Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno AL | Judge: Rob Burns
1 AC
Advantage 1: Drone Proliferation
First, the global drone arms race is underway now
Boyle 2013
MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr10andvid=1andhid=25//wyo-ng
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
even that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities
Second, Drone courts limit executive behavior and are key to solve transparency in drone strikes
Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Third, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013
Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
Fourth, now is key, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve
Zenko, 2013
Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Fifth, Chinese drone acquisition threatens U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific and causes aggression – only reforming our drone policy checks them
CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) PC
China's move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military's growing sophistication and could
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
Sixth, Chinese Drone proliferation collapses Japan China relations, and increases instability between China and the U.S. in the South China Sea
Narayani Basu, 13
Writes for the IPCS, Institute of Peace and Conflict Stories  “China: The Dawn of the Drones” http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/china-the-dawn-of-the-drones-3948.html, accessed 9/2/13,WYO/JF
 The primary role of China’s growing drone programme is to help Beijing control and
AND
evidenced by the DSB report - in the top echelons of the Pentagon.
Seventh, CONFLICT IN THE SCS ESCALATES TO FULL-SCALE NUCLEAR WAR
STRAITS TIMES 1995
staff, “Choose Your Own Style of Democracy”, May 21, p. ln wyo-tjc
In his speech, Dr Mahathir also painted three scenarios for Asia.
In the first -the worst possible scenario -Asian countries would go to war
AND
full-scale war breaks out with both sides resorting to nuclear weapons.
Advantage 2: Blowback
First, Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility
Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Second, Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key
Guiora, 2012
Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Third, Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
First scenario is Yemen
First, Obama has shifted most drone strikes to Yemen
Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies. “Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,” Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
An extensive CT drone campaign requires coordination with the central government of the territories in
AND
produce an increase in the lethality and frequency of drone strikes in Yemen.
Second, Yemen drone strikes will cause wide spread blowback and strengthen the capacity of AQAP – retaliatory attacks, AQAP recruitment, US policy strategic confusion, undermines Yemeni government credibility to govern, and upsets US-Yemen relations
Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies. “Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,” Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen's ungovernability.
Third, Building government trust with citizens and tribes is key to disable AQAP – drones undermine that goal
Schmitz 12
Charles Schmitz, specialist on the Middle East and Yemen and president of the American Institute for Yemeni Studies, “Understanding Yemen’s Al Qaeda Threat,” PBS Frontline Interview with Azmat Khan, May 29, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/al-qaeda-in-yemen/understanding-yemens-al-qaeda-threat/
The alternative is what is working right now. The Yemeni military allied with the
AND
may delay stability by inflaming people against the Americans and their Yemeni supporters.

Fourth, AQAP will attack Israel
NCAFP 10
(National Committee on American Foreign Policy, “Global Terrorism: The U.S. Challenge and Response” September 27, http://ncafp.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Global-Terrorism-Report-Bklt.pdf)
A participant, alluding to the overarching terrorist agenda of eliminating the Great Satan,
AND
the presenter thinks that it is likely that AQAP will target Israel directly.
Fifth, Triggers the Samson option, ensures escalation, extinction
Morgan 9
(Dennis Ray, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Futures, Vol. 41 Issue 10, December, pp. 683-693)
Years later, in 1982, at the height of the Cold War, Jonathon
AND
on the United States’’ 10. Israeli leaders and Zionist supporters have,
likewise, stated for years that if Israel were to suffer a nuclear attack,
AND
, to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.

Second scenario is terrorism
First, Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback
Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, “Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,” 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or roduced more terrorists.”
Second, Blowback results in global chem/biological weapon war
Nader 11
(Ralph, Stop the War Coaltion, “How Obama's drone warfare increases the likelihood of blowback,” November 13, 2011, http://www.stopwar.org.uk/index.php/afghanistan-and-pakistan/933-how-drone-warfare-increases-the-likelihood-of-terrorist-blowback-) /wyo-mm
People who see invaders occupying their land with military domination that is beyond reach will
AND
the blowback spills over into even more lethally indefensible chemical and biological attacks.

Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.
1AC – Solvency
First, Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Second, A drone court solves judicial oversight of targeted killings while maintaining a balance between counterterrorism and civil liberty concerns
McKelvey, 2011
Benjamin, Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Due process rights and the targeted killing of suspected terrorists: the unconstitutional scope of executive killing power, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, v.44, no.5, 2011 Nov, p.1353(32), Online /Wyo-MB
As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem of targeted killing would
AND
would promote the use of all peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.

2AC

2ac Policy Framework
First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.
Second, is reasons to prefer:
A. Aff Choice, any other framework or role of the ballot moots 9 minutes of the 1ac
B. It is predictable, the resolution demands USFG action
C. It is fair, Weigh Aff Impacts and the method of the Affirmative versus the Kritik, it’s the only way to test competition and determine the desirability of one strategy over another
Third, It is a voter for competitive equity—prefer our interpretation, it allows both teams to compete, other roles of the ballot are arbitrary and self serving

The Aff’s focus on deliberative approaches to public policy makes participation in policy decisions by those without their hands on the levers of power possible
Hickman, 12
Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, “Citizen Participation: more or less?” Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fiandpage=hickman_28_6 /Wyo-MB
Progressives such as John Dewey have tended to take a very different view from that
AND
to public problems and experts who can advise those representatives on technical matters.

Specific policy proposals are key to activism and deliberative democracy.
Walt, 1991
(Stephen, Professor at the University of Chicago, International Studies Quarterly 35)
A second norm is relevance, a belief that even highly abstract lines of inquiry
AND
likely when national policy is monopolized by a few self-interested parties.

You should evaluate ALL epistemology claims through the lens of specificity—you should not grant one epistemological commitment a privileged position because the conditions for knowing are ALWAYS contingent on the specific claim that is made.  Drawing inferences from empirical reality is possible EVEN IF there is no possibility for pure certainty.
Wight 7
Colin, Department of Politics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Exeter, Journal of International Relations and Development, “Inside the epistemological cave all bets are off”, p. aspwyo-tjc
Kratochwil’s attempt to push beyond the epistemological wars by remaining inside the epistemological cave is
AND
exists or can, in all cases, stop an object from existing.

The alternative fails, it just adds another voice in the mix, but leaves foundational assumptions unchallenged
Shome, 1996
Raka, Doctoral candidate at univ of Georgia, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An “other” view.” Communication theory, Vol. 6 issue 1, February, 40-59, Accessed Online via Wiley Online Library, /Wyo-MB
In fact, even when we do sometimes try to break out of the Eurocen
AND
we fre- quently use the canon to appropriate “other” voice^.^

Racism not the root cause of all violence
Mertus 99
 (Professor Julie Mertus is the co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions. She is the author or editor of ten books, including Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, named "human rights book of the year" by the American Political Science Association) and, most recently Human Rights Matters: Local Politics and National Human Rights Institutions and The United Nations and Human Rights. Before entering academia, she worked as a researcher, writer and lawyer for several human rights and humanitarian organizations., J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University,  International Council on Human Rights Policy, “THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICT”, http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf)
This paper examines the role of racism as a cause of or factor in wars
AND
as a method of gaining power and, when necessary, waging war. 

Perm Do Both: IMPLICIT IN THE NEG'S KRITIK OF WHITENESS IS AN AFRO-PESSIMISM, UNDERSTANDING BLACKNESS ONLY AS IT RELATES TO SOCIAL DEATH, MEANS THE ALTERNATIVE ENGENDERS WORSE FORMS OF RACISM AND ONLY THE PERM CAN SOLVE
Sexton, 11
Jared, University of California, Irvine (School of Humanities) “The Social Life of Social Death: On Afro-Pessimism and Black Optimism” InTensions Journal, accessed 5-13-2012, WYO/JF
What I find most intriguing about the timbre of the argument of “The Case
AND
transvaluation of pathology itself, something like an embrace of pathology without pathos.

