Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman | Judge: Kaut, Kendall
Case

Pakistan
Drones low now and aren’t killing many civilians
Cahall 13 Bailey, research associate with the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, July 2nd 2013, New report says CIA drone strikes in Pakistan at an all-time low, afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/02/report_cia_drone_strikes_in_pakistan_at_all_time_low

A new report released by … past year on CNN.com.
Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability- multiple alternatives cause.
Javaid ’11 Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies and Chairperson Department of political science University of Punjab, “Thriving Fundamentalism and Militancy in Pakistan An Analytical Overview of their Impact on the Society,” South Asian Studies, Vol. 26 No. 1. Pg. 16-17

 ‘The recent increase of … the global security and peace.

Drones are key to decimating Al-Qaeda
Byman 13 Daniel Byman, professor in the Security Studies Program of Georgetown Universityand#39;s School of Foreign Service, “Why Drones Work” July/August 2013 Foreign Affairs http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139453/daniel-byman/why-drones-work

Despite President Barack Obama’s recent … key to solve nuclear terrorism
Royal 11 JOHN PAUL ROYAL, Institute of World Politics, “War Powers and the Age of Terrorism,” Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress The Fellows Review http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf

The international system itself and … diffuse nature of terrorist networks:
In this sense, 9/11 has taught us that terrorism against American interests “over there” should be regarded just as we regard terrorism against America “over here.” In this sense, the American homeland is the planet (National Commission 2004, 362).
Furthermore, the report explicitly describes the global nature of the threat and the global mission that must take place to address it. Its first strategic policy recommendation against terrorism states that the:
U.S. government must identify and prioritize actual or potential terrorist sanctuaries. For each, it should have a realistic strategy to keep possible terrorists insecure and on the run, using all elements of national power (National Commission 2004, 367).
Thus, fighting continues against terrorists in Afghanistan, Yemen, Iraq, Pakistan, the Philippines, and beyond, as we approach the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Proliferation of weapons of mass … rescind and limit these powers. 

Best data proves drones are successful
Byman 13 Daniel Byman, professor in the Security Studies Program of Georgetown Universityand#39;s School of Foreign Service, “Why Drones Work” July/August 2013 Foreign Affairs http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139453/daniel-byman/why-drones-work

The Obama administration relies on … leaders and risking dead leaders.

Drones key to dismantling terrorist safe havens
Byman 9 Daniel Byman, director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Do Targeted Killings Work?” 7/14, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/14/do_targeted_killings_work?page=0,1 

Killing terrorist leaders is difficult, … reign to plot terrorist mayhem.

No Central Asian War

1. Strong mutual interests and relations prevent escalation in Central Asia.
   Richard Weitz 06, senior fellow and … Great Game in Central Asia”
   
   Fortunately, the fact that Central … cooperation and should be avoided. 

2. Russia won’t get drawn in to central Asian conflicts.
Rivera 03, Assistanat Prof of Government … at Hamilton, 3/22/03 (Political Science Quarterly)

Other observers, however, painted a very … the Russia we see today.and#34; (9)

3. No escalation – No vital interests for great power war in Central Asia.
Richard Weitz 06, senior fellow and … Great Game in Central Asia”

Central Asian security affairs have … bilateral ties traditionally have predominated. 

1NC Indo-Pak Relations Improving
Indo-Pak relations are getting stronger through new trade agreements.
Sharma ’13 (Pranjal, Ad

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emporia TT | Judge: Amber Kelsie

1NC

Off

The 1AC absolves us of our symbolic responsibility to the other—the frenetic politics of the 1AC convinces us that we’re active subjects, when in reality they’ve just told a narrative of suffering for the enjoyment of everyone in the activity—we do this as a way to avoid a true confrontation with the Real
Slavoj Žižek 97 Director of Humanities at the Birkbeck Institute, 1997 Slavoj, The Plague of Fantasies, p. 113-116

At the level of elementary psychological observation, one can answer this by recalling the
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an active subject is precisely the fundamental fantasy which sustains his disavowed passivity.

Your "radical act" is really safe transgression that only maintains the very structures they criticize—-ideology sustains itself by constructing spaces of false disidentification to convince us that we’re challenging it, when in reality our transgression through those forums sustains the very ideology it claims to reject
Stavrakakis 12 Yannis Stavrakakis, Associate Professor at the School of Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "SYMPOSIUM: FANTASY AND MARKETS: Beyond the Spirits of Capitalism? Prohibition, Enjoyment, and Social Change" Cardozo Law Review August, 2012 Cardozo Law Review 33 Cardozo L. Rev. 2289  

If, today, the battle between austerity and spending, the return of ascetic
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, conceals an extimate relation of mutual engagement producing a single bipolar system?
My main hypothesis is that, apart from the simple case of straightforward synergy between
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camouflages, disavows, a synergy reproducing the hegemonic structure/order. n26
In fact, even a degree of transgression is often implicitly encouraged by a dominant
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charting an alternative course beyond the short-circuit present in such cases.

