Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Friedman | Judge: Layton

1AC—-LEGITIMACY

CONTENTION 1 IS LEGITIMACY:

Current US detention policies are collapsing US legitimacy in the rule of law

Kate Martin 08, director of the Center for National Security Studies, July 16, "How the Administration’s Failed Detainee Policies Have Hurt the Fight Against Terrorism: Putting the Fight Against Terrorism on Sound Legal Foundations," Statement before the Senate Judiciary Committee, https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2008_hr/detainees.html
As this Committee is well aware, since 2001, the Executive Branch has advanced
AND
the rule of law and human rights have also harmed our national security.

First, military courts hamper US credibility—-the plan’s key

Marcia Pereira 08, Civil Litigation 26Transactional Attorney and University of Miami School of Law Graduate, Spring, "ARTICLE: THE "WAR ON TERROR" SLIPPERY SLOPE POLICY: GUANTANAMO BAY AND THE ABUSE OF EXECUTIVE POWER," University of Miami International 26 Comparative Law Review, 15 U. Miami Int’l 26 Comp. L. Rev. 389, Lexis
As these examples reveal, many propositions have been advanced to provide for a solution
AND
powers mandates, what the Constitution has given, Congress cannot take away.

Second, current US policy conveys xenophobia—-independently decks legitimacy

Neal K. Katyal 07, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, "Equality in the War on Terror," Stanford Law Review, 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1365-1394, scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=140826context=facpub
There is simply no reason why the government must subject aliens who are alleged to
AND
who have relied on our country’s longstanding commitment to equal justice for all.

The plan’s external oversight on detention maintains heg—-legitimacy is the vital internal link to global stability

Robert Knowles 9, Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, Spring, "Article: American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution", 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, Lexis
The hegemonic model also reduces the need for executive branch flexibility, and the institutional
AND
courts to reduce the "deference gap" between foreign and domestic cases.

Nuclear war

Zhang and Shi 11 Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., 1/22, "America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Material power’s irrelevant—-lack of legitimacy makes heg ineffective

Barak Mendelsohn 10, assistant professor of political science at Haverford College and a senior fellow of FPRI. Author of Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism, June 2010, "The Question of International Cooperation in the War on Terrorism", http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201006.mendelsohn.cooperationwarterror.html
Going against common conceptions, I argue that the United States sought to advance more
AND
This process constrains the hegemon’s actions and prevents the uninhibited exercise of power.

Independently, absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation to solve warming and disease is impossible

John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, "A World of Our Making", http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
AND
liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Warming causes extinction

Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space
AND
January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 ).

Diseases end civilization

David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

Judicial involvement is key to the credibility of detention decisions

Matthew C Waxman 9, Professor of Law; Faculty Chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, "Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book
Judicial review can help safeguard liberty and enhance the credibility at home and abroad of
AND
to contest what with the assistance of counsel? Transparent determinations of what?

1AC—-DEMOCRACY

CONTENTION 2 IS DEMOCRACY

Democratic liberalism is backsliding now—-the US model of an unrestrained executive causes collapse

Larry Diamond 9, Professor of Political Science and Sociology @ Stanford, "The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Democracy", Presented to the SAIS-CGD Conference on New Ideas in Development after the Financial Crisis, Conference Paper that can be found on his Vita
Concern about the future of democracy is further warranted by the gathering signs of a
AND
and for the effective restoration of democracy in countries like Thailand and Nepal.

Democratic transitions are hanging in the balance—-only empowering checks on executive power through rule of law can tip the scales

CJA 4 The Center for Justice and Accountability, Amici Curiae in support of petitioners in Al Odah et al. v USA, "Brief of the Center for Justice and Accountability, the International League for Human Rights, and Individual Advocates for the Independence of the Judiciary in Emerging Democracies," 3-10, Lexis
Many of the newly independent governments that have proliferated
AND
the rule of law is one of the "essential conditions for successful development" of these countries. See http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/developingnations (last visited Jan. 8, 2004).12

US detention policy is key—-it has justified democratic backsliding globally

CJA 4 The Center for Justice and Accountability, Amici Curiae in support of petitioners in Al Odah et al. v USA, "Brief of the Center for Justice and Accountability, the International League for Human Rights, and Individual Advocates for the Independence of the Judiciary in Emerging Democracies," 3-10, Lexis
While much of the world is moving to adopt the institutions
AND
This case starkly presents the question of which model this Court will set for the world. 

The plan reaffirms US commitment to the rule of law—-modeled

Charles Swift 08, Navy’s Lt. Commander and JAG lawyer in the Hamdan vs Rumsfeld, November 25, "The American Way of Justice," Esquire, www.esquire.com/features/ESQ0307swift-5
If we are to be a great nation, then we must be willing to
AND
that grandmother, and her promise will have a chance of coming true.

Global democratic transitions are inevitable—-the only way for the US to bolster democracies is constitutionalism—-prevents war

Fareed Zakaria 97, PhD Poli Sci @ Harvard, Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, 1997, Lexis
Of course cultures vary, and different societies will require different frameworks of government.
AND
next century, our task is to make democracy safe for the world.   