Role-playing enables us to hold the government responsible and promote peace and understanding.
Rawls, 1999
Professor Emeritus at Harvard University, John, The Law of Peoples, p. 54-57
Similarly, the ideal of the public reason of free and equal peoples is realized
AND
part of the political and social basis of peace and understanding among peoples.
Policy-making simulation transforms us from being passive objects of the usfg to active agents for resistance.
Joyner 1999
Christopher C. (prof. of International law at Georgetown) Spring “teaching international law: views from an international relations political scientist” ILSA journal of international and comparative law 5 ILSA J Int’l and Comp L 377
By assessing the role of international law in United States foreign policy- making,
AND
and structuring political and legal perceptions to fit the merits of their case.

Pan

Assessing Chinese motivation is possible and epistemologically useful-~--
Joseph K. Clifton 11,
Claremont McKenna College “DISPUTED THEORY AND SECURITY POLICY: RESPONDING TO “THE RISE OF CHINA”,” 2011, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=cmc_theses
First, motives can be known. Mearsheimer is correct in observing that assessing motives
AND
, which is preferable because of the possibility of reducing competition and conflict.
Their K is useless in crafting policy response to Chinese action
Joseph K. Clifton 11, “DISPUTED THEORY AND SECURITY POLICY: RESPONDING TO “THE RISE OF CHINA”,” 2011, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=cmc_theses
Criticism also exists for the epistemological basis of mainstream IR theory, positivism, resulting
AND
then know more or less about the social and the natural worlds?” 163
This is a reason to combine approaches pragmatically via the permutation
Joseph K. Clifton 11, “DISPUTED THEORY AND SECURITY POLICY: RESPONDING TO “THE RISE OF CHINA”,” 2011, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=cmc_theses
This brief overview of some of the different theoretical positions applied to the rise of
AND
as a good way to empower policymakers, but it is also arbitrary.

Critical theory will never be able to solve, because it just looks to loosen the grip of dominant discourses and instead of focusing on concrete solutions

Joseph K. Clifton 11,
Claremont McKenna College “DISPUTED THEORY AND SECURITY POLICY: RESPONDING TO “THE RISE OF CHINA”,” 2011, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=cmc_theses, accessed 12/12/12,WYO?JF
Recognizing the subjectivity of mainstream IR’s supposedly objective knowledge leads to two main conclusions.
AND
then know more or less about the social and the natural worlds?”163

Theory without Praxis fails

Joseph K. Clifton 11,
Claremont McKenna College “DISPUTED THEORY AND SECURITY POLICY: RESPONDING TO “THE RISE OF CHINA”,” 2011, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=cmc_theses, accessed 12/12/12,WYO?JF
Ultimately, the theory-policy gap is impossible to completely bridge. Theory is
AND
. But theory that empowers policymakers may suggest solutions to this complex problem.

1AR

More perm solvency: this type of coalition building key to combat race, gender, class, sexual orientation.
Ahmad 11
(Muneer, Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts, “Homeland Insecurities: Racial Violence the Day after September 11,” Summer 2011, Project Muse) /Wyo-MM
In the months since September 11, new coalitions have begun to emerge. Communities
AND
imagine something we can all share, and it is time to build.

Policy focus is key to challenge structures of white supremacy
Themba-Nixon, 00
Executive Director of The Praxis Project, a nonprofit organization helping communities use media and policy advocacy
Makani, July 31, Colorlines, Changing the Rules:  What Public Policy Means for Organizing, Vol 3.2)
 “This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a
AND
. Of course, policy work is just one tool in our box.

Policy-making simulation transforms us from being passive objects of the usfg to active agents for resistance.
Joyner 1999
Christopher C. (prof. of International law at Georgetown) Spring “teaching international law: views from an international relations political scientist” ILSA journal of international and comparative law 5 ILSA J Int’l and Comp L 377
By assessing the role of international law in United States foreign policy- making,
AND
and structuring political and legal perceptions to fit the merits of their case.

Critical theory will never be able to solve, because it just looks to loosen the grip of dominant discourses and instead of focusing on concrete solutions

Joseph K. Clifton 11,
Claremont McKenna College “DISPUTED THEORY AND SECURITY POLICY: RESPONDING TO “THE RISE OF CHINA”,” 2011, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=cmc_theses, accessed 12/12/12,WYO?JF
Recognizing the subjectivity of mainstream IR’s supposedly objective knowledge leads to two main conclusions.
AND
then know more or less about the social and the natural worlds?”163

Theory without Praxis fails

Joseph K. Clifton 11,
Claremont McKenna College “DISPUTED THEORY AND SECURITY POLICY: RESPONDING TO “THE RISE OF CHINA”,” 2011, http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164andcontext=cmc_theses, accessed 12/12/12,WYO?JF
Ultimately, the theory-policy gap is impossible to completely bridge. Theory is
AND
. But theory that empowers policymakers may suggest solutions to this complex problem.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lindenwood ML | Judge: Mark Wonnacott
1 AC
Advantage 1: Drone Proliferation
First, the global drone arms race is underway now
Boyle 2013
MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr10andvid=1andhid=25//wyo-ng
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
even that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities
Second, Drone courts limit executive behavior and are key to solve transparency in drone strikes
Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.
Third, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure
Zenko, 2013
Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.
Fourth, now is key, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve
Zenko, 2013
Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Fifth, Chinese drone acquisition threatens U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific and causes aggression – only reforming our drone policy checks them
CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) PC
China's move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military's growing sophistication and could
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.
Sixth, Chinese Drone proliferation collapses Japan China relations, and increases instability between China and the U.S. in the South China Sea
Narayani Basu, 13
Writes for the IPCS, Institute of Peace and Conflict Stories  “China: The Dawn of the Drones” http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/china-the-dawn-of-the-drones-3948.html, accessed 9/2/13,WYO/JF
 The primary role of China’s growing drone programme is to help Beijing control and
AND
evidenced by the DSB report - in the top echelons of the Pentagon.
Seventh, CONFLICT IN THE SCS ESCALATES TO FULL-SCALE NUCLEAR WAR
STRAITS TIMES 1995
staff, “Choose Your Own Style of Democracy”, May 21, p. ln wyo-tjc
In his speech, Dr Mahathir also painted three scenarios for Asia.
In the first -the worst possible scenario -Asian countries would go to war
AND
full-scale war breaks out with both sides resorting to nuclear weapons.
Advantage 2: Blowback
First, Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility
Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
Second, Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key
Guiora, 2012
Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.
Third, Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.
First scenario is Yemen
First, Obama has shifted most drone strikes to Yemen
Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies. “Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,” Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
An extensive CT drone campaign requires coordination with the central government of the territories in
AND
produce an increase in the lethality and frequency of drone strikes in Yemen.
Second, Yemen drone strikes will cause wide spread blowback and strengthen the capacity of AQAP – retaliatory attacks, AQAP recruitment, US policy strategic confusion, undermines Yemeni government credibility to govern, and upsets US-Yemen relations
Hudson et al 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies. “Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?,” Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen's ungovernability.
Third, Building government trust with citizens and tribes is key to disable AQAP – drones undermine that goal
Schmitz 12
Charles Schmitz, specialist on the Middle East and Yemen and president of the American Institute for Yemeni Studies, “Understanding Yemen’s Al Qaeda Threat,” PBS Frontline Interview with Azmat Khan, May 29, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/al-qaeda-in-yemen/understanding-yemens-al-qaeda-threat/
The alternative is what is working right now. The Yemeni military allied with the
AND
may delay stability by inflaming people against the Americans and their Yemeni supporters.

