, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/tk2_opposition_filed_plus_declaration.pdf
Defendants’ "special factors" warnings of damage to military effectiveness, prestige, and
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when they took actions resulting in the deaths of three American citizens.30

Court review improves effectiveness—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
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the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Drones don’t solve terrorism—-scattering and new enemies outweigh the benefits

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Yet the evidence that drones inhibit the operational latitude of terrorist groups and push them
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Camp Chapman in the Khost region of Afghanistan on 30 December 2009.66

No nuclear terror

John J. Mearsheimer 14, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, "America Unhinged", January 2, nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show
Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many
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encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

State Secrets

Congressional safeguards solve the link

Zach Rausnitz 13, Editor in the Government Publishing Group at FierceMarkets, 2/28/13, "Killings by police may offer framework for drone strikes," http://www.fiercehomelandsecurity.com/story/killings-police-may-offer-framework-drone-strikes/2013-02-28
Stephen Vladeck, a law professor at American University, made a similar comparison.
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to date not disclosed a single item of classified information," he said.

Leaks inevitable

Andrea Peterson 13, Tech Reporter for ThinkProgress, June 25 2013, "How Technology Makes More Leaks Inevitable," http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/06/25/2199391/tech-leaks-inevitable/
This week’s massive game of "Where In The World Is Edward Snowden?" may
AND
Manning, a disc that appears to be a burnt Lady Gaga CD.

Plan k2 power projection

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
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and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Heg not key to peace

Christopher J. Fettweis 11, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
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global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

PQD

No extinction from climate change 
NIPCC 11 – the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, an international panel of nongovernment scientists and scholars, March 8, 2011, "Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC," online: http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html
In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
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to climate change (e.g. Huntingford et al., 2008)."
On the other hand, they indicate that some biologists and climatologists have pointed out
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through using the vast data resource that we can exploit in fossil records."
Going on to do just that, Willis et al. focus on "intervals
AND
very little evidence for broad-scale extinctions due to a warming world."
In concluding, the Norwegian, Swedish and UK researchers say that "based on such evidence we urge some caution in assuming broad-scale extinctions of species will occur due solely to climate changes of the magnitude and rate predicted for the next century," reiterating that "the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."

Ex post doesn’t violate PQD

Paul Taylor 13, is a Senior Fellow, Center for Policy 26 Research. Focus on national security policy, international relations, targeted killings, and drone operations. March 23^rd, 2013, "Former DOD Lawyer Frowns on Drone Court," http://centerforpolicyandresearch.com/2013/03/23/former-dod-lawyer-frowns-on-drone-court/
Johnson also raised a very significant separation of powers concern. While the President’s duties
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exigent circumstances can occur after the the ~sic~ deed is done.

Ruling on war powers doesn’t affect PQD because it’s justified based on legal voids—-and it prevents future judicial meddling—-Boumediene proves

Lawyer Kristen L. Richer 11, graduated from University of California, Santa Barbara
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York University Law Review, Vol. 85, No. 2, 2010
B. The Legal Void Inquiry¶ As part of the political question analysis,
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unclear whether concerns about institutional capacity held any weight in the inquiry.54

DA—-Farm Bill

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
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II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 

US not key to global

Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, "Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated — that factors ranging
AND
have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:

Plan key to the economy

Nathaniel Sheppard 11, correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and NYT, June 7 2011, "Why pint-sized Yemen has become a world player," http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/07/152204.html
That Yemen could fall into the abyss is of great geopolitical significance that has put
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their limited options for doing anything about frightening events unfolding before their eyes. 

Farm bill won’t actually include Brazilian cotton payments – can’t solve the impact

Mark S. Langevin, PhD, dir. BrazilWorks, 12-30-2013, "Not too late to fix the farm bill and avoid trade retaliation," The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/194071-not-too-late-to-fix-the-farm-bill-and-avoid-trade
Congress finally seems on track to approve a farm bill in early 2014, but
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only increase with the proliferation of cross-retaliation in future trade disputes."

Unemployment pounds the DA

David Jackson 1/7, "Obama’s day: Pushing unemployment benefits", 2014, www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2014/01/07/obama-unemployment-insurance-extension-senate-vote/4352303/
President Obama spends Tuesday on the first political fight of 2014 with congressional Republicans,
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the wrong direction," said Sen. Bob Corker, R-Tenn.

So do sanctions

Kahl, 12/31/13 - Colin H. Kahl is an associate professor in Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and a senior fellow and director of the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security. From 2009 to 2011, he was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East ("The Danger of New Iran Sanctions" The National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651
The Geneva "interim" agreement reached in November between Iran and the so-
AND
are mobilized in support of the bill, and it could certainly pass.

Won’t pass—-partisan divisions and earmark rule

Amy Mayer 12/30, "One thing that didn’t happen in 2013: a Farm Bill", 2013, hppr.org/post/one-thing-didn-t-happen-2013-farm-bill
If it seems like Congress just can’t get the farm bill done, well…
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get there."¶ Now Christmas and New Year’s Day are out, too.

Obama won’t fight the plan

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
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— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: John Nagy

1

Advantage 1 is accountability

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Pakistan and Yemen—-drones are key to stability but overuse is counterproductive

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Use-of-force decisions that avoid accountability are problematic for both functional and
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. policymakers were more constrained by use-of-force accountability mechanisms. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes—-executive risk assessments are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 11, Georgetown University Law Center, "A Madisonian Response to Posner and Abebe," Dec 16 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1993354
The threat to deliberative and reasoned judgment is magnified in the context of national security
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ways in reducing the potential errors and biases associated with skewed risk assessments.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
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on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Unaccountable drone strikes strengthen AQAP and destabilize Yemen

Jacqueline Manning 12, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9 2012, "Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen," http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450
Earlier this year White House counter-terrorism advisor, John Brennan, named al
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only acknowledge them, but also pay amends to families of the victims.

Strengthened AQAP undermines the Saudi regime

Colonel Hassan Abosaq 12, US Army War College, master of strategic studies degree candidate, 2012, "The Implications of Unstable on Saudi Arabia," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA560581
AQAP has been vociferous in its opposition to the Saudi regime, and is likely
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growing anarchy and al-Qaeda presence could spill over into Saudi Arabia.

That destabilizes the Middle East

Anthony Cordesman 11, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, former director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, former adjunct prof of national security studies at Georgetown, PhD from London University, Feb 26 2011, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation," http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation
History scarcely means we can take Saudi stability for granted. Saudi Arabia is simply
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the Middle East depends on Saudi Arabia having a friendly and moderate regime.

Global nuke war

Primakov 9 ~September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations"~  
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
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seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Overuse of drones in Pakistan empowers militants and destabilizes the government

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
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military, which has launched coups before, remains a popular force.77

That causes nuke war with India

Bruce Riedel 9, senior fellow and director of the Brookings Intelligence Project, senior fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, served as a senior advisor to the last four U.S. presidents on South Asia and the Middle East, served in the CIA for 29 years, "Armageddon in Islamabad," National Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, Issue 102, ebsco
The effects of an extremist takeover would not end at Pakistan’s borders. A worsening
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. The new militant regime in Pakistan would increase support for the insurgency.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
A nuclear conflict in the subcontinent would have disastrous effects on the world as a
AND
lead to more drought, worldwide food shortages, and widespread political upheaval.

2

Advantage 2 is norms

Failure to adopt rules for US drones sets an abusive international precedent——magnifies every impact by causing global instability and collapse of interstate relations

Kristen Roberts 13, news editor for National Journal, master’s in security studies from Georgetown University, master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University, March 21st, 2013, "When the Whole World Has Drones," National Journal, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
To implement this covert program, the administration has adopted a tool that lowers the
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uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.

Independently makes great power war inevitable by tempting leaders to use drones too often—-status quo international law is an insufficient check

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
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When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

Credible external oversight is key—-leads to international modeling and allows the US to effectively crack down on other abusive drone programs

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
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oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Now is key to shape international norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

That prevents heg decline and allows the US to set global drones norms that prevent the worst consequences of use

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish
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to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.

Heg decline causes nuclear war

Zhang and Shi 11 Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., 1/22, "America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Unaccountable drone prolif wrecks strategic stability among nuclear states

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Lack of rules causes Chinese drone aggression in maritime disputes—-that increases tensions

Christopher Bodeen 13, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China’s Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html
Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
AND
camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

Unrestrained drone use causes arms racing—-escalation is highly likely

Jonathan Kaiman 13, writer for the Guardian located in Beijing, and Justin McCurry, Tokyo correspondent for the Guardian, citing Ron Huisken, Senior Fellow at the Strategic 26 Defence Studies Centre at Australian National University, PhD from ANU, Jan 8 2013, "Japan and China step up drone race as tension builds over disputed islands," http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/china-japan-drone-race
Drones have taken centre stage in an escalating arms race between China and Japan as
AND
skirmish between Chinese and Japanese drones in coming years was "very high".

Goes nuclear—-skirmishes will spiral out of control

Max Fisher 11, foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616
Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in any kind of
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Soviet mishaps of the 1980s — is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations or their heirs.

Solvency

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about targeted killing—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
AND
relevant private, government, and legal interests at stake in such cases.

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
AND
robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
AND
intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: John Nagy

T—-Restriction/General

We meet – the AUMF and LOAC are not being applied to TKs now, we create an enforcement mech

Berger 1 Justice Opinion, INDUSTRIAL RENTALS, INC., ISAAC BUDOVITCH and FLORENCE BUDOVITCH, Appellants Below, Appellants, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT and NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE, Appellees Below, Appellees. No. 233, 2000SUPREME COURT OF DELAWARE776 A.2d 528; 2001 Del. LEXIS 300April 10, 2001, Submitted July 17, 2001, Decided lexis
We disagree.  Statutes must be read as a whole and all the words must
AND
projects should not have been included in the scope of the Budovitches’ TIS.

We meet – the prez has sole authority to sign off on TKs – we restrict it – FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, and#34;Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power,and#34; Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term and#34;restrictionand#34; is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.and#34.
P11 The dictionary definition of and#34;restrictionand#34; is and#34;~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term and#34;restrictionand#34; includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Prefer it

a) Aff ground – only process-based affs can beat the executive CP

b) Topic education – it’s the and#34;authorityand#34; topic not the and#34;war on terrorand#34; topic – only we allow a discussion of decision-making procedures

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Key to ground – ex ante review is illegal

Bloomberg 13, Bloomberg Editorial Board, Feb 18 2013, and#34;Why a ’Drone Court’ Won’t Work,and#34; http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html
As for the balance of powers, that is where we dive into constitutional hot
AND
national security decisions in this way, they can only do so retrospectively.

Competing interpretations is a race to the bottom—-default to reasonability—-T should be a check on abuse not a strategy

T ~232

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

CP—-General Exec

Legitimacy DA—-Judicial process key

Steven Clark 12, former Staff Sergeant in the US Army, BA in Poli Sci and Government from Campbell University, and#34;Targeted Killings: Justified Acts of War or Too Much Power for One Government?and#34; Global Security Studies, Summer 2012, Volume 3, Issue 3, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Clark20Targeted.pdf
Although Eric Holder was right when he distinguished between judicial process and due process,
AND
like this would also be able to act quickly in situations requiring immediate action

Exec fiat is a voting issue—-our authors take squo Prez policies as given which makes aff offense impossible—-and there’s no comparative lit

Richard H. Pildes 13, J.D. candidate at NYU school of

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard Herman-Rogan | Judge: Bruce Najor

S

Courts don’t leak, but the executive does

D.A. Jeremy Telman 12 Associate Dean for Faculty Development and Professor of Law at Valparaiso University Law School, PhD from Cornell, 2/24/2012, "INTOLERABLE ABUSES:RENDITION FOR TORTURE AND THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE," Alabama Law Review Vol 63:3:429, http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume2063/Issue203/Telman.pdf
Moreover, in Tilden, neither the court, nor any other sources that I
AND
discovery that the leaks were authorized by a White House or cabinet official). 

T—-Restriction/General

We meet – the AUMF and LOAC are not being applied to TKs now, we create an enforcement mech

Berger 1 Justice Opinion, INDUSTRIAL RENTALS, INC., ISAAC BUDOVITCH and FLORENCE BUDOVITCH, Appellants Below, Appellants, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT and NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE, Appellees Below, Appellees. No. 233, 2000SUPREME COURT OF DELAWARE776 A.2d 528; 2001 Del. LEXIS 300April 10, 2001, Submitted July 17, 2001, Decided lexis
We disagree.  Statutes must be read as a whole and all the words must
AND
projects should not have been included in the scope of the Budovitches’ TIS.

We meet – the prez has sole authority to sign off on TKs – we restrict it – FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.").
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Key to ground – ex ante review is illegal

Bloomberg 13, Bloomberg Editorial Board, Feb 18 2013, "Why a ’Drone Court’ Won’t Work," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html
As for the balance of powers, that is where we dive into constitutional hot
AND
national security decisions in this way, they can only do so retrospectively.

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

Norms CP

Plan solves Central Asia stability

Alexander Cooley 12, Prof of Poli Sci at Barnett College, PhD in Poli Sci from Columbia University, "Great Games, Local Rules: The New Power Contest in Central Asia," p 48-49, google books
The increase in U.S. forces in Afghanistan in 2010 under the United
AND
Afghanistan necessitates tolerating and actively contributing to Central Asia’s corruption and governance problems.

Nuclear war

Peimani 2 - Head of Energy Security and Geopolitics @ the Energy Studies Institute (Dr. Hooman, "Failed Transition and Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus," Book, http://www.questi

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Iowa Croat-Shearer | Judge: Brett Bricker

Acct

Alt to drones is less force not more

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Finally, a number of experts have argued that drone strikes are not only effec
AND
alternatives, not against extreme examples from wartime like the firebombing of Dresden.

Norms

Ex post review solves signature strikes

Paul Taylor 13, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research, JD from Seton Hall Law School, Mar 23 2013, "Former DOD Lawyer Frowns on Drone Court," http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/03/former-dod-lawyer-frowns-on-drone-court/
Lastly, there is the concern of creating perverse incentives: whether a person’s name
AND
killing, which in this type of review would be half the job.

Targeted killing includes signature strikes

Rosa Brooks 13, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, 4/22/2013, "Drones and the New Way of War," Panel discussion at the Cato Institute, moderated by Malou Innocent, Foreign Policy analyst for Cato. Card begins at ~30:00. http://www.cato.org/events/drones-new-way-war
And that’s the reason that we have seen a significant expansion of the use of
AND
unknown foreign militants suspected of being affiliated with an affiliate of an affiliate. 

Non-unique – North American output

Ashcroft 2/20/13 ~Jamie Ashcroft, Equities Journalist at Proactiveinvestors, "Citi sees weaker oil prices as North America becomes ’energy independent,’" http://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/market_reports/53910/citi-sees-weaker-oil-prices-as-north-america-becomes-energy-independent-53910.html~~
Commodity analysts at banking heavyweight Citigroup said in a report today that international oil prices
AND
moving toward US2470-90 by the end of this decade.

No impact

Stent 3 – Angela E. Stent, professor of government and foreign service, and director of the Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies at Georgetown University, Winter 2003, World Policy Journal, p. 75-76
Using extensive interviews with participants in all three administrations, and memoirs by former officials
AND
no consensus about what would constitute a realistic timetable for Russia’s democratic development.  

Oil can’t sustain Russian growth

Grinkevich 12 Vlad Grinkevich, RIA Novosti economic commentator, "High Oil Prices Open "Window of Opportunity" for Russian Economy" 1/27 en.rian.ru/analysis/20120127/170994608.html
However, the IMF predicts that the Russian economy will grow, albeit at the
AND
approaching the point where it will no longer guarantee relatively stable economic development."

High prices stop diversification

Moiseev 12 Alexey Moiseev is head of macroeconomic analysis at VTB Capital, July 6, 2012, "Modernisation is Russia’s cure for ’Dutch disease’", http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/business/9382538/russia-dutch-disease.html
Russia has experienced the full effects of the de-industrialisation syndrome known as "
AND
, it’s almost impossible to achieve this through purely administrative or similar measures. 

Collapses the Russian econ

ICD 10 – Institute of Contemporary Development, 2010, "Information Technology and Russia’s Future," online: http://www.riocenter.ru/en/_priorities/competitive_economy
Russia’s extremely strong economic growth is one of the country’s recent major accomplishments. Undoubtedly
AND
large-scale government programs will also encourage the development of innovative industries. 

K

Life has intrinsic and objective value achieved through subjective pleasures—-its preservation should be an a priori goal

Amien Kacou 8 WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
priori value—what gives us pleasure is a matter for empirical investigation.
Thus, we can see now that, in general, something primitively valuable is
AND
at least for the sake of preserving the possibility of finding that good.
However, this platitude about the value that can be found in life turns out
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

No link—-death’s symbolic value does not deny the value of life—-the option to continue living must always be available

Amien Kacou 8 WHY EVEN MIND?On The A Priori Value Of "Life" Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
I. What we mean (in more detail)
Regardless of whether or not we find that it is the "fundamental question"
AND
exercise once we attempt to make it "objective," so to speak.
On the one hand, from a "subjective" point of view, the
AND
) generalizations expressing our preexisting desire for (or infatuation with) life.
On the other hand, from a point of view that purports to be "
AND
we should or should not ever desire to live in the first place.
a. The objective approach
In seeking a justification, we must look, beyond the mere "freedom"
AND
and how what we value can be served, on the other hand.
In addition, we do not look for conditions that would sustain or increase the
AND
ice cream irrespective of its cost, we call its a priori value.
What we seek in this inquiry is the a priori value of life-as
AND
subjective question, the question of circumstances and the a posteriori answer coincide.)

CP

Conditionality is illegitimate – the neg should get one dispositional option –

a) Strategy skew – deters aff offense against either world which tilts the playing field and causes flawed policy analysis

b) Argument responsibility – encourages tech over substance by removing the strategic costs of bad arguments

Norms DA—-only the court can credibly verify compliance with ILaw – that’s Plaw

Accountability DA—-internal decisions suffer groupthink and bias that let them rationalize bad targeting decisions—-that’s Chehab

Legitimacy DA—-Judicial process key

Steven Clark 12, former Staff Sergeant in the US Army, BA in Poli Sci and Government from Campbell University, "Targeted Killings: Justified Acts of War or Too Much Power for One Government?" Global Security Studies, Summer 2012, Volume 3, Issue 3, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Clark20Targeted.pdf
Although Eric Holder was right when he distinguished between judicial process and due process,
AND
like this would also be able to act quickly in situations requiring immediate action

Exec fiat is a voting issue—-our authors take squo Prez policies as given which makes aff offense impossible—-and there’s no comparative lit

Richard H. Pildes 13, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, and Samuel Issacharoff, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, June 1st, 2013, "Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,"lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=140826context=nyu_plltwp
As with all use of lethal force, there must be procedures in place to
AND
constitutional law scholars who survey these issues from much higher levels of generality.

