Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Mendenhall
Prez powers key to solve warming – this administration sets a precedent
PCAP 8 (Presidential Climate Action Project, Nonpartisan Project at the University of Colorado Denver, “Climate Action Brief: The Use of Presidential Power”, 2008 is the last date cited, http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/briefs/Climate_Brief_Presidential_Power.pdf)
This legacy could lead the Congress, the courts and the voters to push the
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challenges for the many organizations working to build grassroots support for climate action. 

Unmitigated climate changes risk extinction
Flournoy 11 – (Dec. 2011, citing Feng Hsu, PhD in Engingeering
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January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-1)

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
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too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 ) .

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Mendenhall
Judicial review would result in all targeted killings being ruled unconstitutional
Benjamin McKelvey 11, J.D., Vanderbilt University Law School, November 2011, “NOTE: Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 44 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 1353
In the alternative, and far more broadly, the DOJ argued that executive authority
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President's constitutional powers and is not subject to judicial interference or review. n104
The DOJ is correct in arguing that the President is constitutionally empowered to use military
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, specific, and imminent threat of harm to the United States. n108
Therefore, the President was justified in using lethal force to protect the nation against
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, not political questions, and they are subject to judicial review. n114
Under judicial review, a court would likely determine that targeted killing does not satisfy
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not satisfy the imminence standard for the constitutional use of defensive force. n118

Judicial review of targeted killings would destroy unit cohesion, cause risk aversion, undermine mission effectiveness, and disclose key intel sources---all of those destroy effective drone ops
Larry Maher 10, Quartermaster General, Veterans of Foreign Wars, et al, 9/30/10, BRIEF OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS AND DISMISSAL, Nasser al-Aulaqi, Plaintiff, vs. Barack H. Obama, et al., Defendants, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/VFW_Brief_PACER.pdf
As a member organization comprised of individual veterans who have served this nation in war
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why this action should be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
The VFW agrees with the Government’s arguments regarding why this suit is barred, including
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protect the extremely sensitive sources and methods utilized by our nation’s elite forces.

Targeted killing’s vital to CT
Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6
Targeted killing of high-value terrorist targets, by contrast,
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common enemies are examples of the methods that are just of military nature.
Drone warfare today is integrated with a much larger strategic counterterrorism target -- one in
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acknowledged in communications, have a significant impact on planning and organizational effectiveness.
Plan would collapse the effectiveness of Special Forces missions
Larry Maher 10, Quartermaster General, Veterans of Foreign Wars, et al, 9/30/10, BRIEF OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS AND DISMISSAL, Nasser al-Aulaqi, Plaintiff, vs. Barack H. Obama, et al., Defendants, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/VFW_Brief_PACER.pdf
Finally, the VFW’s
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Exhibit 4, September 23, 2010, at ¶¶ 6-7.

Special forces’ effectiveness is key to counter-prolif
Jim Thomas 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Chris Dougherty is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013, “BEYOND THE RAMPARTS THE FUTURE OF U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES,” http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOF-Report-CSBA-Final.pdf
WMD do not represent new threats to U.S. security interests, but
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for deposing WMD-armed regimes through UW campaigns should the need arise.

Special forces are key to disarm rogues’ nuclear programs---the alternative is U.S. counterforce nuclear strikes
Jim Thomas 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Chris Dougherty is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013, “BEYOND THE RAMPARTS THE FUTURE OF U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES,” http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOF-Report-CSBA-Final.pdf
Finally, if the United States goes to war with a nuclear-armed adversary
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a viable unconventional regime-change option when confronting WMD-armed adversaries.

Rogues will locate their WMD in cities---U.S. nuclear strikes cause mass casualties
Gormley 9 – Dennis Gormley, Senior Fellow in the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute for International Studies, Fall 2009, “The Path to Deep Nuclear Reductions: Dealing with American Conventional Superiority,” online: http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/PP29_Gormley.pdf
Attacking strategic underground targets seems superficially to be the role for which nuclear weapons are
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beyond reach, and such weapons would still produce unwanted collateral effects.26

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Mendenhall
Restrictions are prohibitions on action --- the aff is a reporting requirement  
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include the reporting and monitoring or supervising terms and conditions that are included in the 2001 Stipulation.
Black's Law Dictionary, 'fifth edition,(1979) defines "restriction" as;
A limitation often imposed in a deed or lease respecting the use to which the
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or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
In contrast, the terms "supervise" and "supervisor" are defined as
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merely routine or clerical nature, but required the use of independent judgment.
Comparing the above definitions, it is clear that the definition of "restriction" is very different from the definition of "supervision"-very few of the same words are used to explain or define the different terms. In his 2001 stipulation, Mr. Kincheloe essentially agreed to some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions
William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority
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were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.

Restrictions must be enforceable
Elizabeth Boalt 5, Professor of Law Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley, University of Arkansas at Little Rock School of Law The Journal of Appellate Practice and Process Fall, 20035 J. App. Prac. and Process 473, lexis
Four questions follow: (1) Are discouraging words "restrictions" on citation
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32.1 strikes it down, and again the citation is permitted.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Mendenhall
Interpretation - signature strikes are distinct – the target is not identified beforehand and it’s a part of a different military strategy
Anderson 11 (Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution, 8-29-11, “Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and “Signature” Attacks on Taliban Fighters,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/)

From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
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warfare without disentangling the distinct strategic uses to which the weapon is put.