Fourth, AQAP will attack Israel
NCAFP 10
(National Committee on American Foreign Policy, “Global Terrorism: The U.S. Challenge and Response” September 27, http://ncafp.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Global-Terrorism-Report-Bklt.pdf)
A participant, alluding to the overarching terrorist agenda of eliminating the Great Satan,
AND
the presenter thinks that it is likely that AQAP will target Israel directly.
Fifth, Triggers the Samson option, ensures escalation, extinction
Morgan 9
(Dennis Ray, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Futures, Vol. 41 Issue 10, December, pp. 683-693)
Years later, in 1982, at the height of the Cold War, Jonathon
AND
on the United States’’ 10. Israeli leaders and Zionist supporters have,
likewise, stated for years that if Israel were to suffer a nuclear attack,
AND
, to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.

Second scenario is terrorism
First, Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback
Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, “Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,” 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or roduced more terrorists.”
Second, Blowback results in global chem/biological weapon war
Nader 11
(Ralph, Stop the War Coaltion, “How Obama's drone warfare increases the likelihood of blowback,” November 13, 2011, http://www.stopwar.org.uk/index.php/afghanistan-and-pakistan/933-how-drone-warfare-increases-the-likelihood-of-terrorist-blowback-) /wyo-mm
People who see invaders occupying their land with military domination that is beyond reach will
AND
the blowback spills over into even more lethally indefensible chemical and biological attacks.

Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.
1AC – Solvency
First, Judicial review solves groupthink
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Second, A drone court solves judicial oversight of targeted killings while maintaining a balance between counterterrorism and civil liberty concerns
McKelvey, 2011
Benjamin, Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Due process rights and the targeted killing of suspected terrorists: the unconstitutional scope of executive killing power, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, v.44, no.5, 2011 Nov, p.1353(32), Online /Wyo-MB
As the Aulaqi case demonstrates, any resolution to the problem of targeted killing would
AND
would promote the use of all peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.

2AC

Drone prolif
Proliferation happening globally now; Russia, China, Pakistan, India, Iran, Syria, Hezbollah. At least 680 programs are currently developing
Boyle 2013
MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr10andvid=1andhid=25//wyo-ng
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
it was shot down by the Israeli air force in October 2012.125
Drones have put America into “diplomatic detachment”; we view things as a binary choice between hands-off or military action and it’s hurt our relations
Dreyfuss 2013
Robert Dreyfuss- The Nation. “Will Obama End the Long War?,” June 24/July 1, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/article/174682/will-obama-end-long-war-terror#axzz2aSUOXlfK//wyo-ng
The administration is certainly cutting down on the number   of drone strikes. According to
AND
negotiating with Russia for the past two years ensured that   it wouldn’t happen.”

2AC – Generic CPs

1. Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient
   Bazzle 12
   (Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, “Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror,” 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
   By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
   AND
   an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.
   Judicial review is essential to judicial independence
   Gerber, 2007
   Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html /Wyo-MB
   Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
   AND
   they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.
   Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation
   Herron and Randazzo, 2003
   Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf /Wyo-MB
   Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
   AND
   of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime” (Mohan 1982, 110).1
   Solves global wars,
   Epstien et al, 2007
   Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf /Wyo-MB
   A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
   AND
   as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25
   And, Drone courts key to solve separation of powers
   Bandow, 2012
   Doug, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, America as Constitutional Republic: When Can the President Kill?, 2-28-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/doug-bandow/america-as-constitutional_b_1307524.html /Wyo-MB
   These are reasonable arguments. But allowing the president and his aides to compile "
   AND
   forms of warfare which has come to dominate U.S. policy.
   Impact is nuclear war
   Forrester 89 - Professor, Hastings College of the Law (Ray, August 1989, ESSAY: Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem, 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636)
   On the basis of this report, the startling fact is that one man
   AND
   , indeed, humanity in general, probably would be unable to survive.

2AC – Executive Reform CP
Insert Generic CP Frontline
1st, The Counterplan can’t solve terrorism—extend the Chebab groupthink internals—review from solely within the executive doesn’t break free from the cycle of groupthink that makes unproportional targeting inevitable—the impact is blowback and undermining the war on terrorism
And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections
AND
interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105
2nd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president
Buchanan 2013
Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp
The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later
AND
not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.
3rd, counterplan links to politics
Schier 9
Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
4th, Counterplan can’t solve—extend 1AC Chebab evidence, Judicial review is key to solve targeting errors and send a signal of international legitimacy—evidence is comparative and conclusive that independent judges are best suited for this role
5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes
Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

Dispositional CP’s Bad
Offense

1. Just conditionality in disguise- the neg knows we cant strategically straight turn it.

2. Kills in depth education- We don’t analyze 2 competing policies.

3. Reciprocity- The aff will only have one advocacy, the neg gets an infinite number of combinations.  Justifies affirmatie conditionality, severance and intrinsic perms

4. Infinitly regressive- Neg can run an infinite number of CP’s and defend the squo, they’ll just force us to perm

5. Moving target- We cant test their advocacy if we don’t know what position they take, kills predictability and fairness

6. Race to the bottom- If you want a debate where its just who reads the most impact turns v. net benefits than accept dispo, forcing straight turns is bad.

7. Voter for fairness

Defense

1. Straight turns don’t check abuse- Its suicide not to perm the CP, we have not lit. base for offense

2. Perms don’t check abuse- It’s a test of competitiveness not an advocacy, this justifies severance and intrinsic perms

Kritik
Perm: Do both

Perm Do plan then alt

Perm do plan and reject all other instances
Nietzschean ethics endorse a determinism that subjects “the herd” to all atrocities under the power and dominating force of the Overman.

Weikart ‘08
 (Richard, Professor of History at California State University, Stanislaus, “The Dehumanizing Impact of Modern Thought: Darwin, Marx, Nietzsche, and their Followers”, July 18, 2008, http://www.discovery.org/a/6301)

Just as one form of environmental determinism--Marxism--produced unfathomable misery for millions
AND
. His aristocratic morality aimed at justifying and benefiting the strong and powerful. 

Nietzsche recreates the ethical systems he criticizes

Santayana ‘68
 (George, was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist, “The German Mind: A Philosophical Diagnosis” http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/Archives/Santayana27s20Criticism20of20Nietzsche.htm#The20Ethics20of20Nietzsche)

"Nietzsche, however, was entirely free from this divine impediment in morals.
AND
, he seriously commanded man and nature to pursue for their single object.
"What Nietzsche disparaged, then, under the name of morality was not all
AND
foundations was in a beautiful style of architecture or could stand at all.

?
Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
AND
, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
Extinction is the worst impact—prioritizing anything else puts the cart before the horse
Schell 1982
(Jonathan, Professor at Wesleyan University, The Fate of the Earth, pages 136-137 uwwej)

Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there has
AND
about, coloring our thoughts and moods  with its presence throughout our lives.

Consequentialism is key to ethical decision making, because it ensures beings are treated as equal—any other approach to ethics is arbitrary because it considers one’s preferences as more important than others
Lillehammer, 2011
Hallvard, Faculty of Philosophy Cambridge University, “Consequentialism and global ethics.” Forthcoming in M. Boylan, Ed., Global Morality and Justice: A Reader, Westview Press, Online, http://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/teaching_staff/lillehammer/Consequentialism_and_Global_Ethics-1-2.pdf /Wyo-MB
Contemporary discussions of consequentialism and global ethics have been marked by a focus on examples
AND
therefore, you will have to show what is wrong with those principles.