Perm—-do both—-shields the link because all branches acting in concert would avoid backlash here and abroad

Internal fixes aren’t credible

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war—
AND
, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

DOD shift is not seen as credible

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
The administration has floated the idea of "~shifting~ the CIA’s lethal targeting program
AND
, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

DOD shift reduces accountability

Deborah Pearlstein 13, Assistant Prof of Law at the Benjamin H Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, Mar 20 2013, "Getting the CIA Out of the Drone Business," http://opiniojuris.org/2013/03/20/getting-the-cia-out-of-the-drone-business/
All that said, the organizational shift, if it happens, won’t solve everything
AND
when, and under what legal authority – no institutional fix will work.

Drones good

Plan solves kick-out

Micah Zenko 13, CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, PhD in Political Science from Brandeis University, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," CFR Special Report 65, January 2013
The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone use and sacrificing freedom
AND
if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Chance of acquiring one is 1 in 3.5 billion

Schneidmiller 9 (Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, 13 January 2009, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php)
There is an "almost vanishingly small" likelihood that terrorists would ever be able
AND
be difficult to build a weapon or use one that has been stolen.

Drones don’t solve terrorism—-scattering and new enemies outweigh the benefits

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Yet the evidence that drones inhibit the operational latitude of terrorist groups and push them
AND
Camp Chapman in the Khost region of Afghanistan on 30 December 2009.66

DA—-Obama spends PC

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 

US not key to global

Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, "Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated — that factors ranging
AND
have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:

Plan key to econ

Nathaniel Sheppard 11, correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and NYT, June 7 2011, "Why pint-sized Yemen has become a world player," http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/07/152204.html
That Yemen could fall into the abyss is of great geopolitical significance that has put
AND
their limited options for doing anything about frightening events unfolding before their eyes. 

PC not key—-Obama won’t negotiate

Mike Lillis 9-15, September 15th, 2013, "Obama vows no debate on debt ceiling," The Hill, thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/322313-obama-vows-no-debate-on-debt-ceiling
President Obama in an interview broadcast Sunday amplified his warning that he won’t negotiate with
AND
negotiate, and I will not negotiate, is on the debt ceiling."  

McConnell primary challenge will prevent a deal

Stephanie Kirchgaessner 9/20, Financial Times, "Challenge to McConnell stymies deal on budget," http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d2bb4f8c-21fd-11e3-9b55-00144feab7de.html~~23axzz2fUCcoopO
More significantly for the US economy and global markets, Mr McConnell’s political problems will
AND
the right doesn’t give him a lot of incentive to be the dealmaker."

Won’t pass—-and Obama rhetoric makes the impact inevitable

Damian Paletta 9/18, WSJ reporter, "White House Shifts Debt-Ceiling Tone, Warning of Fiasco," http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/09/18/white-house-shifts-debt-ceiling-tone-warning-of-fiasco/
In 2011, then-Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner repeatedly brushed off questions about whether
AND
White House has thrown out the 2011 playbook and are trying something new.

Obama has no PC

Bloomberg 9/17 — Mike Dorning and Kathleen Hunter, 2013, Obama Rifts with Allies on Summers-Syria Limit Debt Dealing, www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-17/obama-s-summers-syria-rifts-with-allies-limit-room-on-debt-…
The backlash President Barack Obama faced from Democrats on both Syria and the prospect of
AND
is limited in his capacity to enlist public support to win over lawmakers.

Obama won’t push the plan

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, Feb 13 2013, "The President’s SOTU Pledge to Work With Congress and Be Transparent on National Security Issues," www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/the-presidents-sotu-pledge-to-work-with-congress-and-be-transparent-on-national-security-issues/
As for a broader and sturdier congressional framework for the administration’s growing forms of secret
AND
time.  Count me as skeptical, but hopeful that I am wrong.

PC fails

Drum 13 ~Kevin Drum, political writer for Mother Jones, "Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage," Apr 22 2013, http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage~~
Still and all, maybe this is a good oppportunity to talk—yet again
AND
in modern Washington. Dowd needs to grow up and figure that out.

Winners win

Green 10 ~David Micahel Green, Professor of Political Science at Hofstra University, PhD in Poli Sci from the University of Wisconsin, June 11 2010, "The Do-Nothing 44th President", http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-Do-Nothing-44th-Presid-by-David-Michael-Gree-100611-648.html~~
Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement
AND
of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.

Plan popular—-laundry list of supporters

EW 13 Empty Wheel, "The Ideological Diversity Behind Demands for Targeted Killing or Drone Oversight and Transparency", March 13, www.emptywheel.net/2013/03/13/the-ideological-diversity-behind-demands-for-targeted-killing-or-drone-oversight-and-transparency/
When Barbara Lee and 7 other progressives sent a letter to the President asking for more info
rmation on both the legal authorization for targeted killings and the "architecture" of
AND
Jeff Duncan, Scott Garrett, Jim Jordan, Billy Long, James Sensenbrenner

Gitmo pounds the link

Reuters 5/24/13, "Obama wants to end ’war on terror’ but Congress balks," http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/24/us-usa-obama-speech-idUSBRE94M04Y20130524
(Reuters) - President Barack Obama wants to roll back some of the most
AND
seen as supporting moving Guantanamo inmates to the U.S. homeland.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cornell RL | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Accountability

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Pakistan and Yemen—-drones are key to stability but overuse is counterproductive

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Use-of-force decisions that avoid accountability are problematic for both functional and
AND
. policymakers were more constrained by use-of-force accountability mechanisms. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes – executive targeting decisions are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Unaccountable drone strikes strengthen AQAP and destabilize Yemen

Jacqueline Manning 12, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9 2012, "Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen," http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450
Earlier this year White House counter-terrorism advisor, John Brennan, named al
AND
only acknowledge them, but also pay amends to families of the victims.

Strengthened AQAP undermines the Saudi regime

Colonel Hassan Abosaq 12, US Army War College, master of strategic studies degree candidate, 2012, "The Implications of Unstable on Saudi Arabia," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA560581
AQAP has been vociferous in its opposition to the Saudi regime, and is likely
AND
growing anarchy and al-Qaeda presence could spill over into Saudi Arabia.

That destabilizes the Middle East

Anthony Cordesman 11, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, former director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, former adjunct prof of national security studies at Georgetown, PhD from London University, Feb 26 2011, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation," http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation
History scarcely means we can take Saudi stability for granted. Saudi Arabia is simply
AND
the Middle East depends on Saudi Arabia having a friendly and moderate regime.

Global nuke war

Primakov 9 ~September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations"~  
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
AND
seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Overuse of drones in Pakistan empowers militants and destabilizes the government

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
AND
military, which has launched coups before, remains a popular force.77

That causes nuke war with India

Bruce Riedel 9, senior fellow and director of the Brookings Intelligence Project, senior fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, served as a senior advisor to the last four U.S. presidents on South Asia and the Middle East, served in the CIA for 29 years, "Armageddon in Islamabad," National Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, Issue 102, ebsco
The effects of an extremist takeover would not end at Pakistan’s borders. A worsening
AND
. The new militant regime in Pakistan would increase support for the insurgency.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
A nuclear conflict in the subcontinent would have disastrous effects on the world as a
AND
lead to more drought, worldwide food shortages, and widespread political upheaval.

Norms

Advantage 2 is norms

Failure to adopt rules for US drones sets an abusive international precedent——magnifies every impact by causing global instability and collapse of interstate relations

Kristen Roberts 13, news editor for National Journal, master’s in security studies from Georgetown University, master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University, March 21st, 2013, "When the Whole World Has Drones," National Journal, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
To implement this covert program, the administration has adopted a tool that lowers the
AND
uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.

Independently makes great power war inevitable by tempting leaders to use drones too often—-status quo international law is an insufficient check

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
AND
When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

Credible external oversight is key—-leads to international modeling and allows the US to effectively crack down on other abusive drone programs

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
AND
oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Now is key to shape international norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Robust norms about the use of force prevent conflict escalation among great powers

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
AND
war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Constraining strikes lets the US set drone norms that avoid the worst consequences of their use

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Unaccountable drone prolif wrecks strategic stability among nuclear states

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

A drone arms race is coming in East Asia—-lack of norms causes territorial disputes to spiral out of control

Shawn Brimley 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, former Director for Strategic Planning on the National Security Council, PhD in War Studies from King’s College London; Ben FitGerald, Senior Fellow and the Program Director for the Technology and National Security Program at CNAS; and Ely Ratner, Deputy Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at CNAS, Ph.D. in Political Science from UC Berkeley, 9/17/13, The Drone War Comes to Asia, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full
But there’s a much bigger and more pernicious cycle in motion. The introduction of
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

That goes nuclear

Max Fisher 11, foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616
Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in any kind of
AND
Soviet mishaps of the 1980s — is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friend.

Solvency

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about targeted killing—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
AND
relevant private, government, and legal interests at stake in such cases.

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
AND
robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
AND
intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cornell RL | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Acct

Alt to drones is less force not more

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Finally, a number of experts have argued that drone strikes are not only effec
AND
alternatives, not against extreme examples from wartime like the firebombing of Dresden.

T

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
AND
there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Substantial means to a great extent

Wordnet, 03 (Princeton University, version 2.0, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantially)
Substantially adv 1: to a great extent or degree; "I’m afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger"; "the house has fallen considerably in value"; "the price went up substantially" ~syn: well, considerably~ 2: in a strong substantial way; "the house was substantially built"

T 2

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

WPA DA

Oversight stops arbitrariness but not flex

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Concerted efforts to shirk and deflect responsibility, moreover, provide an illuminating context in
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way? And the answer to this second question is obviously "yes."

Judicial review enhances expert decision-making—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
AND
the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Oversight solves dogmatism—-causes better policy

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Rules that provide incentives for decision makers to consider counter-evidence and counterarguments are
AND
with the benefit of hindsight, to have seriously damaged national security. n52

Congressional involvement makes threats of force more credible not less

Matthew Waxman 8/25/13, Professor of Law @ Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy @ CFR, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War," Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN
On the other hand, some political scientists have recently called into question this view
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political conditions domestically favor the use of force should it be necessary.169

Zero data supports the resolve or credibility thesis

Jonathan Mercer 13, associate professor of political science at the University of Washington in Seattle and a Fellow at the Center for International Studies at the London School of Economics, 5/13/13, "Bad Reputation," http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136577/jonathan-mercer/bad-reputation
Since then, the debate about what to do in Syria has been sidetracked by discussions of how central reputation is to deterrence, and whether protecting it is worth going to war.
There are two ways to answer those questions: through evidence and through logic.
AND
did indeed worry about their reputations. But their worries were often mistaken.
For example, when North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950, U.S
AND
that the Americans intended to destroy his revolution, perhaps with nuclear weapons.
Similarly, Ted Hopf, a professor of political science at the National University of
AND
these threats seriously. As the record shows, reputations do not matter.

Drones trade off with countering rogue states

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
AND
and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Drones trade off with other CIA ops

Jeremy Scahill 12, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine, Nov 14 2012, "The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?" http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia~~23
"I would not say that CIA has been taken over by the military,
AND
as their turf," he told me. "That’s the big danger." 

Key to cyber-defense

Kevin Coleman 13, senior fellow with the Technolytics Institute, former chief strategist at Netscape, and an adviser on cyber warfare and security, 8/1/13, "Digital Conflict," http://defensesystems.com/blogs/cyber-report/2013/08/cyber-intelligence.aspx
Cyber defense is gradually moving from a reactive to a proactive posture. Many observers
AND
aggression, we must increase the attention and resources devoted to cyber intelligence.

Nuke war

Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.

K

Norms disad—-the 1AC is key to solve

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
What is undeniable, however, is that we face a drone race, which
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

No prior questions

Owen 2 ~David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7~
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

That solves best—-the plan provides a new avenue for promoting skepticism and opposition to executive targeted killing

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
It appears that, as Scheuerman has noted, it is too easy to assume
AND
policy, but can play some role in impeding its traditional bulldozing progress. 

No biopolitical violence impact

Jonathan Short 5, Ph.D. candidate in the Graduate Programme in Social 26 Political Thought, York University, "Life and Law: Agamben and Foucault on Governmentality and Sovereignty," Journal for the Arts, Sciences and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1
Adding to the dangerousness of this logic of control, however, is that while
AND
nation-state have fallen into disrepute and have been all but abandoned. 

The alt alone fails—-legal reforms are necessary to mediate other forms of resistance

Jef Huysmans 8, Professor of Security Studies at The Open University UK, "The Jargon of Exception—On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society", International Political Sociology (2008) 2, 165-183, bigo.zgeist.org/students/readings/huysmansjargonexceptionIPS.pdf
Deploying the jargon of exception and especially Agamben’s conception of the exception-being-
AND
as the central processes through which individualized bodily resistances gain their sociopolitical significance.

Their alternative makes intellectuals politically ineffective—-criticism is insufficient to produce change

Patrick Wilckin 95, Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths’ College, University of London "The Intellectuals, the Media and the Gulf War" Critique of Anthropology 1995 15: 37
One effect of the cordoning off of intellectual discourse from the public sphere has been
AND
sense that they use the authority of science to cover their manifest inadequacies.

Alt can’t solve drone violence—-it’s insulated from external resistance

Andrew Bacevich 12, Prof of History and IR at Boston University, PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton, visiting fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, "The New American Way of War," http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2012/02/13/andrew-bacevich/the-new-american-way-of-war/
For a democracy, waging endless war poses a challenge. There are essentially two
AND
Obama has surpassed his predecessor in shedding any remaining restraints on waging war.

The alt can’t mobilize opposition to drone warfare

Judah A. Druck 12, Editor of the Cornell Law Review, Nov 15 2012, "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf
The practical effects of this move toward a technology-driven, and therefore limited
AND
not conducive to the formation of a substantial check on presidential action.134 

The law is effective in constraining state violence—-their authors are over-deterministic

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
These considerations all raise legitimate concerns about the capability of human rights frameworks to act
AND
that has made a substantial contribution towards the generation of this dampening effect.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory KM | Judge: Seth Gannon

Norms

No nuclear terror in China

Ferguson and Potter 4 — president of the Federation of American Scientists, former project director of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, adjunct professor in the security studies program at Georgetown University, former scientist-in-residence at the Monterey Institute’s Center for Nonproliferation Studies, winner of the 2003 Robert S. Landauer Lecture Award from the Health Physics Society, consultant for Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and the National Nuclear Security Administration, former physical scientist in the Office of the Senior Coordinator for Nuclear Safety at the U.S. Department of State, co-chairman of the U.S.-Japan Nuclear Working Group, M.A. and Ph.D. in physics from Boston University, AND, Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar Professor of Nonproliferation Studies and Founding Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the International Advisory Board of the Center for Policy Studies in Russia (Charles D. and William C., "The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism", Nuclear Threat Initiative, Monterey Institute, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2004, http://jeffreyfields.net/427/Site/Blog/30F67A03-182C-4FC7-9EFD-A7C321F6DC8D_files/analysis_4faces.pdf)
It is difficult to offer an overall assessment of the security of China’s nuclear arms
AND
- ganization might gain control of an intact nuclear weapon in that country.

Uighur terrorism unlikely—-it’s Chinese propaganda

Joshua Foust 10, former senior intelligence analyst for the U.S. military, "Terrorism in China?" http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/opinion/terrorism-in-china/3050/
In fairness to China, there are legitimate terrorist groups with ties to Xinjiang.
AND
though the government didn’t accuse them of doing anything besides protesting until 2009.

Accoutnability

Prez would comply with the court

Stephen I. Vladeck 9, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3-1-2009, "The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox," http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=facsch_bkrev
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
AND
comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

Obama will accept the plan—-prefer specificity

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

IMF and reforms solve

Syed Fazl-e-Haider 9/5/13, development analyst in Pakistan, "IMF approves 246.6 billion lifeline for Pakistan," http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-050913.html
KARACHI - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Wednesday approved a US24
AND
of the loan would encourage other international donors to extend loans to Pakistan.

T

The Kaiser card is about administrative rulemaking not war powers

KAISER 80—the Official Specialist in American National Government, Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress ~Congressional Action to Overturn Agency Rules: Alternatives to the Legislative Veto; Kaiser, Frederick M., 32 Admin. L. R

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Jonah Feldman

T Mil

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
AND
there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Ex ante doesn’t solve ground

Jameel Jaffer 13, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, "Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185 (2013), http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php
Since 9/11, the CIA and Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
AND
program, with its elision of the imminence requirement, than narrow it. 

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

T Ex Post

War powers authority is the President’s authority to wage war and conduct self defense

Manget 91 Fred F, Assistant General Counsel with the CIA, "Presidential War Powers", 1991, media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf
The President’s war powers authority is actually a national defense power that exists at all
AND
wage it, in the broadest sense. It operates at all times. 

Targeted killing authority only uses those justifications

Lawfare no date, Lawfare Document Library, "Legality of U.S. Government’s Targeted Killing Program under Domestic Law," http://www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/legality-of-targeted-killing-program-under-u-s-domestic-law/
The U.S. Government (via Eric Holder and Harold Koh) itself
AND
the existence of an armed conflict with al-Qa’ida under international law."

CP

Resolved is irrelevant

Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2k http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm
Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on… If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter. 

Should means it’s desirable

Atlas Collaboration 99 ~ATD, Jan. 24, http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html~~
’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then that
AND
’shall’, or can be discarded entirely, so much the better.  

-Doesn’t create statutory grounds for the Courts to rule on because it doesn’t have the force of law

American Heritage Dictionary 2k http://www.thefreedictionary.com/concurrent+resolution
A resolution adopted by both houses of a bicameral legislature that does not have the force of law and does not require the signature of the chief executive.

-Only determines internal operations of Congress—-means the Prez wouldn’t have to comply

Robert Longley no date http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/uscongress/a/concurrentresos.htm
Concurrent resolutions address matters affecting the operations of both the House of Representatives and Senate
AND
"joint", does not signify simultaneous introduction and consideration in both chambers.

Drones trade off with countering North Korea

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
AND
and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Extinction

Peter Hayes 11, Prof of IR at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Ph.D. in energy and resources from UC Berkeley, and Michael Hamel-Green, Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development at Victoria University, Melbourne,
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
AND
the stratosphere would cause a huge reduction in the Earth’s protective ozone.4

Ptx

Econ decline doesn’t cause war

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
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II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 

US not key to global

Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, "Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated — that factors ranging
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have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:

Plan is key to the economy

Nathaniel Sheppard 11, correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and NYT, June 7 2011, "Why pint-sized Yemen has become a world player," http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/07/152204.html
That Yemen could fall into the abyss is of great geopolitical significance that has put
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their limited options for doing anything about frightening events unfolding before their eyes. 

