Tournament: na | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
I debated three tournaments as 2N with a different partner. All of my 1NCs with that partner on the case list of Madeline Budny-R C Neg, and those were all my neg strats. Hope that helps!!!

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayne State Wirth-Nagel | Judge: OGorman

Off 1

The reality of state power is that it is non-existant – politics acts as a distracting theater from the military-industrial complex acting behind the scenes – institutional action Is hopeless – only an active citizenry can solve

Bacevich 10 (Andrew – PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University. Chair of International Relations; Professor of International Relations and History at Boston University "Washington Rules: America’s Path to Permanent War" pg. 31-33)

Pretending to the role of Decider, a president all too often becomes little more
AND
urged ordinary Americans to wake up, pay attention, and reclaim their democracy

The endless war of militarism causes structural violence, environmental destruction, and destroys deliberative democracy

Bacevich 10 (Andrew – PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University. Chair of International Relations; Professor of International Relations and History at Boston University "Washington Rules: America’s Path to Permanent War" pg. 223-226)

The world-we are incessantly told-is becoming ever smaller, more complex
AND
statesman’s acute discomfort with the progressive militarization of U.S. policy.

The state’s real ability lies in its symbolic economy – their application of widespread authority and power to the state invigorates it with that symbolic power.

Rubenstein 08 (Diane – Professor of Political Rhetoric and Science at Cornell University "This Is Not a President: Sense, Nonsense, and the American Political Imaginary" pp. 74-75)

-We might as well insert the "id" -a president without depth
AND
only mastery of a simulated space. This is the prince’s secret.16

Reject the aff: Embracing a strategy of dissent from militarism key to solve

Ivie 7 (Robert L. Ivie ~Professor: University of Indiana, Ph.D., Washington State University, Rhetorical Critique of U.S. public culture; democracy; war propaganda; peace-building communication~~, Published 2007 by Kumarian Press, "Dissent from War", PRINT, note: scanned and run through OCR software, mjb)

Indeed, militarism has become the mindset of American empire—the mindset, Andrew
AND
decentralized and overlapping networks of democratic resistance to the habit of dehumanizing propaganda.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayne State Wirth-Nagel | Judge: OGorman

Omar Khadr was caught and held, interrogated.

The video was a counter-performance of deconstructing homonationalism through the ethnography of Omar Khadrs torture. Through ethnography we can critique the intersection of identities that detain the terrorist.

Your critical lens naturalizes and recenters the state—our ethnographic approach decenters the state—the permutation tries to mix the global and a local in a way that denies the value of the ethnography and subordinates it to the 1AC claims—this turns the aff and only voting for the alt can solve

Currah 2013 (Parrah, Professor of Political Science at Brooklyn college, "Homonationalism, state rationalities…" in theory 26 event  16.1)
While the queer critiques of homonormative and homonationalist agendas are more complex than the GLB
AND
and abstractions and gets in the way of understanding what’s actually going on.

Our activation of the quotidian presents resistance that troubles the normalizing interpellation of the homonational apparatus

De Certeau 1984 (Michel, Professor in France and founder more or less of "everydayness" studies as a field,. The Practice of Everyday Life p. xiii-xiv)
The "making" in question is a production, a Poiesis~2~
AND
the procedures, bases, effects, and possibilities of this collective activity.

Your denials of counterplan solvency establish YOU as the enunciator of official history and rescinribe tropes of dominant reason

Conquergood 2002 (Dwight, Professor of Communication Studies and Performance at Northwestern, "Performance Studies" in The Drama Review 46.2, http://www.culturaldevelopment.net.au/downloads/DwightConquergood.pdf)
But de Certeau’s aphorism, "what the map cuts up, the story cuts
AND
on¶ a level playing ?eld that the privileged classes take for granted.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Washington Salathe-Nelson | Judge: Barnes

The focus on bare life and the theoretical apparatus of sovereignty risks impoveRng our conceptual framework and vocabulary for analyzing complex systems of power which produce statelessness.  Even if you agree the magnitude of the aff impact claims, they should be rejected because their reductionist explanation only reifies the power of sovereignty and prevents effective resistance against biopower

Butler and Spivak, 2010. (Judith Butler and Gayatri Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State? Page 38-43)
¶ It may be the case that one crucial and¶ central operation of sovereign
AND
reiterating its terms and,¶ frankly, I think nothing could be worse.