2AC – AT – Politics DA
1st, Debates on drone courts now—legislation being written and proposed—thumps the disad
Wolverton, 3-12-13
Joe, professor of American Government at Chattanooga State and was a practicing attorney until 2009, Federal Courts Rubber Stamp Federal Spying, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/05/12/federal-courts-rubber-stamp-federal-spying/comment-page-1/#.UfqaW2T70bh /Wyo-MB
Although certainly not one to recognize checks on the executive, the White House indicated
AND
similar proposals made by legal experts were being kicked around on Capitol Hill.¶
2nd, Link turn drone courts popular in congress—particularly with Feinstein and King
Hosenball, 2-8-2013
Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209 /Wyo-MB
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama's claim that he
AND
least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive."
Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties
Tate 13
(Curits, Mcclatchy Newspapers, “Sen. Dianne Feinstein presses her decades-long crusade on guns,” March 10, 2013, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html#.Uhp4YpKThSQ) /wyo-mm
Feinstein is a veteran lawmaker who knows how to work behind the scenes and across
AND
, but she’s also very able at finding common ground and solving problems.”
3rd, Link turn – plan popular in congress
Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. “Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikes” 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON -- Uncomfortable with the Obama administration's use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards," the senators wrote.
4th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins
Hirsh, 2013
Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207 /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect.”
5th, Obama wont spend PC and he won’t be effective if he does
Jay Cost, staff writer, 2-11-2013, “Obama the Bargainer,” The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/obama-bargainer_699205.html?page=1
Thus, with the festivities finished and the glow of the inauguration fading, it
AND
help in whipping his party and negotiating a compromise with the other side.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: ASU AW | Judge: Ashle Denny

1 AC

Advantage 1: Drone Proliferation

First, the global drone arms race is underway now

Boyle 2013
~MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr1026vid=126hid=25//wyo-ng~~
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
even that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities

Second, Drone courts limit executive behavior and are key to solve transparency in drone strikes

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

Third, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Fourth, now is key, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.

Fifth, Chinese drone acquisition threatens U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific and causes aggression – only reforming our drone policy checks them

CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) PC
China’s move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military’s growing sophistication and could
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.

Sixth, Chinese Drone proliferation collapses Japan China relations, and increases instability between China and the U.S. in the South China Sea

Narayani Basu, 13
Writes for the IPCS, Institute of Peace and Conflict Stories  "China: The Dawn of the Drones" http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/china-the-dawn-of-the-drones-3948.html, accessed 9/2/13,WYO/JF
 The primary role of China’s growing drone programme is to help Beijing control and
AND
evidenced by the DSB report - in the top echelons of the Pentagon.

Seventh, CONFLICT IN THE SCS ESCALATES TO FULL-SCALE NUCLEAR WAR

STRAITS TIMES 1995
~staff, "Choose Your Own Style of Democracy", May 21, p. ln wyo-tjc~
In his speech, Dr Mahathir also painted three scenarios for Asia.
In the first -the worst possible scenario -Asian countries would go to war
AND
full-scale war breaks out with both sides resorting to nuclear weapons.

Counterplan

They say flexible president key, but

Aff bolsters executive action—Obama power is vindicated when he has the backing and support of courts, plan results in more decisive executive actions. That’s Chebab 12.

Judicial oversight serves to legitimize executive decisions

Kwoka 11
(Lindsay, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D, Journal of Constitutional Law, "Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror," 2011, Lexis) /wyo-mm
Providing an intra-executive process is not sufficient in the context of targeted killing
AND
necessary. A federal judge would not likely be subject so such influence. 

2AC – AT – Politics DA

1^st, Debates on drone courts now—legislation being written and proposed—thumps the disad

Wolverton, 3-12-13
~Joe, professor of American Government at Chattanooga State and was a practicing attorney until 2009, Federal Courts Rubber Stamp Federal Spying, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/05/12/federal-courts-rubber-stamp-federal-spying/comment-page-1/~~23.UfqaW2T70bh~~ /Wyo-MB
Although certainly not one to recognize checks on the executive, the White House indicated
AND
similar proposals made by legal experts were being kicked around on Capitol Hill.¶ 

2^nd, Link turn drone courts popular in congress—particularly with Feinstein and King

Hosenball, 2-8-2013
~Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209~~ /Wyo-MB
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama’s claim that he
AND
least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive."

Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties

Tate 13
(Curits, Mcclatchy Newspapers, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein presses her decades-long crusade on guns," March 10, 2013, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html~~23.Uhp4YpKThSQ) /wyo-mm
Feinstein is a veteran lawmaker who knows how to work behind the scenes and across
AND
, but she’s also very able at finding common ground and solving problems." 

3^rd, Link turn – plan popular in congress

Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. "Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikes" 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards," the senators wrote.

4^th, Political capital theory not true—and if the plan causes a fight it means Obama will get to pass more legislation—winning wins

Hirsh, 2013
~Michael, national journal chief correspondent, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207~~ /Wyo-MB
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."

5^th, Obama wont spend PC and he won’t be effective if he does

Jay Cost, staff writer, 2-11-2013, "Obama the Bargainer," The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/obama-bargainer_699205.html?page=1
Thus, with the festivities finished and the glow of the inauguration fading, it
AND
help in whipping his party and negotiating a compromise with the other side.

AT wins too long
AT perceive it as true
AT can’t win in 2^nd term

PC Wrong – 2AC

Political capital is irrelevant
Dickinson 9  (Matthew, previously taught at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D, professor of political science at Middlebury College, "Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power," May 26, 2009 Presidential Power http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/~~

As for Sotomayor, from here the path toward almost certain confirmation goes as follows
AND
an important aspect of presidential power that cannot be measured through legislative boxscores.

2AC – Security K

Perm do both—the aff is key to solve arbitrary use of state power—solves their K impacts

Alford, 2011 
~Ryan Patrick, Assistant Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, THE RULE OF LAW AT THE CROSSROADS: CONSEQUENCES OF TARGETED KILLING OF CITIZENS, UTAH LAW REVIEW, NO. 4, Online~ /Wyo-MB
The Al-Aulaqi lawsuit makes it clear that the same arguments that the Plantagenet
AND
of a seven-hundred year old tradition of resistance to arbitrary power.¶ 

And, Drones are inevitable

Henning, 2-20-12
~Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are "in
AND
polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶ 

And, Strict review of targeted killing operations is to maintain morality in war and undermine the video-game like effect of killing targets with drones

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
One of the dominant, and admittedly controversial, arguments this essay advances is that
AND
target, then decisions take on the hue of both illegality and immorality.

Security is inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, flipping the impact

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches. 

Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability,
AND
reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states. 

Scenario creation isn’t the same as threat construction, it’s crucial to see if policies are a good idea and reduce the risk of nuclear war.

Darryl S.L.Jarvis - School of Economics 26 Political Science, U. of Sydney - 2K3 "Political Risk in International Relations: Empirical Experiences and Conceptual Approaches" School of Economics and Political Science, Working Papers
Scenario generation has its origins in the Cold War when strategic analysts developed the method
AND
and checked, can derail the construction of quality scenarios and their utility. 

Counterplan

Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient

Bazzle 12
(Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, "Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror," 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
AND
an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.

Judicial review is essential to judicial independence

Gerber, 2007
~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
AND
they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.

Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation

Herron and Randazzo, 2003
~Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
AND
of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime" (Mohan 1982, 110).1

Solves global wars,

Epstien et al, 2007
~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
AND
as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25

And, Drone courts key to solve separation of powers

Bandow, 2012
~Doug, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, America as Constitutional Republic: When Can the President Kill?, 2-28-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/doug-bandow/america-as-constitutional_b_1307524.html~~ /Wyo-MB
These are reasonable arguments. But allowing the president and his aides to compile "
AND
forms of warfare which has come to dominate U.S. policy.

Impact is nuclear war

Forrester 89 - Professor, Hastings College of the Law (Ray, August 1989, ESSAY: Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem, 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636)
On the basis of this report, the startling fact is that one man ~
AND
, indeed, humanity in general, probably would be unable to survive.

1st, The Counterplan can’t solve terrorism—extend the Chebab groupthink internals—review from solely within the executive doesn’t break free from the cycle of groupthink that makes unproportional targeting inevitable—the impact is blowback and undermining the war on terrorism

And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections
AND
interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105

2nd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president

Buchanan 2013
~Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp~
The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later
AND
not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.

3rd, counterplan links to politics

Schier 9 
~Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10~~
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences. 

4th, Counterplan can’t solve—extend 1AC Chebab evidence, Judicial review is key to solve targeting errors and send a signal of international legitimacy—evidence is comparative and conclusive that independent judges are best suited for this role

5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

Conditional Advocacies Bad

Offense
Not reciprocal- we cant run multiple plans to find the best example of the resolution

Time and strat skew: They could read 14 CP texts and we’d have to at least cover them all so they don’t develop one in the block.

Moving Target bad- Hurts fairness as well as education, we don’t know what the issues in the debate are until the 2NR.

Most real world- Policy makers cant propose competing pieces of legislation and I’ve never seen a senator unroll a list of 30 bills he/she might advocate that day 

Makes for sloppy debate- Instead of creating effective strategies, negs can just guess and check

Voter for fairness and education

Defense:
Who says neg flexibility is good, the already have a thousand kritiks and disads, random T violations, and whatever CP they run as long as its dispo.

Perm doesn’t check abuse: It’s just a test of competitiveness, advocated perms justify intrinsicness.

Blowback

China will proliferate UAV’s to attack US aircraft carriers

KOEBLER 2013
~Us News- Jason Koebler, "Report: Chinese Drone ’Swarms’ Designed to Attack American Aircraft Carriers," March 14, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/14/report-chinese-drone-swarms-designed-to-attack-american-aircraft-carriers//wyo-ng~~
China’s fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, could be technologically superior to
AND
a way where they could be very innovative in terms of weapon systems."

Drones have put America into "diplomatic detachment"; we view things as a binary choice between hands-off or military action and it’s hurt our relations

Dreyfuss 2013
~Robert Dreyfuss- The Nation. "Will Obama End the Long War?," June 24/July 1, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/article/174682/will-obama-end-long-war-terror~~23axzz2aSUOXlfK//wyo-ng~~
The administration is certainly cutting down on the number   of drone strikes. According to
AND
negotiating with Russia for the past two years ensured that   it wouldn’t happen."

1 AR

Politics

Debt Ceiling Raise inevitable
EIU ViewsWire 8/14/13 (The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd., "USA politics: A fight looms in September over government spending," Accessed on Proquest)
Adding to the drama is a separate budget fight over the debt ceiling. Some
AND
what kind of cuts Republicans will be able to extract as a concession.
Governing by crisis is not an efficient way to make fiscal policy. Both sides
AND
the country should prepare for more partisan bickering and late-night dealmaking.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na

Drone Prolif

First, the global drone arms race is underway now

Boyle 2013
~MICHAEL J. BOYLE, Ph.D- Michael Boyle is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs, January 1, 2013, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=946befe6-cb0f-406e-8eeb-8cf20833951040sessionmgr1026vid=126hid=25//wyo-ng~~
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to  one
AND
even that  will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities

Second, the US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.

Third, Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Fourth, Drone courts are key limit executive behavior and to solve transparency

Wexler 13
(Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, "The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests," 2013, Social Science Research Network/) /wyo-mm
This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
AND
. Even the threat of such judicial role may influence executive branch behavior. 

Fifth, the plan solves international norms for drone use, US norms can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Sixth, Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that lead to nuclear conflict and Indo-Pak war

Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Indo Pak war causes extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.

Escalation uniquely likely now – no impact defense

Overdorf, 8/15/13 ~Jason, Overdorf covers India for GlobalPost. Overdorf has spent most of the past 15 years living and working in Asia. He worked as an editor with Dow Jones Newswires in New York, Singapore and Hong Kong before moving to New Delhi and becoming a freelance writer in 2002. He was a frequent contributor to the Far Eastern Economic Review until 2004, covering Indian politics, society and business. Since 2004, he has been a special correspondent at Newsweek International, where he writes on a wide range of topics. He has covered Sonia Gandhi’s surprising electoral victory, the ongoing problem of Hindu fundamentalism, the simmering conflict with Maoist rebels, and societal changes resulting from India’s meteoric economic growth.  He’s written for the Atlantic Monthly and the Asian Wall Street Journal. His travel articles, personal essays and political commentary have appeared in Smithsonian Magazine, Departures, Travelers’ Tales and other publications.  He has degrees in English literature and creative writing from Columbia University, Washington University and Boston University."Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war? Under heavy shelling, Kashmir is again set to stymie the Indo-Pak peace process. And the risks are mounting" Citing Experts at the Woodrow Wilson Center, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war-http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war~~
"This is a sad reality of India-Pakistan relations — whenever things are
AND
lead to escalation," Kugelman said. "And that’s a scary thought."

Terror

Squo expansion of drone warfare undermines U.S. moral standing, breeds Anti-Americanism, and undermines our credibility

Brooks 13
Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law @ Georgetown University Law Center and Bernard Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16, 2013.
Former vice-chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General James Cartwright recently ¶
AND
and exceptional circumstances. ¶ Thank you for the opportunity to testify today.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Effective drones key- need to change our strats to avoid blowback

Masood 13
(Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

Terrorists are trying to get nuclear weapons

Brian Michael Jenkins, 12
senior advisor to the president of the RAND   Corporation and director of the National Transportation Security Center at the   Mineta Transportation Institute, is a recognized authority on terrorism and   security. "Tackling al Qaeda Today" https://www.defenddemocracy.org/stuff/uploads/documents/Peaceable_Kingdom.pdf~~23page=167-https://www.defenddemocracy.org/stuff/uploads/documents/Peaceable_Kingdom.pdf, accessed 7/9/13,WYO/JF
The 2002 report devoted considerable attention to the prospect of   terrorists with weapons of mass
AND
entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that   creates needless terror.