Normal means is Obama doesn’t veto

Dave Boyer 12, Washington Times, "For Obama, veto isn’t overriding concern," http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/dec/25/record-shows-obamas-veto-threats-carry-little-weig/?page=all
Lawmakers don’t expect Mr. Obama to veto the bill, and there is good
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little attention, but said he didn’t agree with everything in the bill.

Normal means is no signing statement

Kevin Evans 13, Assistant Professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Florida International University "Why the Obama Administration Has Issued Fewer Signing Statements," http://millercenter.org/ridingthetiger/obama-administration-signing-statements-evans
 The Obama administration has only issued 22 statements during his first term.  While these statements are chock-full of constitutional challenges (Obama’s most recent NDAA signing statement challenges more than 20 sections of law on constitutional grounds), the lack of frequency with which the administration issues them leaves Obama nowhere close to Bush in terms of the number of provisions challenged over a similar timeframe.

Obama won’t fight the plan—-he’s open to judicial review

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
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— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Health care and budget pound the link

WSJ 10/17, Peter Nicholas and Carol E. Lee, "Obama’s Agenda Faces Rocky Road", 2013, online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303680404579141472200495820
Yet as much as he wants to shift the focus to immigration and the farm
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make it harder for GOP leaders to negotiate with the president on immigration.

Won’t pass—-GOP is too partisan and Obama won’t spend PC

Zeke J. Miller 10/24, TIME, "Obama’s New Immigration Pivot Isn’t About Immigration", 2013, swampland.time.com/2013/10/24/obamas-new-immigration-pivot-isnt-about-immigration/
But privately, administration officials and congressional Democrats admit that they are unlikely to get
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less likely than ever before to embrace a part of the president’s agenda.

PC fails with the GOP

Dan Nowicki 10-25, October 25th, 2013, USA Today, "Pleas from Obama may hinder immigration bill push," www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/25/obama-immigration-bill-partisanship/3188629/
Limited influence Other observers, including two members of the Senate Gang of Eight,
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’long-term interest’ doesn’t get a vote in primaries and general elections."

Obama won’t fight over the plan

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, Feb 13 2013, "The President’s SOTU Pledge to Work With Congress and Be Transparent on National Security Issues," www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/the-presidents-sotu-pledge-to-work-with-congress-and-be-transparent-on-national-security-issues/
As for a broader and sturdier congressional framework for the administration’s growing forms of secret
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time.  Count me as skeptical, but hopeful that I am wrong.

Plan has bipartisan support

AP 13, "Congress looks to limit drone strikes", February 5, www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57567793/congress-looks-to-limit-drone-strikes/
Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number in Congress
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, including drone strikes, can be used to kill American citizens abroad.

Obama drone speech pounds the link

Neela Banerjee 13, LA Times DC Energy and Environment Correspondent, 5/26/2013, "Republicans criticize Obama’s shift on drone use," http://www.thestate.com/2013/05/26/2788605/republicans-criticize-obamas-shift.html
WASHINGTON, DC — Republicans criticized President Barack Obama on Sunday for what they described
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think, is dangerous in the long run and dangerous for the world."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Indiana FH | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

1AC

Accountability

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Pakistan and Yemen—-drones are key to stability but overuse is counterproductive

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Use-of-force decisions that avoid accountability are problematic for both functional and
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. policymakers were more constrained by use-of-force accountability mechanisms. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes – executive targeting decisions are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
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choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
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on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Unaccountable drone strikes strengthen AQAP and destabilize Yemen

Jacqueline Manning 12, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9 2012, "Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen," http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450
Earlier this year White House counter-terrorism advisor, John Brennan, named al
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only acknowledge them, but also pay amends to families of the victims.

Strengthened AQAP undermines the Saudi regime

Colonel Hassan Abosaq 12, US Army War College, master of strategic studies degree candidate, 2012, "The Implications of Unstable on Saudi Arabia," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA560581
AQAP has been vociferous in its opposition to the Saudi regime, and is likely
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growing anarchy and al-Qaeda presence could spill over into Saudi Arabia.

That destabilizes the Middle East

Anthony Cordesman 11, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, former director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, former adjunct prof of national security studies at Georgetown, PhD from London University, Feb 26 2011, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation," http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation
History scarcely means we can take Saudi stability for granted. Saudi Arabia is simply
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the Middle East depends on Saudi Arabia having a friendly and moderate regime.

Global nuke war

Primakov 9 ~September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations"~  
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
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seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Overuse of drones in Pakistan empowers militants and destabilizes the government

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
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military, which has launched coups before, remains a popular force.77

That causes nuke war with India

Bruce Riedel 9, senior fellow and director of the Brookings Intelligence Project, senior fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, served as a senior advisor to the last four U.S. presidents on South Asia and the Middle East, served in the CIA for 29 years, "Armageddon in Islamabad," National Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, Issue 102, ebsco
The effects of an extremist takeover would not end at Pakistan’s borders. A worsening
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. The new militant regime in Pakistan would increase support for the insurgency.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
A nuclear conflict in the subcontinent would have disastrous effects on the world as a
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lead to more drought, worldwide food shortages, and widespread political upheaval.

Norms

Failure to adopt rules for US drones sets an abusive international precedent——magnifies every impact by causing global instability and collapse of interstate relations

Kristen Roberts 13, news editor for National Journal, master’s in security studies from Georgetown University, master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University, March 21st, 2013, "When the Whole World Has Drones," National Journal, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
To implement this covert program, the administration has adopted a tool that lowers the
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uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.

Independently makes great power war inevitable by tempting leaders to use drones too often—-status quo international law is an insufficient check

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
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When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

Credible external oversight is key—-leads to international modeling and allows the US to effectively crack down on other abusive drone programs

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
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oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Now is key to shape international norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
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, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

That prevents heg decline and allows the US to set global drones norms that prevent the worst consequences of use

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish
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to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.

Heg decline causes nuclear war

Zhang and Shi 11 Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., 1/22, "America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
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forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Unaccountable drone prolif wrecks strategic stability among nuclear states

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
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powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Lack of rules causes Chinese drone aggression in maritime disputes—-that increases tensions

Christopher Bodeen 13, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China’s Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html
Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
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camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

Unrestrained drone use causes arms racing—-escalation is highly likely

Jonathan Kaiman 13, writer for the Guardian located in Beijing, and Justin McCurry, Tokyo correspondent for the Guardian, citing Ron Huisken, Senior Fellow at the Strategic 26 Defence Studies Centre at Australian National University, PhD from ANU, Jan 8 2013, "Japan and China step up drone race as tension builds over disputed islands," http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/china-japan-drone-race
Drones have taken centre stage in an escalating arms race between China and Japan as
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skirmish between Chinese and Japanese drones in coming years was "very high".

Goes nuclear—-skirmishes will spiral out of control

Max Fisher 11, foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616
Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in any kind of
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Soviet mishaps of the 1980s — is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations or their heirs.

Solvency

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
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If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about targeted killing—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
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relevant private, government, and legal interests at stake in such cases.

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
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more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
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robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
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intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Indiana FH | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

T—-Restriction/General

We meet – the AUMF and LOAC are not being applied to targeted killing now, we create an enforcement mech

Berger 1 Justice Opinion, INDUSTRIAL RENTALS, INC., ISAAC BUDOVITCH and FLORENCE BUDOVITCH, Appellants Below, Appellants, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT and NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE, Appellees Below, Appellees. No. 233, 2000SUPREME COURT OF DELAWARE776 A.2d 528; 2001 Del. LEXIS 300April 10, 2001, Submitted July 17, 2001, Decided lexis
We disagree.  Statutes must be read as a whole and all the words must
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projects should not have been included in the scope of the Budovitches’ TIS.

We meet – the prez has sole authority to sign off on targeted killing – we restrict it – FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
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. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
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natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.").
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
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dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
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, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Key to ground – ex ante review is illegal

Bloomberg 13, Bloomberg Editorial Board, Feb 18 2013, "Why a ’Drone Court’ Won’t Work," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html
As for the balance of powers, that is where we dive into constitutional hot
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national security decisions in this way, they can only do so retrospectively.

Substantial means to a great extent

Wordnet, 03 (Princeton University, version 2.0, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantially)
Substantially adv 1: to a great extent or degree; "I’m afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger"; "the house has fallen considerably in value"; "the price went up substantially" ~syn: well, considerably~ 2: in a strong substantial way; "the house was substantially built"

K

Public debate over the costs of targeted killing is key to limit the practice

Anna Goppel 13, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Zurich, 2013, Killing Terrorists: A Moral and Legal Analysis, p. 1-2
Israel and the United States may be the only states that have publicly admitted to
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this is despite an absence of agreement on the justifiability of the practice.

That solves best—-the plan provides a new avenue for promoting skepticism and opposition to executive targeted killing

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
It appears that, as Scheuerman has noted, it is too easy to assume
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policy, but can play some role in impeding its traditional bulldozing progress. 

The law is effective in constraining state violence—-their authors are over-deterministic

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
These considerations all raise legitimate concerns about the capability of human rights frameworks to act
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that has made a substantial contribution towards the generation of this dampening effect. 

CP

Courts alone don’t solve

Taylor 13 ~Paul Taylor, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research, JD from Seton Hall Law School, "A FISC for Drones?" Feb 9 2013, http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/02/a-fisc-for-drones/~~
Judges would likely be much more comfortable with ex post review. Ex post review
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etc) for the courts to create such an opportunity without congressional action.

Links to politics

Samuel 09 (Terence Samuel, Deputy Editor – The Root and Senior Correspondent - Prospect, "Obama’s Honeymoon Nears Its End", American Prospect, 5/29, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=obamas_honeymoon_nears_its_end)
This week, Barack Obama named his first nominee to the Supreme Court, then
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or at least finesse through his campaign and during his presidency so far.

Perm do both—-shields the link

Perine, 6/12/2008 (Katherine – staff at CQ politics, Congress unlikely to try to counter Supreme Court detainee ruling, CQ Politics, p. http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-00000289652826cpage=2)
Thursday’s decision, from a Supreme Court dominated by Republican appointees, gives Democrats further cover against GOP sniping. "This is something that the court has decided, and very often the court gives political cover to Congress," said Ross K. Baker, a Rutgers University political science professor. "You can simply point to a Supreme Court decision and say, ’The devil made me do it.’ "

No grounds, and only Congress can create them

Richard D. Rosend 11, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Military Law 26 Policy at Texas School of Law, "Drones and the U.S. Courts," W. Mitchell L. Rev. Vol. 37:5, pp. 5280-5293, http://repository.law.ttu.edu/bitstream/handle/10601/1918/Drones20and20the20U.S.20Courts.pdf?sequence=1
Second, some have suggested the possibility of Bivens actions76 for the victims of drone
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drone strikes in the nation’s war with al Qaeda and the Taliban.88

That means no precedent

Martha J. Dragich, Associate Professor of Law at Missouri-Columbia, 2-1995 44 Am. U.L. Rev. 757
Perhaps the most troublesome manner in which selective publication, summary dispositions, and vacatur
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cases the trial judge cannot rely with confidence on the rationale previously employed.

State secrets blocks

Richard D. Rosend 11, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Military Law 26 Policy at Texas School of Law, "Drones and the U.S. Courts," W. Mitchell L. Rev. Vol. 37:5, pp. 5280-5293, http://repository.law.ttu.edu/bitstream/handle/10601/1918/Drones20and20the20U.S.20Courts.pdf?sequence=1
Assuming a complaint survives the jurisdictional, justiciability, immunity, and other hurdles to
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to the means, methods, and circumstances under which drones are employed.

Plan solves Central Asia stability

Alexander Cooley 12, Prof of Poli Sci at Barnett College, PhD in Poli Sci from Columbia University, "Great Games, Local Rules: The New Power Contest in Central Asia," p 48-49, google books
The increase in U.S. forces in Afghanistan in 2010 under the United
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Afghanistan necessitates tolerating and actively contributing to Central Asia’s corruption and governance problems.

Nuclear war

Peimani 2 - Head of Energy Security and Geopolitics @ the Energy Studies Institute (Dr. Hooman, "Failed Transition and Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central Asia and the Caucasus," Book, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o26d=101331065
If the existing negative trend continues, the entire Caucasus and Central Asia will likely
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could escalate and affect the stability of the international system and global peace. 

Ptx

Their link card says the plan won’t be wose than 2011

Seeking Alpha 9 – 10 – 13 ~"Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight" http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight~~
While a failure in the House would put action against Syria in limbo, I
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be even worse, which will send equities lower by upwards of 10. 

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
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II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 

US not key to global

Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, "Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated — that factors ranging
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have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:

Plan key to the economy

Nathaniel Sheppard 11, correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and NYT, June 7 2011, "Why pint-sized Yemen has become a world player," http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/07/152204.html
That Yemen could fall into the abyss is of great geopolitical significance that has put
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their limited options for doing anything about frightening events unfolding before their eyes. 

Obama losses pound the link

NPR 9/21, "Have Obama’s Troubles Weakened Him For Fall’s Fiscal Fights?" http://www.ideastream.org/news/npr/224494760
President Obama has had a tough year. He failed to pass gun legislation.
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by the president’s recent troubles, says former GOP leadership aide Ron Bonjean.

PC not key—-Obama will refuse to negotiate

David Jackson 9/18, USA Today, "Obama: Debt ceiling is not a ’bargaining chip,’" http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/09/18/obama-business-roundtable-boehner-shutdown-debt-ceiling/2830789/
President Obama said Wednesday that he will not allow the debt ceiling to become "
AND
20.¶ "That can’t be a recipe for government," Obama said.

Won’t pass

Bloomberg 10-3 – Bloomberg News, 12:43PM ET, 10/3/13, "Republicans Said to Plan Debt-Limit Measure Amid Shutdown," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-03/republicans-said-to-plan-debt-limit-measure-amid-shutdown.html
House Majority Leader Eric Cantor of Virginia indicated that Republicans and Democrats should negotiate their differences on government spending and increasing the nation’s borrowing authority at one time.
Republicans want to "sit down and talk to resolve our differences" on both issues, Cantor told reporters today at the U.S. Capitol.
House Republican leaders are weighing their next move in a standoff that has shut down the government and risks a U.S. default in two weeks.
They plan to bring up a measure to raise the U.S. debt-limit as soon as next week as part of a new attempt to force President Barack Obama to negotiate on the budget, according to three people with knowledge of the strategy.
The approach would merge the disputes over ending the partial government shutdown and raising the debt ceiling into one fiscal fight.
"I’d like to get one agreement and be done," House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy told reporters yesterday without offering details.
Cantor didn’t provide details on when Republicans will introduce a measure to raise the debt ceiling. Leaders will meet with rank-and-file members behind closed doors tomorrow morning to discuss the next move.
No Incentive
Republican leaders are attempting to pair their party’s priorities with a debt-limit increase, a plan they shelved last month to focus on a stopgap measure to fund the government in the new fiscal year. The goal is to have a bill ready in the coming days, even without resolving the partial government shutdown, according to a Republican lawmaker and two leadership aides who asked not to be identified to discuss the strategy.
There’s no incentive for the Republican-controlled House to take up a Senate-passed short-term measure without add-ons because many lawmakers don’t yet feel the effects of the government shutdown now in its third day, the people said.

XO solves the impact

Joe Weisenthal 9/30, Executive Editor for Business Insider, "It Increasingly Looks Like Obama Will Have To Raise The Debt Ceiling All By Himself," http://www.businessinsider.com/it-increasingly-looks-like-obama-will-have-to-raise-the-debt-ceiling-all-by-himself-2013-9
With no movement on either side and the debt ceiling fast approaching, there’s increasing
AND
around, again, Clinton is advising Obama to call the GOP’s bluff.

Plan has bipartisan support

AP 13, "Congress looks to limit drone strikes", February 5, www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57567793/congress-looks-to-limit-drone-strikes/
Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number in Congress
AND
, including drone strikes, can be used to kill American citizens abroad.

Obama drone speech pounds the link

Neela Banerjee 13, LA Times DC Energy and Environment Correspondent, 5/26/2013, "Republicans criticize Obama’s shift on drone use," http://www.thestate.com/2013/05/26/2788605/republicans-criticize-obamas-shift.html
WASHINGTON, DC — Republicans criticized President Barack Obama on Sunday for what they described
AND
think, is dangerous in the long run and dangerous for the world."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas HO | Judge: Jishnu Guha-Majumdar

T

We meet – the AUMF and LOAC are not being applied to targeted killing now, we create an enforcement mech

Berger 1 Justice Opinion, INDUSTRIAL RENTALS, INC., ISAAC BUDOVITCH and FLORENCE BUDOVITCH, Appellants Below, Appellants, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT and NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE, Appellees Below, Appellees. No. 233, 2000SUPREME COURT OF DELAWARE776 A.2d 528; 2001 Del. LEXIS 300April 10, 2001, Submitted July 17, 2001, Decided lexis
We disagree.  Statutes must be read as a whole and all the words must
AND
projects should not have been included in the scope of the Budovitches’ TIS.

We meet – the prez has sole authority to sign off on targeted killing – we restrict it – FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.").
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Key to ground – ex ante review is illegal

Bloomberg 13, Bloomberg Editorial Board, Feb 18 2013, "Why a ’Drone Court’ Won’t Work," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html
As for the balance of powers, that is where we dive into constitutional hot
AND
national security decisions in this way, they can only do so retrospectively.

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

Judicial review of targeted killing restricts executive authority

McKelvey-JD Candidate Vandy-11     44 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 1353
NOTE: Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power
B. The Aulaqi Case in Federal Court In August 2010, Nasser al-
AND
outcome and its potential implications on due process rights and executive power. 60

K

US intervention stems from a lack of clear strategy, not a desire for colonial control—-the aff is a better avenue for preventing violence

David Chandler 9, Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War’, Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243
Rethinking Global War¶ Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive character -
AND
desire for control fails to contextualize conflict in the social relations of today. 

Including legal reform is necessary to solve

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United King

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgia DG | Judge: Brett Bricker

Acct

Strikes in Pakistan will not decrease

Johnthomas Didymus 8/4/13, reporter at AllVoices, "John Kerry gaffes, no end to US drone war in Pakistan,"
http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/15129851-john-kerry-gaffes-no-end-to-us-drone-war-in-pakistan
Hours after Kerry told the Pakistani people on Thursday that the US government has a
AND
going to unilaterally end drone strikes in Pakistan or Yemen for that matter."

