Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oklahoma | Judge: Daniel Stout

Off

Identity is constructed by the ego—we must see through the human self to discover the fictitious nature of existence

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 10-11) Henge
The earliest ethnographers in the South Paci?c—many of them Christian missionaries—encountered
AND
, liberating breakthroughs of all time, and it happened in ours.5

====This anxious egoism makes violence inevitable====
Ikeda 07 (Daisaku Ikeda President, Soka Gakkai International January 26, 2007 "Restoring the Human Connection: The First Step to Global Peace" http://www.sgi-usa.org/newsandevents/docs/peace2007.pdf) Dabo
The challenge of preventing any further proliferation of nuclear weapons is just such a trial
AND
certain sense makes inevitable the birth of such demonic progeny as nuclear weapons.

Vote negative to shed the ego

This is a path of self-transformation that recognizes the interpermeation of all beings—we must assimilate the postmodern insight of the fictive self

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 4-6) Henge
In contrast, the early Buddhist teachings focus almost exclusively on the path of self
AND
, that Indian thought never felt the Western need to differentiate between them.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

Off

====Budget proposal will pass – political focus key====
Cohen 9/26/13 Tom Cohen, CNN Thu September 26, 2013 Boehner signals GOP focus now on debt ceiling http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/politics/shutdown-showdown/?hpt=po_c1-http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/politics/shutdown-showdown/?hpt=po_c1) MT
In the Senate, tea party conservatives led by GOP Sen. Ted Cruz of
AND
in its original form — would defund programs under the Affordable Care Act.

====Restricting presidential war powers crushes credibility with congress and causes debt ceiling not to pass====
Seeking Alpha 9/10/13 Seeking Profits 2013 -  Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight
Sep 10 2013 http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight-http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight MT
Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public’s perception of another Middle-Eastern
AND
U.S. obligations unless another last minute deal can be struck. 

====Failure to solve budget crisis causes economic collapse ====
Davidson 9/10 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all MT
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
would collapse far worse than anything we’ve seen in the past several years.

Economic collapse causes nuclear war

Royal ’10 
(director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215) 

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: ASU MY | Judge: Chris Crowe

CIR

====Will Pass – republicans have pressure from voters to negotiate with popular democrats====
Leopold 10/17/2013 (David Leopold Immigration  Attorney/Immigration Reform Advocate, past president 26 past general counsel, American Immigration Lawyers Association Immigration Reform: A Pathway to Citizenship for the GOP? http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/immigration-reform-republicans_b_4115804.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/immigration-reform-republicans_b_4115804.html) MT 

Needless to say, the shutdown/debt crisis didn’t end well for Congressional Republicans
AND
by doing something big and bold and turning immediately to broad immigration reform.

Plan unpopular- House has no desire to end indefinite detention.

McAuliff 6/13 (Michael, Reporter with a history of NYDN and ABCNews, Huffington Post, "Indefinite Detention of Americans Survives House Vote", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/13/indefinite-detention-americans_n_3437923.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/13/indefinite-detention-americans_n_3437923.html) AO
WASHINGTON — The U.S. House of Representatives voted again Thursday to allow
AND
to the United States and recruit terrorists on U.S. soil."

====Political capital is key to passing CIR====
Foster 7/25/13 Charles C. Foster, Attorney Posted: 07/25/2013 Immigration Reform: Too Early To Start Planning? http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/marketplace/law_tv/immigration-reform-too-early-to-start-planning-http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/marketplace/law_tv/immigration-reform-too-early-to-start-planning) MT

At this stage, it’s too early to predict, but it is somewhat likely
AND
, in particular, in the Republican Caucus that could derail the prospects. 

====Immigration reform is key to jobs and agriculture – solves the economy====
METZLER 2013  (By REBEKAH  State house writer/Staffwriter/ July 29, 2013 / White House: Immigration Reform Helps the Economy http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/29/white-house-immigration-reform-helps-the-economy-http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/29/white-house-immigration-reform-helps-the-economy MT
The agriculture industry is hampered by a broken immigration system that fails to support a
AND
,000 jobs in 2014 and nearly 40,000 jobs in 2045."