The alternative is to neither be pro-sovereign or anti-sovereign but to analyze the CONTINGENT ways in which sovereignty is evoked, extended, and de-territorialized. Rejection of the aff’s universalism is the only way towards an accurate map of the complex power matrix responsible for the 1AC harms

Butler and Spivak, 2010. (Judith Butler and Gayatri Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State? Page 102-105)
BUTLER. I think one perhaps needs to slow¶ down since I’m not sure
AND
sovereignty. A whole map seems¶ to be emerging that’s quite important.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason Brown-Woodward | Judge: Tomik

CP Text: The United States Federal Government should abolish prisons, jails, and detention centers in the United States.

The CP solves the case, an exploration of the capitalist and racist prison system can help us rethink and change the future. The criminal justice system punishes people because of economic gains and only complete abolition of prisons can break down this system.?

Angela Davis2003. Are prisons obsolete? seven stories press, p. 36-39

There are aspects of our history that we need to interrogate and rethink, the
AND
revitalization of democracy is the long-overdue abolition of the prison system.

We endorse an abolitionist pedagogy, only imaging a post-prison world can we epistemologically divorce ourselves from the norms of the prison-industrial complex which the aff maintains

Rodríguez 10(Dylan – Professor and Chair of Ethnic Studies at UC Davis and a founding member of Critical Resistance, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act:  Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, MUSE Pg 12-15)
A compulsory deferral of abolitionist pedagogical possibilities composes the largely unaddressed precedent of teaching in
AND
, a linkage that increasingly lays bare racism’s logical outcome in genocide.18

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Washington Salathe-Nelson | Judge: Barnes

Text: The United States Congress should substantially increase statuatory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring that people detained indefinitely be released.

Net Benefit: The counterplan recognizes the unknowability of the other through eschewing the possibility of the trial which only seeks to master and know the other. This creates the precondition for a new ethics as a precursor to socio-political change.

Nunes No Date. Nunes, Charlotte. Rhetorical Ethics. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=126ved=0CCkQFjAA26url=http3A2F2Frhetoricalethics.pbworks.com2Ff2FButler-Bowen252Bpaper.doc26ei=CubZUvLnEI7jsATJpIHgBg26usg=AFQjCNHtOZ5u0T. Charlotte Nunes is a professor of English at the University of Texas Austin.
In Giving an Account of Oneself, Judith Butler evidences Derrida’s influence by establishing the
AND
to buoy them in a post-Independence, post-Ascendancy future.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayne State Wirth-Nagel | Judge: OGorman

Discussions of Homonationalism deflects attention from ideological and material processes of racism and Islamaphobia allowing their perpetuation

Zanghellini 12 (Aleardo Zanghellini—JD (Milan), LLM (British Columbia), MSt (Oxon), PhD (Sydney), Legal, political and moral philosophy; law, gender and sexuality; socio-legal and cultural studies.—"Are Gay Rights Islamophobic? A Critique of Some Uses of the Concept of Homonationalism in Activism and Academia", Social 26 Legal Studies 21:357, 6 June 2012, SagePub, DA: 29 October 2013, mjb)
This article critiques some recent scholarly and activist contributions to the debate about gay rights
AND
what range of justifications should be used to secure or grant those rights.

Universal masculinity is constructed discursively—hegemonic masculinity (the bad kind) doesn’t have to be dominant

Appelrouth and Edles 11 (Scott Appelrouth and Laura Desfor Edles, Editors: Sociological Theory in the Contemporary Era", ch.7: Feminist and Gender Theories, "Connell’s Theoretical Orientation", DA: 17 October 2013, mjb)
As illustrated in Figure 7.5, in terms of the theoretical model used
AND
, for instance, with young children" (Connell 2005:1809). 

Puar’s theory of Homonationalism racializes Muslims as the permanent Other constructing them as only conceivable in binary terms—over essentialist and turns the case

Zanghellini 12 (Aleardo Zanghellini—JD (Milan), LLM (British Columbia), MSt (Oxon), PhD (Sydney), Legal, political and moral philosophy; law, gender and sexuality; socio-legal and cultural studies.—"Are Gay Rights Islamophobic? A Critique of Some Uses of the Concept of Homonationalism in Activism and Academia", Social 26 Legal Studies 21:357, 6 June 2012, SagePub, DA: 29 October 2013, mjb)
Puar (2007: 4) argues that in the US ’some homosexual subjects
AND
and orchestrated outcomes of that rhetoric, those resources, and that politics.