T—-Restriction/General

We meet – the AUMF and LOAC are not being applied to targeted killing now, we create an enforcement mech

Berger 1 Justice Opinion, INDUSTRIAL RENTALS, INC., ISAAC BUDOVITCH and FLORENCE BUDOVITCH, Appellants Below, Appellants, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT and NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE, Appellees Below, Appellees. No. 233, 2000SUPREME COURT OF DELAWARE776 A.2d 528; 2001 Del. LEXIS 300April 10, 2001, Submitted July 17, 2001, Decided lexis
We disagree.  Statutes must be read as a whole and all the words must
AND
projects should not have been included in the scope of the Budovitches’ TIS.

We meet – the prez has sole authority to sign off on targeted killing – we restrict it – FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.").
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Key to ground – ex ante review is illegal

Bloomberg 13, Bloomberg Editorial Board, Feb 18 2013, "Why a ’Drone Court’ Won’t Work," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html
As for the balance of powers, that is where we dive into constitutional hot
AND
national security decisions in this way, they can only do so retrospectively.

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

K—-Security

Public debate over the costs of TKs is key to solve the aff and the K

Anna Goppel 13, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Zurich, 2013, Killing Terrorists: A Moral and Legal Analysis, p. 1-2
Israel and the United States may be the only states that have publicly admitted to
AND
this is despite an absence of agreement on the justifiability of the practice.

Perm—-endorse the aff and the alternative—-we provide a specific opportunity to resist the cycle of overreaction to threats—-disproves their "reform fails" arguments

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This ’symbiotic’ relationship between counter-terrorism measures and political violence, and the
AND
repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted. 

Including the aff breaks the link between security and unrestrained sovereign power

Joao Reis Nunes 7, Marie Curie Fellow and PhD Candidate in International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, September 2007, "Politics, Security, Critical Theory: A Contribution to Current Debates on Security," http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Nunes-joaonunes-politicssecuritycriticaltheory.pdf
This section wishes to draw from Huysmans’ work on security as a signifier, particularly
AND
is possible to follow from this insight whilst retaining the signifier of security. 

Threats real – addressing them concretely is key to solve

Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

No prior questions

Owen 2 ~David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7~
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.’

Security reps key to change policy

Robert Naiman 10, Policy Director at Just Foreign Policy, President of the Board of Truthout, former policy analyst and researcher at the Center for Economic and Policy Research and Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch, "Why Peaceniks Should Care About the Afghanistan Study Group Report," The Seminal—a FireDogLake blog, September 10th, http://seminal.firedoglake.com/diary/70379
From the point of view of official Washington, this speaks to the core of
AND
so it makes sense for this to be a central point of attack.

CP

Courts alone don’t solve

Taylor 13 ~Paul Taylor, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research, JD from Seton Hall Law School, "A FISC for Drones?" Feb 9 2013, http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/02/a-fisc-for-drones/~~
Judges would likely be much more comfortable with ex post review. Ex post review
AND
etc) for the courts to create such an opportunity without congressional action.

Links to politics

Samuel 09 (Terence Samuel, Deputy Editor – The Root and Senior Correspondent - Prospect, "Obama’s Honeymoon Nears Its End", American Prospect, 5/29, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=obamas_honeymoon_nears_its_end)
This week, Barack Obama named his first nominee to the Supreme Court, then
AND
or at least finesse through his campaign and during his presidency so far.

Perm do both—-shields the link

Perine, 6/12/2008 (Katherine – staff at CQ politics, Congress unlikely to try to counter Supreme Court detainee ruling, CQ Politics, p. http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-00000289652826cpage=2)
Thursday’s decision, from a Supreme Court dominated by Republican appointees, gives Democrats further cover against GOP sniping. "This is something that the court has decided, and very often the court gives political cover to Congress," said Ross K. Baker, a Rutgers University political science professor. "You can simply point to a Supreme Court decision and say, ’The devil made me do it.’ "

No grounds, and only Congress can create them

Richard D. Rosend 11, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Military Law 26 Policy at Texas School of Law, "Drones and the U.S. Courts," W. Mitchell L. Rev. Vol. 37:5, pp. 5280-5293, http://repository.law.ttu.edu/bitstream/handle/10601/1918/Drones20and20the20U.S.20Courts.pdf?sequence=1
Second, some have suggested the possibility of Bivens actions76 for the victims of drone
AND
drone strikes in the nation’s war with al Qaeda and the Taliban.88

That means no precedent

Martha J. Dragich, Associate Professor of Law at Missouri-Columbia, 2-1995 44 Am. U.L. Rev. 757
Perhaps the most troublesome manner in which selective publication, summary dispositions, and vacatur
AND
cases the trial judge cannot rely with confidence on the rationale previously employed.

-Prez DA

Oversight stops arbitrariness but not flex

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Concerted efforts to shirk and deflect responsibility, moreover, provide an illuminating context in
AND
way? And the answer to this second question is obviously "yes."

Judicial review enhances expert decision-making—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
AND
the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Oversight solves dogmatism—-causes better policy

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Rules that provide incentives for decision makers to consider counter-evidence and counterarguments are
AND
with the benefit of hindsight, to have seriously damaged national security. n52

DA

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 

Obama losses pound the link

NPR 9/21, "Have Obama’s Troubles Weakened Him For Fall’s Fiscal Fights?" http://www.ideastream.org/news/npr/224494760
President Obama has had a tough year. He failed to pass gun legislation.
AND
by the president’s recent troubles, says former GOP leadership aide Ron Bonjean.

US not key to global

Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, "Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated — that factors ranging
AND
have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:

Plan key to the economy

Nathaniel Sheppard 11, correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and NYT, June 7 2011, "Why pint-sized Yemen has become a world player," http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/07/152204.html
That Yemen could fall into the abyss is of great geopolitical significance that has put
AND
their limited options for doing anything about frightening events unfolding before their eyes. 

Long shutdown inevitable

Michael McAuliffe 10-5, HuffPo, "How The Government Shutdown Will End: ’The Market Is Just Going To Smash Us’," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/05/government-shutdown-debt-limit_n_4049056.html?ir=Politics
With Congress unable to move, the end to the standoff in the nation’s capital
AND
presenting a unified front would move Republicans — including those who are sympathetic.

Obama won’t fight the plan—-he’s open to judicial review

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

No shutdown impact—-empirically proven

Andrew Taylor 9-19, Associated Press, "Here’s the truth: The government doesn’t shut down," http://www.tri-cityherald.com/2013/09/19/2581831/heres-the-truth-the-government.html
WASHINGTON — Here’s the truth about a government "shutdown." The government doesn’t shut down.¶ So the world won’t end if a dysfunctional Washington can’t find a way to pass a funding bill before the new budget year begins on Oct. 1.¶ Social Security checks will still go out. Troops will remain at their posts. Doctors and hospitals will get their Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. In fact, virtually every essential government agency,

 like the FBI, the Border Patrol and the Coast Guard, will remain
AND
related or if they perform essential activities that "protect life and property."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Smelko, Wunderlich, Glineicki
NDT 1AC---Norms
Global drone acquisition is inevitable---demonstrating US compliance with strict legal limits is key to delegitimize abusive practices
Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” 2011, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283, lexis
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
AND
acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.
Credible external oversight is key---leads to international modeling and gives the US the leverage to prevent overuse
Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
AND
oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns.
Now is key and norm-setting is real
James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
the US may miss an opportunity to entrench international norms about drone operations.
Unrestrained drone use causes nuclear miscalc
Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.
NDT 1AC---Prev War
The Bush Doctrine failed to legitimize preventive war but planted the seeds for a future shift in norms---eroding the imminence requirement causes rapid global prolif and war
Dr. Theresa Rheinhold 12, PhD in  Political Science from Tübingen University, postdoctoral research fellow at the Social Science Research Center Berlin, Dec 23 2012, Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: The Power of Norms and the Norms of the Powerful, Ch 5: The Duty to Prevent, p. 148, google books
In sum, the present case study has thrown into sharp relief the limits of
AND
anticipatory self-defense, thrown into sharp relief by the Iraq war.
Current US TK policies are driving a global shift in strategic doctrine toward preventive self-defense---results in nuclear war
Kerstin Fisk 13, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University, and Jennifer M. Ramos, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from UC Davis, April 15 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm,” International Studies Perspectives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/insp.12013/full
Preventive self-defense entails waging a war or an attack by choice, in
AND
it continues to provide other states with the justification to do the same.
This shift will not be limited to TKs---the use of preventive self-defense will spill over to interstate conflicts
Craig Martin 11, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, 11/7/11, “Going Medieval: Targeted Killing, Self-Defence, and the Jus Ad Bellum Regime,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141
The entire debate on targeted killing is so narrowly focused on the particular problems posed
AND
a threat that is much less serious in the grand scheme of things.
Specifically, executive discretion over the legitimacy of targets will eviscerate legal restrictions on self-defense
Rosa Brooks 13, Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents ¶ Here is an additional reason to worry about
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?
Causes a global scramble for nukes and breakdown of command and control
Jonathan Kirshner 3, Associate Professor of Government and director of the Program on International Political Economy at Cornell, PhD in Politics from Princeton, January 2003, “PREVENT DEFENSE: WHY THE BUSH DOCTRINE WILL HURT U.S. INTERESTS,” http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/17143/ichaptersection_singledocument/f431ada5-2db5-4843-82fd-73e78a3c21a5/en/OP27_Ch1.pdf
Paradoxically, although one of the great concerns motivating the new security strategy is the
AND
militarized disputes in the future will involve states that have some nuclear capability.
Prolif capacity is inevitable---motivation is key
Suzanne Varrall 12, Associate Director at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, “The next nuclear wave: renaissance or proliferation risk?” Global Change, Peace and Security Vol 24, No 1, Feb 2012, https://www.academia.edu/1141970/The_next_nuclear_wave_renaissance_of_proliferation_risk
In recent years, there have been repeated calls for a revival in civilian nuclear
AND
the spread of nuclear energy programs are neither straightforward nor fail-safe.
Prolif causes nuclear war---prolif optimists are wrong
Matthew Kroenig 12, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30
Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.
Defense doesn’t assume a world of preventive war----independently causes global, nuclear preventive wars
Ariel Colonomos 13, Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ph.D. in political science from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, “The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War?” p 72-75, google books
John Yoo holds that the American interventions in Afghanistan or Iraq fulfilled the criteria of
AND
United States to its new enemies and of their greater number and dispersal.
Robust norms restricting the use of force empirically prevent conflict escalation among great powers
John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, “Peace,” Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
AND
war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

NDT 1AC---Allies
Disputes over the legality of US targeted killing practices will derail intelligence sharing with European allies---outweighs disputes over surveillance
Anthony Dworkin 13, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, "Actually, drones worry Europe more than spying", July 18, ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_actually_drones_worry_europe_more_than_spying
Relations between the United States and Europe hit a low point following revelations that Washington
AND
and discussions are also likely to start at a pan-European level.
Resilience arguments don’t apply---legal disputes and court rulings will force allies to stop sharing---wrecks overall cooperation
Tom Parker 12, Adjunct Professor in the International Affairs program at Bard College, former policy director for Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights at Amnesty International USA, former officer in MI5, Sept 17 2012, “U.S. Tactics Threaten NATO,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/us-tactics-threaten-nato-7461
The European Court of Human Rights established its jurisdiction over stabilization operations in Iraq,
AND
Something has to give—and it may just be the Atlantic alliance.
Info sharing and cooperation are key to global biodefense
Daniel Hamilton 9, lead author, Richard von Weizsäcker Professor and Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies @ Johns Hopkins,  Executive Director of the American Consortium on EU Studies, PhD in American Foreign Policy from SAIS; Charles Barry, national security consultant and Senior Research Fellow at the National Defense University’s Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Doctorate in Public Administration from the University of Baltimore; Hans Binnendijk, VP for Research at the National Defense University and Founding Director of NDU's Center for Technology and National Security Policy; Stephen Flanagan, Senior VP and Henry A. Kissinger Chair at CSIS, PhD in IR from the Fletcher School at Tufts; Julianne Smith, director of the CSIS Europe Program and the Initiative for a Renewed Transatlantic Partnership; and James Townsend, VP of the Atlantic Council of the US and Director of the Council’s Program on International Security, Adjunct Prof of Int’l Studies at American University, February 2009, “Alliance Reborn: An Atlantic Compact for the 21st Century,” http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/publications/books/nato_report_final.pdf
Successful global approaches to biosecurity must begin with the transatlantic community. Europe and North
AND
exercises to place greater emphasis on intentional attacks instead of primarily natural disasters.
Bioterror is highly likely---lone wolves and the info revolution take out their defense
Dr. Jeffrey D. Simon 11, President of Political Risk Assessment Co, lecturer at UCLA, member of the editorial board of the Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence, PhD in Political Science from USC, “Why the Bioterrorism Skeptics are Wrong,” Oct 20 2011, Journal of Bioterror and Biodefense S2:001, an international peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research on bioterror and biodefense, http://www.omicsonline.org/2157-2526/2157-2526-S2-001.php
The medical, psychological, and political repercussions of a major bioterrorist attack demands that
AND
want to kill many more people than were killed on that tragic day.
Extinction---disease defense doesn’t apply
Nathan Myhrvold 13, PhD from Princeton and recipient of the James Madison Medal, the university’s top honor for alumni, July 2013, “Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
A virus genetically engineered to infect its host quickly, to generate symptoms slowly—
AND
be available to anybody with a solid background in biology, terrorists included.
Plan
The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friends.
NDT 1AC---S
The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war
Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, “Reviewing Drones,” 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.
Cause of action deters abuse and avoids legal barriers
Stephen I. Vladeck 14, Prof of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, American University Washington College of Law, “Targeted Killing and Judicial Review ,”
Once one accepts that neutral magistrates are competent to resolve certain issues in suits challenging
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regard to the state secrets privilege, which Congress could otherwise abrogate.85
Ex post review creates a credible signal of legal compliance
Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, “Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy,” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
Brooks says however an administration that knows its strikes could face court review after the
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."
Court review would narrow self-defense targeting to truly imminent threats
Lindsay Kwoka 11, JD from UPenn Law School, “TRIAL BY SNIPER: THE LEGALITY OF TARGETED KILLING IN THE WAR ON TERROR,” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law Vol 14:1, p 301-325, https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume14/issue1/Kwoka14U.Pa.J.Const.L.301(2011).pdf
But this is not the end of the inquiry. Even if a targeted individual
AND
to protect cit-izen’s constitutional rights while affording sufficient deference to theexecutive.
Cause of action solves intel sharing
Gabor Rona 13, Lecturer in Law at Columbia Law School, International Legal Director of Human Rights First, “The pro-rule of law argument against a 'drone court,'” 2/27/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court
But a “drone court” would be worse than ineffective: it would harm
AND
Congress should limit the executive’s ability to hide unlawful killings behind this claim.
Just complying with legal requirements is not enough---court review is key to verify compliance for external observers
Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, “The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi,” Prepared for the 5th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
AND
intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Smelko, Wunderlich, Glineicki
Prev War
Legitimizing preventive war causes global nuclear escalation---causes Russian doctrinal shift to preventive nuclear strikes, wildfire prolif and endless nuclear preventive wars---all go nuclear
They conceded that norms solve conflict escalation---empirically a critical variable for preserving peace---means the case solves their DA impacts
Norms
Drones cause global war---cheapness low casualties and lack of rules encourage escalating use across state borders---makes all their impacts inevitable and collapses strategic stability because states will test each other’s resolve with drone overflights
Observer effect solves
Ashley Deeks 13, Associate Prof of Law at the University of Virginia Law School, “The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference,” Fordham Law Review Vol. 82, October 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667
In another sense, though, much of substance has been decided since 2002—
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as with the Guantánamo habeas cases in the D.C. Circuit.
Allies
Concerns about detention won’t constrain cooperation
Thorsten Wetzling 11, non-resident research fellow at the Centerfor Transatlantic Relations at the Paul H. Nitze School of AdvancedInternational Studies, PhD in political science from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, co-director of the ECPR Standing Group on Intelligence Governance, “What role for what rule of law in EU-US counterterrorism cooperation?” Chapter 1 in The EU-US Security and Justice Agenda in Action, Chaillot Paper 127, European Union Institue for Security Studies, Dec 2011, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/publications/articles/Chapter1_EUISS_ChaillotPaper127_WETZLING.pdf
Much ink has already been spilt over Europe’s entanglement in the US-led practice
AND
) during its ad hoc renditions investigation helps to illustrate this point further.
No impact
AFP 12/12, citing Karen Kornbluh, Senior Fellow for Digital Policy at CFR and former US Ambassador to OECD, “Snowden fuels fear of 'Big Brother USA',” http://news.yahoo.com/snowden-fuels-fear-39-big-brother-usa-39-115216999.html
Washington has also had to soothe anger amongst its allies, particularly after revelations that
AND
aware that their security intelligence services engage in similar activities," Kornbluh said.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Smelko, Wunderlich, Glineicki
CP
The executive would just cite 9/11 to explain every attack---no oversight means there’s nothing to stop it
Also no verification that we’re abiding by that rule means nobody would buy it
Discretion DA---Leaving executive discretion intact eviscerates the imminence requirement and legitimizes preventive war---that’s Brooks
Verification DA---lack of credible verification ensures an anything-goes standard instead of restrictive norms---that’s Bashir and Plaw
Accountability DA---internal decisions suffer groupthink and bias that let them rationalize bad targeting decisions---that’s Chehab
Voluntary restraint doesn’t set a precedent
Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, “Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond,” http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
AND
) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.
Exec fiat is a voting issue---our authors take squo Prez policies as given which makes aff offense impossible
Perm---do both---shields the link because the branches acting in concert would avoid backlash
Internal fixes aren’t credible
Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war—
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, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.
GOP hates the counterplan
Neela Banerjee 13, LA Times DC Energy and Environment Correspondent, 5/26/2013, “Republicans criticize Obama’s shift on drone use,” http://www.thestate.com/2013/05/26/2788605/republicans-criticize-obamas-shift.html
WASHINGTON, DC — Republicans criticized President Barack Obama on Sunday for what they described
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think, is dangerous in the long run and dangerous for the world.”
They’ll fight back with hearings---wrecks PC
Samples 11 --- director of the Center for Representative Government at CATO
(10/27/2011, John, “Congress Surrenders the War Powers: Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution,” http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf))
But political representation has other fac-ets. It has given voice to public
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short of constitutional propriety, congressional voice can matter in war-making.
Drones trade off with other CIA ops
Jeremy Scahill 12, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine, Nov 14 2012, “The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?” http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia#
“I would not say that CIA has been taken over by the military,
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as their turf,” he told me. “That’s the big danger.”
Key to cyber-defense
Kevin Coleman 13, senior fellow with the Technolytics Institute, former chief strategist at Netscape, and an adviser on cyber warfare and security, 8/1/13, “Digital Conflict,” http://defensesystems.com/blogs/cyber-report/2013/08/cyber-intelligence.aspx
Cyber defense is gradually moving from a reactive to a proactive posture. Many observers
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aggression, we must increase the attention and resources devoted to cyber intelligence.
Nuke war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power “every military base in our country.”¶ “Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out”, he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut down completely.¶ “Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power”, said Senator Grassley.¶ “So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions”, he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, “preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country” (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kYandfeature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an “Act of War” and could be met with a “full scale” US military response.¶ That could include the use of “nuclear weapons”, if authorized by the President.
Conditionality is illegitimate – the neg should get one dispositional option –
a) Strategy skew – deters aff offense against either world which tilts the playing field and causes flawed policy analysis
b) Argument responsibility – encourages tech over substance by removing the strategic costs of bad arguments
Perm---do bvoth

