Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston MR | Judge: Keegan Tomik

1AC

Adv 1

Advantage one is Drone Wars

Constraints influence global drone practices – the impact is global war

Dowd, 13 ~Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings Alan W. Dowd, Alan W. Dowd writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013~ 

In short, it seems Washington has been seduced by the Jupiter Complex. Being
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spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict and Indo-Pak war

Boyle, 13 ~and#34;The costs and consequences of drone warfareand#34;, MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~ 

The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
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legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Indo Pak war causes extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, and#34;Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,and#34; online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
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well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.

Escalation uniquely likely now – no impact defense

Overdorf, 8/15/13 ~Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhi’s surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from India’s meteoric economic growth.  He’s written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelers’ Tales and other publications.  He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University.and#34;Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mountingand#34; Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war~~ 

and#34;This is a sad reality of India-Pakistan relations — whenever things are
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lead to escalation,and#34; Kugelman said. and#34;And that’s a scary thought.and#34;

Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, and#34;The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,and#34; Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)

5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
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them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Legal constraints key —- institutionalizing clarity key to influence norms

HRI, 11 ~Human Rights Institute, Targeting Operations with Drone Technology: Humanitarian Law Implications Background Note for the American Society of International Law Annual Meeting Human Rights Institute, Columbia Law School March 25, 2011, p. online~

While they disagree on important legal issues, critics and proponents alike share at least
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evident in Koh’s ASIL speech, of commitment to the rule of law.

Adv 2

Advantage two is Legitimacy

Unrestrained drone use collapses global stability – harms US legitimacy

Kennedy, 13 ~and#34;Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanismand#34;, Greg Kennedy is a Professor of Strategic Foreign Policy at the Defence Studies Department, King’s College London, based at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, in Shrivenham, Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013~

The exponential rise in the use of drone technology in a variety of military and
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to ensure its strategic aims are not derailed by operational and tactical expediency.

An executive lead role spurs mistrust and global opposition

Goldsmith, 13 ~May 1^st, Jack Goldsmith teaches at Harvard Law School and is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. He is the author, most recently, of Power and Constraint, How Obama Undermined the War on Terror http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism~~

And so Barack Obama greatly expanded the secret war that George W. Bush began
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for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Drone courts key to send an international signal of accountability

Epstein, 11 ~Michael, Michigan State University College of Law and#34;Targeted Killing Court: Why The United States Needs To Adopt International Legal Standards For Targeted Killings And How To Do So In A Domestic Courtand#34;, SSRN~ 

VI PROPOSED NEW U.S. LEGAL MECHANISM The Obama Administration has not indicated
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of public post-killing investigations of C.I.A. actions359 

That bolsters legitimacy

Epstein, 11 ~Michael, Michigan State University College of Law and#34;Targeted Killing Court: Why The United States Needs To Adopt International Legal Standards For Targeted Killings And How To Do So In A Domestic Courtand#34;, SSRN~ 

Overall, I believe that the TKR Court provides for a rigid system of Article
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sort of judicial review could help salvage our reputation abroad and at home.

Formal judicial oversight key – maintains resolve while signaling restraint

NYT, 10 ~and#34;Lethal Force under Lawand#34;, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/opinion/10sun1.html~~ 

The drone program has been effective, killing more than 400 Al Qaeda militants this
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to other countries that the United States couples drastic action with careful judgment. 

External court based oversight maintains legitimacy – key internal link to global stability

Knowles, 09 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, NYU Law, and#34;Article: American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitutionand#34;, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, p. lexis~ 

The hegemonic model also reduces the need for executive branch flexibility, and the institutional
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courts to reduce the and#34;deference gapand#34; between foreign and domestic cases.

Prior, judicial oversight is key – informed and non-biased decision-making is vital to legitimacy

Adelsberg 12 (Samuel, J.D. – Yale Law School, and#34;Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens,and#34; Harvard Law 26 Policy Review, Summer, 6 Harv. L. 26 Pol’y Rev. 437, Lexis)

The relevance of these precedents to the targeting of citizens is clear: the constitutional right to due process is alive and well—regardless of geographic location. We now turn to what type of process is due.
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Now, we will turn to what this judicial involvement would look like.

Legitimacy of U.S. hegemony’s key to global stability—-prevents great power war

Fujimoto 12 (Kevin Fujimoto 12, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, January 11, 2012, and#34;Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct,and#34; online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11)
The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents the greatest long-term
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protect its interests later when we are no longer the world’s only superpower.

The impact is global conflict escalation

Brooks, et al, 13 ~Don’t Come Home, America: The Case
AND
Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012, p. Project Muse~

¶ Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement¶ Even if deep engagement’s costs are
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disengaged—even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.

The world is getting better now – heg haters are wrong

Josh Busby 12, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
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though I’m not sure this necessarily follows), but neither defensive or offensive dominance
offer much possibility for peace either since it is U.S. power in and of itself that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.