Economic Decline leads to nuclear conflict

Royal ’10 
(director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pepperdine ER | Judge: Bethany Renfree
Status quo legal practices is marred in the rejection of newcoming forms of knowledge. Your political framing entrenches systems of oppression and the exclusion of those who would challenge the system.
Delgado 92 (Richard, professor at the Seattle University School of Law, "The Imperial Scholar Revisited: How to Marginalize Outsider Writing, Ten Years Later," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 140(92), April , 1992)IAA
Since I began writing The Imperial Scholar ten years ago, however, newcomers have
AND
that could save us until, essentially, it is too late.97

The law itself is a rhetorical activity-the way they choose to engage its discussion actually shapes the legal systems function and who is allowed to participate

White 85
(James Boyd. Professor of Law and Professor of English Language and Literature, University of Michigan. "Law as Rhetoric, Rhetoric as Law: The Arts of Cultural and Communal Life" The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Summer, 1985), Pg. 688-692 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1599632-http://www.jstor.org/stable/1599632. –Veeder)
I shall sketch out a somewhat different way of conceiving of law, and indeed
AND
a range of hearers. All these things mark it as a rhetorical system

When discussing oppression, there can be no compromise-reject the aff at an a priori level because of the way the entire aff theorizes its relationship with the law

Olson 26 Charles 10 (Joel, in an interview with Charles. "Radically Democratic Extremism: An Interview with Joel Olson", http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/radically-democratic-extremism-an-interview-with-joel-olson/-http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/radically-democratic-extremism-an-interview-with-joel-olson/**, May 26th, 2010)IAA
JO: Moderation (not tolerance or reason) is the true antithesis of fanaticism
AND
, "baby-killing" or "life," slavery or abolition.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: NYU | Judge: Izak Dunn

Off

Text: The President of the United States should restrain his use of war power by restraining his use of offensive cyber operations.

Obama supports self-restraint on cyber operations- empirics

Bob 3/22/13 (YONAH JEREMY BOB-http://www.jpost.com/Authors/AuthorPage.aspx?id=170 03/22/2013 Yonah Jeremy Bob is The Jerusalem Post’s legal affairs correspondent. He primarily writes about major Supreme Court decisions, significant criminal trials, constitutional issues and international law matters. Prior to the Post, he worked on hasbara and international security law issues in the IDF Legal Division, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Justice International Law Division. Yonah has been interviewed and provided legal analysis multiple times for both the BBC and Skynews. Rule of Law: Obama, Israel and cyber warfare http://www.jpost.com/Features/Front-Lines/The-cyber-partys-over-307367-http://www.jpost.com/Features/Front-Lines/The-cyber-partys-over-307367)

If the US and Israel were patting themselves on the backs in the first round
AND
to unilaterally create new standards in the hope that its adversaries will reciprocate.

Legislative and Judicial checks on the executive prevent effective responses to nuclear terrorism and prolif

Li 2009 (ZHEYAO LI, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, Winter, 2009¶ The Georgetown Journal of Law Public Policy¶ 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373, lexis, bs)
Another tenet of the Congressionalist position is "balanced institutional participation in foreign affairs."
AND
congressional debate and approval before acting to prevent the loss of American lives.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Erika Thomas

First, their criticism of Obama fuels anti-state libertarian racism.

Carrington in 2009
(Ben, teaches sociology at the University of Texas at Austin, and is a Carnegie Visiting Research Fellow at Leeds Metropolitan University, "Fear of a black president: in the US a barely concealed racist backlash is helping to undermine fragile moves towards progress", Soundings, 43, p. 114, rcheek)

It was often said during the election campaign that Obama’s greatest skill was to allow
AND
stifling free speech, just as the fascists had done in the past.

And, for a country that once took whiteness as the foundation of citizenship, the election of a black president is a victory we should celebrate. Criticisms of Obama’s presidency are mired in white supremacy.

Coates in 2012
(Ta-Nehisi, senior editor at The Atlantic, "Fear of a Black President", The Atlantic, September 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/-http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/, rcheek)

The idea that blacks should hold no place of consequence in the American political future
AND
the Obama presidency, warning him away from candor about America’s sordid birthmark.

The alternative is to wage war on white supremacy.

We have a moral obligation to reject white supremacy in all of its manifestations. This violent ideology is responsible for killing masses of people physically and mentally. All of humanity depends on our collective commitment to end it before it puts an end to us all.