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Smelko, Wunderlich, Glineicki
Ptx
CIA shift pounds
Jordain Carney 1/16, Defense Correspondent for National Journal, “Congress Restricts Push to Transfer Drone Program From CIA to Pentagon,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/congress-restricts-push-to-transfer-drone-program-from-cia-to-pentagon-20140116
Lawmakers are using the omnibus spending bill to restrict President Obama's attempt to transfer control
AND
about the Pentagon's ability to oversee the country's drone program effectively and accurately.
Won’t pass
Jimm Phillips 3/17/14, "Some Momentum Observed on Senate Patent Revamp Legislation," Warren's Consumer Electronics Daily Vol.14 Issue 51, Factivia
Recent developments indicate there's some movement on legislation to improve the U.S.
AND
The Patent Fee Integrity Act quickly received praise from AIPLA and other stakeholders.
Obama’s PC is low and won’t recover
Charlie Cook 3-17-2014, "6 Ways Washington Will Stay the Same," www.nationaljournal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/off-to-the-races/6-ways-washington-will-stay-the-same-20140317
President Obama's job-approval ratings are very likely to remain pretty much where they
AND
his political capital will remain pretty low for the duration of his presidency.
Not intrinsic---a logical policymaker could both do the plan and pass patent reform---that’s key to education because logic is the main portable skill
Obama won’t fight the plan---he’s open to judicial review
Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, “Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy,” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
-- would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.
Supreme Court solves  
Jason Schwent 3/27/14, "Move Over, Congress: The Supreme Court May Be This Year’s Game-Changer On Patent Reform," Mondaq Business Briefing, factivia
In a normal year, the U.S. Supreme Court does not normally
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conserve judicial and legal resources for those parties with serious claims of infringement.

IMF reform pounds---Obama lost
James Politi 3-25, Financial Times writer, 3/25/14, “Democrats look to back down on linking Ukraine aid to IMF reform,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c3df9fd0-b43e-11e3-bac4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2x0nG2uAi
Senate Democrats are considering dropping their demand that reform of the International Monetary Fund be
AND
demand. “It’s being discussed, yes,” said one Democratic aide.
Patent reform won’t solve – Senate will water down the House proposal
Adi Kamdar 3-20-2014, "Thousands Speak Out in Favor of Strong Patent Reform from the Senate," Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/03/thousands-speak-out-favor-strong-patent-reform-senate
This week, EFF joined over 5,600 individuals in a letter (PDF
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ideal without addressing the elephant in the room: poor quality software patents.
Econ decline doesn’t cause war
Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, “The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked,” http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate.”42
US not key to global
Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, “Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated -- that factors ranging
AND
have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:
Drones trade off with countering North Korea
Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, “Why Drones Fail,” Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
AND
and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.
Extinction
Peter Hayes 11, Prof of IR at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Ph.D. in energy and resources from UC Berkeley, and Michael Hamel-Green, Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development at Victoria University, Melbourne,
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
AND
the stratosphere would cause a huge reduction in the Earth’s protective ozone.4

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Smelko, Wunderlich, Glineicki
Terror
Nuclear terrorism is impossible
Augustine Kwok 13, Policy Assistant - Global Partnership Program at Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, “Evaluating the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: Cutting Through the Rhetoric,” http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/fr/bitstream/handle/10393/30520/KWOK,20Augustine2020139.pdf?sequence=1
Furthermore, if terrorists were able to purchase fissile materials, they would still have
AND
nuclear materials while detecting, interdicting and preventing any illegal transfers of material.
Intel sharing solves the disad
James Goodby 7, nonresident senior fellow with the Center for Northeast Asia Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, research fellow at the Hoover Institution, professor emeritus at Carnegie Mellon University and former US Ambassador; Dr Timothy Coffey, Edison Chair for Technology in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy and PhD in Physics from UMich; and Cheryl Loeb, Research Associate at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University and Ph.D. candidate in the Biodefense Program at George Mason; July 2007, “Deploying Nuclear Detection Systems: A Proposed Strategy for Combating Nuclear Terrorism,” http://ctnsp.dodlive.mil/files/2013/07/DTP-041.pdf
Intelligence organizations around the world will have to cooperate to achieve the quickest possible sharing
AND
joint training, harmonized standards, port security, and financial regulation.”12
No leaks link---Vladeck says that safeguards and security-cleared counsel prevent disclosure
Link empirically denied and ex post solves
Pardiss Kebriaei 13, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center Constitutional Rights, adjunct lecturer at Brooklyn College, Feb 5 2013, PLAINTIFFS’ OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS in al-Aulaqi vs Panetta, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/tk2_opposition_filed_plus_declaration.pdf
Defendants’ “special factors” warnings of damage to military effectiveness, prestige, and
AND
when they took actions resulting in the deaths of three American citizens.30
Habeas hearings pound the link
Rita Siemion 13, associate with Kator, Parks and Weiser, P.L.L.C., April 2 2013, “BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE THE CONSTITUTION PROJECT IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS’ CROSS-MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT,” submitted for Latif v. Holder in the US District Court for the District of Oregon, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/99._amicus_brief_constitution_project_in_support_of_pls.__cross-mot._for_summary_judgment_2013.04..pdf
In the Guantánamo habeas context, for example, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia has adjudicated over sixty habeas claims by Guantánamo detainees seeking to challenge the government’s factual basis for designating them as enemy combatants after the Supreme Court’s ruling in Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008). Indeed, “this is a question that the federal courts have routinely been called to answer in the Guantánamo habeas cases.”30
TKs don’t solve terrorism
Ahmad El-Buckley 13, Egyptian diplomat; citing studies by Mohammed Hafez,
AND
of International Affairs 22.1 (2013): 98-105, ProQuest
This article argues that while proponents of decapitation and targeted killings of terrorist leaders advance
AND
they might even be counterproductive, hardening the organisation and lengthening the conflict.
Prolif causes state-sponsored nuclear terror---turns the DA
Matthew Kroenig 12, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30
Wanting nuclear weapons and actually possessing them, however, are two different things and
AND
in authority forced us to worry about the fate of Iran’s nuclear arsenal.
Home-grown WMD terrorism is more probable than al-Qaida
GSN 12, Global Security Newswire citing Peter Bergen, CNN national security analyst, fellow at Fordham University's Center on National Security and former adjunct lecturer at Johns Hopkins University, and Jennifer Rowland, program associate at the New America Foundation, Aug 8 2012, “Data Points to Home-Grown WMD Terror Threats in U.S.: Experts,” http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/data-points-home-grown-wmd-terror-threats-experts/
Two national security experts said in a Wednesday analysis on the CNN website that information
AND
added in the piece that cited figures from database established by their organization.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Smelko, Wunderlich, Glineicki
T
We meet---plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing---assassination ban proves
Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White and Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, “NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President's Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism,” 45 Va. J. Int'l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
AND
there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27
The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority---we restrict it---FISA proves
John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional and Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, “Be Very Wary of Restricting President's Power,” Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp
Prof. Epstein challenges the president's claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.
Restriction means a limit or qualification---it includes conditions
CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "a limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.
Prefer it
a) Aff ground – only process-based affs can beat the executive CP
b) Topic education – it’s the “authority” topic not the “conduct” topic – only we allow a discussion of decision-making procedures
Restrictions can happen after the fact
ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).
Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do
Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.
Competing interpretations is a race to the bottom---default to reasonability---T should be a check on abuse not a strategy

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: 

Adv

Executive discretion over the legitimacy of targets will eviscerate legal restrictions on drone use and self-defense

Rosa Brooks 13, Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents ¶ Here is an additional reason to worry about
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

The drone arms race is real and US precedent-setting is key—-only changing the perceived utility of unrestrained targeted killing can alter US behavior

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.

That makes war more likely by removing disincentives for the use of force—-tighter legal restrictions key to prevent war

Eric Posner 13, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15th, 2013, "The Killer Robot War is Coming," Slate, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html
Drones have existed for decades, but in recent years they have become ubiquitous.
AND
When those technological barriers fall, legal restrictions may need to be tightened.

Unaccountable drone prolif wrecks strategic stability among nuclear states

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

Now is key and precedent-setting is real

James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
the US may miss an opportunity to entrench international norms about drone operations.

Unrestrained drone use facilitates violent internal policing and reinforces unequal international power dynamics

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Fourth, there is a distinct danger that the world will divide into two camps
AND
the coercive instruments of power and against those who dare to challenge them.

The proliferation of drones is inevitable, but establishing standards for drone use would mitigate their worst consequences

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Independently, US targeted killing is driving a global shift in strategic doctrine toward preventive self-defense—-causes nuclear war

Kerstin Fisk 13, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University, and Jennifer M. Ramos, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from UC Davis, April 15 2013, "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm," International Studies Perspectives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/insp.12013/full
How and to what extent is the preventive use of force becoming the future of
AND
by discussing possibilities for further research and considering the implications of this phenomenon.

Encourages endless, global preventive wars

Ariel Colonomos 13, Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ph.D. in political science from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, "The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War?" p 72-75, google books
John Yoo holds that the American interventions in Afghanistan or Iraq fulfilled the criteria of
AND
United States to its new enemies and of their greater number and dispersal.

Also exacerbates international power disparities by greenlighting intervention by powerful states

Dominika Svarc 6, Researcher at the Institute for Comparative Law at the University of Ljubljana, LLM in Public International Law from the London School of Economics and Political Science, Fall 2006, "ARTICLE 26 ESSAY: REDEFINING IMMINENCE: THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST THREATS AND ARMED ATTACKS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY," 13 ILSA J Int'l 26 Comp L 171, lexis
These pronouncements assert that the rules on self-defense need to be modified so
AND
, but by creating massive insecurity for others and ultimately for themselves." n80

That makes global interventionist violence inevitable

Tara McCormack 10, Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester, PhD in IR from the University of Westminster, "Critique, Security and Power: The Political Limits to Emancipatory Approaches," p138, google books
It seems clear that since the 1990s and the shift away from formal framework for
AND
but this is exactly what contemporary critical and emancipatory theorists are not doing.

Credible external oversight is key to solve

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
AND
oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Robust norms restricting the use of force empirically prevent conflict escalation among great powers

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen's examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
AND
war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured in targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friends.

S

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Congressional cause of deters abuse and overcomes legal barriers

Stephen I. Vladeck 14, Prof of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, American University Washington College of Law, "Targeted Killing and Judicial Review ,"
Once one accepts that neutral magistrates are competent to resolve certain issues in suits challenging
AND
regard to the state secrets privilege, which Congress could otherwise abrogate.85

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they're carried out
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Judicial review would narrow the use of self-defense

Lindsay Kwoka 11, JD from UPenn Law School, "TRIAL BY SNIPER: THE LEGALITY OF TARGETED KILLING IN THE WAR ON TERROR," University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law Vol 14:1, p 301-325, https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume14/issue1/Kwoka14U.Pa.J.Const.L.301(2011).pdf
But this is not the end of the inquiry. Even if a targeted individual
AND
to protect cit-izen's constitutional rights while affording sufficient deference to theexecutive.

Judicial review is key to solve—-current institutional arrangements make skewed risk assessment inevitable

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan creates an observer effect that immediately prompts presidential restraint

Ashley Deeks 13, Associate Prof of Law at the University of Virginia Law School, "The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference," Fordham Law Review Vol. 82, October 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667
In another sense, though, much of substance has been decided since 2002—
AND
as with the Guantánamo habeas cases in the D.C. Circuit.

Comprehensive "root cause" strategies for war are infeasible—-resolving factors clearly correlated with war is a more effective strategy

John Moore 4 chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

Advocating restraint in security terms is key to solve norms

Max M. Mutschler 10 - doctoral candidate in social sciences at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He holds a M.A. in political science and history from the University of Tübingen where he worked as a lecturer and research associate from 2007 to 2009. For his current research on arms control in space, he was awarded a dissertation fellowship by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, "Preventive Arms Control in Space: Breaking the Deadlock," Paper presented at ECPR-SGIR 7th Pan-European International Relations Conference, Stockholm 9-11 Sep. 2010,http://stockholm.sgir.eu/uploads/Mutschler_SGIR2010_Arms_Control_in_Space.pdf
How can epistemic communities carry out their role as norm entrepreneurs? Uncertainty about how
AND
provide technical information in order to show consequences of differing policy choices.16

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: 

Case

Multiple conceded impacts

Collapse of drone wars causes collapse of strategic stability because states will engage in drone overflights—-causes nuke war

Second, permissive drone norms lead to power disparities between drone haves and have-nots—-causes oppression of weaker states and internal dissenters which turns the Ks

Third is preventive strike norm causes the US and other powers to lashout globally—-that both causes nuclear escalation and exposes people in less powerful states to unchecked intervention which also turns the K

Also conceded norms on war constrain escalation—-that's Vasquez—-puts a cap on impact magnitude for any of their K's

Bush was unsuccessful in creating a new norm

Johanne Glavind 11, currently Assistant Prof in the Dept of Poli Sci and Govt at Aarhus University, 3 January 2011, "Can Great Powers Change Fundamental Norms?" dissertation for PhD in Political Science, http://politica.dk/fileadmin/politica/Dokumenter/ph.d.-afhandlinger/johanne_glavind.pdf
The analysis shows that the Bush administration did not succeed in its norm challenge,
AND
as highly illegal and illegitimate and as destabilising the order of international society.

Legal restrictions work

Colm O'Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the 'War on Terror,' ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html
This 'symbiotic' relationship between counter-terrorism measures and political violence, and the
AND
repression: the need for mobilisation in response may therefore also be diluted. 

Ex post solves

Paul Taylor 13, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research with a focus on national security policy, international relations, targeted killings, and drone operations, JD from Seton Hall University School of Law, "A FISC for Drones?" http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/02/a-fisc-for-drones/
Judges would likely be much more comfortable with ex post review. Ex post review
AND
of the operation, from the initial targeting decision to the final execution.

Drone

Framework—-you should simulate plan passage and weigh our advantages against the alt—-key to clash because there are innumerable angles from which to kritik our 1AC so the merits of the plan are the only reliable basis for offense. That's key to clash and education—-K debates are only productive if we have offense to weigh, otherwise it's just one team lecturing the other.

Perm

No link to drone focus—-entire prev war adv is about how it won't be limited to particular weapon systems and how we need to address overall likelihood

Other types of lashout are constrained by public attitudes

Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Drones are not—-means they're esp import

Judah A. Druck 12, Editor of the Cornell Law Review, Nov 15 2012, "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf
The practical effects of this move toward a technology-driven, and therefore limited
AND
not conducive to the formation of a substantial check on presidential action.134 

No necroptx link—-we say that these are bad ideas and the US is wrong to do it, law

a means to an end====

No prior questions

Owen 2 ~David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7~
Commenting on the 'philosophical turn' in IR, Wæver remarks that '~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Their discourse focus is bad

Adrian Hyde-Price (Professor of International Politics at Bath) 2001 "Europes new security challenges" p. 39
Securitization thus focuses almost exclusively on the discursive domain and eschews any attempt to determine
AND
serious empirical research and setting it adrift on a sea of floating signifiers. 

Colon

Case t/ k
Can solve prox cause
Perm—-we solve
We are an acknowledgement—-Boyle proves we see how it's bound up in those 

Case turns the K

Andrew Bacevich 12, Prof of History and IR at Boston University, PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton, visiting fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, "The New American Way of War," http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2012/02/13/andrew-bacevich/the-new-american-way-of-war/
For a democracy, waging endless war poses a challenge. There are essentially two
AND
Obama has surpassed his predecessor in shedding any remaining restraints on waging war.

The plan is necessary to constrain imperial violence

David Chandler 9, Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War', Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243
Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive characteristics that Schmitt attributed to '
AND
lack of clear contestation involving the strategic accommodation of diverse powers and interests. 

Cold Flame

Perm—-endorse the plan and the alt

Plan is necessary as a means of resistance—-that's the Mutschler argument

The argument is backward—-public debate constrains this

Anna Goppel 13, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Zurich, 2013, Killing Terrorists: A Moral and Legal Analysis, p. 1-2
Israel and the United States may be the only states that have publicly admitted to
AND
this is despite an absence of agreement on the justifiability of the practice.

Their interrogation doesn't solve

Sorensen 98 – British International Studies Association (Georg, IR Theory after the cold war, 87-88)
What, then, are the more general problems with the extreme versions of the
AND
post-positivism is metatheoretically compelled to embrace any conceivable change project.28

Day in Court

Ex post review doesn't validate state violence

Steve Vladeck 2013, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, February 10, Steve, "Why a "Drone Court" Won't Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…" http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/
Perhaps counterintuitively, I also believe that after-the-fact judicial review wouldn't
AND
make them worth it–even if they are deeply, fundamentally flawed:

Link of omission
Perm—-can change both at once—-not prior

Key to restrain the exec and restore power to individuals

Helen Duffy 8,  Litigation Director of INTERIGHTS, the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-871-duffy.pdf
Ultimately, the impact of litigation on human rights issues generally lies in its gradual
AND
rights-bearer and human being, then perhaps that is impact enough.

No deference—-stats go aff

U Jin Wong 13, JD from Boston College Law School, "The Blank Check: Supreme Court Decision-Making in National Security Claims during Wartime,"April 22 2013, Dissertation for a PhD in Government at Georgetown University, http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/558286/Wong_georgetown_0076D_12276.pdf?sequence=1
The question asked is whether the context of national claims influences Supreme Court decision-
AND
and generally do not vote in a deferential matter in national security cases. 