The plan reverses otherwise inevitable executive groupthink – judicial action key

Chehab, 12 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review~ 

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
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choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

====Independently causes wars ====
Jervis, 4  (Robert, political science and international politics professor at Columbia University and a consultant to the CIA, The Record, 7/14, lexis)

But was that indeed what happened? and#34;Groupthinkand#34; - identified in the early
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they consider the possibility that the group was on the totally wrong track.
Richard Nixon’s Watergate cover-up was in part maintained by the same dynamic. To many outsiders even at the time, it was obvious that the only way for Nixon to survive was to air the full truth early on. But the Nixon White House was a small group, closed-mouthed and predisposed to keeping everything secret.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should create a federal court with jurisdiction over uninhabited aerial vehicle targeted killing.

Solvency

Solvency21

Congressional action key to create a court with jurisdiction and to establish independent oversight – it’s effective

McKelvey, 11 ~Benjamin, JD Candidate, Senior Editorial Board, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, and#34;Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power,and#34; Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, November, 44 VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L. 1353, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/2012/06/due-process-rights-and-the-targeted-killing-of-suspected-terrorists-the-unconstitutional-scope-of-executive-killing-power/~~ 

A. Option One: Congress Could Pass Legislation to Establish Screening and Oversight of
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ultimate authority to an impartial judge with no institutional connection to the CIA.

Simulating high magnitude scenarios in security policy are an exercise in problem-based learning—it’s a unique venue where we can make mistakes and develop strategies to cope with info overload

Donohue, 13 ~2013 Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=217226context=facpub~~ 

V . T OTAL I MMERSION S IMULATION S The concept of simulations as an
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then c o n c l u d e s . 17V I . 

Debating legal solutions to war powers develops transferable skills through active assessment—no risk of passive spectators

Farrar-Myers, 07 ~Victoria A. Farrar-Myers, professor University of Texas at Arlington, PROMOTING ACTIVE LEARNING THROUGH SIMULATIONS IN PRESIDENCY CLASSES, http://cstl-cla.semo.edu/Renka/PRG/PRG_Reports/Fall_2007.pdf~~ 

Lao-Tse’s insight captures the essence of an active learning based approach to education
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a lesson that the use of active learning simulations can  help them achieve.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston MR | Judge: Keegan Tomik

2AC

ellis

fyis

Based on CX, they’re likely to go for "perception of legitimacy impossible—US seen as evil"
—make sure you distinguish INSTITUTIONAL legitimacy from anti-Americanism—some people are going to hate us, but transparent legal norms make us effective at locking in US-led order independent of that
—the people that are key (intransigent allies, rising powers) don’t need to love the US for us to solve—they just need to be confidence that our rules are more stable than China;s 

Case

AT: Rubber Stamp (2ac)

Not a rubber stamp

Daskal, 13 ~The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone Jennifer Daskal American University Washington College of Law, April~
That said, there is a reasonable fear that any such court or review board
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those features in and of themselves can lead to increased reflection and restraint.

OLC CP

AT: ESR (Solvency – Drone Prolif)

Doesn’t solve drone prolif – external oversight key to accountability – only a non-executive framework creates a guarantee and is modeled – formal constraints resolve ambiguity that prevents strong prolif constraints —- that’s Brooks and HRI

AT: ESR (Solvency – Future Presidents)

Future presidents prevent solvency

Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf
The recent history of signing statements demonstrates how public opinion can effectively check presidential expansions
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practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

AT: ESR (Solvency – Groupthink)

Doesn’t solve groupthink – judicial review includes more voices, prevents polarization and increases deliberation – that’s Chehab and Farley

AT: ESR (Solvency – Legitimacy)

Doesn’t solve legitimacy —- executive lead role doesn’t cause confidence – secrets breed mistrust – enshrined doctrine of SOP key – external oversight signals formal accountability abroad – binding checks key to access the case – courts increase the legitimacy of the political branches – that’s Goldsmith, Epstein, NYT and Knowles

AT: OLC Mechanism

OLC either rubber stamps the prez or gets ignored

Sullum, 11 ~Jacob Sullum is a senior editor at Reason magazine. To find out more about Jacob Sullum and read features by other Creators Syndicate writers and cartoonists, visit the Creators Syndicate Web page at www.creators.com, War Counsel: Obama Shops for Libya Advice That Lets Him Ignore the Law http://www.creators.com/opinion/jacob-sullum/war-counsel-obama-shops-for-libya-advice-that-lets-him-ignore-the-law.html~~
During the Bush administration, when the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel got into
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offshore missiles without having to bother with the War Powers Resolution’s time limits."

AT: ESR (Permutations)

Perm do both:

Solves the politics link —- Obama won’t backlash against himself
Solves prez powers – combination ensures just the CP’s mandate is followed  

Perm do the CP - the plan text says the USFG – CP is just a potential re clarification

Politics

AT: Politics

NO ev that Obama ’s pushing – he isn’t

No evidence that says unpopularity causes a decrease in political capital

Obama not pursuing

James K Glassman (former U.S. undersecretary of state, is executive director of the George W. Bush Institute in Dallas) 4/26 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/26/trade_winds
During the first three years of his first term, Barack Obama talked about boosting
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South Korea that had been negotiated during President George W. Bush’s tenure.