Democratic backsliding causes great power war

Azar Gat 11, the Ezer Weizman Professor of National Security at Tel Aviv University, 2011, "The Changing Character of War," in The Changing Character of War, ed. Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers, p. 30-32
Since 1945, the decline of major great power war has deepened further. Nuclear
AND
, they may vary less than seemed likely only a short while ago.

Independently, the plan prevents eroding checks on executive power that creates global dissident crack-down

Matthew C Waxman 9, Professor of Law; Faculty Chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book, p. 58
Opponents and skeptics of administrative detention rightly point out that creating new mechanisms for detention
AND
on dissidents that they label "terrorists" or "national security threats."

Chinese crackdowns on Uighurs make them stronger and cause Asian war

Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis 8, division director and professor of liberal arts and international studies at Colorado School of Mines, 2008, "Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China," Asian Affairs: An American Review, 2008, Vol. 35, Issue 1, pg. 15-30, ebsco
Alternative Futures¶ The scenario most worrisome to the Chinese would be the Uyghur Muslim
AND
a fragmenting China. Political instability in China would impact all of Asia.

Asian war goes nuclear—-no defense—-interdependence and institutions don’t check

C. Raja Mohan 13, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region," background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf
Three broad types of conventional conflict confront Asia. The first is the prospect of
AND
geographic scope and the normative basis for a future security order in Asia.

1AC—-PLAN

PLAN TEXT:

The United States Federal Government should grant Article III Courts exclusive jurisdiction over the United States’ indefinite detention policy as described in the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force.

1AC—-SOLVENCY

CONTENTION 3 IS SOLVENCY

Federal courts are critical to resolving US legitimacy abroad

Hathaway et al 13, Oona Hathaway, Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, and Freya Pitts, J.D. candidates at Yale Law School, Philip Levitz and Sirine Shebaya J.D.s Yale Law School (2012), Winter, "Article: The Power To Detain: Detention of Terrorism Suspects After 9/11," The Yale Journal of International Law, 38 Yale J. Int’l L. 123, Lexis
2. Legitimacy ¶ Federal courts are also generally considered more legitimate than military commissions
AND
of international prosecutorial cooperation, such as the sharing of testimony and evidence.

Federal courts are the most effective method—-critics are fear-mongers

Dianne Feinstein 10, U.S. Senator from California and former chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, April 5, "Civilian Courts Can Prosecute Terrorists," The Wall Street Journal, ProQuest
Anyone who says America’s federal courts can’t bring terrorists to justice is overlooking the facts
AND
to spend the rest of his life in federal prison. Case closed. 

Comprehensive research proves federal courts solve

Richard B. Zabel and James J. Benjamin, Jr. 08, Deputy U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York AND partner in the New York office of Akin Gump Strause Hauer 26 Feld LLP, May, "In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts," Human Rights First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/080521-USLS-pursuit-justice.pdf
In preparing this White Paper, we have relied not only on legal authorities such
AND
of the court system and our views on still-unsettled legal questions. 

Independently, the plan reinvigorates due process in detention

Amos N. Guiora 12, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, "Due Process and Counterterrorism", Emory International Law Review, Vol. 26, www.law.emory.edu/fileadmin/journals/eilr/26/26.1/Guiora.pdf
While some have suggested that the Iraqi and Afghan judiciaries are appropriate forums for adjudicating
AND
or guilt is essential to effective counterterrorism predicated on the rule of law.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: Lincoln Garret

1AC—-LEGITIMACY

CONTENTION 1 IS LEGITIMACY:

Current US detention policies are collapsing US legitimacy in the rule of law

Kate Martin 08, director of the Center for National Security Studies, July 16, "How the Administration’s Failed Detainee Policies Have Hurt the Fight Against Terrorism: Putting the Fight Against Terrorism on Sound Legal Foundations," Statement before the Senate Judiciary Committee, https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2008_hr/detainees.html
As this Committee is well aware, since 2001, the Executive Branch has advanced
AND
the rule of law and human rights have also harmed our national security.

First, military courts hamper US credibility—-the plan’s key

Marcia Pereira 08, Civil Litigation 26Transactional Attorney and University of Miami School of Law Graduate, Spring, "ARTICLE: THE "WAR ON TERROR" SLIPPERY SLOPE POLICY: GUANTANAMO BAY AND THE ABUSE OF EXECUTIVE POWER," University of Miami International 26 Comparative Law Review, 15 U. Miami Int’l 26 Comp. L. Rev. 389, Lexis
As these examples reveal, many propositions have been advanced to provide for a solution
AND
powers mandates, what the Constitution has given, Congress cannot take away.

Second, current US policy conveys xenophobia—-independently decks legitimacy

Neal K. Katyal 07, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, "Equality in the War on Terror," Stanford Law Review, 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1365-1394, scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=140826context=facpub
There is simply no reason why the government must subject aliens who are alleged to
AND
who have relied on our country’s longstanding commitment to equal justice for all.