Don’t accept their frenetic politics—-a negative ballot is the only radical act, to refuse pseudo-activism, break down the symbolic, and deny them of their enjoyment at the other’s expense
Zizek 2 Professor of Philosophy @ Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana, Slavoj, "Revolution at the Gates", pg 167-172

The problem lies in the further implicit qualifications which can easily be discerned by a
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normal accepted meaning, multiculturalism perfectly fits the logic of the global market.

Off

Gotta have a plan—failure to have a concrete option we can debate against guarantees that oppression continues and efforts for change backfire
Steve, 07  (Anonymous member of Black Block and Active Transformation who lives in East Lansing, MI, Date Last Mod. Feb 8, http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/global/a16dcdiscussion.htm)
What follows is not an attempt to discredit our efforts. It was a powerful
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others will be prepared to build up the state or a new state.

And, their strategy allows vague shifting which conceals weaknesses and results in manipulation that turns their impact
Galles, 09 ~Gary, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine, "Vagueness as a Political Strategy," March 2, http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/~~
The problem with such vagueness is that any informed public policy decision has to be
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, it virtually ensures bad policy, if Americans’ welfare is the criterion.

Third, it undermines clash—it’s impossible to engage their ideas if we don’t know what they are—that clash is critical to develop strategies and test ideas which eventually result in social change
Branham, 95 (Robert, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College, Argumentation and Advocacy, Winter)
In the years following his release from prison, Malcolm X honed his speaking skills
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his own, which shone most brightly in the light generated by confrontation.

Case

Rhetorical silence on whiteness preserves the invisibility of whiteness and preserves material white privilege.

What is unspoken is left as the ASSUMED norm.
DR. CRENSHAW Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala.  1997
Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
This analysis brings into focus several observations about how whiteness operates rhetorically and ideologically in
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the ideology of white privilege "works" through rhetorical silence about whiteness.

It is UNCONSCIONABLE to protest American wars elsewhere when there are domestic WARS of "home".  There is an UNSPOKEN "politics of assumption" that takes the PERMANENCE of domestic warfare for granted building a RAGE against this LIVING APOCALYPSE into a CREATIVE POSSIBLITY for INSURGENCY.  
RODRIGUEZ Asst Prof @ University of California Riverside 2k8
Dylan Rodriguez 2008 ~Assistant Professor at University of California Riverside, Abolition Now21 p.93-100~

We are collectively witnessing, surviving, and working in a time of unprecedented state
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, every desperate act, and every attack aborted or drowned in blood."

We must focus on neo-liberalism is FUNDAMENTALLY RACED.

ROBERTS 26 MAHTANI Dpt. Of Geography and Planning Univ of Toronto 2k10
David J. and Minelle- Neoliberalizing Race, Racing Neoliberalism:  Placing "Race" in Neoliberal Discourse; a paper first presented in 2008 at the AAGs in Boston, MA in April; published online February 18^th; ANTIPODE, Vol. 42, Issue 2; pp. 248-257, March.
http://ccrri.ukzn.ac.za/docs/Neoliberalizing_Race,_Racing_Neoliberalism_Placing_Race_In_Neoliberal_Discourses_.pdf
We concur that it is important to analyze the processes through which the ideology neoliberalism
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of race as has been recommended by geographers (McKittrick 2006, Pulido 2000

Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease. It justifies atrocities, creates another and is truly the CAPITAL SIN.

MEMMI Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris 2000 Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

2NC

2NC Overview

 
Their so-called subversive display is only a manifestation of our demand for enjoyment—-the key to this transcendence is a negative ballot, to come to the recognition that our winning and our fun as structurally dependend upon the suffering of millions is a bad form of scholarship
McGowan 4 PhD from Ohio State English Department (Todd, 2004, "Introduction: Psychoanalysis after Marx", End of Dissatisfaction? Jacques Lacan and the Emerging Society of Enjoyment", p. 192-4)  MH

The problem with the school uniform movement, as well as all of the other
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. To recognize one’s failure to enjoy is already to begin to enjoy. 

2NC Link—Armchair Activism

The 1AC’s armchair activism make us more comfortable and therefore more invested in the political status quo—-only the alternative’s complete rejection of the very political-ideological terrain of the symbolic order can solve
McGowan 4 PhD from Ohio State English Department (Todd, 2004, "Introduction: Psychoanalysis after Marx", End of Dissatisfaction? Jacques Lacan and the Emerging Society of Enjoyment", p. 124-6)  MH

In response to the command to enjoy, contemporary cynicism is an effort to gain
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bereft of the actual enjoyment that would break from the prevailing symbolic authority. 

2NC AT: Bad

Your wrong, not only has pscyhoanalysis changed to fit a post colonial criticm but psychoanalysis is indespinsible for postcolonial theory
Christopher Lane 2003 (Professor of English at Northwestern University, "Psychoanalysis and Colonialism Redux: Why Mannoni’s "Prospero Complex" Still Haunts Us", Journal of Modern Literature) p. 127-128
Although psychoanalysis and colonialism share a long and fraught history, the 1986 reprinting of
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political power," so making psychoanalytic vocabulary an ally for postcolonial theory. 5

Psychoanalysis may be tied up in colonial history and opression but it is for that reason that it is a key stone to any post conolial criticism.
Christopher Lane 2003 (Professor of English at Northwestern University, "Psychoanalysis and Colonialism Redux: Why Mannoni’s "Prospero Complex" Still Haunts Us", Journal of Modern Literature) p.129-130
Viewing psychic conflicts as politically determined, Fanon sought explanations for suffering in the patient’s
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flows of debt, technical know-how, and actuarial projection). 15 

1NR

Must address race first, neo-liberalism is used to MASK racial inequalities.