Comissiong in 13
(Solomon, educator, community activist, author, host of the Your World News media collective and founding member of the Pan-African collective for Advocacy 26 Action, "The War on White Supremacy", Black Agenda Report, http://blackagendareport.com/content/war-white-supremacy-http://blackagendareport.com/content/war-white-supremacy, rcheek)

The struggle to end White Supremacy is one that must continue and grow even stronger
AND
ideology, and put and end to it? Humanity depends on our collective

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: UCF LT | Judge: Grace Saez

Off

Interpretation: the affirmative must answer the question: Is the enactment of topical action by the USFG better than the status quo or a competitive option?

1. Resolved requires a policy action
   Louisiana House 2005, (3-8-5 http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
   Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor~’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

2.  Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary – 2000 ~~~www.dictionary.com~~~
Used to express probability or expectation

3. The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Encarta Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 ~~~http://encarta.msn.com~~~~~~
"The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC."

B. Violation – The Affirmative does not enact a topical action by the USFG

C. Prefer our interpretation

1. The affirmatives action is out side the "game space of debate" which makes predictable research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate

Hanghøj 2008 (Thorkild Hanghøj PhD, author affiliated with Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming ~~http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf-http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf~~~~ ) MT
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

====2. Debating over controversial issues is essential to learn about political thinking to understand how policies happen – the affirmatives truth statements destroy our ability to make decisions about right/wrong -  leading to a subjective view of politics and we never change anything – turns the aff====
Steinberg and Freeley 2008
(David L Steinberg is a professor of communication studies – University of Miami, and Austin J Freeley is a  criminal, civil rights law, and personal injury attorney., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pg.3-4 ) MT
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

====3. Without traditional political simulations we become passive spectators in the political sphere - leading to alienation and the worst form of politics – switch side debate is key====
Joyner  1999 – Christopher C Jouner Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University Spring, 1999 5 ILSA J Int~’l 26 Comp L 377 ILSA Journal of International 26 Comparative Law
Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Chris Crowe

First, restraining executive war powers whitewashes a long history of extreme racism and bloody U.S. imperialism

Street in 2008
(Paul, doctorate in U.S. History at Binghamton University, "The Audacity of Imperial Airbrushing: Barack Obama’s Whitewashed History of U.S. Foreign Policy and Why it Matters", http://www.zcommunications.org/the-audacity-of-imperial-airbrushing-barack-obama-s-whitewashed-history-of-u-s-foreign-policy-and-why-it-matters-by-paul-street.html-http://www.zcommunications.org/the-audacity-of-imperial-airbrushing-barack-obama-s-whitewashed-history-of-u-s-foreign-policy-and-why-it-matters-by-paul-street.html, July 5^th, 2008, rcheek)
"IT NEVER HAPPENED"¶ ¶ Under the rules of "mainstream" political discourse
AND
help avoid future conflicts" (Obama, Audacity, p. 283).

The Western man has relegated himself to the level of a God creating the non-being of the colonized—this normalizes violence in the colonial death world of the Middle East

Craun 13 ~Dustin Craun writer, community organizer, an anti-racist educator and a communications strategist. "Exploring Pluriversal Paths Toward Transmodernity: From the Mind-Centered Egolatry of Colonial Modernity to Islam’s Epistemic Decolonization through the Heart." Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 11.1 (2013): 9.Blackmagic~

Here, I will look at the work of Nelson Maldonado-Torres, as
AND
constant bombardment of Manichean images of the West and the non-West.

The alternative is to position ourselves around the oneness of God

In order to reach a true unity we must embrace a transcendental ethic—rather than attempting to reverse whiteness we must center community around the oneness of God and creation

Salahuddin 1995 ~Abubakr Ben Ishmael Salahuddin ; black American religious author"The Afrocentric Myth or Islam: The Liberator of the American People"BlackMagic~ 

If a homogenous nation of 1.2 billion people is forced to integrate "
AND
whiteness" is a condition which many non-Caucasians suffer from also~. 

The university space is point of intersection of power-effects - Academics shape regimes of truth and intermediate strategies of racism, sexism and capitalism - problematization of modes of knowledge formation instead of prophesying action within the realm of mundane politics is the best role for intellectuals

Deacon 2003 
(Roger Alan, Political Science Researcher w/a Doctorate from U of Natal – Durban. Fabricating Foucault: Rationalising the Management of Individuals. P 102-105)
And in The Order of Things he suggested that the disciplines of psychoanalysis and ethnology
AND
this independence and the greater their symbolic effectiveness (Bourdieu 1989: 100).