The plan’s external oversight on detention maintains heg—-legitimacy is the vital internal link to global stability

Robert Knowles 9, Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, Spring, "Article: American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution", 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, Lexis
The hegemonic model also reduces the need for executive branch flexibility, and the institutional
AND
courts to reduce the "deference gap" between foreign and domestic cases.

Reputational legitimacy theory is true and key to foster cooperation

Douglas M Gibler 8, Department of Political Science University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa "The Costs of Reneging: Reputation and Alliance Formation" The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 52, No. 3, June, pp. 426-454
More sophisticated treatments of the reputation logic have been produced by formal theorists, both
AND
agree; reputations provide valuable information when the costs of signaling are low.

Legitimacy’s the fundamental internal link to effective hegemony—-power distributions perceived as illegitimate are the most likely causes of great power war

Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, "Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be," World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1
Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s position
AND
an expensive system to run and few unipoles have tried to do so.

Hegemony key to solve extinction

Thomas P.M. Barnett 11 Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 

Two-thousand years of history prove

William Wohlforth 8 Daniel Webster Professor of Government, Dartmouth.  BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in  pol sci, Yale, Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War, October 2008, World Politics Vol. 61, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 31 pgs, Proquest
Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research
AND
are also consistent with power transition and other rationalist theories of hegemonic war.

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy—-best statistical studies prove

John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Heg decreases structural violence—-any alt dooms humanity to deprivation

Thomas P.M. Barnett 11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, September 12, 2011, "The New Rules: The Rise of the Rest Spells U.S. Strategic Victory," World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9973/the-new-rules-the-rise-of-the-rest-spells-u-s-strategic-victory
First the absurdity: A few of the most over-the-top Bush
AND
what’s yet to come. ¶ As always, the choice is ours.

The world is getting better now because heg is peaceful

Josh Busby 12, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
AND
that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.

No risk of heg bad—-US engagement and reintervention are inevitable—-it’s only a question of making it effective

Robert Kagan 11 is a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power" Jan 24 Vol 16 No18 www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3
In theory, the United States could refrain from intervening abroad. But, in
AND
in the kind of international system that American power has built and defended. 

Focus on deterrence and democracy is key to adverting crisis escalation—reject infinite root causes that debilitate action

John Moore 4 chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int’l L. 341, Lexis
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

Independently, absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation is impossible

John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, "A World of Our Making", http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
AND
liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Judicial involvement is key to the credibility of detention decisions

Matthew C Waxman 9, Professor of Law; Faculty Chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, "Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book
Judicial review can help safeguard liberty and enhance the credibility at home and abroad of
AND
to contest what with the assistance of counsel? Transparent determinations of what?

1AC—-PLAN

PLAN TEXT:

The United States Federal Government should grant Article III Courts exclusive jurisdiction over the United States’ indefinite detention policy as described in the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force.

1AC—-SOLVENCY

CONTENTION 2 IS SOLVENCY

Public debate is the necessary corrective to the current unrestrained targeted killing and detention policies

Henry Giroux 13, currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and  a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy", http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy
We live at a time in the United States when the notion of political enemies
AND
are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.

Comprehensive research proves federal courts solve

Richard B. Zabel and James J. Benjamin, Jr. 08, Deputy U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York AND partner in the New York office of Akin Gump Strause Hauer 26 Feld LLP, May, "In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts," Human Rights First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/080521-USLS-pursuit-justice.pdf
In preparing this White Paper, we have relied not only on legal authorities such
AND
of the court system and our views on still-unsettled legal questions. 

Federal courts are critical to resolving US legitimacy abroad

Hathaway et al 13, Oona Hathaway, Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School, Samuel Adelsberg, Spencer Amdur, and Freya Pitts, J.D. candidates at Yale Law School, Philip Levitz and Sirine Shebaya J.D.s Yale Law School (2012), Winter, "Article: The Power To Detain: Detention of Terrorism Suspects After 9/11," The Yale Journal of International Law, 38 Yale J. Int’l L. 123, Lexis
2. Legitimacy ¶ Federal courts are also generally considered more legitimate than military commissions
AND
of international prosecutorial cooperation, such as the sharing of testimony and evidence.

Federal courts are the most effective method—-critics are fear-mongers

Dianne Feinstein 10, U.S. Senator from California and former chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, April 5, "Civilian Courts Can Prosecute Terrorists," The Wall Street Journal, ProQuest
Anyone who says America’s federal courts can’t bring terrorists to justice is overlooking the facts
AND
to spend the rest of his life in federal prison. Case closed. 