WARD Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign 2k7
Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, 26 The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft;
http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf
Neoliberalism fosters an economic theory of democracy. The idea is that democracy is commodified
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for the conditions in which they exist (Anderson, 2005, 133)."

Only a critical race theory can center the struggle against neo-liberalism.
WARD Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign 2k7
Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, 26 The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft;
http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf
A critical race theory (CRT) framework places race as the central unit of
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, implementation, and particularly outcomes by simply pretending that they don’t exist.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southern California Nhan-Placido | Judge: Arnett

1NC

Off

The plan identifies the non-Western world as a space devoid of the rule of law—-that sets the stage for aggressive intervention and colonial plunder, which locks in neoliberal structural violence—-and their ev is based on distorted representations of the rule of law that have no relationship to reality
Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law 26 University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, "GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW," online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers

Within this framework, Western law has constantly enjoyed a dominant position during the past
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, behaving as a neo-colonialist within the ideology known as neoliberalism.
Western countries identify themselves as law-abiding and civilized no matter what their actual
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lack’ the minimal institutional systems necessary for the unfolding of a market economy.
The theory of ’lack’ and the rhetoric of the rule of law have justified
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is today by the WTO in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Foreign-imposed privatization laws that facilitate unconscionable bargains at the expense of the people have been vehicles of plunder, not of legality. In all these settings the tragic human suffering produced by such plunder is simply ignored. In this context law played a major role in legalizing such practices of powerful actors against the powerless.5 Yet, this use of power is scarcely explored in the study of Western law.
The exportation of Western legal institutions from  the West to the ’rest’ has systematically
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proactive: more succinctly, a technological framework for an ’efficient’ market.
The rule of law has a bright and a dark side, with  the latter progressively conquering new ground whenever the former is not empowered by a political soul. In the absence of such political life, the rule of law becomes a cold technology. Moreover, when large corporate actors dominate states (affected by a declining regulatory role), law becomes a product of the economy, and economy governs the law rather than being governed by it. 

Using national security to justify restraints on the executive is self-defeating.  Security discourse consolidates authoritarian politics.
Aziz RANA Law at Cornell 11 ~"Who Decides on Security?" Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers, Paper 87, http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87 p. 1-7~

Today politicians and legal scholars routinely invoke fears that the balance between liberty and security
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normative assumptions required to sustain popular involvement in matters of threat and safety.

Global expansion of the Western conception of rule of law enables neoliberal resource plundering—-turns the whole case because it causes failed transitions that are hijacked by authoritarians
Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law 26 University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, "GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW," online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers

The rule of law rhetoric has been used as a justification for ’plunder’ (
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contrary its close association with practices of ’plunder’ has to be recognized.
In the dominant liberal democratic tradition the rule of law has at least two different
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investment thus come packaged with the prestigious wrapping of the rule of law.
According to the second approach, which relates to  a liberal political tradition rooted in
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governed by the rule of law when its leaders are under its restraint.
Some conservatives might favour the first meaning,  protecting property and contracts. The second
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, promote the private  sector growth, fight poverty and have legitimacy’.8
A system can be governed by the rule of law in one or the other
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’good governance’ prescriptions of the World Bank also fall in this category.  
In other systems, with good human rights credentials, governments interpret their role as
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United States’ New Deal), might offer such a model in Western societies.
Western countries have developed a strong identity as being governed by the rule of law, no matter what the actual history or the present situation might be. Such identity is obtained—as is the usual pattern—by comparison with ’the other’, almost invariably portrayed as ’lacking’ the rule of law.
Based on the idea that others ’lack’ the rule of law, many external interventions have been enacted in the so-called ’developing countries’ by Western actors. Many of such interventions, instead of being beneficial for the local society, have shown the possibility for the law to be used as an instrument of oppression and plunder, ironically representing an ’illegal’ use of the rule of law.9

The impact is global extinction—-US-driven economic orthodoxy collapses democracy, causes resource wars and environmental collapse
Vandana Shiva 12, founder of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Western Ontario, chairs the Commission on the Future of Food set up by the Region of Tuscany in Italy and is a member of the Scientific Committee which advises President Zapatero of Spain, March 1, 2012, "Imposed Austerity vs Chosen Simplicity: Who Will Pay For Which Adjustments?," online: http://www.ethicalmarkets.com/2012/03/01/imposed-austerity-vs-chosen-simplicity-who-will-pay-for-which-adjustments/