Plan bipartisan

Atehortua, 13 ~Julian Atehortua, a Crimson editorial writer, is an economics concentrator in Leverett House, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/2/12/drone-legal-basis/~~
Of course, any international deal would be far easier if the United States were
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against American citizens, specifically through judicial or congressional oversight of the program.

The budget fight comes before the debt ceiling and costs capital

Koring, 9/16/13 (Paul, The Globe and Mail (Canada), "Obama faces fall clash with Congress;
Despite averting military action in Syria, U.S. President fights plunging approval ratings and feuding Republicans on Capitol Hill" lexis)

With war against Syria averted, or perhaps postponed, U.S. President Barack Obama can turn again to September’s anticipated battles against his still-implacable Republican opponents.
Looming is a Sept. 30 deadline for Congress to fund ongoing government operations - everything from food stamps to new bullets - and a showdown is shaping up between a weakened President and Republicans riven by their own divisions.
Then, some time in October, the U.S. Treasury will face another crisis as it reaches its borrowing limit. Without an increase, which some Republicans want to block, the U.S. government could face default. Meanwhile, hopes for progress on major policy initiatives such as immigration reform, long expected to be the big legislative issue this fall, are fading.
As hostile as relations are, some observers suggest the averted showdown over Syria - it’s now widely accepted that Congress would have rejected Mr. Obama’s call for an authorization of force had it gone to a vote - didn’t make things any worse.
"We don’t know what September would have looked like in the absence of the Syria issue, but my guess is that it would have looked an awful lot like it looks today," said Sarah Binder, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, which watches Congress closely.
"These divisions over spending and size of government have been with us all along, and the ~Republican~ opposition to Obama has been quite strong all along. ... Set aside the issue of Syria, and really nothing has changed."

No PC

Rogers, 9/17/13 (Ed, "The Insiders: Stubborn facts and bothersome polls" Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/09/17/the-insiders-stubborn-facts-and-bothersome-polls/)

Obama was also dealt an embarrassing blow this week as Larry Summers withdrew his name
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take a leadership role in the looming debt ceiling and budget battles.  ?

Obama is pushing jobs – thumps CR and the debt ceiling

Justin Sink, political analyst for The Hill, 9-12-2013, "Obama signals shift back to economic focus", http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/economy/321793-obama-signals-shift-back-to-focus-on-the-economy
The White House is signaling it wants to shift back to the economy after two
AND
do so, the government would shut down, except for essential services.

Energy floor debates pound the DA

Amy Harder 9/12, and Clare Foran, National Journal, "The Energy Debate That Wasn’t", 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/daily/the-energy-debate-that-wasn-t-20130912?mrefid=mostViewed
The second day of the Senate’s first floor debate on an energy bill in six
AND
expected to issue regulations limiting carbon emissions for new power plants very soon.

Multiple fights coming – including the farm bill and Syria – thumps the DA

Dreiling 9-16 (Larry, "Congress, primed on Syria, readies for farm bill fight," High Plains Journal, 2013, http://www.hpj.com/archives/2013/sep13/sep16/0910FarmBillwrapupLDdbsr.cfm)

The 113th Congress has resumed its business in Washington following an August "work session."
Besides debating President Barack Obama’s request for a decision for a military strike against Syria, there’s plenty to look forward to, including debates over government spending, raising the debt limit, immigration reform and a probable Senate confirmation battle over the president’s nominee to be chairman of the Federal Reserve System.
Still, the battle that looms largest for rural America is the debate on a farm bill.

Plan gives Obama a high-profile win – without one his agenda is tanked

Lawrence, 9/17/13 - national correspondent at National Journal.  (Jill, "Obama Says He’s Not Worried About Style Points. He Should Be." National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/obama-says-he-s-not-worried-about-style-points-he-should-be-20130917)

In some ways Obama’s fifth year is typical of fifth years, when reelected presidents
AND
from … Putin. It’s far from clear how that will be resolved.
And that’s as true for the budget and debt-limit showdowns ahead.
Some of Obama’s troubles are due to the intransigence of House conservatives, and some may be inevitable in a world far less black and white than the one Reagan faced. But the impression of ineffectiveness is the same.
"People don’t like it when circumstances are dictating the way in which a president behaves. They want him to be the one in charge," says Dallek, who has written books about nine presidents, including Reagan and Franklin Roosevelt. "It’s unfair… On the other hand, that’s what goes with the territory. People expect presidents to be in command, and they can’t always be in command, and the public is not forgiving."
Obama’s job approval numbers remain in the mid-40s. The farther they fall
AND
. But his journey to that point made him look weak and indecisive.
Indeed, the year’s setbacks are accumulating and that is dangerous for Obama.
"At some point people make a collective decision and they don’t listen to the president anymore. That’s what happened to both Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush," Cannon says. "I don’t think Obama has quite gone off the diving board yet in the way that Carter or Bush did … but he’s close to the edge. He needs to have some successes and perceptions of success."