This is best – 

a). Limits – signature strikes and targeted killings are distinct operations with entirely separate lit bases and advantages---they kill precision and limits
Anderson 11 (Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, “Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare,” Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124)
Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the
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than individualized “high value” targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Mendenhall
Statutory restrictions hurt war fighting effectiveness – strong executive is key – absent that efforts to confront terrorism will fail
Yoo 2012 (John Yoo, deputy assistant attorney general from 2001 to 2003, professor at the University of California at Berkeley School of Law, February 1, 2012, “War Powers Belong to the President,” ABA Journal, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president)
Congress’ track record when it has opposed presidential leadership has not been a happy one
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time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

Maintaining a strong executive branch is essential because the executive can deploy all of the tools it has
Royal 2011 (John Paul Royal, Institute of World Politics, “War Powers and the Age of Terrorism,” Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress The Fellows Review, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf)
Alexis de Tocqueville, that prescient and inimitable observer of America, ¶ noted in
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protect national ¶ interests during times of uncertainty, crisis, and war.

High risk of theft and escalation of accidents
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ‘12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
Terrorism causes extinction---hard-line responses are key  
Nathan Myhrvold '13, Phd in theoretical and mathematical physics from Princeton,  and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation , July 2013, "Stratgic Terrorism: A Call to Action," The Lawfare Research Paper Series No.2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
Several powerful trends have aligned to profoundly change the way that the world works.
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us with our shortcomings by repeatedly attacking us or hectoring us for decades.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Mendenhall
The Executive branch of the United States federal government should pass and enforce an executive order to require offensive cyber operations be funded, conducted, and/or directed pursuant to Title 50 United States Code § 413b.and implement this by establishing independent commissions to review and ensure compliance with the order. The President of the United States should issue a declaratory policy stating that the United States will not deploy offensive cyber operations first.
Including self-binding mechanisms ensures effective constraints and executive credibility
Posner and Vermeule, 6 --- *Prof of Law at U Chicago, AND  Prof of Law at Harvard (9/19/2006, Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule, “The Credible Executive,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=931501))

IV. Executive Signaling: Law and Mechanisms¶ We suggest that the executive’s credibility
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. Bush discovered when he broke his clear pledge not to raise taxes.

XO solves because it provides a speedy discussion and shields the link to politics
Sovacool 9 Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool 2009 is a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization., Kelly E. Sovacool is a Senior Research Associate at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of SingaporeArticle: Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law  2009  34 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 333
¶ Executive Orders also save time in a second sense.  The President does not
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without having to wait for congressional action ¶ ¶ or agency regulatory rulemaking.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Herman-Xu | Judge: Gannon
The Executive branch of the United States federal government
-should pass and enforce an executive order to restrict the Central Intelligence Agency’s Title 50 authority for targeted killing using remotely piloted aircraft systems and implement this by establishing independent commissions to review and ensure compliance with the order.
-The Executive branch should publicly articulate its legal rationale for its targeted killing policy, including the process and safeguards in place for target selection. The United States Congress should enact a resolution and issue a white paper stating that, in the conduct of its oversight it has reviewed ongoing targeted killing operations and determined that the United States government is conducting such operations in full compliance with relevant laws, including but not limited to the Authorization to Use Military Force of 2001, covert action findings, and the President’s inherent powers under the Constitution. 

President should and can do the plan
Zenko, 13 (Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He currently serves as vice chair of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Terrorism. Previously, he worked for five years at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department's Office of Policy Planning. “Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon.” Date made April 16, 2013. Date retrieved August 14, 2013. http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
The president should direct that U.S. drone strikes be conducted as DOD Title 10 operations. That decision would enhance U.S. national security in the following ways:
Improve the transparency and legitimacy of targeted killings, including what methods are used to prevent civilian harm.
? Focus the finite resources of the CIA on its original core missions of intelligence collection, analysis, and early warning. (There is no reason for the CIA to maintain a redundant fleet of armed drones, or to conduct military operations that are inherently better suited to JSOC, the premier specialized military organization. As “traditional military activities” under U.S. law, these belong under Title 10 operations.)
? Place all drone strikes under a single international legal framework, which would be clearly delineated for military operations and can therefore be articulated publicly.
? Unify congressional oversight of specific operations under the armed services committee, which would end the current situation whereby there is confusion over who has oversight responsibility.
? Allow U.S. government officials to counter myths and misinformation about targeted killings at home and abroad by acknowledging responsibility for its own strikes.
? Increase pressure on other states to be more transparent in their own conduct of military and paramilitary operations in nonbattlefield settings by establishing the precedent that the Obama administration claims can have a normative influence on how others use drones.

Solves---the combination of executive disclosure and Congressional support boosts accountability and legitimacy
Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Perhaps the most obvious way to add accountability to the targeted killing process is for
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us to question the wisdom and perhaps even the legality of the program."

CP shields the link to politics
Sovacool 9 Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool 2009 is a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization., Kelly E. Sovacool is a Senior Research Associate at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of SingaporeArticle: Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law  2009  34 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 333
¶ Executive Orders also save time in a second sense.  The President does not
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without having to wait for congressional action ¶ ¶ or agency regulatory rulemaking.