The dominant economic model based on limitless growth on a limited planet is leading to
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have started to say "No to the Green Economy of the 1".
But an ecological adjustment is possible, and is happening. This ecological adjustment involves
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based on the recovery of the commons and the creation of Earth Democracy.
The dominant economic model based on resource monopolies and the rule of an oligarchy is
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homeland security in U.S., and multiple security laws in India.
The calls for a democratic adjustment from below are witnessed worldwide in the rise of non-violent protests, from the Arab spring to the American autumn of "Occupy" and the Russian winter challenging the hijack of elections and electoral democracy.
And these movements for democratic adjustment are also rising everywhere in response to the "
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houses, manicure the fingernails, and maintain the lawn of the affluent".
Forced austerity based on the old paradigm allows the 1 super rich, the
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imposed austerity built into the trade liberalization and "economic reform" policies.
There is another paradigm emerging which is shared by Gandhi and the new movements of
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and it creates a path for economic adjustment based on justice and equity.
Forced austerity makes the poor and working families pay for the excesses of limitless greed and accumulation by the super rich. Chosen simplicity stops these excesses and allow us to flower into an Earth Democracy where the rights and freedoms of all species and all people are protected and respected.

Our alternative is to refuse the affirmative’s technical fix for war powers in favor of subjecting the 1ac’s discourse to rigorous democratic scrutiny
Aziz Rana 12, Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell University Law School; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School; PhD., Harvard University, July 2012, "NATIONAL SECURITY: LEAD ARTICLE: Who Decides on Security?," 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1417

If the objective sociological claims at the center of the modern security concept are themselves
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, we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched.

Reject their ideological focus on short-term impacts—-cast the ballot to fundamentally rethink the global promotion of Western law
Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law 26 University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, "GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW," online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers

Contemporary mass cultures operate within a short time-span. Most intellectuals do not acknowledge that it is exactly because of plunder of gold, silver, bioresources and so on that development accelerated in the West, so that underdevelopment is a historically produced victimization of weaker and more enclosed communities and not the disease of lesser people.
Prevailing short-term and short-sighted opportunism must be overcome. An analysis of the imperial adventure rendered in legal terms opens up a possibility for a radical rethinking of a model of development defined by Western ideas of progress, development and economic efficiency. A reconfiguration would mean, first and foremost, a clear rejection of an ideology of inherent superiority of Western culture that does not recognize that the West is itself part of something much larger. 

Framework—-policymakers and legal intellectuals use representations of the rule of law as a positive force that bear no relationship to reality—-interrogating flawed understandings of the rule of law undermines the truth-value of their claims about its tangible effects
Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law 26 University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, "GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW," online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers
The expression ’rule of law’ has gained currency well outside the specialized learning of lawyers. It has reached political and cultural spheres, entering everyday discourse and media language, it is pronounced in countless political speeches and promenades on the agendas of private and public actors.
Unfortunately, the term has incrementally lost clarity and is today interpreted in widely disparate
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not for the weighty political implications of the phrase in different contexts.7
The connotations of the expression ’rule of law’ have always been implicitly positive. Today, the concept is inextricably linked to the notion of democracy, thus becoming a powerful, almost indisputable, positively loaded ideal. Who could argue against a society governed under democracy and the rule of law?
The rule of law lives today in a comfortable limbo, stretched to fit the
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artefact, closely connected with the diffusion of Western political and economic domination.  

Our framework is necessary to reclaim the political from state-focused methods that constrict democratic dialogue. Error replication is inevitable without interrogating the ethical foundations of the 1ac   
Shampa Biswas 7 Prof of Politics @ Whitman "Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist" Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125

The recent resuscitation of the project of Empire should give International Relations scholars particular pause
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expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

Solvency

Courts can’t restrict presidential war powers
Wheeler 9 Darren A. Wheeler, associate professor of political science at Ball State University, "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?"  Presidential Studies Quarterly 39.4 (Dec 2009): 677-700 

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
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2004; Goldsmith 2007; Kassop 2007; Savage 2007; Wheeler 2008).

Even if the president has to rely on risky legal grounds – no court will ever rule against him on national security affairs and even if they did, the executive would circumvent them
Vermeule 9  *Adrian, John H. Watson, Jr. Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. Harvard Law Review, 122 Harv. L. Rev. 1095, February

4. Standards Versus Grey Holes. - A particular clarification about grey holes is
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of-law theorists and administrative law theorists think is true or desirable.

Credibility

Liberal peace theory ignores the violence that goes into creating pliant regimes willing to trade with the US—-naturalizes mass violence in the interim and makes long term collapse inevitable
Herman 12—professor emeritus of finance at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Edward, 7/25/12, Reality Denial : Steven Pinker’s Apologetics for Western-Imperial Volence, http://www.zcommunications.org/reality-denial-steven-pinkers-apologetics-for-western-imperial-volence-by-edward-s-herman-and-david-peterson-1)

Pinker’s establishment ideology kicks-in very clearly in his comparative treatment of communism,
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of economic reform," Jawaharal Nehru University economist Utsa Patnaik observes.~154~  

NATO is the perfect example of our link argument—-it sanitizes global violence
Kuus 9—Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia (Merje, Cosmopolitan militarism? Spaces of NATO expansion, Environment and Planning A 2009, vol 41, pages 545-562)

`With little fanfare—and even less notice—the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
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, but it is cosmopolitan in its public legitimation in the member states. 