PC fails

Koring, 9/16/13 (Paul, The Globe and Mail (Canada), "Obama faces fall clash with Congress;
Despite averting military action in Syria, U.S. President fights plunging approval ratings and feuding Republicans on Capitol Hill" lexis)

The President’s handling of Syria has hurt him, according to some. Mr. Obama "seems to be very uncomfortable being commander-in-chief of this nation," said Senator Bob Corker, a Tennessee Republican, adding it left the President "a diminished figure here on Capitol Hill."
Americans strongly opposed military intervention in Syria, but they still want their presidents to command global respect. Mr. Obama’s embrace of Russian help on Syria may enhance his image internationally as a conciliator, but, at home, it can be seen as seen as weak - or vacillating. Americans want their presidents to speak softly and carry a big stick, even if they are also weary of overseas wars.
In turn, despite the President’s impressive oratory, he may be wearing out his
AND
Syria may cost members the week off they had planned starting Sept 23.
With the President’s approval rating plunging - and backing for "Obamacare" slipping below 40 per cent - the right wing of the Republican party is seeking ways to "defund" the ambitious health-care program. The most recent Pew Research Center poll, published last week, put the President’s approval at 44 per cent, down 11 points over a year ago.
On Capitol Hill, it’s a three-cornered fight, with Mr. Obama facing off against the Republican-dominated House of Representatives, and the Republicans in Congress bitterly divided over whether it’s worth pushing the nation over a fiscal cliff to drive a stake into the President’s health-care program.
Everyone has an eye on the 2014 elections and frustrations are threatening to boil.

K

AT: Security k (2ac)

Framework – the k must prove that the whole plan is bad – weighing the AFF is vital to fair and predictable engagement – allowing the neg to negate only small parts doesn’t disprove the desirability of the plan – the ballot should simulate the plans enactment

No empirical link between framing and conflict

Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ’9
(Stuart J, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Alt fails – cooption – political engagement key

McCormack, 10 ~Tara, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 137-138~
In chapter 7 I engaged with the human security framework and some of the problematic
AND
Values must be joined with engagement with the material circumstances of the time.

Permutation do the plan and

The plan gives security transformative potential —- alt alone fails and their impact is false

Nunes, 12 ~Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications~
In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security
AND
to address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory understandings of security.

Security isn’t fundamental – the alt causes conservative backlash and threats real

Nunes, 12 ~Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications~
Conclusion This article advanced three main arguments. First, the commitment to politicization that
AND
security literature and provide critique with a renewed strength and sense of purpose.

AT: Mack

Threats aren’t psychological projections and the alt fails

Hoffman, 86 ~Stanley, Center for European Studies at Harvard,  "On the Political Psychology of Peace and War: A Critique and an Agenda," Political Psychology 7.1 JSTOR~
The traditionalists, even when, in their own work, they try scrupulous-
AND
, are the dimensions of a split that should not be minimized or denied

AT: Epistemology

Vote aff despite prior questions—impact timeframe means you gotta act on the best info available

Kratochwil, professor of international relations – European University Institute, 2008 (Friedrich, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213)

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of "fuzzy boundaries", when
AND
Besides, "timing" seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

condo

Conditionality is a voting issue for deterrence – straightjackets the 2ac by forcing illogical argumentative interactions, undermines the depth of education and kills advocacy skills –

Counter interpretation no conditionality but a rigorous focus on pre round research

add on

1ac Dowd says unrestricted spread of drones precipitates Russian conflict over Chechnya to clamp down on separatism

Nuclear war

Blank, 01 (Stephen, Demokratizatsiya, "Russia’s Ulster: The Chechen War and its consequences", Winter, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200101/ai_n8951462/pg_10)
Russian military officials and analysts also told me in June 1999 that NATO’s Kosovo campaign
AND
65 Indeed, the national security concept openly advocated limited nuclear war.66

1AR

AT: Environment Impact

Zero chance of environmental collapse—if it’s true then it’s clearly non unique

Easterbrook 95 – senior editor of The New Republic, fellow at Brookings, editor of The Washington Monthly, distinguished fellow of the Fulbright Foundation (Gregg, A Moment on Earth, p. 25)

IN THE AFTERMATH OF EVENTS SUCH AS LOVE CANAL OR THE Exxon Valdez oil spill
AND
are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting. 

1ar fw stuff

Dropped a fairness DA—prereq to education as well as contestation against a prepared opponent which is key to make critical education effective—no offense because our framework doesn’t require the alt to be a counterplan, it just requires that the IMPLICATION of the K be that the plan is a bad idea—if they don’t win that, we have impact turned the alt

Policy simulation good—we’ll win substantive offense—most of these arguments are transferable to the alt because they assume policy solutions will magically appear if we question the 1ac enough—not the case
—Donahue says high stakes simulations are key because they train students to cope with info overload and creative problem solving—the explicit goal of a policy solution makes us better advocates
—Kartochwil says prior questions don’t assume decisions with limited timeframe—drone court is the best middle ground because it requires deliberation but doesn’t wallow in prior questions—doing so means you get overwhelmed in a crisis
—Farrar is a solid defense of war powers education—legal solutions are key to that—prefer it because it’s the only way to speak with a credible voice on the subject

"Academic critic" alt leads to parochialism and changes nothing

Gitlin 5 (Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University.  "The Intellectuals and the Flag", http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_04.pdf
Yet the audacious adepts of "theory" constitute themselves the equivalent of a vanguard
AND
weight, and so the preoccupation and the style go on and on. 

