Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas Fitz-Makuch | Judge: Kennedy
Plan
The United States federal government should require the President of the United States consult Congress prior to the use of offensive cyber operations or provide a prompt and full account of the use of offensive cyber operations by the United States.
Preemption
Contention _ is preemption
Cyber Space is militarized – the US executive branch is engaged in a clandestine war against every other state
Gellman and Nakashima 8/30/13 (Barton, Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist, blogger and bestselling author, Ellen, is a national security reporter for The Washington Post. She focuses on issues relating to intelligence, technology and civil liberties. She previously served as a Southeast Asia correspondent for the paper. She wrote about the presidential candidacy of Al Gore and co-authored a biography of Gore, and has also covered federal agencies, Virginia state politics and local affairs. She joined the Post in 1995. “U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html)

U.S. intelligence services carried out 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011
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infrastructure, spends nearly twice as much: $651.7 million.
This pre-emption is a direct result of congressional abdication of war powers – Stuxnet opened the floodgate, and PPD 20 prooves that the Presidents capabilities are being expanded without restraint.
Walker 8/2/13 (Richard, Pen Name for New York News Producer, American free Press, “OBAMA EXPANDS WAR POWERS; CAN UNLEASH CYBERWAR ANY TIME http://americanfreepress.net/?p=11966#sthash.GqeI03l8.dpuf)

The very moment United States President Barack Obama authorized the “dropping” of an
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, as does the list of nations he might target in the future.
Our pre-emption policy has created a cyber cold-war  
Benavides 7/30/13 (Stephen Benavides is a policy analyst and union organizer from Dallas. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of North Texas and has done graduate research in econometrics and economic theory. , “The Coming Cyber-Cold War: US Pioneering Online Attacks”, http://truth-out.org/news/item/17714-the-coming-cyber-cold-war)
¶ The US government is openly and actively engaged in a reincarnation of the Cold
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. At least that's what US military commanders want the public to believe.
Un-regulated offensive postures uniquely are bad – Complexity and inter-connected infrastructures means any pre-emption is BOUND to escalate
Benavides 7/30/13 (Stephen Benavides is a policy analyst and union organizer from Dallas. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of North Texas and has done graduate research in econometrics and economic theory. , “The Coming Cyber-Cold War: US Pioneering Online Attacks”, http://truth-out.org/news/item/17714-the-coming-cyber-cold-war)

The unregulated nature of the cyber arms trade not only leaves open the possibility of
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now, or maybe has always been, an agent of the state.

Lack of civilian bereucratic control proliferation and nuclear war are inevitable.
Austin 8/6/13 (Director of Policy Innovation at the EastWest Institute, “Costs of American Cyber Superiority”http:www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/costs-of-american-cyber-superiority/)

The United States is racing for the technological frontier in military and intelligence uses of
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be every bit as reasonable given their anxiety about unconstrained American cyber superiority.

US cyber attacks inevitably escalate to kinetic war
Moss 4/19/13 (Trefor, covers Asian politics, defence and security, and was Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly until 2009 The Diplomat- - “Is Cyber War the New Cold War?”, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/19/is-cyber-war-the-new-cold-war/3/) 

Cyberspace matters. We know this because governments and militaries around the world are scrambling
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, the risk of it spilling over into kinetic hostilities will only grow.
Uniquely true because of mis-perceptions
Rosenzweig 9, Professor at Georgetown Law
(Paul, founder of Reid Branch Consulting, specializing in homeland security, senior advisor to the Chertoff Group, Carnegie Fellow at Northwestern, professor at National Defense University, Editorial board at the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, deputy assistant secretary for policy at the US Department of Homeland Security, "National Security Threatsin Cyberspace" merican Bar Association Standing Committee on Law andNational Security And National Strategy Forum, September 2009, www.utexas.edu/law/journals/tlr/sources/Issue2088.7/Jensen/fn137.Rosenwieg.pdf)

Offensive dominance creates a great risk of cyber arms races. State and non-
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it came from a third party, could also  ignite a conflict.124

Independently – Cyber attacks breaks down command and control – causes nuclear response. The bureaucratic decision to react without information is a result of situating offensive cyber ops with the president
Cimbala 11(Stephen J. Cimbala 2011. Professor of Political Science at Penn State. “Nuclear Crisis Management and “Cyberwar” Phishing for Trouble?” Strategic Studies Quarterly Spring 2011)