Hegemony invokes a permanent state of emergency that justifies our paranoid neurosis—the idea we need to deter invisible threats creates self-fulfilling prophecies makes war inevitable  
Zizek 5—prof, Sociology, University of Ljubljana (Slavoj, Give Iranian Nukes a Chance, http://www.lacan.com/zizekiranian.htm)
But are nuclear arms in the hands of Iran’s rulers really a threat to international
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United States now plans to continue Saddam’s work of toppling the Iranian government. 

Terror

Their threats of terrorism are paranoid creations of the MIC—impact is extinction
Valenzuela 3 Manuel, social critic, commentator, Internet essayist and author of Echoes in the Wind, "perpetual war; perpetual terror"

Without war, violence and weapons there is no Pentagon. And so to survive
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This can be seen in the world’s perception and treatment of us today.

Their terrorism advantage is epistemologically suspect—-the ballot is crucial to reject state-sponsored knowledge that legitimizes global violence
Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in orig.

Over the past thirty years, a small but politically-significant academic field of
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will then discuss the function that this research serves for the US state.

Their repetition of terrorist threats reinforces stereotypes and leads to a fearful, securitized, islamophobia.  Their disadvantage fuels calls to war and is academically suspect.
Streuner and Willis, 2009 ~Dr. Erin Steuter a nd Dr. De borah Wills Depart ment o f Soci ology Mount Allis on Univer sity rin Steuter and Deborah Wills are the authors of At Wa r with Meta phor: Media Propaganda and Racism in th e Wa r on Terr or (Lexington Books, 2008). Erin Steuter is an a ssociate professor of Soci ology where she specializes in examining the ideological repr esentations of the ne ws. Recip ient of multiple awards for her teaching and r esearch, her research and published works have appeared in Political Communication and Persuasion , Canadian Jo urnal of Communication , Journal of American and Comparative C ultures , a nd other noted academic journals. Deborah Wills is an associa te professor of English at Mount Allison University . "iscourses of Dehumanization:  Enemy Construction and Canadian Media Complicity  in the Framing of the War on Terror "http://www.gmj.uottawa.ca/0902/v2i2_steuter20and20wills.pdf~~

One of the least visible bu t most ideological ly-charged choices in W
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conflict, violence, and bloodshed" (G ottschalk and Greenberg 2007).

Constructing the Enemy  Media coverage of the events of 9/11 and the subsequent
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and  Hispanics" (cited in Lester 26 Ross, 2003: 76). 

Elizabeth Poole observes that in the media’s discussion of the War on Terror, anti
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Kuttab, 2007; Esses,  Veenvliet, Hodson 26 Mihic, 2008)
.
Philip Knightly’s (1975) and Sam Keen’s ( 1991) pioneering work on enemy
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Western media discourse typically  emphasizes mass over singularity when it represents the East. 

In times of conflict, when constructions of  the Other conflate with constructions of the  
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Japanese mass activity, the visual correlative of a  race lacking individual identity. 

Such representations operate most visibly  in overt propaganda, but devolve so thoroughly  into public
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speak to fundamental questions of why such images are so necessary and  prevalent. 

One in three billion chance of nuclear terrorism
Mueller 10 John, professor of political science at Ohio State University, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science 26 Technology, Winter2010, Vol. 26, Issue 2

In contrast to these predictions, terrorist groups seem to have exhibited only limited desire and even less progress in going atomic. This may be because, after brief exploration of the possible routes, they, unlike generations of alarmists, have discovered that the tremendous effort required is scarcely likely to be successful.
The most plausible route for terrorists, according to most experts, would be to manufacture an atomic device themselves from purloined fissile material (plutonium or, more likely, highly enriched uranium). This task, however, remains a daunting one, requiring that a considerable series of difficult hurdles be conquered and in sequence.
Outright armed theft of fissile material is exceedingly unlikely not only because of the resistance
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have every incentive to cover their trail, beginning with eliminating their confederates."
If terrorists were somehow successful at obtaining a sufficient mass of relevant material, they
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probably be offered by alarmed governments once the uranium theft had been discovered.
Once outside the country with their precious booty, terrorists would need to set up
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and police about their curious and sudden absence from normal pursuits back home.
Members of the bomb-building team would also have to be utterly devoted to the cause, of course, and they would have to be willing to put their lives and certainly their careers at high risk, because after their bomb was discovered or exploded they would probably become the targets of an intense worldwide dragnet operation.
Some observers have insisted that it would be easy for terrorists to assemble a crude
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tools and supplies" could fabricate a bomb "is farfetched at best."
Under the best circumstances, the process of making a bomb could take months or even a year or more, which would, of course, have to be carried out in utter secrecy. In addition, people in the area, including criminals, may observe with increasing curiosity and puzzlement the constant coming and going of technicians unlikely to be locals.
If the effort to build a bomb was successful, the finished product, weighing a ton or more, would then have to be transported to and smuggled into the relevant target country where it would have to be received by collaborators who are at once totally dedicated and technically proficient at handling, maintaining, detonating, and perhaps assembling the weapon after it arrives.
The financial costs of this extensive and extended operation could easily become monumental. There
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extortion and psychologically equipped by their profession to be willing to exploit them.
Those who warn about the likelihood of a terrorist bomb contend that a terrorist group
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conclude that their prospects are daunting and accordingly uninspiring or even terminally dispiriting.
It is possible to calculate the chances for success. Adopting probability estimates that purposely
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to pull off the deed drop to one in well over three billion.
Other routes would-be terrorists might take to acquire a bomb are even more
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concern would be that the terrorist group might be infiltrated by foreign intelligence.