Policymakers attempts to impose order and certainty on the world result in constant war and violence

Burke in 2007
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, pMUSE, cheek)
~23  At the same time, Kissinger’s hubris and hunger for control was beset by
AND
control of the weapons themselves, into political utility and rational strategy.66

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV KO | Judge: Ben Saunders

Off

"Rebels" are simultaneously enforcers of the system’s agenda and lightning rods that contain deeper criticism of the system.

Kaczynski in 2010
(Ted, PhD from University of Michigan, former assistant professor of mathematics at University of California, Berkeley, "Technological Slavery", kindle)
All of us in modern society are hemmed in by a dense network of rules
AND
seen as having been forced on the System by pressure from the radicals. 

And, the industrial-technological system will guarantee the enslavement and eventual extinction of all living organisms.

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future, http://www.42inc.com/~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)
171. But suppose now that industrial society does survive the next several decade and
AND
would be better to dump the whole stinking system and take the consequences. 

The alternative is to destroy the industrial-technological system.

Only a revolutionary strategy against modern technology can break down the system. Any perm would compromise the revolution by enabling technological solutions to other problems

Kaczynski in 1995
(Theodore, former assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Industrial Society and its Future, http://www.42inc.com/~~estephen/manifesto/unabe2.html)
180. The technophiles are taking us all on an utterly reckless ride into the
AND
not going to give good results, then those recommendations should be discarded.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oklahoma | Judge: Daniel Stout

Off

Focus on linguistics rather than material reality isolates Marxist politics in intellectual ivory towers and precludes the possibility of action because we are constantly searching for endless lines of casuality – probably isolates your perm too. 
Poitevin 1 ( Rene Francisco Poitevin, PhD Cand Sociol @ UC-Davis and big time "on the ground" marxist 2001"The end of anti-capitalism as we knew it: Reflections on postmodern Marxism", The Socialist Review)
The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It) begs another question: Who
AND
oppositions, the differences" that constitute the episteme of a period.33

Believing the discursive is co extensive of the social is flawed-it dematerializes power by decoupling domination from exploitation and viewing power as a diffuse practice. The call to focus on symbols places consumption as a method of resistance-it is how we consume and understand symbols that is the key.  This ignores that every capitalist transgression has been rooted from production, not consumption.

Zavarzadeh in 95 (Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, post-ality: Marxism and postmodernism, post-ality the (dis)simulations of cybercapitalism)
The matterist theories of consumptionism are all founded upon the ludic .assumptions of the
AND
advocate a consensus for a permanent bourgeois democracy. 19-22

The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale.  Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system

Zizek and Daly in 4(Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
the abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative for an unconditional fidelity to a Universal struggle for political economic emancipation. Arguments about the ability of the alternative to succeed or the possibility for authoritarianism to occur are irrelevant – it is this prioritization of the new social order’s construction that caused Maoist violence and guarantees failure. We must take a leap of faith.

Zizek in 8 (Slavoj; senior researcher @ U of Ljubjlana; In Defense of Lost Causes; p. 202-210)
This capitalist reappropriation of revolutionary dynamics is not without its comic side effects. It
AND
) Ho: "Try again. Fail again. Fail better,"76

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: NYU | Judge: Izak Dunn

Off

Every problem of the 1AC is rooted in the Will that drives every facet of existence—to live is to want, and to want is to suffer—the fundamental premise of nature is the Will to live—acting through the Will can only ever perpetuate our sorrows

Young, 3
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 35-38) Henge
This universal, metaphysically necessary, feature is, of course, ’will’.
AND
the Roman proverb (WR I section 60, WR II chapter 44).

The only efficacious response to the Will is to fundamentally deny it at its core—our alternative is to accept death, letting ourselves starve for the very lack of Will to eat—nothingness is the true meaning of life

Young, 3
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 39-40) Henge
What are we to do about life’s suffering? Though claiming to have arrived at
AND
term of disparagement, Schopenhauer turns out to be a ’European Buddhist’.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

Off

Text: The President of the United States should issue a Presidential Policy Directive to restrain his use of war power by restricting targets of targeted killing operations using pilotless aircraft units outside declared zones of conflict to individuals identified as leaders of transnational organizations with direct involvement in past or ongoing violent operations against the United States

Definitional: "The" means all parts – they’re definitionally bound to defending all branches

Merriam-Webster’s Online Collegiate Dictionary, No Date,
http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized adjective to indicate reference to a group as a whole

This is key to neg ground and is a voter for fairness.