Terrorism causes nuclear war-

Ayson 10 
Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

The probability is significant and the magnitude increases the risk exponentially

Zimmerman 09
(Peter D., Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Fall 2009, http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf-http://www.coedat.nato.int/publications/datr4/01PeterZimmerman.pdf) /wyo-mm
Mueller discounts the consequences of an improvised nuclear device in odd ways. He suggests
AND
a nuclear detonation occur in one of the great cities of the world.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

And, independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Josh Miller | Judge: ASU CH
2AC – Link – Countries Modeling U.S.
Current U.S. drone precedent encourages targeted killing that causes international tension
Roberts 13 (Kristin, When the Whole World Has Drones, National Journal, 21 March 2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, da 8-1-13) PC
That’s true, at least today. It’s also irrelevant. Others who employ drones
AND
likelihood that other states will increasingly use lethal force outside of their borders.”
Dozens of actors are on the verge of acquiring drone technology, and they’re following the U.S. example
Shane, national security correspondent, 11 (Scott, Coming Soon: The Drone Arms Race, New York Times, 8 October 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/sunday-review/coming-soon-the-drone-arms-race.html?_r=2andpagewanted=all, da 7-31-13) PC
Eventually, the United States will face a military adversary or terrorist group armed with
AND
last year that American drone technology had become a prime target for foreign spies
2AC – AT: Post-Review CP
Only Ex-ante review of killings through specialized courts solve
Chebab, 2012
Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
While the current process afforded to U.S. citizens is lacking, it
AND
these claims ex ante would be a better course of action to consider.
Post-Strike review fail to solve—pre-strike review comparatively better
Crandall, 2012
Carla, Law Clerk to the Honorable Laura Denvir Stith, Supreme Court of Missouri and the author was previously employed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, READY . . . FIRE . . . AIM! A CASE FOR APPLYING AMERICAN DUE PROCESS PRINCIPLES BEFORE ENGAGING IN DRONE STRIKES, April, 2012 Florida Journal of International Law 24 Fla. J. Int'l L. 55, Lexis /Wyo-MB
As important as this proposal is, however, it has thus far been limited
AND
also offer guidance in determining which individuals to target in the first place.¶ 

CPs

1. Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient
   Bazzle 12
   (Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, “Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror,” 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
   By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
   AND
   an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.
   Judicial review is essential to judicial independence
   Gerber, 2007
   Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html /Wyo-MB
   Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
   AND
   they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.
   Judicial independence is critical to democratic consolidation
   Herron and Randazzo, 2003
   Erik, University of Kansas and Kirk, University of Kentucky, The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 65, No. 2, May 2003, Pp. 422–438, http://people.cas.sc.edu/randazzo/herron_randazzo_2003_jop.pdf /Wyo-MB
   Although independent judiciaries are important actors in democratic consolidation, how expressions of judicial independence
   AND
   of a totalitarian and dictatorial regime” (Mohan 1982, 110).1
   Solves global wars,
   Epstien et al, 2007
   Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf /Wyo-MB
   A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
   AND
   as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25
   And, Drone courts key to solve separation of powers
   Bandow, 2012
   Doug, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, America as Constitutional Republic: When Can the President Kill?, 2-28-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/doug-bandow/america-as-constitutional_b_1307524.html /Wyo-MB
   These are reasonable arguments. But allowing the president and his aides to compile "
   AND
   forms of warfare which has come to dominate U.S. policy.
   Impact is nuclear war
   Forrester 89 - Professor, Hastings College of the Law (Ray, August 1989, ESSAY: Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem, 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636)
   On the basis of this report, the startling fact is that one man
   AND
   , indeed, humanity in general, probably would be unable to survive.
   1st, The Counterplan can’t solve terrorism—extend the Chebab groupthink internals—review from solely within the executive doesn’t break free from the cycle of groupthink that makes unproportional targeting inevitable—the impact is blowback and undermining the war on terrorism
   And, Executive reform and review fails—not a neutral decision maker, secrecy and speed undermine effective decision making—counterplan undermines separation of powers
   Chebab, 2012
   Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572 /Wyo-MB
   The argument put forth here, therefore, is that in light of the protections
   AND
   interests of deliberate review, dissent, and accountable decision-making.105
   2nd, Perm do both—Shields the Link to politics—Congress purposefully doesn’t act on legislation or waits for executive action so that they can blame the president
   Buchanan 2013
   Neil Buchanan, Law Professor, February 21, 2013, Spending Priorities, the Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law, http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2013/02/spending-priorities-separation-of.html, uwyoamp
   The debt ceiling is keeping us busy, here at Dorf on Law. Later
   AND
   not to let them do so. With great power comes great responsibility.
   3rd, counterplan links to politics
   Schier 9
   Steven, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton,"Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10
    In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
   AND
   Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
   4th, Counterplan can’t solve—extend 1AC Chebab evidence, Judicial review is key to solve targeting errors and send a signal of international legitimacy—evidence is comparative and conclusive that independent judges are best suited for this role
   5th, Cant solve drone prolif—Courts play a highly influential role on executive’s behavior and are key to solve transparency in strikes-Wexler 13

There are no more signature strikes used
Brown 13 (Hayes, “Report: U.S. Drops Signature Strikes In Pakistan” http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/07/25/2356391/pakistan-drones-signature-strikes/)

The United States has ended the use of so-called signature drone strikes in Pakistan, and the total number of incidents involving armed unmanned aerial vehicles there has plummeted, according to a new report from the Associated Press.
In gathering hours upon hours of footage of a given location, drones allow analysts
AND
on foreign enemies now used only for American citizens deemed to be terrorists.”
That choice has apparently resulted in a corresponding drop in strikes within Pakistan, long
AND
recently unacknowledged — method of targeting potential terrorists for execution is winding down.
Plan solves eliminates strikes that risk civilians and low level targets—that’s Chebab,
And the plan functionally erases signature strikes
Cohen 13
(Adam, Program assistant, Friends Committee on National Legislation, Huffington Post, “One Step Closer to Meaningful Oversight of International Targeted Killing,” March 30, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-cohen/drone-killings-hearing_b_3180495.html) /wyo-mm
We also learned from this hearing that there is near-unanimous consent for a
AND
meaningful transparency and accountability. We must move quickly to take the next.
Plan key to effective signature strikes—would limit to only high level intelligence and low civilian risk targets
Signature strikes are good and don’t risk civilian casualties when intelligence is effectively used strikes can kill high value targets
Greg Miller, Washington Post, “CIA seeks new authority to expand Yemen drone campaign,” April 18, 2012.
Proponents of the plan said improvements in U.S. intelligence collection in Yemen
AND
— based on the location and number of security operatives surrounding the site.
2AC – Pres Powers Disad
1st, Pres powers low now—Syria decision undermined Obama’s presidential powers
Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13
David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html /Wyo-MB
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.
2nd, A multitude of other actors hamper presidential flexibility—thumps the disad
Rozell 12
(Mark Rozell, Professor of Public Policy, George Mason University, “From Idealism to Power: The Presidency in the Age of Obama” 2012, http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/, KB)
A substantial portion of Goldsmith’s book presents in detail his case that various forces outside
AND
little understanding of the broader implications of tying down the president with legalisms.
3rd, Link Turn—extend 1ac Chebab evidence, Counterplan bolsters executive action—Obama power is vindicated when he has the backing and support of courts, plan results in more decisive executive actions.
And, the link turn outweighs the link—Judicial oversight serves to legitimize executive decisions
Kwoka 11
(Lindsay, University of Pennsylvania Law School, J.D, Journal of Constitutional Law, “Trial by Sniper: The Legality of Targeted Killing in the War on Terror,” 2011, Lexis) /wyo-mm
Providing an intra-executive process is not sufficient in the context of targeted killing
AND
necessary. A federal judge would not likely be subject so such influence.
4th, Political power is not zero sum—no trade off
Read, 3-1-12
James, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, jread@csbsju.edu, Is Power Zero-Sum or Variable-Sum? Old Arguments and New Beginnings, Political Science Faculty Publications.Paper 4, http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004andcontext=polsci_pubs /Wyo-MB
The specific question with which this essay is concerned is whether power – and ¶
AND
– as the zero-sum view (see Read 2009a; 2010).
5th, No Impact—Fast and flexible doesn’t mean effective, unilateral action doesn’t solve disad impacts
O’Neil 11
(Robert, Houston Law Review, “The Price of Purity: Weakening the Executive Model of the United States’ Counter-Terror Legal System,” Winter 2011, Lexiswyo-mm)
Those opposed to enacting anti-terror policy through the regular bicameral process criticize the
AND
during the Bush Administration, and compromised the United States' credibility abroad. n16

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno AL | Judge: Desar Odekirk
2AC Framework F/L

First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.