Legal restrictions are effective at restraining violence—-plan provides a new avenue of resistance

Colm O'Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the 'War on Terror,' ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
It appears that, as Scheuerman has noted, it is too easy to assume
AND
policy, but can play some role in impeding its traditional bulldozing progress. 

Their argument is empirically disproven—-multiple suits have been brought but they were DISMISSED because the exec said there was no legal standing—-the plan solves this

Joshua Hersch 12, July 18th, 2012, "Drone Wars: Civil Liberties Groups Sue CIA, Pentagon Over Targeted Killings ," www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/18/drone-wars-aclu-cia-lawsuit_n_1681508.html
The ACLU and the Center for Constitutional Rights both have long track records of attempting
AND
during a video chat with the public on Google+ earlier this year.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Boston College CK | Judge: Seth Gannon

Acct

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Pakistan and Yemen—-that’s key to stability

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Use-of-force decisions that avoid accountability are problematic for both functional and
AND
. policymakers were more constrained by use-of-force accountability mechanisms. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes – executive targeting decisions are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Overuse of targeted killings in Yemen strengthens AQAP and fuels instability

Danielle Wiener-Bronner 12/13/13, staff writer at the Wire and former Web Editor for Reuters, "Latest Drone Strikes Shows How U.S. Strategy in Yemen Is Backfiring," http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/12/yemen-drones/356111/
Targeted drone killings are defended by the United States as means to combat al-
AND
U.S. if drone casualties are not scaled back or eliminated.

That undermines the Saudi regime

Colonel Hassan Abosaq 12, US Army War College, master of strategic studies degree candidate, 2012, "The Implications of Unstable on Saudi Arabia," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA560581
AQAP has been vociferous in its opposition to the Saudi regime, and is likely
AND
growing anarchy and al-Qaeda presence could spill over into Saudi Arabia.

That destabilizes the Middle East

Anthony Cordesman 11, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, former director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, former adjunct prof of national security studies at Georgetown, PhD from London University, Feb 26 2011, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation," http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation
History scarcely means we can take Saudi stability for granted. Saudi Arabia is simply
AND
the Middle East depends on Saudi Arabia having a friendly and moderate regime.

Global nuke war

Primakov 9 ~September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations"~  
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
AND
seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Overuse of drones in Pakistan empowers militants and destabilizes the government

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
AND
military, which has launched coups before, remains a popular force.77

That causes nuke war with India

Bruce Riedel 9, senior fellow and director of the Brookings Intelligence Project, senior fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, served as a senior advisor to the last four U.S. presidents on South Asia and the Middle East, served in the CIA for 29 years, "Armageddon in Islamabad," National Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, Issue 102, ebsco
The effects of an extremist takeover would not end at Pakistan’s borders. A worsening
AND
. The new militant regime in Pakistan would increase support for the insurgency.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
A nuclear conflict in the subcontinent would have disastrous effects on the world as a
AND
lead to more drought, worldwide food shortages, and widespread political upheaval.

Prev War

US justifications for targeted killing will spill over to erode legal restraints on interstate conflict and legitimize preventive war

Craig Martin 11, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, "Going Medieval: Targeted Killing, Self-Defence, and the Jus Ad Bellum Regime," Ch 8 in TARGETED KILLINGS: LAW 26 MORALITY IN AN ASYMMETRICAL WORLD, p. 223, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141
IV. The potential impact of the targeted killing policy on international law
The United States has been engaging in this practice of using drone-mounted missile
AND
a threat that is much less serious in the grand scheme of things.

That creates a reciprocal fear of surprise attacks—-destabilizes the international system

Henry Shue 11, Senior Research Fellow and Professor of Politics and International Relations at Merton College, 13 Nov 2011, "Preemptive War," The Encyclopedia of War, Wiley Online Library
The second reason for the prohibition is the systemic effects of the general acceptance of
AND
safer. This is the second reason for the prohibition on preventive war.

Robust norms restricting the use of force empirically prevent conflict escalation among great powers

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
AND
war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Specifically, executive discretion over the legitimacy of targets will eviscerate legal restrictions on self-defense

Rosa Brooks 13, Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents ¶ Here is an additional reason to worry about
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Now is key—-US targeted killing is driving a global shift in strategic doctrines—-results in nuclear war

Kerstin Fisk 13, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University, and Jennifer M. Ramos, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from UC Davis, April 15 2013, "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm," International Studies Perspectives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/insp.12013/full
Preventive self-defense entails waging a war or an attack by choice, in
AND
it continues to provide other states with the justification to do the same.

Credible external oversight is key to solve—-the alternative is an anything-goes standard

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
AND
oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Acceptance of preventive war causes global nuclear conflict

Ariel Colonomos 13, Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ph.D. in political science from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, "The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War?" p 72-75, google books
John Yoo holds that the American interventions in Afghanistan or Iraq fulfilled the criteria of
AND
United States to its new enemies and of their greater number and dispersal.

Specifically causes a Chinese attack on US missile defense

Stephen Walt 4, Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, PhD in Political Science from UC Berkeley, October 1 2004, "The Strategic Environment," Panel Discussion at "Preemptive Use of Force: A Reassessment," Conference held by the Fletcher Forum on International Affairs, http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/daalder/daalder_fletcher.pdf
Finally, as Ivo has already noted, there is this precedent problem. By
AND
Of course we would. So again, we’re creating a precedent here.

That goes nuclear

John W. Lewis 12, William Haas Professor of Chinese Politics, emeritus, at Stanford University, PhD from UCLA, and Xue Litai, research scholar at the Project on Peace and Cooperation in the Asian-Pacific Region at Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, "Making China’s nuclear war plan," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists September/October 2012 vol. 68 no. 5 45-65, http://bos.sagepub.com/content/68/5/45.full
If the CMC authorizes a missile base to launch preemptive conventional attacks on an enemy
AND
double policies could unexpectedly cause, rather than deter, a nuclear exchange.

Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friend.

S

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Congressional cause of deters abuse and overcomes legal barriers

Stephen I. Vladeck 14, Prof of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, American University Washington College of Law, "Targeted Killing and Judicial Review ,"
Once one accepts that neutral magistrates are competent to resolve certain issues in suits challenging
AND
regard to the state secrets privilege, which Congress could otherwise abrogate.85

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Judicial review would narrow the use of self-defense to truly imminent threats

Lindsay Kwoka 11, JD from UPenn Law School, "TRIAL BY SNIPER: THE LEGALITY OF TARGETED KILLING IN THE WAR ON TERROR," University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law Vol 14:1, p 301-325, https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume14/issue1/Kwoka14U.Pa.J.Const.L.301(2011).pdf
But this is not the end of the inquiry. Even if a targeted individual
AND
to protect cit-izen’s constitutional rights while affording sufficient deference to theexecutive.

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
AND
openly avowed and consistent implementation of targeting according to standards accepted in international law
—a requirement whose fulfillment would best be assured through judicial oversight. The third issue calls for independent evaluation of operations to assure that standards of civilian protection are robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
AND
intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Boston College CK | Judge: Seth Gannon

Prev

Russian preventive nuke war escalates—-causes US retal

Stephen J. Blank 11, Strategic Studies Institute expert on the post-Soviet world and the Soviet bloc, former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ph.D. in history from the University of Chicago, "RUSSIA AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS," Ch 7 in Russian Nuclear Weapons: Past, Present, and future," http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB1087.pdf
Thus, nuclear weapons are warfighting weapons. Moscow’s threats from October 2009 not only
AND
, further adding to the inherent unpredictability of any conceivable nuclear war scenario.

Acct

Drones don’t solve AQAP

Daniel Green 8/7, Ira Weiner fellow at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, PhD in Poli Sci from GWU,  "INSIGHT: Al-Qaida’s Resiliency in Yemen," http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2013/08/insight-al-qaidas-resiliency-in-yemen-80641/
The closing of U.S. embassies throughout the Middle East due to threats
AND
has returned to its insurgent roots as its tries to reconstitute its forces.

Err aff—-studies systematically underestimate blowback

Audrey Kurth Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
For the moment, there is no conclusive evidence that can prove whether drone strikes
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the long term, by embittering locals and cultivating a desire for vengeance.

Our Pakistan internal link outweighs

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
At the same time, some of the Pakistani criticism of the drone programme is
AND
Islamabad could be a credible competitor for the loyalties of the tribal population.

DA—-Iran

Deterrence solves aggression

Joshi 12—associate fellow at the Royal United Services Institute. Doctoral student at Harvard (Shashank, Nuclear alarmism over Iran is backing us into a corner, 2/21/12, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/feb/21/nuclear-alarmism-iran)’
The first argument, that Iran is too crazy to be deterred, is historically
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wipe Israel off the map are gestures as empty as Mao’s nuclear posturing.

No arms race

Procida 9—National Intelligence Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Frank, Why an Iranian Nuclear Bomb Is Not the End of the World, 9 June 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65127/frank-procida/overblown)
Since the advent of the nuclear age, scientists, activists, academics, and
AND
be foolish to expect a rash of nuclear successes in the near future.

No US strike

Anne Applebaum 10, Washington Post, "Prepare for war with Iran — in case Israel strikes", 2-23, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/22/AR2010022203528.html
Let’s be serious for a moment: Barack Obama will not bomb Iran. This is not because he is a liberal, or because he is a peacenik, or because he doesn’t have the guts to try and "save his presidency" in this time-honored manner, as Daniel Pipes has urged and Sarah Palin said she would like him to do.
The president will not bomb Iran’s nuclear installations for precisely the same reasons that George
AND
and no American president could expect public support for more than a nanosecond.

Democrats splintering from Obama now —- trade, energy, healthcare

WSJ 2/3, Janet Hook and Peter Nicholas, "Fractures Emerge Between Obama, Congressional Democrats", 2014, online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304851104579361340885310508
WASHINGTON—Democrats in Congress are parting ways with President Barack Obama on issues including
AND
for immediate consideration of bipartisan legislation…that will get the pipeline built."

TPA pounds

Raum 1/25 — Tom, Yahoo Finance, AP News, Foes of Obama trade pacts mostly fellow Democrats, 2014, finance.yahoo.com/news/foes-obama-trade-pacts-mostly-fellow-democrats-090237783.html
WASHINGTON (AP) — Debates on lowering trade barriers can turn Congress upside down
AND
elections draw nearer. Democrats now control the Senate, Republicans the House.

Iran fight is over and PC’s not key—-UQ overwhelms

Stacy Kaper 2/2, National Journal, "How Obama Won the War on Iran Sanctions", 2014, www.nationaljournal.com/defense/how-obama-won-the-war-on-iran-sanctions-20140202
The push for new sanctions on Iran has stalled. The Democrats who bucked President
AND
start making a decision about whether I stay on the bill or not."

Deal will fail —- expectations mismatch and centrifuges

Jay Solomon 2/6, WSJ, "U.S. and Iran Jostle Before Nuclear Talks", 2014, online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304680904579367290680773988
Many Iran watchers fear that Washington and Tehran are boxing themselves into positions that will
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parts of Iran’s nuclear program in return for an easing of Western sanctions.

Obama won’t fight the plan

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Not intrinsic——a logical policymaker could choose to do the plan without passing sanctions

Plan solves Iran war

Dominika Svarc 6, Researcher at the Institute for Comparative Law at the University of Ljubljana, LLM in Public International Law from the London School of Economics and Political Science, Fall 2006, "ARTICLE 26 ESSAY: REDEFINING IMMINENCE: THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST THREATS AND ARMED ATTACKS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY," 13 ILSA J Int’l 26 Comp L 171, lexis
Universal acceptance of the preventive strikes doctrine would create greater potential for violence, the
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fragile norms and institutions designed to prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Drones trade off with other CIA ops

Jeremy Scahill 12, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine, Nov 14 2012, "The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?" http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia~~23
"I would not say that CIA has been taken over by the military,
AND
as their turf," he told me. "That’s the big danger." 

Key to cyber-defense

Kevin Coleman 13, senior fellow with the Technolytics Institute, former chief strategist at Netscape, and an adviser on cyber warfare and security, 8/1/13, "Digital Conflict," http://defensesystems.com/blogs/cyber-report/2013/08/cyber-intelligence.aspx
Cyber defense is gradually moving from a reactive to a proactive posture. Many observers
AND
aggression, we must increase the attention and resources devoted to cyber intelligence.

Nuke war

Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.

Terror

Signature strikes fail

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The second major claim for the effectiveness of drone strikes is based on their ability
AND
Qaeda and strength - ened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government. 53

Leadership targeting causes Hydra effect and intel tradeoff

Gabriella Blum 10, Assistant Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Philip Heymann, the James Barr Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, June 27, 2010, "Law and Policy of Targeted Killing," Harvard National Security Journal, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol-1_Blum-Heymann_Final.pdf
An immediate consequence of eliminating leaders of terrorist organizations will sometimes be what may be
AND
to obtain potentially valuable information about plans, capabilities, or organizational structure.

Warfighting Link empirically denied and ex post solves

Pardiss Kebriaei 13, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center Constitutional Rights, adjunct lecturer at Brooklyn College, Feb 5 2013, PLAINTIFFS’ OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS in al-Aulaqi vs Panetta, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/tk2_opposition_filed_plus_declaration.pdf
Defendants’ "special factors" warnings of damage to military effectiveness, prestige, and
AND
when they took actions resulting in the deaths of three American citizens.30

Drones don’t solve terrorism—-statistical analysis goes aff

James Igoe Walsh 13, Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, PhD in IR from American University; and Megan Smith, UNC Charlotte Dept of Political Science, "Do Drone Strikes Degrade Al Qaeda? Evidence From Propaganda Output," Terrorism 26 Political Violence 25:311-327, 2013, http://www.jamesigoewalsh.com/tpv.pdf
Conclusion¶ Do drone strikes hinder Al Qaeda’s ability to engage in sophisticated political and
AND
propaganda output appears to be quite resilient in the face of drone strikes.

No nuclear terror

John J. Mearsheimer 14, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, "America Unhinged", January 2, nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show
Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many
AND
encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

Court review improves effectiveness—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
AND
the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Plan key to intel sharing—-turns the DA

Gabor Rona 13, Lecturer in Law at Columbia Law School, International Legal Director of Human Rights First, "The pro-rule of law argument against a ’drone court,’" 2/27/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court
But a "drone court" would be worse than ineffective: it would harm
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Congress should limit the executive’s ability to hide unlawful killings behind this claim.

Homegrown terror is an alt cause and outweighs

Tara Johnson 13, Business Manager of the Brooklyn Journal of International Law and JD Candidate at Brooklyn Law School, "Disorganized Terror: A Proposed Multilateral Legal Framework Addressing the Growing Threat From Lone Wolf and Homegrown Terrorists," http://taraajohnson.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/TJohnson-BJIL-Note-Lone-Wolf.pdf
Identifying lone wolf and homegrown terrorism as a domestic threat is a start to addressing
AND
often advocate a fusion of political, religious, and social ideologies.141

Expansive targeting in Pakistan creates perverse incentives for the Pakistani government—-narrow targeting is key to effectiveness

James Igoe Walsh 13, Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, PhD in IR from American University, September 2013, "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DRONE STRIKES IN COUNTERINSURGENCY AND COUNTERTERRORISM CAMPAIGNS," http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Army-War-College-Drone-report.pdf
A related implication concerns collaboration with host-nation forces and governments. Drone strikes
AND
taking steps that the United States considers more effective in countering local insurgencies.

Drones don’t solve terrorism—-scattering and new enemies outweigh the benefits

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Yet the evidence that drones inhibit the operational latitude of terrorist groups and push them
AND
Camp Chapman in the Khost region of Afghanistan on 30 December 2009.66

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU BP | Judge: Peter Susko

Acct

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Yemen—-that’s key to stability

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Use-of-force decisions that avoid accountability are problematic for both functional and
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. policymakers were more constrained by use-of-force accountability mechanisms. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes – executive targeting decisions are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
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on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Overuse of targeted killings in Yemen strengthens AQAP and fuels instability

Danielle Wiener-Bronner 12/13/13, staff writer at the Wire and former Web Editor for Reuters, "Latest Drone Strikes Shows How U.S. Strategy in Yemen Is Backfiring," http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/12/yemen-drones/356111/
Targeted drone killings are defended by the United States as means to combat al-
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U.S. if drone casualties are not scaled back or eliminated.

Civilian casualties mean the costs outweigh the benefits—-we’re creating 40 AQAP recruits for every operative killed

Baraa Shiban 1/14, Yemen project co-ordinator for Reprieve, citing Nabeel Khoury, Senior Fellow for Middle East and National Security at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, PhD in Poli Sci from SUNY Albany, "When will drones stop killing innocent people in Yemen?" http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/14/opinion/yemen-drone-strikes-reprieve/index.html
The use of drones in Yemen might seem a simple, quick-fix option
AND
extreme groups like al Qaeda in the Arab Peninsula find easiest to recruit.

Safe haven in Yemen lets AQAP carry out attacks on India

Shankar Roychowdhury 11, former Indian Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, Sept 6 2011, "India needs a 360° terror appraisal," http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/india-needs-360-terror-appraisal-391
In this context, Al Qaeda and its emerging connections in Yemen have become very
AND
take due note of other threats as well and exercise the requisite caution.

Causes Indo-Pak nuclear war

Juan C Zarate 11, senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, visiting lecturer at Harvard University,  Feb 20 2011, "An alarming South Asia powder keg," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html
Significant terrorist attacks in India, against Parliament in 2001 and in Mumbai in 2008
AND
that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and capabilities are set to surpass those of India.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
A nuclear conflict in the subcontinent would have disastrous effects on the world as a
AND
lead to more drought, worldwide food shortages, and widespread political upheaval.

Collapses Middle East arms control

Lars Berger 12, Associate Professor in International Security at the University of Leeds and PhD in Poli Sci from the Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena in Germany, Dr Ahmed Saif, Executive Director of the Sheba Centre for Strategic Studies and Associate Professor of Politics at Sana’a University, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Research Fellow, International Security Program/Project on Managing the Atom, May 2012, "Yemen and the Middle East Conference," http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/09607.pdf
Yemen’s ongoing domestic crisis has profound regional and global implica-tions. This is
AND
capable of producing biological and chemical material in remote areas under their control.

Key to prevent WMD conflict

Nilsu Goren 13, Turkish PhD candidate at the University of Maryland’s School of Public Policy and graduate fellow at Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland, Aviv Melamud, research associate at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Ibrahim Said, Egyptian Fellow of the United Nations Program on Disarmament, and Ariane Tabatabai, Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Belfer Center and a researcher at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 8 Aug 13, "Anger Management in the Middle East," http://guests.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/3932/anger-management-in-the-middle-east
The Middle East has provided an arena for different weapons of mass destruction (WMD
AND
next WMD disaster in a region that is already facing multiple security challenges.