PPDs are confidential and perceived only by a limited group of advisors close to the president, NOT congress

Aftergood-http://blogs.fas.org/secrecy/author/saftergood/ 13 (Steven Aftergood-http://blogs.fas.org/secrecy/author/saftergood/ July 12 2013, Federation of American Scientists Secrecy News from the FAS Project on Government Secrecy FAS’s Secrecy News reports on new developments in government secrecy and provides public access to documentary resources on secrecy, intelligence and national security policy)LC
However, the White House presidential directive non-disclosure policy extends beyond homeland security
AND
, and agency heads concerning the global development policy of the United States."
While unclassified Obama presidential directives are mostly unavailable to the public, at least one highly classified Obama directive is posted online for anyone who wishes to read it. Presidential Policy Directive 20-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2013/jun/07/obama-cyber-directive-full-text on U.S. Cyber Operations Policy was apparently leaked by Edward Snowden and was published by the Guardian newspaper ("Obama orders US to draw up overseas target list for cyber-attacks"-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/07/obama-china-targets-cyber-overseas by Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill, June 7).

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

Off

First, policymaking methods are structured by the assumptions of white, male elites. Their analysis is predicated on an instrumental rationality that glosses over gender, race, class and sexuality as being tied to the prevailing relations of power and systemic oppression

Shaw in 2004
(Kathleen M., "Using Feminist Critical Policy Analysis in the Realm of Higher Education: The Case of Welfare Reform as Gendered Educational Policy", Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 75, Issue 1, rcheek)

Feminist critical policy analysis has been most clearly articulated in the work of Catherine Marshall
AND
tied to prevailing relations of power" (1997a, p. 3).

And, roleplaying a state policymaker colludes with an imperialist agenda that maintains status quo power, privilege, and oppression by distancing debaters from real world participation in the political contexts we debate about.

Reid-Brinkley in 2008 
(Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, University of Pittsburgh Department of Communications, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE" 2008)

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to do the same. 

The alternative is to reject policymaking.

Their method reproduces exceptionalist violence and oppression.  Vote negative to join a revolution in debate capable of instigating the critical consciousness necessary to avert immanent global disaster.

Spanos in 2004
(William V., professor @ Binghamton, printed in Joe Millers’ book "Cross-X" (pg. 467) 2004 and on edebate)

Dear Joe MIller, Yes, the statement about the American debate circuit you refer
AND
the blind arrogance of Bush Administration and his neocon policy makers is leading.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: ASU MY | Judge: Chris Crowe

Prisons K

The Justice system is racist and Islamophobic. Muslims accused of terrorism are presumed guilty and subjected to dehumanizing conditions and torture in the American prisons they would send them to. That turns the aff.

Brittain in 2013
(Victoria, journalist and former editor at the Guardian, "U.S. Muslims guilty until proven innocent", http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/-http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/, rcheek)
A four-month hunger strike, mass force-feedings,
ANDmen in the post-9/11 "justice system." The particular cruelty of the punishments they endure even before their unfair trials, will someday, like the abuses at Guantanamo, gain the attention they deserve.

And, focusing on indefinite detention ignores the systemic violence experienced by millions in prisons across the democratic world

Johns in 2005
(Fleur, Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Law, Sydney, Australia, "Guantánamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception", http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full-http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full, rcheek)
In arguing against Agamben and others that the experience of the exception anticipated by Schmitt
AND
immigrants in the most informal and vulnerable sectors of the contemporary economy.99

The alternative is to reject the aff’s reliance on Islamophobic law.

The classroom space of debate is a unique site for the production of Islamophobia. As an educator, you have a responsibility to deconstruct these stereotypes and reinforce anti-oppressive attitudes.

Zaal in 2012
(Mayida, assistant professor at Montclair State University, "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics", Journal of Adolescent 26 Adult Literacy, 55(6), doi:10.1002/JAAL.00066, rcheek)
Becky and Aysha’s story was brought to my attention when Aysha’s parents sought ¶ guidance
AND
environments in which students can engage as critical ¶ readers of their world.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Erika Thomas

Off

CP Text: The United States Executive Branch should disclose the procedures and safeguards used determining targets for UAV strikes.