Causes endless paradigm wars

Wendt, professor of international security – Ohio State University, ’98
(Alexander, "On Constitution and Causation in International Relations," British International Studies Association) 

As a community, we in the academic study of international politics spend too much
AND
debate’ between Realists and Idealists, not second-order issues of method.
Unfortunately, it is no longer a simple matter for IR scholars to ’just
AND
sparring over epistemology is often one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

Epistemological debate is irrelevant - concrete action is inevitable - they fail to create useful knowledge

Friedrichs, 09 ~Jorg, University Lecturer in Politics at the Oxford Department of International Development, "From Positivist Pretense to Pragmatic Practice Varieties of Pragmatic Methodology in IR Scholarship" Pragmatism and International Relations~
As Friedrich Nietzsche (~1887~ 1994:1; cf. Wilson 2002)
AND
device for the generation of useful knowledge are two sides of the same coin

threatcon

Threatcon is completely backwards—risk we under-react is far greater

Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 65)

While, as we have noted, there is psychological research suggesting that normal cognition
AND
will probably do too little to prevent terrorist threats, not too much.

Fear is totally justified—no link to irrational behavior

Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 63)

The motivational benefit of fear for individuals is that it enables a rapid response to
AND
assumptions and complacent ways of thinking and to address problems with new vigor.
The second, complex view of fear does not deny the insights of the first
AND
reason; they also inform reason and provide the motivation for necessary action.
Against the view that panicked government officials overreact to an emergency and unnecessarily curtail civil
AND
the Constitution should be enforced as strictly during emergencies as during normal times.

AT: Chernus

Your psycho-analytic understanding is pop psychology – it presents little actual evidence for the existence of the psychological condition and it over-simplifies nuclear attachment as social fantasy.

Summers 91, Ph.D. Department of Psychology,. Mount Allison University. (Craig, Nuclear Texts 26 Contexts Spring No. 6)

The only evidence for numbing in the book is Lifton’s observations of victims in Hiroshima
AND
will provide an understanding of psychological perceptions and responses to the nuclear threat. 

AT: Mack

Psychoanalysis is reductive and ignores difference

—means not root cause, their theory is not predictive and we should look at different places (culture, biology, sociology, etc.) to determine policy
Sharpe 10 – lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University
Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233
We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ’quilting’ framework
AND
today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

AT: Prolif

Prolif exacerbates inequality—turns the K

Biswas 1 ~Shampa Biswas, Whitman College Politics Professor, December 2001, "Nuclear apartheid" as political position: race as a postcolonial resource?, Alternatives 26.4~
At one level, as Partha Chatterjee has pointed out, the concept of apartheid
AND
makes both science and the state susceptible to undemocratic governance. (60) 

McCormack – 1ar

Alt turns agency—recreates problems of securitization

Tara McCormack, 10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 119-120)
In chapters 1–3 of this work I argued that there were theoretical limits
AND
world order into a cosmopolitan order and a shift away from state sovereignty.

Tournament: Dartmouth | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Evans, Rashad
ERROR

Tournament: NDT | Round: Finals | Opponent: Gtown AM | Judge:
ERROR

Tournament: kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: cal | Judge: gliniecki
The United States Federal Government should grant limited jurisdiction to a federal court that prohibits targeted killings of individual United States citizens when, after being afforded notice and opportunity as well as defense from an independent public advocate, it is determined that the target is not a senior member of Al Qaeda or associated force.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: United States Military Saker-Barlow | Judge: Gannon, Matheson, Maurer

1ac

Adv 1

Advantage 1 Norms

Drone use is inevitable, but lack of norms on offensive use causes deterrence breakdowns that escalate to global war

Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~ 

The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Specifically, US-promulgated drone norms are key to prevent escalation in Asia

Stein, 13 ~12/19/Setting Rules For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Aaron, Foreign Affairs, Drone Decreeshttp://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140584/aaron-stein/drone-decrees?cid=soc-twitter-in-snapshots-drone_decrees-122013~~

Drone technology and drone use have also proliferated in other countries. And even more
AND
respond to provocations. Doing so would help establish new norms for everyone.

Drone incidents snowball and trigger US battle plans

Walker, 14 ~1/9/14, Richard, Former NY News Producer, "U.S. Interventionism in Asia Could Spark War With China", https://americanfreepress.net/?p=14557~~ 

A war with China is a real possibility. All it might take is the
AND
. troops and ships home and let Asia sort out its own troubles.

Goes nuclear

Goldstein, 13 – Avery, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations, Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China, and Associate Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania ("First Things First: The Pressing Danger of Crisis Instability in U.S.-China Relations," International Security, vol. 37, no. 4, Spring 2013, Muse Red)

Two concerns have driven much of the debate about international security in the post-
AND
a crisis, compressing the time frame for diplomacy to avert military conflict.

Drone court key

Chow, 13 ~Droning On: The Need to Establish a New Norm, Eugene K. Chow Former Executive Editor, Homeland Security NewsWire, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eugene-k-chow/establish-new-constitutional-norm_b_2683131.html~~

Contrary to what some have argued that the president requires full and unadjudicated control of
AND
we put into place laws and parameters that clearly define this new norm.