We should resist dependence on Homonationalism as an explanatory tool—obscures the local and gets coopted to further Islamophobic agendas

Zanghellini 12 (Aleardo Zanghellini—JD (Milan), LLM (British Columbia), MSt (Oxon), PhD (Sydney), Legal, political and moral philosophy; law, gender and sexuality; socio-legal and cultural studies.—"Are Gay Rights Islamophobic? A Critique of Some Uses of the Concept of Homonationalism in Activism and Academia", Social 26 Legal Studies 21:357, 6 June 2012, SagePub, DA: 29 October 2013, mjb)
The question of homosexuality is being used in subtle or crude ways both to score
AND
pursue lesbians’ and gay men’s legal recognition, social acceptance and political participation.

Puar’s analysis is Eurocentric paranoid structuralism—her epistemology is questionable

Zanghellini 12 (Aleardo Zanghellini—JD (Milan), LLM (British Columbia), MSt (Oxon), PhD (Sydney), Legal, political and moral philosophy; law, gender and sexuality; socio-legal and cultural studies.—"Are Gay Rights Islamophobic? A Critique of Some Uses of the Concept of Homonationalism in Activism and Academia", Social 26 Legal Studies 21:357, 6 June 2012, SagePub, DA: 29 October 2013, mjb)
Puar (2007: 14goes on to fault a specific aspect of queer liberal secularity
AND
barrier to an endless sequence of recontextua- lizations’ (1991: 125).

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason BW | Judge: Awsare, Shree
Their performance to create helpful "space" in debate sacrifices their content in the formal call for the ballot as a legitimating maneuver—subjecting performances to the gaze of debate compromises the radical possibilities of performance
Berlant 2006 (Lauren, Professor of Literature at the University of Chicago, "Cruel Optimism" in differences 17.3)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talk- ing
AND
attachment, I will describe the shape of my transference with her thought.
Turns the case and takes out solvency—your shift in the affective or emotional state of this debate produces a relationship with the judge that confirms the structure of debate which on balance is more stultifying than liberating
Berlant 2006 (Lauren, Professor of Literature at the University of Chicago, "Cruel Optimism" in differences 17.3)
It is striking that these moments of optimism, which mark a possibility that the
AND
take the measure of the impasse of living in the overwhelmingly present moment.
Treating difference as a thing to be liberated only works by first establishing a criteria for what counts as difference—this criteria is established internal to the existing system of signification rather than by the ultimate DIFFERENCE PRODUCING code machine of naturalized signifiers

Grace 2000 (Victoria, Professor of Sociology at Canterbury University, Baudrillard’s Challenge 88-91)
Baudrillard develops his most sustained discussion of the erasure of ’Otherness’ and the proliferation
AND
absence of the other, with its ’melodramatic’ undertones of crude emotionality.
Baudrillard’s argument that racism is an artefact of the institution of difference is integrally related
AND
others) is attachised as the icon that keeps ’the subject’ different.
As the biological bases of racism are exposed as pure fallacy in theoretical and genetic
AND
perpetual extrapolation of the same from the other. (PC: 132)
’Autistic culture by dint of fake altruism’, he adds, recapturing the cultural
AND
of difference’, played out through minute variations in the order of signs.
Such a form of monstrous otherness is also the product of what Baudrillard calls an
AND
the importance of ’irreducible differences’ in the absence of a structural critique.
The reduction of all existence to the economy of signification is the elimination of the value to life and extermination
Michael Dillon, professor of politics and international relations at the University of Lancaster, April 1999, Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2, "Another Justice," p. 164-5
Quite the reverse. The subject was never a firm foundation for justice, much
AND
Justice, is integral to the lack constitutive of the human way of being
Our alternative is to reread the circumstance of the debate as an expression of the logic of exchange value—this lens produces our perspective of symbolic exchange which solves the radical freedom arguments better by providing the only locus of meaningful political critique.  The non-essentialist critique must not only challenge the static constitution of subject and object, but must also challenge the static constitution of the relationship between the two.
Conceiving of symbolic exchange rather than exchange on the basis of use value solves by blurring the subject/object relation through mechanisms that create indistinction—asking to commodify identities shuts down symbolic exchange because those identities can only exist as commodities
Grace 2000 (Victoria, Professor of Sociology at Canterbury University, Baudrillard’s Challenge p. 18-19)
¶ Symbolic exchange is the radical other from the economic. According to Baudrillard,
AND
absence (if one can talk in these terms), are always activated.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason Brown-Woodward | Judge: Tomik

Performance is not a mode of resistance – the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations. Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism

Phelan 96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005, 146-9)
146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded,
AND
become performative utterances, rather than, as Benveniste warned, constative utterances.