This section discusses how cyberwar might adversely affect nuclear crisis management. Readers are advised
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the risk of “normal” reconnaissance under these extra-ordinary conditions.
This is particularly true of bureaucratic decision makers and cyber war – who have a “do something” mentality – escalates the impact
Owens et al. 09 (WILLIAM A. OWENS, AEA Holdings, Inc., Co-chair KENNETH W. DAM, University of Chicago, Co-chair THOMAS A. BERSON, Anagram Laboratories GERHARD CASPER, Stanford University DAVID D. CLARK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology RICHARD L. GARWIN, IBM Fellow Emeritus JACK L. GOLDSMITH III, Harvard Law School CARL G. O’BERRY, The Boeing Company JEROME H. SALTZER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (retired) MARK SEIDEN, MSB Associates SARAH SEWALL, Harvard University WALTER B. SLOCOMBE, Caplin and Drysdale WILLIAM O. STUDEMAN, U.S. Navy (retired) MICHAEL A. VATIS, Steptoe and Johnson LLP, “Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities”, pdf) 

If an adversary conducts a cyberattack against the United States, a first question for
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happened. Such a situation has obvious potential for inappropriate and unintended escalation.
CERTAIN CONGRESSIONAL Consultation is necessary – preemption is inevitable without congressional checks. Decreasing BUREAUCRATIC INERTIA in response to a cyber attack is the only way to avoid conflict.
Dycus 10 (Professor Vermont Law School, “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare”, 8/11/2010, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf)

III. ALEGISLATIVE HAND ON THE CYBER WAR MOUSE Cyber warfare, as that term
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require a prompt and full account of every significant use of cyber weapons.
Congressional restrictions on OCOs send a global signal of cyber leadership that solves reckless use of OCOs
Bastby 12 (Judy, Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, CEO of Global Cyber Risk, “U.S. Administration's Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk” June 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/2/) 

Perhaps more important than being out of the cyber coordination loop, is the how
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put our nation at risk and demonstrates cyber irresponsiblity, not cyber leadership.
The president will comply
KRINER 10 Assistant professor of political science at Boston University Douglas L. Kriner, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, page 228-231

Conclusion¶ The sequence of events leading up to the sudden reversal of administration policy
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the likelihood of congressional opposition and adjust their conduct of military operations accordingly.

1AC
Cyber has become the NEW NUCLEAR strategy – our cyber attack policy is born from rational thought that has become irrational with anxiety and obsession with victory via rapid response that has pushed us dangerously close to full on attacks. Getting rid of OCOs authority transforms cyber strategy.
Burke 09  Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations
(Anthony, Nuclear Reason: At the Limits of Strategy, International Relations 23: 506-529 2009, December)

Working between nuclear history and recent developments, and between philosophical critique and strategic debate
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imperatives, especially those that place others at grave risk, are inadequate.
We endorse a mode of politics that engages the government directly – only that can understand the complexity and intersubjectivities that the Cold War created – this is a prerequisite to solving global problems
Kennedy-Pipe 07  Professor of IR at the University of Warwick
(caroline, At a Crossroads – and Other Reasons to be Cheerful: The Future of International Relations, International Relations 2007; 21; 351

My suggestion for the future of the discipline is that, fi rst, we
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study of International Relations, and be glad that it is our work.
This presentation in debate form prevents corruption of rationality by encouraging dissent and discussion and places constrains on secret actions with opaque reasoning
Payne 07  Professor of IR at the university of Louisville
(Rodger, Neorealists as Critical Theorists: The Purpose of Foreign Policy Debate, Perspectives on Politics (2007), 5:3:503-514 Cambridge University Press

In various recent interviews and papers, Mearsheimer and other neorealists have gone even further
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promotes the search for truth and legitimate decisions in the marketplace of ideas.
Requiring prior Congressional authorization for war deters adventurism
Dickerson 9 – Annette Warren Dickerson, Director of Education and Outreach for the Center for Constitutional Rights, “Restore. Protect. Expand. Amend the War Powers Resolution”, Center for Constitutional Rights White Paper, http://ccrjustice.org/files/CCR_White_WarPowers.pdf