Transparency and accountability measures are key to international drone norms

Kreps and Zenko, 14 ~"The Next Drone Wars Preparing for Proliferation", SARAH KREPS is Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell University. MICAH ZENKO is Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140746/sarah-kreps-and-micah-zenko/the-next-drone-wars~~

As the only country to have used drones extensively, the United States must take
AND
traditional combat, greater disclosure is the only concession it could realistically offer.

The plan results in effective international pressure against the PRC, prevents cascading violence

Whibley, 13 ~"The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent", http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/~~ 

In a recent article, David Wood expresses concern over the start of a drone
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Adv 2

Advantage 2 Accountability

Ex ante review key to accountable and legitimate targeted killing

Adelsberg 12 (Samuel, J.D. – Yale Law School, "Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check: Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens," Harvard Law 26 Policy Review, Summer, 6 Harv. L. 26 Pol’y Rev. 437, Lexis)

The relevance of these precedents to the targeting of citizens is clear: the constitutional right to due process is alive and well—regardless of geographic location. We now turn to what type of process is due.
III. BRING IN THE COURTS: BRINGING JUDICIAL LEGITIMACY TO TARGETED KILLINGS
The function of this Article is not to argue that targeted killing should be removed
AND
a degree of inter-branch process when the government targets such individuals.
The current intra-executive process afforded to U.S. citizens is not
AND
executive branch is a clear violation of due process guaranteed by the Constitution.
Justices O’Connor and Kennedy are pointing to a dangerous institutional tension inherent in any intra
AND
, which would preclude the type of process that he was advocating. n43
Although there may be a role for Congress in such instances, a legislative warrant
AND
politicians are unqualified to make the necessary legal judgments that these situations require.
Solutions calling for the expatriation of citizens deemed to be terrorists are fraught with judicial
AND
a target would be effectively meaningless in the wake of a successful attack.
 ~*445~  Rather, as recognized by the Founders in the Fourth Amendment
AND
ideal candidates to ensure that the executive exercises constitutional restraint when targeting citizens.
Reforming the decision-making process for executing American citizens to allow for judicial oversight
AND
Now, we will turn to what this judicial involvement would look like.

Drones key to legitimacy

Kennedy, 13 ~"Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism", Greg Kennedy is a Professor of Strategic Foreign Policy at the Defence Studies Department, King’s College London, based at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, in Shrivenham, Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013~

The exponential rise in the use of drone technology in a variety of military and
AND
to ensure its strategic aims are not derailed by operational and tactical expediency.

Heg without legitimacy causes violent transitions—voluntary limits on power maintain relative stability

Martin Griffiths January 2004; Associate Professor and Head of School at School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University (coincidence, as it turns out) "BEYOND THE BUSH DOCTRINE: AMERICAN HEGEMONY AND WORLD ORDER" AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF AMERICAN STUDIES www.anzasa.arts.usyd.edu.au/a.j.a.s/Articles/1_04/Griffiths.pdf? 

In international relations, an established hegemony helps the cause of international peace in a
AND
States, far from being a domineering hegemon, was a reluctant superpower.

That prevents great power war, economic collapse, and global governance failures

Thayer 13—PhD U Chicago, former research fellow at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center, political science professor at Baylor (Bradley, professor in the political science department at Baylor University, "Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis", International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 396–419, September 2013, dml)

Accordingly, while Pinker is sensitive to the importance of power in a domestic context
AND
of relative power changes and not to the benefit of the United States.

Formal judicial oversight key – balances resolve with restraint

NYT, 10 ~"Lethal Force under Law", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/opinion/10sun1.html~~ 

The drone program has been effective, killing more than 400 Al Qaeda militants this
AND
to other countries that the United States couples drastic action with careful judgment. 

External court review maintains legitimacy – key to global stability

Knowles, 9 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, NYU Law, "Article: American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution", 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, p. lexis~ 

The hegemonic model also reduces the need for executive branch flexibility, and the institutional
AND
courts to reduce the "deference gap" between foreign and domestic cases.

Intra-executive processes cause operational error

Chehab, 12 ~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review~ 

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Ex ante key – FISA critics miss the mark

Guiora, 12 ~Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion, Amos N. Guiora. Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, p. SSRN~

The unitary executive theory aggressively articulated, and implemented, by the Bush Administration has
AND
"over-board" and "over-broad" approaches.10

Op error strengthens armed insurgencies

Mayer 9 (Jane, critically acclaimed author and staff writer for the New Yorker, "The Predator War," The New Yorker, 10-26, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/10/26/091026fa_fact_mayer)

Indeed, the history of targeted killing is marked by errors. In 1973,
AND
-and-blood investment if we go too far down this road."

The impact is Middle East War and Pakistani collapse

Hussain 13 (Nazia, research scholar at the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center and a doctoral student at George Mason University, "Pakistan’s Jihadi Problem and the Middle East," Middle East Institute, 4-11, http://www.mei.edu/content/pakistans-jihadi-problem-and-middle-east)

Jihadi groups in Pakistan pose grave threats to the stability of the country and the
AND
tragic for Pakistan and dangerous for its immediate neighbors and the international community. 