Their attachment to competition represents a relationship of cruel optimism to the ballot—the ballot, the source of subjectification and violence, is invested with optimism rather than productive distance

Berlant 2006 (Lauren, Professor of Literature at the University of Chicago, "Cruel Optimism" in differences 17.3)
When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talk- ing
AND
attachment, I will describe the shape of my transference with her thought.

The impact is to turn the case, takeout solvency- and an independent trauma disadadvantage—your frame produces the revolutionary hope that debate and society might change but ultimately reinstitutes the same in a way that solidifies and naturalizes divisions within the debate community

Berlant 2006 (Lauren, Professor of Literature at the University of Chicago, "Cruel Optimism" in differences 17.3)
It is striking that these moments of optimism, which mark a possibility that the
AND
take the measure of the impasse of living in the overwhelmingly present moment.

And our alternative is to understand the content of the debate itself as an expression of the logic of symbolic exchange rather than exchange value—instead of viewing the debate as a referendum on difference and racism, we should understand the debate as a space that refuses to be a part of the broader economy of debate that the 1AC has critiqued—the fact that we did not read framework or other reactionary positions suggests the alternative of our performance in the debate space itself constitutes opposition to broadly problematic trends in debate

Grace 2000 (Victoria, Professor of Sociology at Canterbury University, Baudrillard’s Challenge p. 18-19)
¶ Symbolic exchange is the radical other from the economic. According to Baudrillard,
AND
absence (if one can talk in these terms), are always activated.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Sommers

United States Supreme Court should grant cert and rule in an appropriate test case that the use of depleted uranium in weaponry violates human rights because the military is not exempted from the application of the law.

Observation One—counterplan isn’t topical because it doesn’t restrict a war power under the AUMF

Solves the case—ruling on depleted uranium pierces deference

Ghosray 2008 (Saby, Professor of some sort, "When Does Collateral Damaage" in Creighton Law Review)
The scenario of overcrowded hospitals with injured children pro- vides in this context only
AND
tomary Laws of War against established principles of Human Rights doctrine.2 5

And the counterplan specifies the elimination of deference—this solves their objections to the use of international law which assume a limited Hamdan style ruling

Sloss 2006 (David, "Judicial Deference to Executive Branch Treaty¶ Interpretations: A Historical Perspective¶" http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129226context=facpubs26sei-redir=126referer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fhl3Den26q3D2522geneva2Bconvention25222B2522judicial2Bdeference252226btnG3D26as_sdt3D1252C2126as_sdtp3D~~23search=22geneva20convention20judicial20deference22-http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129226context=facpubs26sei-redir=126referer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fhl3Den26q3D2522geneva2Bconvention25222B2522judicial2Bdeference252226btnG3D26as_sdt3D1252C2126as_sdtp3D)
In recent years, there has been a vigorous debate among schol- ars about
AND
structure that requires judicial deference to the executive branch on treaty interpretation issues.

Observation Three—net benficial—we have both a framing and a functional net benefit—the interpellative presidency—their focus on regulating the executive instead of the entirety of the military reinstitutes executive focus—our text focuses on the military

In practice this means ONLY the counterplan can solve for the aff—the military would just rollback the independent of the president—only counterplan can solve deference

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake Forest Cronin-Harris | Judge: Sommers

Drone Strikes are down now

Walsh, New York Times, 10-25-13 ~Declan, "Drone politics take the center stage, even as strikes decrease", http://tech.mit.edu/V133/N48/long4.html"

But now the volume has been turned up, driven by pressure from advocacy groups, news media leaks and public demands in both countries for greater transparency in the drone program — demands that come, paradoxically, at a time when the pace of U.S. drone strikes has reached its lowest ebb in five years.

Stopping indefinite detention trades off with targeted killing.