Reform the War Powers Resolution¶ The War Powers Resolution has failed. Every president
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disguised as preemptive war, has no place in constitutional or international law.
Preventitve forsight is key.
Hayward, 2006 (Peter C., Ph.D. from Swinburne University of Technology, From Individual to Social Foresight, The Case for Foresight, November 8, http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/uploads/approved/adt-VSWT20061108.153623/public/02whole.pdf)

The second response is commonly referred to as `TINA', (There Is No
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thereby, in some small way, to the trajectory towards preferable futures.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Stanford GR | Judge: Kallmeyer, Kevin
1AC Advantage
Contention  is legitimacy
The failure to uphold Habeas in the Kiyemba decision kills overall rule of law legitimacy – our policies are GLOBALLY MODELED.
Vaughn 13 (Katherine L. Vaughns B.A. (Political Science), J.D., University of California at Berkeley. Professor of Law, University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law, and Heather L. Williams, B.A. (French), B.A. (Political Science), University of Rochester, J.D., cum laude, University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law, “OF CIVIL WRONGS AND RIGHTS: 1 KIYEMBA V. OBAMA AND THE MEANING OF FREEDOM, SEPARATION OF POWERS, AND THE RULE OF LAW TEN YEARS AFTER 9/11”, Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 20, 2013, p. 7+  U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2012-55 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2148404)

In 2007, Ninth Circuit Judge A. Wallace Tashima observed that … to come unaccompanied by a meaningful remedy.
A PROCEDURAL RULING preserving habeas corpus in is both NECESSARY and SUFFICIENT for US legitimacy.  Only our ev cites ROBUST STATSTICAL ANALASYS
Welsh 11 (David Welsh has a J.D. from the University of Utah. He is currently a doctoral student in the Eller School of Business at the University of Arizona where his  research focuses on organizational fairness and ethics, "Procedural Justice Post-9/11: The Effects of Procedurally Unfair Treatment of Detainees on Perceptions of Global Legitimacy”, 9 U.N.H. L. Rev. 261)

Today, many individuals throughout the world … recommendations  about how these rules could be implemented in a DTC model. 

Court rulings are the vital internal link to legitimacy – that solves global conflict – classical power dynamics mis-represent IR.
Knowles 09 (Robert, Acting assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, “American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution,” Arizona State Law Journal, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, October)

The Administration’s detainee policy made clear that—… the courts to reduce the "deference gap" between foreign and domestic cases.
Only legitimacy can foster ALLIANCE FORMATION and changes the INCENTIVE MODEL of adversaires
Gilber 08 (Douglas M Gibler 8, Department of Political Science University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa “The Costs of Reneging: Reputation and Alliance Formation” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 52, No. 3, June, pp. 426-454)

More sophisticated treatments of the reputation logic have …  provide valuable information when the costs of signaling are low.
US leadership is sustainable but the right policy choices are key – the alternative is power wars
Kempe 2012, Frederick Kempe, president and chief executive officer of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank and public policy group, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Atlantic Council since December 1, 2006, and is a Visiting Fellow at Oxford University's Saïd Business School, April 18, 2012, “Does America still want to lead the world?”, http://blogs.reuters.com/thinking-global/2012/04/18/does-america-still-want-to-lead-the-world/

For all their bitter differences, President Obama and Governor Romney …  that no one over the next two decades is willing or capable of filling.

Material power is irrelevant – only legitimacy can solve great power wars.
Finnemore 09 (Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1)

Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and … system to run and few unipoles have tried to do so.
Inevitable power diffusion makes Material Power irrelevant—institutional cred solves major global problems
Nye 09 — Joseph S. Nye, Jr., University Distinguished Service Professor and Former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University, 2009 (“American Power in the Twenty-First Century,” Project Syndicate, September 10th, Available Online at http://www.project-syndicate.org/print/american-power-in-the-twenty-first-century)

The United States government’s National Intelligence … its aims without the help of others.