Prev War

US justifications for targeted killing will spill over to erode legal restraints on interstate conflict and legitimize preventive war

Craig Martin 11, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, "Going Medieval: Targeted Killing, Self-Defence, and the Jus Ad Bellum Regime," Ch 8 in TARGETED KILLINGS: LAW 26 MORALITY IN AN ASYMMETRICAL WORLD, p. 223, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141
IV. The potential impact of the targeted killing policy on international law
The United States has been engaging in this practice of using drone-mounted missile
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a threat that is much less serious in the grand scheme of things.

That creates a reciprocal fear of surprise attacks—-destabilizes the international system

Henry Shue 11, Senior Research Fellow and Professor of Politics and International Relations at Merton College, 13 Nov 2011, "Preemptive War," The Encyclopedia of War, Wiley Online Library
The second reason for the prohibition is the systemic effects of the general acceptance of
AND
safer. This is the second reason for the prohibition on preventive war.

Robust norms restricting the use of force empirically prevent conflict escalation among great powers

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
AND
war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Specifically, executive discretion over the legitimacy of targets will eviscerate legal restrictions on self-defense

Rosa Brooks 13, Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents ¶ Here is an additional reason to worry about
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Now is key—-US targeted killing is driving a global shift in strategic doctrines—-results in nuclear war

Kerstin Fisk 13, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University, and Jennifer M. Ramos, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from UC Davis, April 15 2013, "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm," International Studies Perspectives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/insp.12013/full
Preventive self-defense entails waging a war or an attack by choice, in
AND
it continues to provide other states with the justification to do the same.

Credible external oversight is key to solve—-the alternative is an anything-goes standard

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
AND
oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Acceptance of preventive war causes global nuclear conflict

Ariel Colonomos 13, Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ph.D. in political science from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, "The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War?" p 72-75, google books
John Yoo holds that the American interventions in Afghanistan or Iraq fulfilled the criteria of
AND
United States to its new enemies and of their greater number and dispersal.

Specifically causes a Chinese attack on US missile defense

Stephen Walt 4, Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, PhD in Political Science from UC Berkeley, October 1 2004, "The Strategic Environment," Panel Discussion at "Preemptive Use of Force: A Reassessment," Conference held by the Fletcher Forum on International Affairs, http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/daalder/daalder_fletcher.pdf
Finally, as Ivo has already noted, there is this precedent problem. By
AND
Of course we would. So again, we’re creating a precedent here.

That goes nuclear

John W. Lewis 12, William Haas Professor of Chinese Politics, emeritus, at Stanford University, PhD from UCLA, and Xue Litai, research scholar at the Project on Peace and Cooperation in the Asian-Pacific Region at Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, "Making China’s nuclear war plan," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists September/October 2012 vol. 68 no. 5 45-65, http://bos.sagepub.com/content/68/5/45.full
If the CMC authorizes a missile base to launch preemptive conventional attacks on an enemy
AND
double policies could unexpectedly cause, rather than deter, a nuclear exchange.

Plan

The United States federal government should create a cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured in targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friend.

S

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Congressional cause of deters abuse and overcomes legal barriers

Stephen I. Vladeck 14, Prof of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, American University Washington College of Law, "Targeted Killing and Judicial Review ,"
Once one accepts that neutral magistrates are competent to resolve certain issues in suits challenging
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regard to the state secrets privilege, which Congress could otherwise abrogate.85

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Judicial review would narrow the use of self-defense to truly imminent threats

Lindsay Kwoka 11, JD from UPenn Law School, "TRIAL BY SNIPER: THE LEGALITY OF TARGETED KILLING IN THE WAR ON TERROR," University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law Vol 14:1, p 301-325, https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume14/issue1/Kwoka14U.Pa.J.Const.L.301(2011).pdf
But this is not the end of the inquiry. Even if a targeted individual
AND
to protect cit-izen’s constitutional rights while affording sufficient deference to theexecutive.

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
AND
openly avowed and consistent implementation of targeting according to standards accepted in international law
—a requirement whose fulfillment would best be assured through judicial oversight. The third issue calls for independent evaluation of operations to assure that standards of civilian protection are robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
AND
intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU BP | Judge: Peter Susko
Prev

Russian preventive nuke war escalates—-causes US retal

Stephen J. Blank 11, Strategic Studies Institute expert on the post-Soviet world and the Soviet bloc, former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ph.D. in history from the University of Chicago, "RUSSIA AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS," Ch 7 in Russian Nuclear Weapons: Past, Present, and future," http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB1087.pdf-http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB1087.pdf
Thus, nuclear weapons are warfighting weapons. Moscow’s threats from October 2009 not only
AND
, further adding to the inherent unpredictability of any conceivable nuclear war scenario.
Act

AQAP will use bioweapons

CSARN 11, City Security and Resilience Networks group, a not-for-profit membership group of business and public sector security and emergency planning leaders, 9/2/11, "AQAP / Black Banners analysis," http://worldreports.csarn.org/2011/09/aqap-black-banners-analysis-.html
On 12 August the New York Times reported leaked US intelligence assessments (which were
AND
weapons. AQAP also has a reputation as the movement’s most innovative element. 

Extinction

Matheny 7 Jason G. Matheny, research associate with the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, 2007, "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction," http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/publications/2007/2007-10-15-reducingrisk.html
Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed
AND
to respond to pandemics (Lam, Franco, 26 Shuler, 2006).
S

Prez would comply with the court

Stephen I. Vladeck 9, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3-1-2009, "The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox," http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=facsch_bkrev
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
AND
comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

Observer effect solves

Ashley Deeks 13, Associate Prof of Law at the University of Virginia Law School, "The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference," Fordham Law Review Vol. 82, October 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667
In another sense, though, much of substance has been decided since 2002—
AND
as with the Guantánamo habeas cases in the D.C. Circuit.
T

Determining targets is part of TK authority

Alberto R. Gonzales 13, Doyle Rogers Distinguished Chair of Law at Belmont University College of Law, former United States Attorney General, "Drones: The Power to Kill," December 2013, George Washington Law Review Vol 82:1, http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/GWN1011.pdfhttp://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/GWN1011.pdf
B. The President’s Authority in Times of War¶ Determining the scope of the
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constitutional authority, implied constitutional authority, and statutory authority from Congress.157

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
AND
there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Prefer it

a) Aff ground – only process-based affs can beat the executive CP

b) Topic education – it’s the "authority" topic not the "conduct" topic – only we allow a discussion of decision-making procedures

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

Competing interpretations is a race to the bottom—-default to reasonability—-T should be a check on abuse not a strategy

Vladeck and Jeffries ignore that the ability to authorize without review is authority

DA—-Warfite

Oversight stops arbitrariness but not flex

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Concerted efforts to shirk and deflect responsibility, moreover, provide an illuminating context in
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way? And the answer to this second question is obviously "yes."

Link empirically denied and ex post solves

Pardiss Kebriaei 13, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center Constitutional Rights, adjunct lecturer at Brooklyn College, Feb 5 2013, PLAINTIFFS’ OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS in al-Aulaqi vs Panetta, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/tk2_opposition_filed_plus_declaration.pdf
Defendants’ "special factors" warnings of damage to military effectiveness, prestige, and
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when they took actions resulting in the deaths of three American citizens.30

Military power is not key to peace

Christopher J. Fettweis 11, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Drones aren’t key to power projection but they trade off with capabilities that are.

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
AND
and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Demonstrating legality is key to avoid foreign lawsuits

Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis
A more pragmatic reason is that judicial action against CIA personnel is certain to increase
AND
, refrained from taking the steps necessary to pursue the convictions internationally. n602
DA—-TPA

Losers lose link is non-unique

NPR 9/21, "Have Obama’s Troubles Weakened Him For Fall’s Fiscal Fights?" http://www.ideastream.org/news/npr/224494760
President Obama has had a tough year. He failed to pass gun legislation.
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by the president’s recent troubles, says former GOP leadership aide Ron Bonjean.

Normal means is Obama doesn’t veto

Dave Boyer 12, Washington Times, "For Obama, veto isn’t overriding concern," http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/dec/25/record-shows-obamas-veto-threats-carry-little-weig/?page=all
Lawmakers don’t expect Mr. Obama to veto the bill, and there is good
AND
little attention, but said he didn’t agree with everything in the bill.

Trade doesn’t solve war

Martin 6—prof pol sci, U France. Chair in Economics at the Paris School of Economics. Former economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Former assistant professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Visiting researcher at Princeton. PhD from Georgetown. (Phillipe, "Make Trade not War?," 12 April 2006, http://www.ecore.be/Papers/1177063947.pdf)
Does globalization pacify international relations? The "liberal" view in political science argues
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conflicts even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states. 

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
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II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 

US not key to global

Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, "Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated — that factors ranging
AND
have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:

Plan key to the economy

Nathaniel Sheppard 11, correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and NYT, June 7 2011, "Why pint-sized Yemen has become a world player," http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/07/152204.html
That Yemen could fall into the abyss is of great geopolitical significance that has put
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their limited options for doing anything about frightening events unfolding before their eyes. 

Democrats splintering from Obama now —- trade, energy, healthcare

WSJ 2/3, Janet Hook and Peter Nicholas, "Fractures Emerge Between Obama, Congressional Democrats", 2014, online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304851104579361340885310508
WASHINGTON—Democrats in Congress are parting ways with President Barack Obama on issues including
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for immediate consideration of bipartisan legislation…that will get the pipeline built."

Not spending PC

Kimberley A. Strassel 2/6, columnist @ WSJ, "How Politics May Sink Trade Deals," http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303496804579367084197445494?mg=reno64-wsj26url=http3A2F2Fonline.wsj.com2Farticle2FSB10001424052702303496804579367084197445494.html
Yet the iron rule of Washington is that TPA votes only succeed via ferocious and
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, and the thought of TPA makes his few nerve endings go numb.

TPA is dead—-Senate Dems have electoral incentives to block it

John Nichols 2/3, Washington correspondent for The Nation and associate editor of The Capital Times, "Harry Reid Knows Opposing Fast Track Is Smart Policy and Smart Politics," http://www.thenation.com/blog/178215/harry-reid-knows-opposing-fast-track-smart-policy-and-smart-politics
There are a lot of reasons Senate majority leader Harry Reid shot down President Obama’s
AND
termed trade deals that threaten working farmers and rural communities "simply unacceptable."

Opposition is growing in both parties

William Mauldin 2/5, and Siobhan Hughes, WSJ, "Fast-Track Trade Bill’s Path in Congress Gets Bumpier," http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304851104579363163316877226?mg=reno64-wsj26url=http3A2F2Fonline.wsj.com2Farticle2FSB10001424052702304851104579363163316877226.html
Opposition from the Senate’s top Democrat to the White House’s trade agenda has highlighted a
AND
international entanglements, including newer lawmakers like Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky.

Reid blocks and PC doesn’t solve

Edward Luce 2/4, Washington columnist for the Financial Times, "Obama’s TPP agenda hangs on a thin Reid," http://www.afr.com/p/business/companies/obama_tpp_agenda_hangs_on_thin_reid_V3WfuLkMHda6QJQ3A4zHwI
In his State of the Union address the night before, Obama appealed to Reid
AND
would wreck prospects of serious talks with Indonesia, Vietnam and others. 

Preventive strike norm causes war with North Korea

Dominika Svarc 6, Researcher at the Institute for Comparative Law at the University of Ljubljana, LLM in Public International Law from the London School of Economics and Political Science, Fall 2006, "ARTICLE 26 ESSAY: REDEFINING IMMINENCE: THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST THREATS AND ARMED ATTACKS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY," 13 ILSA J Int’l 26 Comp L 171, lexis
Universal acceptance of the preventive strikes doctrine would create greater potential for violence, the
AND
fragile norms and institutions designed to prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Extinction

Peter Hayes 11, Prof of IR at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Ph.D. in energy and resources from UC Berkeley, and Michael Hamel-Green, Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development at Victoria University, Melbourne,
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
AND
the stratosphere would cause a huge reduction in the Earth’s protective ozone.4

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory CK | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer

Rd 1 1AC

Accountability

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Pakistan and Yemen—-that’s key to stability

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Use-of-force decisions that avoid accountability are problematic for both functional and
AND
. policymakers were more constrained by use-of-force accountability mechanisms. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes – executive targeting decisions are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Overuse of targeted killings in Yemen strengthens AQAP and fuels instability

Danielle Wiener-Bronner 12/13/13, staff writer at the Wire and former Web Editor for Reuters, "Latest Drone Strikes Shows How U.S. Strategy in Yemen Is Backfiring," http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/12/yemen-drones/356111/
Targeted drone killings are defended by the United States as means to combat al-
AND
U.S. if drone casualties are not scaled back or eliminated.

That undermines the Saudi regime

Colonel Hassan Abosaq 12, US Army War College, master of strategic studies degree candidate, 2012, "The Implications of Unstable on Saudi Arabia," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA560581
AQAP has been vociferous in its opposition to the Saudi regime, and is likely
AND
growing anarchy and al-Qaeda presence could spill over into Saudi Arabia.

That destabilizes the Middle East

Anthony Cordesman 11, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, former director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, former adjunct prof of national security studies at Georgetown, PhD from London University, Feb 26 2011, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation," http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation
History scarcely means we can take Saudi stability for granted. Saudi Arabia is simply
AND
the Middle East depends on Saudi Arabia having a friendly and moderate regime.

Global nuke war

Primakov 9 ~September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations"~  
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
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seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Overuse of drones in Pakistan empowers militants and destabilizes the government

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
AND
military, which has launched coups before, remains a popular force.77

Global nuclear war

William Pitt 9, NYT and internationally bestselling author on US foreign policy, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183
It is believed Pakistan is currently in possession of between 60 and 100 nuclear weapons
AND
organizations could place the entire world on a collision course with unimaginable disaster.

Norms

Global drone acquisition is inevitable—-demonstrating US compliance with strict legal limits is key to delegitimize abusive practices

Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
AND
acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.

Credible external oversight is key—-leads to international modeling and gives the US the leverage to prevent overuse

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
AND
oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Now is key to shape international norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Robust norms about the use of force prevent conflict escalation among great powers

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
AND
war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Unrestrained drone use causes accidental drone wars globally—-US restraint is key to solve

Alan W. Dowd 13, senior fellow at the Sagamore Institute for Policy Research, the American Security Council Foundation and the Fraser Institute, adjunct professor at Butler University, "Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings," Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
Given their record and growing capabilities, it seems unlikely that UCAVs will ever be
AND
or Poland or Georgia; China and any number of its wary neighbors.

It also erodes strategic stability among great powers—-causes spiraling escalation

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

A drone arms race is coming in East Asia—-lack of norms causes territorial disputes to spiral out of control

Shawn Brimley 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, former Director for Strategic Planning on the National Security Council, PhD in War Studies from King’s College London; Ben FitGerald, Senior Fellow and the Program Director for the Technology and National Security Program at CNAS; and Ely Ratner, Deputy Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at CNAS, Ph.D. in Political Science from UC Berkeley, 9/17/13, The Drone War Comes to Asia, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full
Shawn Brimley 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, former Director for Strategic Planning on the National Security Council, PhD in War Studies from King’s College London; Ben FitGerald, Senior Fellow and the Program Director for the Technology and National Security Program at CNAS; and Ely Ratner, Deputy Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at CNAS, Ph.D. in Political Science from UC Berkeley, 9/17/13, The Drone War Comes to Asia, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full
But there’s a much bigger and more pernicious cycle in motion. The introduction of
AND
dearth of international norms, rules, and institutions from which to draw.

Nuclear war

Max Fisher 11, foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616
Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in any kind of
AND
Soviet mishaps of the 1980s — is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friend.

Solvency

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about targeted killing—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
AND
relevant private, government, and legal interests at stake in such cases.

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
AND
openly avowed and consistent implementation of targeting according to standards accepted in international law
—a requirement whose fulfillment would best be assured through judicial oversight. The third issue calls for independent evaluation of operations to assure that standards of civilian protection are robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
AND
intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory CK | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer

Acct

Pro bono lawyers empirically represent victims in other countries

Law and Disorder 11, weekly, independent radio program focused on legal issues related to civil liberties and national security, "Law and Disorder July 25, 2011," http://lawanddisorder.org/2011/07/law-and-disorder-july-25-2011/
Michael Ratner is President of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) in New
AND
in his work has been litigation against government spying and surveillance of activists.

Norms

Singh is a Dartmouth undergrad

Dartmouth Now 12, "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race (Time)," http://now.dartmouth.edu/2012/08/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race-time/
Joseph Singh ’14 writes in a Time op-ed that those who predict a
AND
’99, a Dartmouth trustee, is the chief executive officer at CNAS.

Prez would comply with the court

Stephen I. Vladeck 9, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3-1-2009, "The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox," http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=facsch_bkrev
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
AND
comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

Obama will accept the plan—-prefer specificity

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Military power is not key to peace

Christopher J. Fettweis 11, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Drones trade off with countering North Korea

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
AND
and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

T

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
AND
there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

CP

Norms DA—-setting a norm against acquisition is a non-starter, and US ability to shape norms stems from our use of them—-can’t do the CP if we stop drone use

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A final, and crucial, step towards mitigating the strategic consequences of drones would
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Voluntary restraint doesn’t set a precedent

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
AND
) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

GOP hates the counterplan

Neela Banerjee 13, LA Times DC Energy and Environment Correspondent, 5/26/2013, "Republicans criticize Obama’s shift on drone use," http://www.thestate.com/2013/05/26/2788605/republicans-criticize-obamas-shift.html
WASHINGTON, DC — Republicans criticized President Barack Obama on Sunday for what they described
AND
think, is dangerous in the long run and dangerous for the world."

They’ll fight back with hearings—-wrecks PC

Samples 11 —- director of the Center for Representative Government at CATO
(10/27/2011, John, "Congress Surrenders the War Powers: Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution," http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf-http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf))
But political representation has other fac-ets. It has given voice to public
AND
short of constitutional propriety, congressional voice can matter in war-making. 

K

Individual action  is insufficient to solve

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
What is undeniable, however, is that we face a drone race, which
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

Debating technical aspects of military policy is key to solve the K

Goddard 13 ~Stacie Goddard, Assistant Prof of Poli Sci at Wellesley College, "Blogging the syllabus, international security edition: what is security?" 8/22/2013, http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2013/08/blogging-the-syllabus-international-security-edition-what-is-security.html~~
Students interested in any aspect of security need to learn the nuts and bolts of
AND
that’s awesome, but they’d better know the basics of counterforce targeting first.