Goes nuclear

Michael O’Hanlon 5, senior fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence and director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution, visiting lecturer at Princeton University, an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, and a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies
PhD in public and international affairs from Princeton, Apr 27 2005, "Dealing with the Collapse of a Nuclear-Armed State: The Cases of North Korea and Pakistan," http://www.princeton.edu/~~ppns/papers/ohanlon.pdf

Were Pakistan to collapse, it is unclear what the United States and like-
AND
Indian Army, nuclear dangers have long been considered to run very high.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should establish a limited ex ante judicial review process for targeted killing by drones.

Solvency

Our procedural safeguard is key to minimize error and establish a credible signal

Somin, 13 ~Ilya Somin Professor of Law HEARING ON "DRONE WARS: THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND COUNTERTERRORISM IMPLICATIONS OF TARGETED KILLING" TESTIMONY BEFORE THE UNITED STATES SENATE JUDICIARY SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, CIVIL RIGHTS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS April 23, 2013~ 

In my view, the use of targeted killings by drones is not inherently illegal
AND
drone strikes supported by their superiors, either out of careerist concerns,

 or because administration officials are naturally likely to share the ideological and policy priorities
AND
. But I very much hope that such a conjecture is unduly pessimistic.

Ex ante review key to improve targeting and legitimize the program

McKelvey, 11 ~Benjamin, JD Candidate, Senior Editorial Board, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, "Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, November, 44 VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L. 1353, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/2012/06/due-process-rights-and-the-targeted-killing-of-suspected-terrorists-the-unconstitutional-scope-of-executive-killing-power/~~ 

A. Option One: Congress Could Pass Legislation to Establish Screening and Oversight of
AND
ultimate authority to an impartial judge with no institutional connection to the CIA.

Executive lead role spurs mistrust and global opposition

Goldsmith, 13 ~May 1^st, Jack Goldsmith teaches at Harvard Law School and is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. He is the author, most recently, of Power and Constraint, How Obama Undermined the War on Terror http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism~~

And so Barack Obama greatly expanded the secret war that George W. Bush began
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

2ac

Busby

World getting better

Busby, 12 ~Get Real Chicago IR guys out in force, Josh, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html~~
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
AND
that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.

2ac role of the ballot

Debate is unique because it forces active participation in real world controversies – rejoining the 1ac’s normative advocacy is vital to activate that potential   —- you clearly could have impact turned the AFF, hegemony bad, drones bad,

Ellis, et al, 09 ~Richard, LOL that’s my Debate partner, but actually…. Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley, degree completed December 1989, M.A. University of California, Berkeley, Political Science, 1984, B.A. University of California, Santa Cruz, Politics, 1982, Debating the Presidency: Conflicting Perspectives on the American Executive, p. google books,~
In 1969 the political scientist Aaron Wildavsky published a hefty reader on the American presidency
AND
for their essays, but also for their excellent scholarship on the presidency.

Any other role of the ballot is a fantasy that confines their method to a forum where it can’t accomplish anything

Gunnell, 86 - Distinguished Professor of Political Science at University of Albany (John G., "Tradition, Interpretation, and Science: Political Theory in the American Academy" pages 351-352)
There may be pointed exceptions; but, on the whole, the radicalism of
AND
of orthodox social science. It merely substitutes one reified structure for another.

AT: Identitty

Forced refutation of someone else’s personal experience collapses the possibility of open and structured conversation – proves the 1ac is a DA to their method

SUBOTNIK 98 Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center. 7 Cornell J. L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 681
Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
AND
to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

our aff is offense against their role of the ballot – prevents the conversation from being steered towards communal outcomes like the aff

Levasseur, 01 ~Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at West Chester University in West Chester, Pennsylvania. (David, Egocentric Argument and the Public Sphere: Citizen Deliberations on Public Policy and Policymakers, Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs 4.3 (2001) 407-43, Muse~ 

While the personal narratives from participants in the study certainly seemed to spark enthusiasm,
AND
a liberal political tradition that suggests that one should not judge others. 42

AT: DADT

Ignorance of strategic and tactical ends merely entrenches the status quo and denies other more progressive strategies – tactical disruptions are preferable to moral ones

Smith 2012 (Andrea, "The Moral Limits of the Law:  Settler Colonialism and the  Anti-Violence Movement" settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies)
Aside from Derrick Bell, because racial and gender justice legal advocates are so invested
AND
we might need to creatively rethink what legal reforms would actually increase safety.

AT: Impact Calculus

Ethical obligations are tautological—the only coherent rubric is to maximize number of lives saved

Greene 2010 – Associate Professor of the Social Sciences Department of Psychology Harvard University (Joshua, Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, "The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul", www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf, WEA)

What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
doesn’t. Instead, what that person probably has is a moral rationalization.
It seems then, that we have somehow crossed the infamous "is"-"ought
AND
best explained as a rationalization of evolved emotional intuition (Harman, 1977).
Missing the Deontological Point
I suspect that rationalist deontologists will remain unmoved by the
AND
religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question.