The plan reinvigorates due process in detention

Amos N. Guiora 12, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, "Due Process and Counterterrorism", Emory International Law Review, Vol. 26, www.law.emory.edu/fileadmin/journals/eilr/26/26.1/Guiora.pdf
While some have suggested that the Iraqi and Afghan judiciaries are appropriate forums for adjudicating
AND
or guilt is essential to effective counterterrorism predicated on the rule of law.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Friedman | Judge: Layton

WOT will never work—-empirics prove military force cannot defeat AQ

Dan Kovalik 8, USW Counsel, Workers Uniting Colombia Committee, "Rand Corp — War On Terrorism Is A Failure", July 31, www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-kovalik/rand-corp——war-on-terro_b_116107.html
The Rand Corporation, a conservative think-tank originally started by the U.
AND
or unable to even begin the process of moving toward such an objective.

No terrorism impact

John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, "The Terrorism Delusion," Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmuellerabsisfin.pdf
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
AND
took a tram going the wrong way and dynamited a mosque instead.15

CIPA causes intel cooperation from foreign agencies

Richard B. Zabel and James J. Benjamin, Jr. 08, Deputy U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York AND partner in the New York office of Akin Gump Strause Hauer 26 Feld LLP, May, "In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts," Human Rights First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/080521-USLS-pursuit-justice.pdf
As a result of CIPA’s effectiveness, the government has been able to use information
AND
the patience and care that is necessary to use the CIPA procedures effectively. 

Long sentences incentivize cooperation from suspects—-causes effective intelligence gathering

Richard B. Zabel and James J. Benjamin, Jr. 08, Deputy U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York AND partner in the New York office of Akin Gump Strause Hauer 26 Feld LLP, May, "In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts," Human Rights First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/080521-USLS-pursuit-justice.pdf
In all federal criminal cases, defendants who plead guilty prior to trial may be
AND
Dec. 22, 2003) (Dkt. No. 224). 329

Intelligence cooperation inevitable

Nick Perry 7/16/13, AP Correspondent for New Zealand and the South Pacific, and Paisley Dodds, London Bureau Chief for AP,
http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/07/16/experts-say-us-spy-alliance-will-survive-snowden.html
WELLINGTON, New Zealand - Britain needed U.S. intelligence to help thwart
AND
so great, they’d be crazy to give it up," he said.

The same evidence for preventative detention can be used for conspiracy convictions

Kenneth Roth 8, former federal prosecutor in New York and Washington, D.C., is Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, Foreign Affairs, "After Guantánamo", May/June, Vol. 87 Issue 3, p. 9-16, EBSCO
The most common argument against criminal prosecutions is that they examine crimes that were already
AND
a terrorist act is only in preparation and has not yet been committed.

Long sentences solve their preventative internals

Richard B. Zabel and James J. Benjamin, Jr. 08, Deputy U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York AND partner in the New York office of Akin Gump Strause Hauer 26 Feld LLP, May, "In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts," Human Rights First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/080521-USLS-pursuit-justice.pdf
Though a particular offense may have an established maximum sentence, courts maintain a great
AND
and subsequently seek the sentencing enhancement to ensure a lengthy sentence of incarceration.

Indefinite detention hurts our ability to fight terrorism—-bureaucratic confusion and wrecks intel sharing

WB 11 Washington’s Blog, "Indefinite Detention Hurts Our National Security and Increases the Risk of Terrorism", December 15, www.washingtonsblog.com/2011/12/indefinite-detention-hurts-our-national-security-and-increases-the-risk-of-terrorism.html
Indefinite Detention Bill Hurts Our Ability to Fight Terrorism¶ Top counter-terrorism officials
AND
police state, but it will also make us more vulnerable to terrorism. 

Plan’s external oversight prevents executive overreach that radicalizes terrorists—-squo hurts intel more

Matthew C Waxman 9, Professor of Law; Faculty Chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book, p. 59-61
Besides posing risks to liberty, administrative detention can also be counterproductive from the security
AND
perversely deter individuals with important information from coming forward voluntarily to the government.

The worst case scenario happened – no extinction

Dove 12 ~Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, "Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?" Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/~~
The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with
AND
biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Friedman | Judge: Layton

Obama literally tried to the do the CP and Congress rolled it back

WSJ 10, Congress Bars Gitmo Transfers, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704774604576036520690885858.html
Congress on Wednesday passed legislation that would effectively bar the transfer of Guantanamo detainees to
AND
do just as good of a job housing ~detainees~ somewhere else.

Future presidents prevent solvency

Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf
The recent history of signing statements demonstrates how public opinion can effectively check presidential expansions
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Congress key to democratic legitimacy and preventing future vacillation in executive policy

Benjamin Wittes 9, senior fellow and research director in public law at the Brookings Institution, Stuart Taylor, an American journalist, graduated from Princeton University and Harvard Law School, "Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book, p. 329-330
While President Obama’s policy makes a clean break with the Bush record, it actually
AND
past without giving up what the United States will need in the future.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: Lincoln Garret

Public and congressional advocacy for legal checks on the executive are key to avoid a state of exception

Mitzen 11 Dr. Jennifer, Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and Michael Newell, PhD student in Political Science at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, "Crisis Authority, the War on Terror and the Future of Constitutional Democracy," JUROS Arts 26 Humanities Vol. 2, http://libeas01.it.ohio-state.edu/ojs/index.php/juros/article/download/1265/1791
As Benjamin Wittes notes, the "presidential power model has failed," and "
AND
structures to novel threats, and to not rely on executive mandate alone.