Second, is reasons to prefer:

1. Aff Choice, any other framework or role of the ballot moots 9 minutes of the 1ac

2. It is predictable, the resolution demands USFG action

3. This is the only fair interpretation for the debate, it ensures both sides can compete and enables both sides to test and compete on multiple levels.

4. Any other interpretation of the ballot is self-serving, it gives one team a competitive advantage.

5. It also solves judge intervention, because it prevents the selection of infinite alternative roles of the ballot.

6. It is fair, Weigh Aff Impacts and the method of the Affirmative versus the Kritik, it’s the only way to test competition and determine the desirability of one strategy over another

Engaging the state is critical to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing internationalist state and refocuses its energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges

Sassen 2009
~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~

Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a
AND
the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.

7. Advocacy skills—research and clash key to speaking and advocacy skills that are unique to the forum

H8 Best option for education. Promotes topic research.

Stable topic and role of the ballot is key. Discussion of issues doesn’t solve those issues. Research and information acquisition are what alter our mindsets.

Goodin 03
~Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, uwyoamp~
Suppose that instead of highly polarized symbolic attitudes, what we have at the outset
AND
invariably have a considerable impact on changing the way jurors approach an issue.

Finally, It is a voter for competitive equity—prefer our interpretation, it allows both teams to compete, other roles of the ballot are arbitrary and self serving

Answering their RoB

They claim their framework is key to stopping oppression because it best improves education for all. But this incorrectly assumes that everyone would learn best without spreading and Western authors. They can debate how they want, we can debate how we want. Their role of ballot isn’t necessary to solve their impact.

2AC–Simulation Debate Good

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, and it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by placing students as agents and decision makers

Esberg and Sagan 12
(Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2-17-12 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108 Taylor and Francis Online DA: 5-23-13wyoccd)
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very¶ similar lessons
AND
;¶ simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14¶ 

There’s specific value to prediction and scenario-building in the context of debate – even if none of us have our hands on the levers of power, debate and dialogue over ways to avert catastrophic scenarios like nuclear war and environmental collapse creates a public sphere committed to countering the way in which the future has been colonized by neocons – scenario planning can check bad forms of elite futurism

Kurasawa, 2004
~Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology at York University, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention
and the Work of Foresight." 2004, Constellations, Vol. 11, No. 4~
In the first instance, preventive foresight is an intersubjective or dialogical process of address
AND
to public deliberation about the construction of an alternative world order (IV).

Case

Progress is possible

And, Court decisions prove

Clark, 1995
~Leroy, professor of Law, Catholic University Law School, ARTICLE: A Critique of Professor Derrick A. Bell’s Thesis of the Permanence of Racism and His Strategy of Confrontation, 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23, lexis nexis~ /Wyo-MB
During Reconstruction, black legislators established a free public school system. Even though whites
AND
Plessy doctrine and held that state sanctioned racial segregation violated the 14th Amendment.¶ 

The American legal system and state are not inherently racist – their overly fatalistic narrative ignores massive progress and incorrectly assumes that the US uniquely represents a site of anti-blackness

Farber 98
(Daniel, Prof. of the Minnesota School of Law, "Is American Law Inherently Racist", w/ Prof. Delgado, Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=121126context=facpubs)
Let me begin with the vision of the American legal system that Professor Delgado presented
AND
In some ways, I think we are doing considerably better than most.
Solvency

Discourse spills over – the languages of activism and international humanitarianism have great influence over policymakers – this means there’s a tangible impact to activist advocacies. Only an understanding of the consequences of our advocacies can make us ethically responsible.

David Kennedy, Manley O. Hudson Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, 2004, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism, p. xvii-xviii
Of course, activism and policy making are not always so distinct. The activist
AND
conviction that we know more than we do about what justice can be.

The Aff’s focus on deliberative approaches to public policy makes participation in policy decisions by those without their hands on the levers of power possible

Hickman, 12
~Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, "Citizen Participation: more or less?" Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fi26page=hickman_28_6~~ /Wyo-MB
Progressives such as John Dewey have tended to take a very different view from that
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to public problems and experts who can advise those representatives on technical matters.

We can challenge those with their hands on the levers of power—the Aff’s education is key to deliberative democracy and developing informed citizenry

Hickman, 12
~Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, "Citizen Participation: more or less?" Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fi26page=hickman_28_6~~ /Wyo-MB
How can preclusionary decisions be justified? In their 2004 book Why Deliberative Democracy?,
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disenfranchisement. The answer is more education and thus an enlarged deliberative democracy.
Consequentialism Good – Extinction First 

We should get to weigh our aff against the impacts of the neg

Preventing extinction is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying FIRST, only THEN can we consider questions of value to life

Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
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, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Extinction is the worst impact—prioritizing anything else puts the cart before the horse

Schell 1982
(Jonathan, Professor at Wesleyan University, The Fate of the Earth, pages 136-137 uwwej)

Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there has
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about, coloring our thoughts and moods  with its presence throughout our lives.

Consequentialism is key to ethical decision making, because it ensures beings are treated as equal—any other approach to ethics is arbitrary because it considers one’s preferences as more important than others

Lillehammer, 2011
~Hallvard, Faculty of Philosophy Cambridge University, "Consequentialism and global ethics." Forthcoming in M. Boylan, Ed., Global Morality and Justice: A Reader, Westview Press, Online, http://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/teaching_staff/lillehammer/Consequentialism_and_Global_Ethics-1-2.pdf-http://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/teaching_staff/lillehammer/Consequentialism_and_Global_Ethics-1-2.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Contemporary discussions of consequentialism and global ethics have been marked by a focus on examples
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therefore, you will have to show what is wrong with those principles.

Preventing death is the first ethical priority – it’s the only impact you can’t recover from.

Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
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acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.
K answer

Resistance/empowerment via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
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so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

The claim that oppression should be the basis for winning a debate round is a pretty good example of our link argument—-the ballot is not a tool of emancipation, but rather a tool of revenge—-it serves as a palliative that denies their investment in oppression as a means by which to claim the power of victory

Enns 12—Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University (Dianne, The Violence of Victimhood, 28-30)

Guilt and Ressentiment We need to think carefully about what is at stake here.
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. 23 Let us turn now to an exploration of this third outcome.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Weber OV | Judge: Grace Saez
Kritik Answers
First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.
Prefer this-
(_) A. Aff Choice, any other framework moots 9 minutes of the 1ac
(_) B. Its predictable, the res demands USFG action
(_) C. Its fair, Weigh Aff Impacts and method of the Aff against the K, it’s the only way to test competition and determine the desirability of strategies
And voter for competitive equity—prefer our interpretation, allows both teams to compete, other roles of the ballot are arbitrary and self serving
Preventing extinction needs to come first
Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm
All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the
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, they deny their own intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
2AC AT- PolicyMaking K
First no link- aff decreases instrumental logic of the status quo by eliminating the worst types of targeted killing
We solve the link-
deliberative approaches to public policy makes participation in policy decisions by those without their hands on the levers of power possible
Hickman, 12
Larry, director of the Center for Dewey Studies and professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, “Citizen Participation: more or less?” Online, http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=fiandpage=hickman_28_6 /Wyo-MB
Progressives such as John Dewey have tended to take a very different view from that
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to public problems and experts who can advise those representatives on technical matters.