No prior questions

Owen 2 ~David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7~
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Perm solves—-integrating gender into IR is better than pure rejection

Hudson et al 10 ~Valerie M. Hudson, Prof of Poli Sci at
AND
," from The International Studies Encyclopedia, ed. Robert A. Denemark~
We acknowledge the important role played by some IR feminists in critiquing/expanding security
AND
, positivist or constructivist, that make a meaningful contribution to security studies.

Alt doesn’t solve war – they misunderstand causality

Lind 5 ~Michael Lind, executive editor of The National Interest, "Of Arms and the Woman," http://feminism.eserver.org/of-arms-and-the-woman.txt~~
This recurrent focus on little sisterhoods, mobilizing against "gendered" nation-states
AND
Something may, after all, be an effect without being a cause.

Threat con isn’t sufficient to cause war

Stuart J Kaufman 9, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, p. 433
Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Reps focus bad

Adrian Hyde-Price (Professor of International Politics at Bath) 2001 "Europes new security challenges" p. 39
Securitization thus focuses almost exclusively on the discursive domain and eschews any attempt to determine
AND
serious empirical research and setting it adrift on a sea of floating signifiers. 

DA—-Iran

Deterrence solves aggression

Joshi 12—associate fellow at the Royal United Services Institute. Doctoral student at Harvard (Shashank, Nuclear alarmism over Iran is backing us into a corner, 2/21/12, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/feb/21/nuclear-alarmism-iran)’
The first argument, that Iran is too crazy to be deterred, is historically
AND
wipe Israel off the map are gestures as empty as Mao’s nuclear posturing.

No US strike

Anne Applebaum 10, Washington Post, "Prepare for war with Iran — in case Israel strikes", 2-23, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/22/AR2010022203528.html
Let’s be serious for a moment: Barack Obama will not bomb Iran. This is not because he is a liberal, or because he is a peacenik, or because he doesn’t have the guts to try and "save his presidency" in this time-honored manner, as Daniel Pipes has urged and Sarah Palin said she would like him to do.
The president will not bomb Iran’s nuclear installations for precisely the same reasons that George
AND
and no American president could expect public support for more than a nanosecond.

No arms race

Procida 9—National Intelligence Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Frank, Why an Iranian Nuclear Bomb Is Not the End of the World, 9 June 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65127/frank-procida/overblown)
Since the advent of the nuclear age, scientists, activists, academics, and
AND
be foolish to expect a rash of nuclear successes in the near future.

Obama waivers solve

Eric Auner 11/15/13, a senior analyst at Guardian Six Consulting, "In Congress, Obama Administration Faces Uphill Battle on Iran Sanctions," World Politics Review,http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/13386/in-congress-obama-administration-faces-uphill-battle-on-iran-sanctions
Whether or not the Obama administration can convince Congress to hold off on new sanctions
AND
," said Ali Vaez of the International Crisis Group in an email interview. 

Talks are failing now—-Obama will veto sanctions, or they’re inevitable because of Treasury circumvention

Sara Rajabova 12-28, December 28th, 2013, "U.S. not likely to impose new sanctions on Iran: expert," www.azernews.az/analysis/62959.html
There is a struggle between the White House and Congress, for a while,
AND
and the failure of the two rounds of technical negotiations supports the idea.

Healthcare and income fights pound the DA

Jules Witcover 1/1, Chicago Tribune, "After a fruitless year in Washington, New Year’s blues ahead", 2014, www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/sns-201312311630—tms—poltodayctnyq-a20140101-20140101,0,2474617.column
Dampening down administration pleasure that a budget compromise was reached through the rare bipartisan teamwork
AND
years of an Obama presidency born more of hope than of achievable aspirations.

Obama won’t fight the plan

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Threat of future sanctions is an alt cause, and talks will fail anyway

Clifford D. May 12-25, is president of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a policy institute focusing on national security, December 25th, 2013, "Iran’s Delays and Deceptions," www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=6777-http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=6777
Just before Congress recessed for the holidays, 26 senators, 13 Democrats and 13
AND
and misinterpretation persist — would begin to make that case seriously and strenuously.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State RT | Judge: Alex Zendeh

1AC

Accountability

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Pakistan and Yemen—-that’s key to stability

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Use-of-force decisions that avoid accountability are problematic for both functional and
AND
. policymakers were more constrained by use-of-force accountability mechanisms. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes – executive targeting decisions are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, available at https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B91bSAyxkYQWbktoTDRSWGJzNmc/edit?usp=sharing
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Overuse of targeted killings in Yemen strengthens AQAP and fuels instability

Danielle Wiener-Bronner 12/13/13, staff writer at the Wire and former Web Editor for Reuters, "Latest Drone Strikes Shows How U.S. Strategy in Yemen Is Backfiring," http://www.thewire.com/global/2013/12/yemen-drones/356111/
Targeted drone killings are defended by the United States as means to combat al-
AND
U.S. if drone casualties are not scaled back or eliminated.

That undermines the Saudi regime

Colonel Hassan Abosaq 12, US Army War College, master of strategic studies degree candidate, 2012, "The Implications of Unstable on Saudi Arabia," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA560581
AQAP has been vociferous in its opposition to the Saudi regime, and is likely
AND
growing anarchy and al-Qaeda presence could spill over into Saudi Arabia.

That destabilizes the Middle East

Anthony Cordesman 11, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, former director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, former adjunct prof of national security studies at Georgetown, PhD from London University, Feb 26 2011, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation," http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation
History scarcely means we can take Saudi stability for granted. Saudi Arabia is simply
AND
the Middle East depends on Saudi Arabia having a friendly and moderate regime.

Global nuke war

Primakov 9 ~September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations"~  
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
AND
seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Overuse of drones in Pakistan empowers militants and destabilizes the government

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
AND
military, which has launched coups before, remains a popular force.77

Global nuclear war

William Pitt 9, NYT and internationally bestselling author on US foreign policy, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183
It is believed Pakistan is currently in possession of between 60 and 100 nuclear weapons
AND
organizations could place the entire world on a collision course with unimaginable disaster.
New Adv

US justifications for targeted killing will spill over to erode legal restraints on all violence and legitimize preventive war

Craig Martin 11, Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law, "Going Medieval: Targeted Killing, Self-Defence, and the Jus Ad Bellum Regime," Ch 8 in TARGETED KILLINGS: LAW 26 MORALITY IN AN ASYMMETRICAL WORLD, p. 223, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1956141
IV. The potential impact of the targeted killing policy on international law
The United States has been engaging in this practice of using drone-mounted missile
AND
a threat that is much less serious in the grand scheme of things.

Robust norms restricting the use of force empirically prevent conflict escalation among great powers

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
AND
war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Specifically, executive discretion over the legitimacy of targets will eviscerate legal restrictions on self-defense

Rosa Brooks 13, Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents ¶ Here is an additional reason to worry about
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Now is key—-US targeted killing is driving a global shift in strategic doctrines—-results in nuclear war

Kerstin Fisk 13, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University, and Jennifer M. Ramos, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from UC Davis, April 15 2013, "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm," International Studies Perspectives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/insp.12013/full
Preventive self-defense entails waging a war or an attack by choice, in
AND
it continues to provide other states with the justification to do the same.

Credible external oversight is key to solve—-the alternative is an anything-goes standard

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
AND
oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

A norm of preventive war pushes regional conflicts over the brink—-causes nuclear war between India and Pakistan

James B. Steinberg 2, senior fellow and vice president and director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Michael O’Hanlon, Director of Research for the 21st Century Defense Initiative at Brookings, Ph.D. from Princeton in public and international affairs, and Susan Rice, senior fellow in Foreign Policy at Brookings, "The New National Security Strategy and Preemption," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2002/12/terrorism-ohanlon
A final concern relates to the impact of the precedent set by the United States
AND
) Jaswant Singh welcomed the administration’s new emphasis on the legitimacy of preemption.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
A nuclear conflict in the subcontinent would have disastrous effects on the world as a
AND
lead to more drought, worldwide food shortages, and widespread political upheaval.

Legitimizing preventive war causes a Chinese attack on US missile defense

Stephen Walt 4, Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, PhD in Political Science from UC Berkeley, October 1 2004, "The Strategic Environment," Panel Discussion at "Preemptive Use of Force: A Reassessment," Conference held by the Fletcher Forum on International Affairs, http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/daalder/daalder_fletcher.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/daalder/daalder_fletcher.pdf
Finally, as Ivo has already noted, there is this precedent problem. By
AND
Of course we would. So again, we’re creating a precedent here.

That goes nuclear

John W. Lewis 12, William Haas Professor of Chinese Politics, emeritus, at Stanford University, PhD from UCLA, and Xue Litai, research scholar at the Project on Peace and Cooperation in the Asian-Pacific Region at Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, "Making China’s nuclear war plan," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists September/October 2012 vol. 68 no. 5 45-65, http://bos.sagepub.com/content/68/5/45.full
If the CMC authorizes a missile base to launch preemptive conventional attacks on an enemy
AND
double policies could unexpectedly cause, rather than deter, a nuclear exchange.
Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friend.

Solvency

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about targeted killing—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
AND
relevant private, government, and legal interests at stake in such cases.

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance and restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
AND
more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
AND
openly avowed and consistent implementation of targeting according to standards accepted in international law
—a requirement whose fulfillment would best be assured through judicial oversight. The third issue calls for independent evaluation of operations to assure that standards of civilian protection are robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
AND
intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State RT | Judge: Alex Zendeh

2AC

Prev

Obama’s credibility means he’s more likely to set dangerous precedents than Bush

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
AND
) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

Observer effect solves

Ashley Deeks 13, Associate Prof of Law at the University of Virginia Law School, "The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference," Fordham Law Review Vol. 82, October 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667
In another sense, though, much of substance has been decided since 2002—
AND
as with the Guantánamo habeas cases in the D.C. Circuit.

T

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
AND
there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

Prefer it

a-Mixing burdens—-they turn T into a solvency question because circumvention args would prove the prez can still do things

b-Limits—-they let the aff do anything that impedes targeted killing, we require that they create legal barriers

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Competing interpretations is a race to the bottom—-default to reasonability—-T should be a check on abuse not a strategy

That answers their "FX T Increase" arg

CP 1

Links to politics

Mr. Mirengoff 10 is an attorney in Washington, D.C. A.B., Dartmouth College J.D., Stanford Law School, June 23 The Federalist Society Online Debate Series, http://www.fed-soc.org/debates/dbtid.41/default.asp
The other thing I found interesting was the degree to which Democrats used the hearings
AND
president at that time, he likely will receive some of the blame.

No grounds, and only Congress can solve

Richard D. Rosen 11, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Military Law 26 Policy at Texas School of Law, "Drones and the U.S. Courts," W. Mitchell L. Rev. Vol. 37:5, pp. 5280-5293, http://repository.law.ttu.edu/bitstream/handle/10601/1918/Drones20and20the20U.S.20Courts.pdf?sequence=1
Second, some have suggested the possibility of Bivens actions76 for the victims of drone
AND
drone strikes in the nation’s war with al Qaeda and the Taliban.88

That means no precedent

Martha J. Dragich, Associate Professor of Law at Missouri-Columbia, 2-1995 44 Am. U.L. Rev. 757
Perhaps the most troublesome manner in which selective publication, summary dispositions, and vacatur
AND
cases the trial judge cannot rely with confidence on the rationale previously employed.

Sovereign immunity blocks—-only Congress solves

Richard D. Rosen 11, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Military Law 26 Policy at Texas School of Law, "Drones and the U.S. Courts," W. Mitchell L. Rev. Vol. 37:5, pp. 5280-5293, http://repository.law.ttu.edu/bitstream/handle/10601/1918/Drones20and20the20U.S.20Courts.pdf?sequence=1
To the extent drone victims seek damages for personal injury or property damage from the
AND
property during drone attacks will find no solace in a Tucker Act claim.

Courts alone don’t solve

Taylor 13 ~Paul Taylor, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research, JD from Seton Hall Law School, "A FISC for Drones?" Feb 9 2013, http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/02/a-fisc-for-drones/~~
Judges would likely be much more comfortable with ex post review. Ex post review
AND
etc) for the courts to create such an opportunity without congressional action.
CP 2

That doesn’t set a precedent

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
AND
) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.
Court DA

No link—-normal means is to substitute the USFG as the defendant by waiving sovereign immunity—-that’s Vladeck—-and the Westfall Act solves

Stephen Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, answering a question from Doug Collins (R, Georgia), "Drones and the War on Terror: When can the U.S. Target Alleged American Terrorists Overseas?" Hearing before the House Committee on the Judiciary, Feb 27 2013, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg79585/html/CHRG-113hhrg79585.htm-http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg79585/html/CHRG-113hhrg79585.htm
But my question is, and you brought this up, we wouldn’t indict one
AND
to point the finger at one guy who is just doing his job.

Their link is about Bivens suits—-the plan is distinct

Raffaela Wakeman 13, project manager at the Brookings Institution and Note Development Editor on the Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, and Jane Chong, editor at the Yale Law Journal and Ford Foundation Law School Fellow at Brookings, citing Rosemary Collyer, United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, July 19 2013, "A Recap of Friday’s Oral Arguments in Al-Aulaqi v. Panetta," http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/a-recap-of-fridays-oral-arguments-in-al-aulaqi-v-panetta/
The government’s fumbles seemed to stem from its refusal to acknowledge the full implications of
AND
stated simply, "I need to know the end of that argument."

Demonstrating legality is key to avoid foreign lawsuits

Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis
A more pragmatic reason is that judicial action against CIA personnel is certain to increase
AND
, refrained from taking the steps necessary to pursue the convictions internationally. n602

Suits don’t hurt military effectiveness

Steve Vladeck 7/25/12, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, "Bivens and/as Immunity: Richard Klingler Responds on Al-Aulaqi–and I Reply," www.lawfareblog.com/2012/07/bivens-andas-immunity-richard-klingler-responds-on-al-aulaqi-and-i-reply/
Richard thinks that this understanding makes me naive. But a closer reading of both
AND
specific basis. If such arguments are out there, I’m all ears…

Judicial review enhances expert decision-making—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
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the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Military power is not key to peace

Christopher J. Fettweis 11, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
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global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Chance of acquiring one is 1 in 3.5 billion

Schneidmiller 9 (Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, 13 January 2009, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php)
There is an "almost vanishingly small" likelihood that terrorists would ever be able
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be difficult to build a weapon or use one that has been stolen.
DA—-CIR

Econ decline doesn’t cause war

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
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II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 

US not key to global

Peter Passell 12, Economics Editor of Foreign Policy’s Democracy Lab, Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 4/4/12, "Decoupling: Ties that No Longer Bind," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/03/ties_that_no_longer_bind?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Everybody knows that the global economy is becoming more tightly integrated — that factors ranging
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have yet to agree on why. Here are the two contending explanations:

Plan is key to the economy

Nathaniel Sheppard 11, correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and NYT, June 7 2011, "Why pint-sized Yemen has become a world player," http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/07/152204.html
That Yemen could fall into the abyss is of great geopolitical significance that has put
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their limited options for doing anything about frightening events unfolding before their eyes. 

There’s a skilled labor glut now

Schalin 12 ~Jay Schalin, writer for the Pope Center for Higher Education Policy and former software engineer, "The Myth of STEM Labor Shortages," May 31 2012, http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=2701~~
Everybody knows that the best way to get ahead today is to get a college
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and that the myth continues despite expansion and contraction of the labor market.
Won’t pass until after election year
Adam O’Neal 12-23, December 23rd, 2013, "Immigration reform in 2014? Not so fast," https://www.humanevents.com/2013/12/23/immigration-reform-in-2014-not-so-fast/
A California-based immigration reform activist, who spoke to CalWatchdog.com on
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his tune. But that doesn’t mean he’ll change his strategy just yet.

Obama’s PC not key

Dan Nowicki 10-25, October 25th, 2013, USA Today, "Pleas from Obama may hinder immigration bill push," www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/25/obama-immigration-bill-partisanship/3188629/
Limited influence Other observers, including two members of the Senate Gang of Eight,
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’long-term interest’ doesn’t get a vote in primaries and general elections."

Obama won’t fight the plan—-he’s open to judicial review

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
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— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Healthcare and income fights pound the DA

Jules Witcover 1/1, Chicago Tribune, "After a fruitless year in Washington, New Year’s blues ahead", 2014, www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/sns-201312311630—tms—poltodayctnyq-a20140101-20140101,0,2474617.column
Dampening down administration pleasure that a budget compromise was reached through the rare bipartisan teamwork
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, the political universe seems mired again in the old ideological class warfare:
 the Republicans as beneficent creators of largess against the Democrats as extravagant redistributors of
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years of an Obama presidency born more of hope than of achievable aspirations.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Dave Arnett

Prev

Obama’s credibility means he’s more likely to set dangerous precedents than Bush

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
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) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

S

Prez would comply with the court

Stephen I. Vladeck 9, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3-1-2009, "The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox," http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=facsch_bkrev
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
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comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

Observer effect solves

Ashley Deeks 13, Associate Prof of Law at the University of Virginia Law School, "The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference," Fordham Law Review Vol. 82, October 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338667
In another sense, though, much of substance has been decided since 2002—
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as with the Guantánamo habeas cases in the D.C. Circuit.

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The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
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. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
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dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
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, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

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Targeted killing includes signature strikes

Rosa Brooks 13, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, 4/22/2013, "Drones and the New Way of War," Panel discussion at the Cato Institute, moderated by Malou Innocent, Foreign Policy analyst for Cato. Card begins at ~30:00. http://www.cato.org/events/drones-new-way-war
And that’s the reason that we have seen a significant expansion of the use of
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unknown foreign militants suspected of being affiliated with an affiliate of an affiliate. 

Contextual ev proves—-the first targeted killing was a signature strike

Micah Zenko 12, CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, PhD in Political Science from Brandeis University, "Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes," July 16 2012, http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/
No matter how U.S. officials (secretly) refer to the practice
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After ten years of signature strikes, isn’t this a debate worth having?

Exec CP

Voluntary restraint doesn’t set a precedent

Anthony Dworkin 12, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Executive Director of the Crimes of War Project, 19 June 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond," http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Over time, the United States and its European allies might be able move closer
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) to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

Internal fixes aren’t credible

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war—
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, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

Perceived as more of the same

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, "Neil Katyal on a Drone "National Security Court" Within the Executive Branch", February 21, www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/neal-katyal-on-a-drone-national-security-court-within-the-executive-branch/
But the real "problem" with Katyal’s proposal — beyond its possible overbreadth in
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, they will be seen as pretty small steps that bring little solace.