The state’s inevitable and engagement is necessary to effective reform—-Agamben’s focus on pure potentiality is dangerous

Paul A. Passavant 7, Hobart and William Smith Colleges in New York, "The Contradictory State of Giorgio Agamben", Political Theory Volume 35, Number 2, April, SAGE
Third, any social formation is constituted by elements of both contingency and determination.
AND
defend this state of due process and equal protection against its ruinous other.

Agamben is wrong—-if the WOT was a state of exception Bush would still be in power

Newell and Mitzen 11 Michael Newell, PhD student in Political Science at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, and Dr Jennifer Mitzen, Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University; "Crisis Authority, the War on Terror and the Future of Constitutional Democracy," JUROS Arts 26 Humanities Vol. 2, http://libeas01.it.ohio-state.edu/ojs/index.php/juros/article/download/1265/1791
But what Agamben has potentially overlooked is the conversation between the government, public and
AND
, Bush and his administration left, suggesting that popular sovereignty remained intact.

No impact—-US democratic system prevents genocide

Edward Ross Dickinson 4, Associate Professor, History Ph.D., U.C. Berkeley, Central European History, Vol. 37 No. 1, p. 34-36
And it is, of course, embedded in a broader discursive complex (institutions
AND
create "multiple modernities," modern societies with quite radically differing potentials.91

Agamben’s rejection of all law as inherently violent is based on misreadings of political theory and false generalizations – not all law is violent, and we shouldn’t assume that it is

Jean-Philippe Deranty 4, Professor of French and German Philosophy at Macquarie University, online: http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no1_2004/deranty_agambnschall.htm
28. All this explains why Agamben chooses to focus on the decisionistic tradition (
AND
the authors he relies on thought rather that the two were fundamentally different. 

Their alternative seeks to abolish the realm of the political through the institution of "whatever singularities" – this cannot be achieved without a devastating form of violence equal to that of sovereignty itself, and their alternative must necessarily reassert its own equally malignant form of sovereign power

William Rasch 4, Professor of Germanic Studies at the University of Indiana, Sovereignty and Its Discontents, p. 2-4
Now, if the triumph of a particular species of liberal pluralism denotes the de
AND
detailed examinations of the structure of the political in the chapters that follow.

Agamben’s state of exception erases politics—-destroys alt’s efficacy

Jef Huysmans 8, Professor of Security Studies at The Open University UK, "The Jargon of Exception—On Schmitt, Agamben and the Absence of Political Society", International Political Sociology (2008) 2, 165-183, bigo.zgeist.org/students/readings/huysmansjargonexceptionIPS.pdf
Deploying the jargon of exception and especially Agamben’s conception of the exception-being-
AND
as the central processes through which individualized bodily resistances gain their sociopolitical significance.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan Batra-Jacome | Judge: Gramzinski

Reps focus devolves into deconstruction without concrete means of re-representing—tubes the alt and detaches academics from reality, destroying progressive reform

Kidner, professor of psychology at Nottingham Trent University and internationally renowned scholar on nature-culture relationships. 00 (nature and psyche p. 65-7)
In addition, the deconstructive bent of discursive approaches limits their capacity to challenge the
AND
the "human from the "natural" and  abandons nature to industrialism.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Samford Bennie-Morrison-Alvarez | Judge: Wunderlich

Obama won’t use drones if he’s no longer forced too—-sustainable detention and allies fix this

Robert Chesney 11, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the UT School of Law as well as a non-resident Senior Fellow at Brookings, "Examining the Evidence of a Detention-Drone Strike Tradeoff", October 17, www.lawfareblog.com/2011/10/examining-the-evidence-of-a-detention-drone-strike-tradeoff/
Yesterday Jack linked to this piece by Noah Feldman, which among other things advances
AND
detention versus targeting, but something much more complex and difficult to measure.

Plan’s legal path for detention solves drone shift

Craig Whitlock 13, Washington Post, "Renditions continue under Obama, despite due-process concerns", January 1, articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-01/world/36323571_1_obama-administration-interrogation-drone-strikes
The three European men with Somali roots were arrested on a murky pretext in August
AND
Renditions, though controversial and complex, represent one of the few alternatives.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Boyce-Feinberg | Judge: Strauss

Oversight doesn’t determine flexibility—-tech, elusive enemies and personnel outweigh

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Even if the promoters of unfettered executive power were justified in associating legal rules with
AND
is the fruit of wishful thinking is the least that might be said.

Cred matters more than flexibility

Schwarz 7 senior counsel, and Huq, associate counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, (Frederick A.O., Jr., partner at Cravath, Swaine 26 Moore, chief counsel to the Church Committee, and Aziz Z, former clerk for the U.S. Supreme Court, Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror, p. 201)
The Administration insists that its plunge into torture, its lawless spying, and its
AND
alienate our allies and corrode the vitality of the world’s oldest democracy.5

Preserving the judicial right to due process enhances executive flex and effectiveness

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
In the face of an unprecedented national-security threat, individual rights, far
AND
on the basis of misperceptions that could easily have been dispelled in court.