AT: James

Virilio is wrong

Sokal and Bricmont 98 – *Professor of Physics at NYU AND Belgian theoretical physicist, philosopher of science and a professor at the Université catholique de Louvain (December 1998, Alan and Jean, "Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science", Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, pg. 169-170)

The writings of Paul Virilio revolve principally around the themes of technology, communication,
AND
specialist in the philosophy of speed, it is nonetheless a bit surprising. 

Discourse doesn’t shape reality, it describes it

Rodwell, 05  (Jonathan, PhD student at Manchester Met. researching U.S. Foreign Policy, 49th parallel,  Spring, "Trendy but empty: A Response to Richard Jackson",
http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm)

The larger problem is that without clear causal links between materially identifiable events and factors
AND
? Or perhaps it’s actually born of utilisation of many different possible explanations.

Disch

We’re not the view from nowhere—the dichotomy they’re drawing makes them equally suspect—because it claims a privileged insight on reality

DISCH ’93 (Lisa J.; Professor of Political Theory – University of Minnesota, "More Truth Than Fact: Storytelling as Critical Understanding in the Writings of Hannah Arendt," Political Theory 21:4, November)

What Hannah Arendt called "my old fashioned storytelling"7 is at once the
AND
facts but to tell provocative stories that invite contestation form rival perspectives.15

Their argument elevates whiteness to an all-pervasive force that explains all oppression – that re-inscribes its inevitability—-specific analysis of racism is crucial

Margaret L. Andersen 3, Professor of Sociology and Women’s Studies and Vice Provost for Academic Affairs at the University of Delaware, 2003, "Whitewashing Race: A Critical Perspective on Whiteness," in White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, ed Doane 26 Bonilla-Silva, p. 28
Conceptually, one of the major problems in the whiteness literature is the reification of
AND
come to mean just about everything, it ends up meaning hardly anything.

1ar

nayar

Exclusive emphasis on postmodern micro-politics misses the key sources of power —- only multi-faceted coalitional politics prevent degeneration into narcissism and defeat

Best and Kellner, 01 (Steven, Prof Philosophy, UT El Paso and Douglass, Philosophy Chair, Postmodern Politics and the Battle for the Future, Democracy and Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 1)
The emphasis on local struggles and micropower, cultural politics which redefine the political,
AND
and common forms of oppression that stem from capitalist exploitation and alienated labor.

sullivan

Political systems historically constituted by white supremacy are not inevitably oppressive and don’t require abolishing America—-setting the goal of the alternative as ending America and white supremacy entirely is politically ineffective—-reforming whiteness to resolve the impacts of oppression is better

Sullivan 8 – Shannon Sullivan, Head of Philosophy and Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies, and African and African American Studies at Pennsylvania State University, Spring 2008, "Whiteness as Wise Provincialism: Royce and the Rehabilitation of a Racial Category," Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy, Vol. 44, No. 2
It is commonly acknowledged today, at least in academic circles, that racial essences
AND
white people today might begin living whiteness as an anti-racist category.

psych

Psychoanalysis is cookie cutter and has been disproven

Todd Dufresne 6, Professor of Philosophy and founding Director of The Advanced Institute for Globalization 26 Culture at Lakehead University, Killing Freud, googlebooks
*card modified for ableist language
TD: I tried to make the heterogeneity of opinion about Freuds death drive theory
AND
if psychoanalysis has made it seem near impossible for us to know them. 

This, then, is a problem for psychoanalysis - but not really for me
AND
we must confront the basic facts and rewrite the history of psychoanalysis anew.

at: speed

Perm solves

Scheuerman 8 ~William, "Chapter 15: No Time for Citizenship?" From "High-speed Society: Social Acceleration, Power, and Modernity," 2008, Google Books~

Despite its understandable appeal, this approach remains flawed: social¶ acceleration constitutes an
AND
of those¶ of us accustomed to the liberties of modern liberal democracy.

Tournament: Dartmouth RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: Brovero
The United States Federal Government should establish by statute a permanent war powers consultation committee, requiring the President to consult with the committee over introduction of United States Armed Forces into significant armed conflict, and require a Congressional authorization vote following consultation.  The statute should define ‘significant armed conflict’ as any conflict expressly authorized by Congress, or any mission conducted by United States Armed Forces pursuant to Rules of Engagement. The statute should include an explicit point-of order mechanism.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Mary Wash | Judge: Repko
The United States Federal Government should grant limited jurisdiction to a federal court that prohibits uninhabited aerial vehicle targeted killings of individual United States citizens when, after being afforded notice and opportunity as well as defense from an independent public advocate, it is proven that the target is not a senior member of Al Qaeda or associated force.

Plan - sorry for omitting that initially.
(pappas 10/3 6:36 am)

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern Miles-Vellayappan | Judge: Galloway, Kanellopoulos, Kennedy
The United States Federal Government should restrict by statute introduction of its military combatant company armed forces into hostilities outside the military chain of command.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: Brovero,Adrienne
For those of you cutting a strategy about the word proscribe, our plan actually said prescribe. The open source plan isn't accurate.  

The United States Federal Government should restrict by law indefinite detention authority in the area prescribed by the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force and the (2012/2013) National Defense Authorization Act to cases involving persons captured outside of the United States