2NC

Herman 12—professor emeritus of finance at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Edward, 7/25/12, Reality Denial : Steven Pinker’s Apologetics for Western-Imperial Volence, http://www.zcommunications.org/reality-denial-steven-pinkers-apologetics-for-western-imperial-volence-by-edward-s-herman-and-david-peterson-1)

Disappearing Imperialism, the Military-Industrial Complex, and Institutional Imperatives¶ Pinker’s remarkable
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past two decades, and comprise the major component of the DRC toll. 

Hegemony is a paranoid fantasy—-the strategy omnipotence sees threats to empire everywhere, which necessitates constant violence—-you have an obligation to place the structural violence that hegemony invisibilizes at the core of your decision calculus
McClintock 9—chaired prof of English and Women’s and Gender Studies at UW–Madison. MPhil from Cambridge; PhD from Columbia (Anne, Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib, Small Axe Mar2009, Issue 28, p50-74)
By now it is fair to say that the United States has come to be
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cost of catastrophic self-delusion and the infliction of great calamities elsewhere.
I have come to feel that we urgently need to make visible (the better
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come to characterize the  United States as a super-carceral state. 5
Can we, the uneasy heirs of empire, now speak only of national things
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. Rather, the force of empire comes to reconfigure, from within, 

Cheesman and Bruce

Cheeseman 26 Bruce 96 Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce Assoc. Prof in social sciences @ Curtin univ, ’96, Discourses of Danger 26 Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
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resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

1NR

Terror

Aff can’t reduce resentment—-not sufficient
Stephen Holmes 13, the Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, July 2013, "What’s in it for Obama?," The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama
On the basis of undisclosed evidence, evaluated in unspecified procedures by rotating personnel with
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killing of innocent Muslims falls within America’s commodious concept of a just war.

Plan causes extraordinary rendition shift
Kenneth Anderson 09, Professor of International Law at American University, 5/31, "Security Issues Like Squeezing Jello? Reversion to the Mean? Jack Goldsmith on the Effects of Security Alternatives," http://opiniojuris.org/2009/05/31/security-issues-like-squeezing-jello-reversion-to-the-mean-jack-goldsmith-on-the-effects-of-security-alternatives/~~23sthash.TB1xcePu.dpuf
One way you might look at this is that there is a sort-of
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to complicate the issues of Guantanamo, Bagram, and other matters besides.

Their repetition of terrorist threats reinforces stereotypes and leads to a fearful, securitized, islamophobia.  Their disadvantage fuels calls to war and is academically suspect.
Streuner and Willis, 2009 ~Dr. Erin Steuter a nd Dr. De borah Wills Depart ment o f Soci ology Mount Allis on Univer sity rin Steuter and Deborah Wills are the authors of At Wa r with Meta phor: Media Propaganda and Racism in th e Wa r on Terr or (Lexington Books, 2008). Erin Steuter is an a ssociate professor of Soci ology where she specializes in examining the ideological repr esentations of the ne ws. Recip ient of multiple awards for her teaching and r esearch, her research and published works have appeared in Political Communication and Persuasion , Canadian Jo urnal of Communication , Journal of American and Comparative C ultures , a nd other noted academic journals. Deborah Wills is an associa te professor of English at Mount Allison University . "iscourses of Dehumanization:  Enemy Construction and Canadian Media Complicity  in the Framing of the War on Terror "http://www.gmj.uottawa.ca/0902/v2i2_steuter20and20wills.pdf~~

One of the least visible bu t most ideological ly-charged choices in W
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conflict, violence, and bloodshed" (G ottschalk and Greenberg 2007).

Constructing the Enemy  Media coverage of the events of 9/11 and the subsequent
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and  Hispanics" (cited in Lester 26 Ross, 2003: 76). 

Elizabeth Poole observes that in the media’s discussion of the War on Terror, anti
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Kuttab, 2007; Esses,  Veenvliet, Hodson 26 Mihic, 2008)
.
Philip Knightly’s (1975) and Sam Keen’s ( 1991) pioneering work on enemy
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Western media discourse typically  emphasizes mass over singularity when it represents the East. 

In times of conflict, when constructions of  the Other conflate with constructions of the  
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Japanese mass activity, the visual correlative of a  race lacking individual identity. 

Such representations operate most visibly  in overt propaganda, but devolve so thoroughly  into public
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speak to fundamental questions of why such images are so necessary and  prevalent. 