Stronger statutory checks on prez war powers increase the foreign perception of US resolve by providing credibility behind threats

Matthew C. Waxman 8/25, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War", Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), 2013, PDF
A second argument, this one advanced by some congressionalists, is that stronger legislative
AND
by pointing foreign actors to the appropriate institution or process for reading them.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Oklahoma Massey-Maddy | Judge: Kennedy

Public debate is the necessary corrective to the current unrestrained War on Terror policies

Henry Giroux 13, currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and  a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy", http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy
We live at a time in the United States when the notion of political enemies
AND
are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.

Reps focus devolves into deconstruction without concrete means of re-representing—tubes the alt and detaches academics from reality, destroying progressive reform

Kidner, professor of psychology at Nottingham Trent University and internationally renowned scholar on nature-culture relationships. 00 (nature and psyche p. 65-7)
In addition, the deconstructive bent of discursive approaches limits their capacity to challenge the
AND
the "human from the "natural" and  abandons nature to industrialism.

Perm Do both—ontological inquiry must be combined w/progressive political change

Yar 2k ~Majid, tutor in the Department of Sociology @ Lancaster University and recently completed PhD exploring the relation between ethical inter-subjectivity, "Heideggerianism: Contours of a ’Postmetaphysical’ Political Theory?"~

If the presently available menu of political engagements and projects (be they market or
AND
such an engagement can only be to the benefit of all parties concerned.

Plan is a pre-req to the alt

Dominguez and Thoren 10 Casey BK, Department of Political Science and IR at the University of San Diego and Kim, University of San Diego, Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, San Francisco, California, April 1-3, 2010, "The Evolution of Presidential Authority in War Powers", http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1580395
Students of American institutions should naturally be interested in the relationships between the president and
AND
study change over time in Congress’ relations to the other branches of government.

Prior questions fail and stymie politics

Owen 2 ~David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7~
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Epistemology doesn’t precede our impacts—threats must be dealt with

Olav Knudsen 1, PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn University, "Post-Copenhagen Security Studies," Security Dialogue 32:3, September, http://sdi.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/32/3/355
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
AND
of the excessive emphasis on epistemology and metatheoretical issues referred to above. 

There’s no root cause of terror and the alt only emboldens attacks—-seriously, no political grievance can explain or justify the fundamental willingness of terrorists to kill civilians and children as a matter of strategy

Alan Dershowitz 2, criminal law professor, Harvard, Why Terrorism Works, p 24-5
The current mantra of those opposed to a military response to terrorism is a plea
AND
"root cause" of terrorism that must be eliminated is its success.

Solving the root causes of terrorism is impossible because of expansive jihadist demands—-the aff’s attempt at reconciliation collapses causes global violence

Peter Beinart 8, associate professor of journalism and political science at CUNY, The Good Fight; Why Liberals – and only Liberals – Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, 100-2
While different U.S. policies may be more or less important at differ
AND
- Muslim rule, because such a compromise threatens the path to paradise. 

Their understanding of terrorism is flawed – there are a variety of motivations but fanaticism is becoming more important

Walter Laqueur 3, an American historian and political commentator who has taught at Brandeis, Georgetown, Harvard, University of Chicago, Tel Aviv and John Hopkins, expert in terrorism and one of the founders of its study, 5/1/03,  No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century
It was only to be expected that there should be voices arguing that the events
AND
fiction scenario of the mad scientist taking vengeance on society could become reality.

Public and congressional advocacy for legal checks on the executive are key to avoid a state of exception

Mitzen 11 Dr. Jennifer, Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and Michael Newell, PhD student in Political Science at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, "Crisis Authority, the War on Terror and the Future of Constitutional Democracy," JUROS Arts 26 Humanities Vol. 2, http://libeas01.it.ohio-state.edu/ojs/index.php/juros/article/download/1265/1791
As Benjamin Wittes notes, the "presidential power model has failed," and "
AND
structures to novel threats, and to not rely on executive mandate alone.

Alt fails —- anti-war protests get thrown in jail, plan’s key

Glen Ford 12, September 20, "Obama Wins A Round in His Quest to Imprison Americans Without Trial," Op Ed News, www.opednews.com/articles/Obama-Wins-A-Round-in-His-by-Glen-Ford-120920-842.html
The Obama administration has won a courtroom victory in his bid to detain U.
AND
our lives and freedom are subject to the whims of an American president.