Solve IHL, checks executive power, and helps Obama cred.

Kramer 2011 (Cheri Kramer 1-1-2011, The Legality of Targeted Drone Attacks as U.S.¶ Policy, Santa Clara Journal of International Law¶ Volume 9 | Issue 2 Article 4, http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=110526context=scujil, bs)

The heart of the debate over the legality of targeted drone attacks concerns policy considerations
AND
to gain by being more forthcoming with the procedures engaged to ensure compliance.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Erika Thomas

Off

Terror attack likely now.

Zimmerman 9/25 (Katherine, senior analyst for the American Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project., "Al-Qaeda’s African Surge Threatens the U.S." AEI, http://www.criticalthreats.org/somalia/zimmerman-al-qaedas-african-surge-threatens-us-september-25-2013-http://www.criticalthreats.org/somalia/zimmerman-al-qaedas-african-surge-threatens-us-september-25-2013 -Veeder)
U.S. intelligence officials fear that the score or so of American passport
AND
true. Far from defeated, al Qaeda is stronger now than ever.

Court oversight prevents drones from effectively operating.

Boot, Max. The Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York  Feburary 11th, 2013. "A Drone court is a terrible idea." Commentary Magazine. http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/02/11/a-drone-court-is-a-terrible-idea-fisa-terroris/ —Veeder
There is no doubt that putting judicial imprimatur on such strikes would help to dissipate
AND
force abroad by the military or covert forces of the United States government.

Drones have been integral for providing continual pressure that prevents terrorist groups from re-establishing safe havens.

Johnston, Patrick B. Ph.D. in political science, Northwestern. 2012. "Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida." The RAND Blog. August 22, 2012. —Veeder
Yet many insurgents and terrorists have been taken off the battlefield by U.S
AND
bin Laden did in Afghanistan in 1996, after his ouster from Sudan.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: ASU MY | Judge: Chris Crowe

XO

Text: The President of the United States should pass an executive order to establish a National Security Court with sole jurisdiction over cases pursuant to Section 1021 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012.

The president has authority over indefinite detention – no Congressional statute prevents the CP

Hanley, 12
(James Hanley is an ISPU fellow and an Associate Professor and Department Chair of Political Science at Adrian College. "The Continuing Growth Of Executive Power: The National Defense Authorization Act of 2012" http://www.ispu.org/pdfs/ISPU_Brief_NDAA_Bill_final.pdf-http://www.ispu.org/pdfs/ISPU_Brief_NDAA_Bill_final.pdf) Henge

1. When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization of Congress
   AND
   of stating that the president must rely on a congressional grant of authority. 

Legislative and Judicial checks on the executive prevent effective responses to nuclear terrorism and prolif

Li 2009 (ZHEYAO LI, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, Winter, 2009¶ The Georgetown Journal of Law Public Policy¶ 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373, lexis, bs)
Another tenet of the Congressionalist position is "balanced institutional participation in foreign affairs."
AND
congressional debate and approval before acting to prevent the loss of American lives.

Politics is a net benefit
Fleishman 76
Joel Fleishman (Professor of Law 26 Policy Sciences at Duke University) 1976 Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Summer p. 38

Several related factors, in particular, make executive orders especially attractive policymaking tools for
AND
off balance, to reduce its ability to formulate a powerful opposing position.

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pepperdine ER | Judge: Bethany Renfree
====CP Text:  The 2013-2014 NDT/CEDA debate resolution is "Resolved: The United States Federal Government should change the definition of one or more of the following: Marriage, Person, Retirement age, Family, Poverty."====

====Observation 1: Perms don’t cut it; any perm would either====

====Sever "its" from the plan text, which moots negative ground and creates a moving target, this is a voter for competitive equity====

====Or, the perm would still link to the net benefit====

====Observation 2: Solvency and the Net Benefit====

====The plan establishes an I-it relationship to the world; this makes violence inevitable. ====

Cohen in 1957

(Arthur A., American Jewish scholar, theologian and author, "Martin Buber", p. 47-53)

The opening paragraph establishes a tone and a mode of access. It is this
AND
the instruments of human life are devised to effect distinction rather than union.