1AC Advantage
Contention  is Democracy
Democratic liberalism is backsliding now-~--the US model of an unrestrained executive causes collapse
Diamond 09 (Larry Diamond 9, Professor of Political Science and Sociology @ Stanford, “The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Democracy”, Presented to the SAIS-CGD Conference on New Ideas in Development after the Financial Crisis, Conference Paper that can be found on his Vita)

Concern about the future of democracy is … in countries like Thailand and Nepal.
Promoting a strong judiciary is necessary to make those transitions stable and democratic—detention policies specifically allow for global authoritarianism – specifically in Africa and Malasia
CJA 03 (Center for Justice and Accountability, OCTOBER 2003, The Center for Justice and Accountability (“CJA”) seeks, by use of the legal systems, to deter torture and other human rights abuses around the world., “BRIEF OF the CENTER FOR JUSTICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY, the INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, and INDIVIDUAL ADVOCATES for the INDEPENDENCE of the JUDICIARY in EMERGING DEMOCRACIES as AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS”, http://www.cja.org/downloads/Al-Odah_Odah_v_US___Rasul_v_Bush_CJA_Amicus_SCOTUS.pdf)

A STRONG, INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY IS ESSENTIAL TO THE … that many in emerging democracies around the globe seek to ensure for their peoples. 

Rule of law and detention policy is key to malay political stability
ALRC 03 (Asian Legal Resource Centre, “21. Political detention under Malaysia's Internal Security Act”, E/CN.4/2003/NGO/93http:www.alrc.net/doc/mainfile.php/59written_item11f/187/)

Political detention under Malaysia's Internal Security Act … Malaysiakini columnist Hishamuddin Rais; and, Free Anwar Campaign director Raja Petra Raja Kamaruddin.

Malaysia will determine the future of the “arc of instability.” It will make or break the region’s democratic transition
Ding 13 - Senior editor with People's Daily stationed in Bangkok Ding Gang, “Malaysia sets democratic example in SE Asia,” Global Times | 2013-5-8 20:18:01, pg. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/780236.shtml#.Uk1LRiQZ8eM

Malaysia has a population of 29 million, 55 percent of which are …  forward manageable reforms at a time of greater political awareness.

China and other great powers will get drawn in.  Sealanes of communication are at risk  
Beazley 03 – Member of the Australian House of Representatives Kim C. Beazley, “Arc of Instability,” National Observer, No. 57, Winter 2003, pg. http://www.nationalobserver.net/2003_winter_107.htm

Can I say that I believe that emphatically not to be the case? … than by legitimate governments."

Crisis risks wars with the US, Japan and India.  China’s paranoia about the SLOCs will overwhelm cooperation
Blumenthal and Lin 06 - Resident fellow in Asian studies @ American Enterprise Institute and Researcher @ AEI DAN BLUMENTHAL and JOSEPH LIN, “Oil obsession: Energy appetite fuels Beijing’s plans to protect vital sea lines,” Armed Forces Journal, June 2006, pg. http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/06/1813592/ 

This central fact has become a near-obsession for the … may be akin to convincing Roosevelt that America did not need a blue-water navy.
Nuclear winter
Wittner 11 - Professor of History @ State University of New York-Albany. Lawrence S. Wittner, “Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?,” Huntington News, Monday, November 28, 2011 - 18:37 pg. http://www.huntingtonnews.net/14446

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.  …  in ensuring their survival and that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.
Democratic backsliding causes great power war
Gat 11 (Azar Gat 11, the Ezer Weizman Professor of National Security at Tel Aviv University, 2011, “The Changing Character of War,” in The Changing Character of War, ed. Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers, p. 30-32)

Since 1945, the decline of major great power war has deepened …, as conditions are never quite the same, they may vary less than seemed likely only a short while ago.
Resolving the Kiyemba dispute will serve a TEST CASE for future implementation of decisions by the court.
Scarf 09 (Michael P. Scharf et al., Counsel of Record, Brief of the Public International Law and Policy Group as Amicus Curiae in Support of the Petitioners, Jamal Kiyemba, et. Al., v. Barack H. Obama, et al., SCOTUS, No. 08-1234, 12—09, p. 3-8.)

The precedent of this Court has a significant impact …  promote respect for rule of law in foreign states during times of conflict.

1AC Solvency
Functional release is a pre-requisite to the effectiveness of habeas corpus rulings – it’s necessary to distinguish the case of Kiyemba, absent giving the courts the authority; Habeas Corpus won’t be followed
Chow 11 (Samuel, JD Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, “THE KIYEMBA PARADOX: CREATING A JUDICIAL FRAMEWORK TO ERADICATE INDEFINITE, UNLAWFUL EXECUTIVE DETENTIONS”, 19 Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 775 2011)

V. AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH: THE FUNCTIONAL RELEASE THESIS … and delivered into United States jurisdiction.229
1AC Plan – Draft