Entous 10 Entous, Adam. "Special Report: How the White House Learned to Love the Drone." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 18 May 2010. Web. 09 Aug. 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/18/us-pakistan-drones-idUSTRE64H5SL20100518.
By some accounts, the growing reliance on drone strikes is partly a result of
AND
what it called U.S. attacks on the group in Yemen.¶ 

Causes Pak and Yemen Instability – resentment and blowback

Rohde ’12 (David Rohde, American author and investigative journalist for Thomson Reuters. While a reporter for The Christian Science Monitor, he won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1996 for his coverage of the Srebrenica massacre. From July 2002 until December 2004, he was co-chief of The New York Times’ South Asia bureau, based in New Delhi, India. He shared a second Pulitzer Prize for Times 2008 team coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan, While in Afghanistan, Rohde was kidnapped by members of the Taliban in November 2008, but managed to escape in June 2009 after seven months in captivity, "How Obama’s drone war is backfiring", http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/-http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, March/April issue of Foreign Policy, March 1, 2012)

When Barack Obama took the oath of office three years ago, no one associated
AND
car wash in the Pakistani hinterlands," one official told the Associated Press.
Surprised by the vehemence of the official Pakistani reaction, National Security Adviser Tom Donilon
AND
he asked me. "I don’t think we’ve answered that question yet."

Pakistan collapse causes nuclear war

Pitt ’9 (William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.", "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183-http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183, May 8, 2009)

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Mary Washington Stackhouse-Young | Judge: Hall

Focusing on drones trades-off with broad critique of the military-industrial complex

Trombly 12 (Dan Trombly, "The Drone War Does Not Take Place", 16 November 2013, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/the-drone-war-does-not-take-place/, DA: 7 October 2013, mjb)

I’ll try to make this a bit shorter than my usual fare on the subject
AND
possibly a great deal of harm – to understanding how to move forward.
*note: evidence edited for gendered language

The affirmative is exemplary of how we have become conditioned to accepting the military-industrial complex—the impact is endless war and violence

Lawrence 9 (Grant, "Military Industrial "War" Consciousness Responsible for Economic and Social Collapse," OEN—OpEdNews, March 27)
As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama-http://obama.senate.gov/ called Afghanistan-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_282001E28093present29 ’’the war we must win.
AND
will be forced to live the life our present war consciousness is creating.

Reject the aff: Embracing a strategy of dissent from militarism key to solve

Ivie 7 (Robert L. Ivie ~Professor: University of Indiana, Ph.D., Washington State University, Rhetorical Critique of U.S. public culture; democracy; war propaganda; peace-building communication~~, Published 2007 by Kumarian Press, "Dissent from War", PRINT, note: scanned and run through OCR software, mjb)

Indeed, militarism has become the mindset of American empire—the mindset, Andrew
AND
decentralized and overlapping networks of democratic resistance to the habit of dehumanizing propaganda.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason Brown-Woodward | Judge: Tomik

CP Text: My partner and I advocate the entirety of the 1AC except its reading of the resolution.

The power of the president is purely symbolic – their use of the resolution is an appeal to this symbolic order and gives it mastery over this simulated space

Rubenstein 08 (Diane – Professor of Political Rhetoric and Science at Cornell University "This Is Not a President: Sense, Nonsense, and the American Political Imaginary" pp. 74-75)

-We might as well insert the "id" -a president without depth
AND
only mastery of a simulated space. This is the prince’s secret.16

This makes us passive in the face of the military industrial complex—the impact is endless militarized violence

Bacevich 10 (Andrew – PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University. Chair of International Relations; Professor of International Relations and History at Boston University "Washington Rules: America’s Path to Permanent War" pg. 31-33)  f

Pretending to the role of Decider, a president all too often becomes little more
AND
urged ordinary Americans to wake up, pay attention, and reclaim their democracy

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Washington Salathe-Nelson | Judge: Barnes