Circumvention

Yes motive – institutional incentives
William Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, 2013 ~Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, PhD from Harvard, Barack Obama’s "war on terror", Eurozine, 3/7/2013, http://www.eurozine.com/pdf/2013-03-07-scheuerman-en.pdf, BJM~

Given dual democratic legitimacy, holders of executive power face deeply rooted institutional incentives to
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Obama get reelected ?? simultaneously has had deeply troublesome humanitarian and legal consequences.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas Chowdhury-Malone | Judge: Dunn

1NC

Framework

The 1AC fails to advance an advocacy in direction of the topic:

Targeted killings are strikes carried about against pre-meditated, individually designated targets—-signature strikes are distinct
Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and ’Signature’ Attacks on Taliban Fighters," August 29 2011, http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/
From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
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will not tell one very much without knowing what mission is at issue.

Interpretation—targeted killing is outside of armed conflict
Silva 3 (Sebastian Jose Silva, Faculte de Droit de l’Universite de Montreal, "Death For Life: A Study of Targeted Killing by States In International Law," August 2003)

For the purpose of this study, military responses to terrorism that are directed primarily
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scope and content of this definition will be addressed in the first chapter.

Restriction is a prohibition
Northglenn 11 (City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, "Rules of Construction – Definitions", http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html)

Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term "restriction" shall mean a prohibitive regulation. Any use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing which is the subject of a restriction is prohibited, and no such use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley ’13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy
Steinberg and Freeley ’13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
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should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.
We control uniqueness—-critical thinking skills are faltering now—-frameworks that force clash are key to decisionmaking, critical thinking, and deeper epistemological understanding of both sides of an issue
Yanklowitz 13 Rabbi Shmuly Yanklowitz, Executive Director of the Valley Beit Midrash, the Founder 26 President of Uri L’Tzedek, the Founder and CEO of The Shamayim V’Aretz Institute and the author of "Jewish Ethics 26 Social Justice: A Guide for the 21st Century." "A Society with Poor Critical Thinking Skills: The Case for ’Argument’ in Education" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-shmuly-yanklowitz/a-society-with-poor-criti_b_3754401.html

Researchers have shown that most students today are weak in critical thinking skills. They
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must invest in the education of our youth. They are our future21

Lastly, switch-side is key—-effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Keller et. al 1 Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost

These policy practice skills reflect the hallmarks of critical thinking (see Brookfield, 1987
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yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Predictability is the key internal link to dialogue and clash.

Second is the Dialogical Model of Debate – the fair practices of the contest round are limited by a switch side debate where the affirmative is obligated to defend a topical action – Affirmative strategies that suspend basic fairness norms are EXCLUSIVE, substitutes for topical action do not accrue the same dialogical benefits of topical advocacy
GALLOWAY Asst Prof and Director of Debate @ Samford 2k7
Ryan-former GMU debater; Dinner and Conversation at the Argumentative Table:  Reconceptualizing Debate as an Argumentative Dialogue; CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE; Vol. 28; p. 5-7
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
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substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy. 

Race

Rhetorical silence on whiteness preserves the invisibility of whiteness and preserves material white privilege.

What is unspoken is left as the ASSUMED norm.
DR. CRENSHAW Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala.  1997
Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
This analysis brings into focus several observations about how whiteness operates rhetorically and ideologically in
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the ideology of white privilege "works" through rhetorical silence about whiteness.
It’s ahistorical - papers overs centuries of genocide
TWIB (a Femme Lawyer practicing litigator living in Chicago)  13
(Drone Policy Is the Most Important Racism, This Week In Blackenss, http://ec2-23-23-137-51.compute-1.amazonaws.com/2013/07/25/drone-policy-is-the-most-important-racism/)

There are several incidents of privilege-blindness among the mostly white male drone-
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gay people, transpeople, disabled people, and poor people among others.
People who insist on talking about drones as an ultimate evil ignore this history of
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are complicit in denying the violence against marginalized people that has always existed.

IR structures silnc

Contemporary IR discourse is a strategy of containment: it consciously denies underlying contradictions and instead provides a "substitute truth" to make existence bearable. IR champions "policy-relevance" and quantitative analysis: these are the mechanisms of containment. These are NOT truth seeking but truth MASKING – these pedagogical allergies are the means of denying underlying contradictions. To remember international relations, one needs to forget IR: our critical genealogy of the FATA is that process of forgetting and remembering.  
KRISHNA Dept of Political Science @ University of Hawaii @ Manoa 2k1 Sankaran-; Race, Amnesia, and the Education of International Relations; ALTERNATIVES 26; p. 401-24 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3225/is_4_26/ai_n28886581/
 Before turning to the three contrapuntal readings of encounters that have consolidated the modern
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Racism is the word we use to encompass all this. (14)

It is UNCONSCIONABLE to protest American wars elsewhere when there are domestic WARS of "home".  There is an UNSPOKEN "politics of assumption" that takes the PERMANENCE of domestic warfare for granted building a RAGE against this LIVING APOCALYPSE into a CREATIVE POSSIBLITY for INSURGENCY.  
RODRIGUEZ Asst Prof @ University of California Riverside 2k8
Dylan Rodriguez 2008 ~Assistant Professor at University of California Riverside, Abolition Now21 p.93-100~

We are collectively witnessing, surviving, and working in a time of unprecedented state
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, every desperate act, and every attack aborted or drowned in blood."

Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease. It justifies atrocities, creates another and is truly the CAPITAL SIN.

MEMMI Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris 2000 Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Case

Fetishization of the drone inaccurately warps historical contexts – turns the case.

Trombly 12
~analyst on international affairs and strategy; Associate at Caerus Analytics; fmr Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies, Dan, The Drone War Does Not Take Place, NOVEMBER 16, 2012, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/the-drone-war-does-not-take-place~~

I’ll try to make this a bit shorter than my usual fare on the subject
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possibly a great deal of harm – to understanding how to move forward. 

Drones not lead to more war or escalation AND focusing on drones the supposedly uniquely dangerous aspects of drones obscures the real causes of war
Trombly (analyst on international affairs and strategy; Associate at Caerus Analytics; fmr Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies) 12
(Dan, Drones are a symptom, not a cause MAY 23, 2012, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/drones-are-a-symptom-not-a-cause/) 

Policymakers are relying on drones The United States is only "relying" on drones
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proponents alike shifts debate obscures what’s really allowing policymakers to conduct today’s wars.

Drones create an ethical distancing effect
Stephen Holmes 13, the Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, July 2013, "What’s in it for Obama?," The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama
But Obama can make an even subtler case for drones. Well-meaning but
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side, and is therefore much less likely to escalate out of control.

Their argument is ethically naïve—ethics should be grounded in direct experience—pain and consciousness should be our moral guidelines
Phelps 9 Norm, animal rights activist and author of The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA, "The Quest for a Boundless Ethic: A Reassessment of Albert Schweitzer" Journal for Critical Animal Studies, VII.1 

Here, Schweitzer makes no distinction between the way we should treat sentient and insentient
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an ethic based on love and compassion by trying to reach beyond it.

2NC

Framework—-Simulation Good

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
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allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
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quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Simualted national security law debates inculcate agency and decision-making skills—that enables activism and avoids cooption  
Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf

The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
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undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Armstrong

Armstrong 2K – Paul B. Armstrong, Professor of English and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Winter 2000, "The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory," New Literary History, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 211-223
Such a play-space also opposes the notion that the only alternative to the
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makes it dependent on the forms it opposes. ~End Page 220~
The radical presumption of the sublime is not only terroristic in refusing to recognize the
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conditions of exchange would be provided by the nonconsensual reciprocity of Iserian play.
Iser’s notion of play offers a way of conceptualizing power which acknowledges the necessity and
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combination of constraint and possibility, limitation and unpredictability, discipline and spontaneity.

Drones don’t enable perpetual warfare or a novel type of conflict – their analysis is ahistorical
Trombly (analyst on international affairs and strategy; Associate at Caerus Analytics; fmr Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies) 12
(Dan, Does the Navy Undermine our Democracy? (Or, Drone Panic II)
JANUARY 29, 2012, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/01/29/does-the-navy-undermine-our-democracy-or-drone-panic-ii/)

Today, Joshua Foust is correct to note that the War on Terror itself is
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technologies and obscures the breadth and historical depth of the debate at hand.

Drones don’t enable war
Trombly (analyst on international affairs and strategy; Associate at Caerus Analytics; fmr Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies) 11
(Dan, Drone panic: New weapon, old anxieties
DECEMBER 23, 2011, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/drone-panic-new-weapon-old-anxieties/)

The first overused and under-scrutinized argument is the fear that drones make war
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non-state actors with some degree of compliance from the local government).
This does of course make war-making easier to some extent, but why
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aircraft sortie generation. The loss-of-strength gradient still applies.

1NR

Military

The European need for MILITARY DOMINATION is the root of conflict.

BLACK self proclaimed Pan Africanist Scholar 2k9
Kofi-; The Origin, Ramifications and Rectification of White Supremacy, Racism = White Supremacy = Globalization
http://www.scribd.com/doc/16206085/The-Origin-Ramifications-and-Rectification-of-Racism-White-Supremacy-Revised
Often times I’m hit with the argument that racism is not equal to White Supremacy
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slavery, through serfdom, to the economic power that it is today. 

4. Turn: The affirmative presents a discourse of white supremacy and then attempts to use it as a tool to counter the very thing. It is these CONTRADICTIONS which give racist ideology its FLEXIBILITY and power.

NAKAYAMA Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ Arizona State Univ.  26 KRIZEK Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ St. Louis Univ.                                                                 1995
 Thomas K. -26 Robert L.-;  "WHITENESS:  A Strategic Rhetoric"; QUATERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH
 81, 291-309
 Whether or not one discursively positions oneself as "white," there is little
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those elsewhere who would challenge this assemblage and its influence on their lives.
 As Foucault observed, discursive formations are replete with contradictions.  In the assemblage
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it the discourses of essentialism that classify it scientifically or define it negatively.
 Our point here is not that there are contradictions within this discursive assemblage.  
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yet resilient as ever.  This also has significant implications for communication researchers.