The United States federal judiciary should restrict the President’s war powers authority by mandating that a victory in habeas corpus petitions in the third Kiyemba v. Obama case necessitates “release-plus” status.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Grellinger

1AC

Preemption

Contention _ is preemption

====Cyber Space is militarized – the US executive branch is engaged in a clandestine war against every other state====
Gellman 26 Nakashima 8/30/13 (Barton, Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist, blogger and bestselling author, Ellen, is a national security reporter for The Washington Post. She focuses on issues relating to intelligence, technology and civil liberties. She previously served as a Southeast Asia correspondent for the paper. She wrote about the presidential candidacy of Al Gore and co-authored a biography of Gore, and has also covered federal agencies, Virginia state politics and local affairs. She joined the Post in 1995. "U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show", http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html)

U.S. intelligence services carried out 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011
AND
infrastructure, spends nearly twice as much: 24651.7 million.

This pre-emption is a direct result of congressional abdication of war powers – Stuxnet opened the floodgate, and PPD 20 prooves that the Presidents capabilities are being expanded without restraint.

Walker 8/2/13 (Richard, Pen Name for New York News Producer, American free Press, "OBAMA EXPANDS WAR POWERS; CAN UNLEASH CYBERWAR ANY TIME http://americanfreepress.net/?p=11966~~23sthash.GqeI03l8.dpuf)

The very moment United States President Barack Obama authorized the "dropping" of an
AND
, as does the list of nations he might target in the future.

Our pre-emption policy has created a cyber cold-war

Benavides 7/30/13 (Stephen Benavides is a policy analyst and union organizer from Dallas. He holds a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of North Texas and has done graduate research in econometrics and economic theory. , "The Coming Cyber-Cold War: US Pioneering Online Attacks", http://truth-out.org/news/item/17714-the-coming-cyber-cold-war)

The US government is openly and actively engaged in a reincarnation of the Cold War
AND
. At least that’s what US military commanders want the public to believe.

Un-regulated offensive postures uniquely are bad – Complexity and inter-connected infrastructures means any pre-emption is BOUND to escalate

Benavides 7/30/13 (Stephen Benavides is a policy analyst and union organizer from Dallas. He holds a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of North Texas and has done graduate research in econometrics and economic theory. , "The Coming Cyber-Cold War: US Pioneering Online Attacks", http://truth-out.org/news/item/17714-the-coming-cyber-cold-war)

The unregulated nature of the cyber arms trade not only leaves open the possibility of
AND
now, or maybe has always been, an agent of the state.

Lack of civilian bereucratic control arms racing and nuclear war are inevitable.

Austin 8/6/13 (Director of Policy Innovation at the EastWest Institute, "Costs of American Cyber Superiority"http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/costs-of-american-cyber-superiority/)

The United States is racing for the technological frontier in military and intelligence uses of
AND
be every bit as reasonable given their anxiety about unconstrained American cyber superiority.

US cyber attacks inevitably escalate to kinetic war

Moss 4/19/13 (Trefor, covers Asian politics, defence and security, and was Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly until 2009 The Diplomat- - "Is Cyber War the New Cold War?", http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/19/is-cyber-war-the-new-cold-war/3/) 

Cyberspace matters. We know this because governments and militaries around the world are scrambling
AND
, the risk of it spilling over into kinetic hostilities will only grow.

Kinetic attacks causes nuclear war

Roth 07 professor in IR at Goucher College 7 ~Ariel Ilan Roth, "Nuclear Weapons in Neo-Realist Theory", REFLECTION, EVALUATION, INTEGRATION, International Studies Review, pg 369-384~

Critical, though not explicit, in Waltz is the belief that a war between
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revolution," namely, that there will be peace among the great powers.

Independently – Cyber attacks breaks down command and control – causes nuclear response. The bureaucratic decision to react without information is a result of situating offensive cyber ops in the hands of the president

Cimbala 11(Stephen J. Cimbala 2011. Professor of Political Science at Penn State. "Nuclear Crisis Management and "Cyberwar" Phishing for Trouble?" Strategic Studies Quarterly Spring 2011)

This section discusses how cyberwar might adversely affect nuclear crisis management. Readers are advised
AND
the risk of "normal" reconnaissance under these extra-ordinary conditions. 

CERTAIN CONGRESSIONAL STATUTE is necessary – preemption is inevitable without congressional checks. Decreasing BUREAUCRATIC INERTIA in response to a cyber attack is the only way to avoid conflict.