Framework isn’t itself forceful oppression—-it’s simply an advocacy on behalf of certain decision making practices—-it’s no different than any other argument in debate

Amanda Anderson 6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290
Lets first examine the claim that my book is "unwittingly" inviting a resurrection
AND
the books I write can be cast as an arm of the police.
Robbins wants to imagine a far more direct line of influence from criticism to political reality, however, and this is why it can be such a bad thing to suggest norms of argument. Watch as the gloves come off:
Faced with the prospect of submitting to her version of argument roughly, Habermass version
AND
a terrain where her side will be assured of having the upper hand.
Lets leave to the side the fact that this is a disowned hypothetical criticism.
AND
is clearly, and indeed necessarily, significant room for further elaboration here.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Eric Morris

Won’t pass—-GOP more partisan than ever and Obama won’t spend PC

Zeke J. Miller 10/24, TIME, "Obama’s New Immigration Pivot Isn’t About Immigration", 2013, swampland.time.com/2013/10/24/obamas-new-immigration-pivot-isnt-about-immigration/
But privately, administration officials and congressional Democrats admit that they are unlikely to get
AND
less likely than ever before to embrace a part of the president’s agenda.

Won’t pass—-shutdown, healthcare, piecemeal disagreements

Amanda Becker 10-24, Reuters, October 24th, 2013, "Obama presses Republicans to end stalemate on immigration," www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/24/us-usa-obama-immigration-idUSBRE99N1DT20131024
"Let’s do it now. Let’s not delay. Let’s get this done,
AND
also drafting a measure that could be released as early as next week.

PC not key—-immigration won’t even make it to a vote and it’s bottom of the docket

Russell Berman 10-25-2013, "GOP comfortable ignoring Obama pleas for vote on immigration bill," Hill, http://thehill.com/homenews/house/330527-gop-comfortable-ignoring-obama-pleas-to-move-to-immigration-reform
For President Obama and advocates hoping for a House vote on immigration reform this year
AND
-sighted: It made his achieving his real priorities much more difficult."

Plan’s bipartisan—-previous proposals prove support

Nick Sibilla 12, "Bipartisan effort to ban indefinite detention, amend the NDAA", May 18, www.constitutioncampaign.org/blog/?p=7479~23.UjHhXz8uhuk
Democrats and Tea Party Republicans are advocating a new proposal to ban indefinite detention on
AND
(D-VT) have introduced a similar bill in the Senate.

Laundry list pounds the agenda

WSJ 10/17, Peter Nicholas and Carol E. Lee, "Obama’s Agenda Faces Rocky Road", 2013, online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303680404579141472200495820
Yet as much as he wants to shift the focus to immigration and the farm
AND
make it harder for GOP leaders to negotiate with the president on immigration.

Shutdown push wrecked Obama’s capital

WSJ 10/17, Peter Nicholas and Carol E. Lee, "Obama’s Agenda Faces Rocky Road", 2013, online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303680404579141472200495820
By most measures, President Barack Obama came out on top in the showdown with
AND
Let me put it this way: He didn’t do himself any good."

Economic benefits are overstated

Mike Flynn 13, Breitbart reporter, July 13, "White House Oversells Economic Benefits of Immigration Reform," www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/07/13/white-house-oversells-economic-benefits-of-immigration-reform
On Saturday, President Obama used his weekly radio address to tout the economic benefits
AND
immigration reform. Economic growth, however, seems a very weak one.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Box

2AC—-OLC CP

Congress key to solve legal uncertainty and political friction

Chesney 26 Wittes 13 –Prof of Law @ Texas School of Law 26 Sr. Fellow @ Brookings
"Protecting U.S. Citizens’ Constitutional Rights During the War on Terror", Robert Chesney, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2013/05/22-war-on-terror-chesney-wittes
Aside from a Padilla-like scenario, a ban on military detention in domestic
AND
—whether United States citizens or aliens—arrested within the United States. 

Obama literally tried to the do the CP and Congress rolled it back

WSJ 10, Congress Bars Gitmo Transfers, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704774604576036520690885858.html
Congress on Wednesday passed legislation that would effectively bar the transfer of Guantanamo detainees to
AND
do just as good of a job housing ~detainees~ somewhere else.

Future presidents prevent solvency

Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf
The recent history of signing statements demonstrates how public opinion can effectively check presidential expansions
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

Prez circumvents – external oversight is key

Ilya Somin 11, Professor of Law at George Mason University School of Law, June 21 2011, "Obama, the OLC, and the Libya Intervention," http://www.volokh.com/2011/06/21/obama-the-olc-and-the-libya-intervention/
But I am more skeptical than Balkin that illegal presidential action can be constrained through
AND
to be seen whether President Obama will suffer any political damage over Libya.

The OLC will cave to pressure and rubber stamp

Richard J. Ellis 13, Mark O. Hatfield Professor of Politics at Willamette University, PhD from UC Berkeley, Jun 17, 2013, "The Development of the American Presidency," google books
White house pressure is exerted throughout OLC’s opinion-writing process. OLC never asks
AND
because they are perceived as sharing the president’s fundamental assumptions and objectives.102

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: Lincoln Garret

2AC—-RACE K

a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined—-and, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Effective decision-making outweighs—-

Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Academic debate over war power restrictions is critical to check excessive presidential authority and prevent future quagmires

Julian E. Zelizer 11, Professor of History and Public Affairs at Princeton University, "War powers belong to Congress and the president", June 27, www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/06/27/zelizer.war.powers/index.html
But the failure of Congress to fully participate in the initial decision to use military
AND
on the campaign trail, should be a president who understands that reality.