Off 1

Restriction is a limitation on activity by statute, regulation, or provision
People’s Law Dictionary 2013. (by Gerald and Kathleen Hill: Gerald has practiced law for more than four decades in San Francisco, has an A.B. from Stanford and Juris Doctor from University of California.dictionary.law.com)
Restriction
n. any limitation on activity, by statute, regulation or contract provision. In multi-unit real estate developments, condominium and cooperative housing projects managed by homeowners’ associations or similar organizations, such organizations are usually required by state law to impose restrictions on use. Thus, the restrictions are part of the "covenants, conditions and restrictions" intended to enhance the use of common facilities and property which are recorded and incorporated into the title of each owner.
Indefinite detention relates to the authority to hold people without charge not the qualitative character of their treatment
Tenth Amendment Center 2010
http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/legislation/liberty-preservation-act/~~23.Ukb7HWTEqjU-http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/legislation/liberty-preservation-act/
This legislative package is a state and local-level response to constitutional violations by the National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 (and other so-called federal "laws") – primarily provisions that authorize indefinite detention. Activists, we encourage you to take action now. Work to get legislation passed in your city, town, county and state level today.¶ TRACK THE PROGRESS of the Liberty Preservation Act across the country here:¶ http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/nullification/ndaa/¶ *¶ STATE: Model legislation for introduction on a state-level to reject indefinite detention.¶ LOCAL: Model Ordinance for introduction on a local level – city, county, town. You should start with whatever local government you feel you can have the most effect, then move on to the next. i.e. Start with city, then move on to County. From there, you’ll want to reach out to people in neighboring communities to encourage the same.¶ *¶ Liberty Preservation Act¶ The people of the State of (STATE) do enact as follows:¶ SECTION 1. THIS ACT SHALL BE KNOWN AS THE (STATE) LIBERTY PRESERVATION ACT.¶ (A) The Legislature finds and declares all of the following:¶ (1) The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution authorizes the United States federal government to exercise only those powers specifically delegated to it in the United States Constitution.¶ (2) The guarantee of the constitutional limitations on federal power is a matter of contract between the People of the several states, including the State of (STATE), and the federal government at the time the United States Constitution was ratified and subsequently amended by the Bill of Rights.¶ (3) Article VI of United States Constitution, by using the words "in pursuance thereof," provides that the laws of the United States federal government are the supreme law of the land only if those laws are adopted in accordance with the powers delegated to the federal government in the United States Constitution.¶ (4) The President of the United States has asserted that the Authorization for the Use of Military Force (Public Law 107-40), enacted in 2001, authorizes the President to indefinitely detain, without charge, any person, including a citizen of the United States or a lawful resident alien, regardless of whether the person is apprehended inside or outside the borders of the United States.¶ (5) Language in Sections 1021 and 1022 of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for fiscal year 2012 purports to permit indefinite military detention without public trial, military tribunals and the transfer to foreign jurisdictions, of persons, including US citizens, captured on US soil.¶ (6) Indefinite detention without trial, military tribunals, and the transfer of to foreign jurisdictions are inimical to the liberty, security, and well-being of the people of the state of (STATE) by violating all of the following, and more:
Violation: The affirmative restricts the president’s authority over what happens to those that are indefinitely detained without restricting his authority to detain indefinitely.
C. Reasons to Prefer:

1. Explodes the topic allowing anything related to the topic areas
   2. Ground – We lose links to disads and kritiks when the aff never accesses a decrease in authority.
   3. Topic Education –we need to set a precedent for debating a legal topic, grounded in legal precision
   D. T is a voter for competitive equity, education, and jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is more true on this topic than others because questions of legal authority beget questions of jurisdiction

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Mary Washington Stackhouse-Young | Judge: Hall

Interp— Targeted Killing refers to the premeditated killing of an individually selected person

Melzer, 2008.  (Dr Nils Melzer has served for 12 years with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as a Legal Adviser and Deputy Head of Delegation in various conflict zones, as well as at the ICRC’s headquarters in Geneva. Targeted Killing in International Law. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Print)
Targeted killing denotes the use of lethal force attributable to a subject of international law with the intent, premeditation and deliberation to kill individually selected persons who are not in the physical custody of those targeting them.

AND Signature strikes are the majority of strikes and are against unknown targets. The Obama administration also makes a distinction between signature strikes and targeted killing.

Zenko 12, Micah. (Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning.¶ Dr. Zenko has published on a range of national security issues, including articles in Foreign Affairs, the Journal of Strategic Studies, Defense and Security Analysis, and Annals of the American Academy of Politicaland Social Science, and op-eds in the Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, and the New York Times.) Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 16 July 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/.
More recently, military-age male reentered the lexicon of American warfare with a
AND
get into the specifics of the process by which these decisions are made."

Violation—The affirmative’s advantages and evidence conflates targeted killing and signature strikes; they draw advantages off of the effects of signature strikes.