Perm do both- 

Perm plan then alt-
Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development---we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates---government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, and it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by placing students as agents and decision makers

Esberg and Sagan 12
(Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2-17-12 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108 Taylor and Francis Online DA: 5-23-13wyoccd)
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very¶ similar lessons
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;¶ simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14¶ 

No impact- no risk of endless warfare from American exceptionalism-
Gray 7
Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
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strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.
And alt fails- Spanos’s theories have no historical backing, his incoherence can’t be translated into real solutions, and his theories reify hegemonic power relations- turns the alt
Bryant 97
(John, Professor of English at Hofstra. “Review: Democracy, Being, and the Art of Becoming America” College English, Vol. 59, No. 6. (Oct., 1997), pp. 705-711)
As bracing as Spanos's subversive thesis is, and despite his attempts to rectify the
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in a projected trilogy. Let's hope Spanos finds a more effective voice. 

There’s specific value to prediction and scenario-building in the context of debate – even if none of us have our hands on the levers of power, debate and dialogue over ways to avert catastrophic scenarios like nuclear war and environmental collapse creates a public sphere committed to countering the way in which the future has been colonized by neocons – scenario planning can check bad forms of elite futurism
Kurasawa, 2004
Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology at York University, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention
and the Work of Foresight.” 2004, Constellations, Vol. 11, No. 4
In the first instance, preventive foresight is an intersubjective or dialogical process of address
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to public deliberation about the construction of an alternative world order (IV).
Institution DA to the alt-
Engaging the state is critical to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing internationalist state and refocuses its energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges
Sassen 2009
ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp

Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a
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the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.
Perm do both
Perm do the plan then the alt
Conditionality is bad:
Interpretation: 1 conditional advocacy and the status squo
Time Skew: allows them to neutralize large chunks of 2ac time, hurting 1AR strat. The 2AC matters most because it puts out all the arguments that the aff can go.
Decrease Education: multiple worlds cause muddled debates that preclude consistency of education.
Voting issue: for ground, fairness, and education.

Fear of Obama
1st, no link:
also, we don’t criticize Obama for his drones policy, we criticize the structure of drones in general since Bush
and, we don’t call drones the ultimate evil—aff recognizes other problems exist in America and abroad
2nd, Perm do both: there is no trade off established anywhere in their evidence should be able to critique racist policies at home and abroad
And, the perm solves should combine both criticism to search for similarities
Miller, 13
Anna Lenkas, independent journalist on the Middle East, Global Comment feature writer, “Trayvon Martin, Abdulrahman al-Aulaqi and Observing Drone Policy Through A White Lens,” Global Comment, August 1, 2013, http://globalcomment.com/trayvon-martin-abdulrahman-al-aulaqi-and-observing-drone-policy-through-a-white-lens/ uwyo-baj
And it isn’t fair to minimize this pain for anyone—whether they are Black
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state that is killing our relatives and loved ones with our tax dollars.
And, the perm is key—the alt fails
Kerner 07
(Ina, presented at De/Konstruktionen von Okzidentalismus, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, “Challenges of Critical Whiteness Studies,” June 2007, http://translate.eipcp.net/strands/03/kerner-strands01en/print) /Wyo-MM
When reading Critical Whiteness scholarship, it sometimes seems that critical self-positioning on
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on the ways in which we want to and can live our lives.
3rd, Obviously doesn’t solve the aff, both advantages are disads to the alt and outweigh the affirmative
4th, Racism not the root cause of all violence
Mertus 99
 (Professor Julie Mertus is the co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions. She is the author or editor of ten books, including Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, named "human rights book of the year" by the American Political Science Association) and, most recently Human Rights Matters: Local Politics and National Human Rights Institutions and The United Nations and Human Rights. Before entering academia, she worked as a researcher, writer and lawyer for several human rights and humanitarian organizations., J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University,  International Council on Human Rights Policy, “THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICT”, http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf)
This paper examines the role of racism as a cause of or factor in wars
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as a method of gaining power and, when necessary, waging war.
6th, the alt fails—just adds a voice to the mix—doesn’t challenge assumptions
Shome, 1996
Raka, Doctoral candidate at univ of Georgia, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An “other” view.” Communication theory, Vol. 6 issue 1, February, 40-59, Accessed Online via Wiley Online Library, /Wyo-MB
In fact, even when we do sometimes try to break out of the Eurocen
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we fre- quently use the canon to appropriate “other” voice^.^
7th, the aff draws attention to American problems—doesn’t mask racism
Belton, 7-23-13
Danielle, Cornel West Calls Obama A “Global George Zimmerman,” Internet Yawns, http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2013/07/cornel-west-calls-obama-a-global-george-zimmerman-internet-yawns/ /Wyo-MB
In the latest bit of “oh, it’s Tuesday again?” scholar and budding
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– completely screwed up and in the pocket of the military industrial complex.”

Terror PIC
AT Word Pics
First, textual competition is bad
Education- word PICS destroy clash and crushes substantive debate about war powers by skewing the debate in an abstract direction of a word in the plan text, rather than the substance of the policy.
Textual competition kills debateability-
Justifies and encourages vague plan texts or no plan texts- this would be worse for negative ground because it kills legitimate lines of competition with core pieces of negative offense-
Kills fairness - focusing on a word in the text makes 9 minutes of the 1AC moot by jettisoning our ability to weigh affirmative offensive against counterplans- kills pre-round prep and makes unfair time-skews
They need to articulate a functional difference between the plan and the counter-plan in order for it to be competitive. Otherwise it justifies perm do the counter-plan to check back against 2AC abuse.
Voter for fairness and education
Second, perm do both-
Suppressing language because it is offensive preserves its injurious meaning – turning the counter plan. The only way to escape the injury is to reconstruct those terms in productive ways.
Kurtz and Oscarson 03
(Anna and Christopher, Members of National Council of Teachers of English Conference on College Composition and Communication, “BookTalk: Revising the Discourse of Hate,” ProQuest)
However, Butler also argues that the daily, repeated use of words opens a
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, we must use, confront, and interrogate terms like "queer." 

Rhetoric describes and reflects reality, it does not shape it—objective reality exists outside of language
Fram-Cohen ‘85
Michelle, “Reality, Language, Translation: What Makes Translation Possible?” American Translators Association Conference, enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/michelleframcohenpossibilityoftranslation.html, 9-24-06uwyo-ajl
Nida did not provide the philosophical basis of the view that the external world is
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not by itself provide a sufficient image of modern reality for modern users.
Predictions of terrorism are true- their critique replicates the logic preceding the attacks on Britain
Jones ‘6 (The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100 © 2006 The Author(s). Journal Compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Royal Institute of International Aff airs DAVID MARTIN JONES AND M. L. R. SMITH )
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism
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-national constellation, represents the only secure basis for liberal democratic order.
Attempting to solve the root cause of terror is impossible, encourages more terrorism and casualties, only way to defeat is to incapacitate terrorism completely
Dershowitz 02
(Alan M., Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge, Pgs. 24-26wyo-mm)
The reason terrorism works—and will persist unless there are significant changes in the
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“root cause” of terrorism that must be eliminated is its success.
Turn – Labeling and condemning the term “terrorism” is vital to stigmatizing terrorist legitimacy and to eliminating violence against civilians as a means to attain political goals
Ganor, 01  (Boaz, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, “Defining Terrorism”, http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm)
The prevalent definitions of terrorism entail difficulties, both conceptual and syntactical. It is
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sooner the nations of the world come to this realization, the better.