Political deliberation about war powers promotes agency and decision-making—-reciprocity and public debate facilitates mutual respect that lays the groundwork for cooperation on other issues

Dr. Amy Gutmann 4, President and Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science in the School of Arts and Sciences and Professor of Communication in the Annenberg School for Communication University of Pennsylvania, AND Dennis Thompson, Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and in the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Emeritus Political Theory, "Why Deliberative Democracy?" press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7869.html
WHAT DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY MEANS¶ To go to war is the most consequential decision a
AND
of deliberative democracy are justifiable; and how its critics can be answered.

There’s no warrant for why a state-based policy focus destroys politics—-the point of our aff is that the squo is complex, but if we find a way to reduce some of the material impacts, we shouldn’t discard it—-the perm’s best

Robert Talisse 5, philosophy professor at Vanderbilt, Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges", *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young
Part of the response to the first challenge is offered by Young herself. The
AND
is a crucial principle in the activist’s case, but is nowhere argued.

Policy focus is key to challenge structures of anti-blackness

Makani Themba-Nixon 2k, Executive Director of The Praxis Project, a nonprofit organization helping communities use media and policy advocacy, July 31, Colorlines, Changing the Rules:  What Public Policy Means for Organizing, Vol 3.2
 "This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a
AND
. Of course, policy work is just one tool in our box.

Incremental reform is better than pure rejection—-the alternative infinitely replicates the SQ

Jefferey Pyle 99, Boston College Law School, J.D., magna cum laude, Race, Equality and the Rule of Law: Critical Race Theory’s Attack on the Promises of Liberalism, 40 B.C.L. Rev. 787
 "Critique," however, never built anything, and liberalism, for all its shortcomings, is at least constructive. It provides broadly-accepted, reasonably well-defined principles to which political advocates may appeal in ways that transcend sheer power, with at least some hope of incremental success:26’ Critical race theory would "deconstruct" this imperfect tradition, but offers nothing in its place.
An apt example of how unconstructive CRT is can be found in its approach to
AND
than the mission statement of a political action committee could replace the Constitution.

Reform the state solves their turns—rejection fails

Habermas 98 ~Jürgen Habermas teaches philosophy at the University of Frankfurt, "The European Nation-State: On the Past and Future of Sovereignty and Citizenship," Public Culture10(2): 397–416~
Talk of overcoming the nation-state is ambiguous. On one reading—let
AND
a binding  force that extends beyond the level of the nation-state.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Samford Bennie-Morrison-Alvarez | Judge: Wunderlich

Rendition now is exaggerated—-Obama’s different from Bush practice

Steve Vladeck 13, Professor of Law at American U Washington College of Law, "False Continuity Continued: Today’s WaPo on "Renditions" Under the Obama Administration", January 2,  http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/01/false-continuity-continued-todays-wapo-on-renditions-under-the-obama-administration/
Under the snazzy headline "Renditions continue under Obama, despite due-process concerns
AND
implicitly, with the facts of cases like Arar and El-Masri.

Rendition shift now – aff solves

Craig Whitlock 13, Washington Post, "Renditions continue under Obama, despite due-process concerns", January 1, articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-01/world/36323571_1_obama-administration-interrogation-drone-strikes
The three European men with Somali roots were arrested on a murky pretext in August
AND
interrogation techniques, as some were during the George W. Bush administration.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: Lincoln Garret

bolstering democratic reform in Russia prevents violent revolution

Freeland and Gutterman 12 Chrystia and Steve, Writers for Reuters, January 17, 2012, "Russia faces violent revolution if it doesn’t embrace democracy, billionaire Putin challenger declares", http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/01/17/russia-faces-violent-revolution-if-it-doesnt-embrace-democracy-billionaire-putin-challenger-declares/
MOSCOW — Mikhail Prokhorov, a super-rich tycoon challenging Vladimir Putin for Russia’s
AND
living in the big cities, want to live in a democratic country."

That causes miscalculation and nuclear war

Peter Vincent Pry 99, Former US Intelligence Operative, War Scare:  U.S.-Russia on the Nuclear Brink, netlibrary
Russian internal troubles—such as a leadership crisis, coup, or civil war
AND
Russian affairs, with the West ignorant that it was in grave peril.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan Batra-Jacome | Judge: Gramzinski

A restriction on war powers authority limits Presidential discretion

Jules Lobel 8, Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh  Law School, President of the Center for Constitutional Rights, represented members of Congress challenging assertions of Executive power to unilaterally initiate warfare, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power  over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol 69, p 391, 2008, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf
So too, the congressional power to declare or authorize war has been long held
AND
decisively ejected from Kuwait, a limitation recognized by President Bush himself.64 

Restriction means a limit or qualification, and includes conditions on action

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term "restriction" is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.").
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.