Prefer our interpretation it’s key for legal precision, topic education, limits, and ground. At best they are extra topical which is a voting issue for fairness and education. Vote Neg—T is an a-priori voter for competitive equity, education, and jurisdiction.

Legal Precision—legal precision on a legal topic about presidential powers is essential; the president can circumvent restrictions so easily because of a lack of legal precision in such restrictions

Topic Education—we end up talking about a policy that might not be a war power that is also not part of the topic instead of targeted killing.

Limits—they explode the topic; they set precedent for all drone affs to get advantages from signature strikes

Ground and moving target—they can de-link our disads and counterplans about one type of drone strike by saying they’re a different type of strike; kills neg ground and makes them a moving target

At best they are extra topical as their case draws advantages from things that aren’t targeted killing, which is a voting issue for fairness and education by itself.

Vote Neg—T is an a-priori voter for competitive equity, education, and jurisdiction.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 5 | Opponent: United States Military Barlow-Saker | Judge: Scott
Plan doesn’t specify what statute they place upon this discursive space and is a voting issue
A – Ground – Destroys our ability to generate links to the affs action or make any specific solvency take outs beyond generic – you’re philosophy sucks style args
B – Education – Moots the ability to generate specific clash which is the internal link to deliberative politics – ensures that we can’t actually have a discussion about this space and the harms of the 1ac self-replicate
C – Extra T – “Jay and I” DO NOT HAVE THE ABILITY to make statute limitations – you’re not congress means you’re extra topical and justifies an independent negative ballot as it proves the resolution is insufficient to solve

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason BW | Judge: Awsare, Shree

Off 2

Their use of war metaphors erodes the lines between battlefields, making the world an unending battlefield in need of security. This results in an endless search for enemies in which we seek to endlessly control the world

Chandler 09
(David - Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, UK "War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of ’Global War’", Reprints and permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav SAGE Publications,
http://sdi.sagepub.com Vol. 40(3): 243–262, DOI: 10.1177/0967010609336204 )

Hardt 26 Negri (2006: 5) assert that today we are witnessing a
AND
then a generalized concept for political struggle and the reproduction of power relations.?

The use of the war metaphor ensures the constant expansion of imperialistic hard power while silencing dissent.

Steuter Wills 09 (Erin – Professor, B.A. (Dalhousie), B.J. (King’s), M.A. (Dalhousie), Ph.D. (York) Deborah – Professor M.A. (Carleton), Ph.D. (Alberta) At War with Metaphor: Media, Propaganda, and Racism in the War on Terror pg 10-12 
http://books.google.com/books?id=zY4fJXORN-MC26pg=PA1226lpg=PA1226dq=Presidential+powers+war+metaphors26source=bl26ots=wRR6qf2Q6l26sig=75XNGV0VQzLj3QQu8hMCxW9eUhw26hl=en26sa=X26ei=r0kBUorQK4moyAGGlICwBQ26ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg~~23v=onepage26q=Presidential20powers20war20metaphors26f=false-http://books.google.com/books?id=zY4fJXORN-MC26pg=PA1226lpg=PA1226dq=Presidential+powers+war+metaphors26source=bl26ots=wRR6qf2Q6l26sig=75XNGV0VQzLj3QQu8hMCxW9eUhw26hl=en26sa=X26ei=r0kBUorQK4moyAGGlICwBQ26ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg** )
In spit of its difficulties, the war metaphor has remained dominant. If we
AND
Within the war metaphor, any hesitation to support the war becomes unpatriotic. 

Reject the affirmative’s use of the war metaphor: Withdraw your symbolic support from the machine of imperialism—it’s the only way to counteract global destruction, mass violence, and the destruction of the public sphere

Boggs 2005 (Carl, Professor of Social Science at National University, Imperial Delusions p. 1
The United States has become ~e domain of a virulent militarism in defense of
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democracy, the American people, indeed the very fate of the earth.

Resisting militarism is enough – once the lies of this over-securitizing patriotism are revealed there will be an explosion of creative resistance

Martin 26 Steuter 10 (Geoff- assistant professor of continuous learning and political science at Mount Allison University Erin- professor of sociology at Mount Allison University "Pop Culture Goes to War: Enlisting and Resisting Militarism in the War on Terror" 08/10 pg 223-224)

IN THIS BOOK WE HAVE DOCUMENTED THE ROLE that popular culture plays in both encouraging
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but is also about what the country will become in the near future.