Dycus 10 (Professor Vermont Law School, "Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare", 8/11/2010, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf)

III. ALEGISLATIVE HAND ON THE CYBER WAR MOUSE Cyber warfare, as that term
AND
require a prompt and full account of every significant use of cyber weapons. 

optionalThis is particularly true of bureaucratic decision makers and cyber war – they resort to knee-jerk reactions that escalate because of "do something" mentality

Owens et al. 09 (WILLIAM A. OWENS, AEA Holdings, Inc
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Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities", pdf) 

If an adversary conducts a cyberattack against the United States, a first question for
AND
happened. Such a situation has obvious potential for inappropriate and unintended escalation.

LOAC

Contention _ is the Law of Armed Conflict

Squo OCO policy violates the Law of Armed conflict – Lack of congressional checks make Jus in Bellum impossible to establish

Dycus 10 (Professor Stephen Dycus is an internationally recognized authority on national security law and environmental law. The courses he has taught at Vermont Law School include Public International Law, National Security Law, Estates, Property, and Water Law. He was founding chair of the National Security Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools. He is the lead author of "National Security Law" (the field’s leading casebook) and "Counterterrorism Law", and he was founding co-editor in chief of the Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy. (Stephen, "Congress’ Role in Cyber Warfare," National Security Journal, Volume 4, Issue 155, 2010 http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf)

The term "cybersecurity" might be understood to refer to defense against cyber attacks
AND
require a prompt and full account of every significant use of cyber weapons. 

They uniquely makes modeling by china impossible

Sanger 9/1/13 (David, A 1982 graduate of Harvard College, Sanger has been writing for the Times for 30 years covering foreign policy, globalization, nuclear proliferation, and the presidency., He has been a member of two teams that won the Pulitzer Prize, and has been awarded numerous honors for national security and foreign policy coverage. "Documents detail U.S. cyber-espionage plans", http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/documents-detail-us-cyberespionage-plans/article5083012.ece)

231 operations planned for 2011 – both small scale and large scale Newly disclosed budget
AND
in a deeper dialogue on cyberissues has yielded discussions, but little fruit.

Ambiguity in definitions for attack policies means we cant adhere to UN charter

Adkisson et al. 12 Carnagie Mellon University (CDR James Adkisson, Mr. Tokunbo Davies, LT Brian Evans,¶ Mr. Rick Lanchantin, Ms. Patty Walters, "Law of Armed Conflict:¶ Implications for Navy Cyber Strategy¶ Masters of Information Technology Strategy¶ Practicum – 2012", http://www.cmu.edu/mits/files/random/mits-cohort1-practicumfinal-lawarmedconflict-implications-aug-2012.pdf)

The uncertain definition of the ’use of force’ is increasingly problematic when analyzing cyber
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Title 50 authorities that govern the operations of the Intelligence Community (IC).

Impacts – China

A) China doesn’t have a model for LOAC in cyberspace – that escalates ANY SKIRMISH.

VornDick 6/30/13 (Wilson VornDick is a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy, where he is assigned to the Pentagon. Previously, he worked at the Chinese Maritime Studies Institute at the U.S. Naval War College. , "The Real U.S.-Chinese Cyber Problem", http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-real-us-chinese-cyber-problem-8796?page=2)

Recent waves of cyber attacks emanated from China despite their vehement denial that they possess
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rather than later, lest they push each other over the digital edge.

China percieves US policy – lack of CLARITY makes Chinese invasion of Taiwan inevitable.

Austin 26 Gady 12 (Greg Austin – phD in International Relations, Vice President for the Worldwide Security Initiative, including a leadership role in the institute’s work on cybersecurity, is now a Professorial Fellow. Greg has a 30-year career in international affairs, including senior posts in academia and government., Franz Stefan Gady — M.A. in Strategic Studies/International Economics from the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University., "CYBER DETENTE BETWEEN THE U.S. AND CHINA: Shaping the Agenda, http://www.ewi.info/system/files/detente.pdf)

In sum, China is probably engaged in cyber warfare planning for operations against the
AND
between these thresholds and traditional notions of strategic nuclear and conventional force deterrence.

Extinction

Gompert 26 Saunders 11 (David C. Gompert, bachelor’s degree in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy, where he once served on the faculty, and a master of public affairs degree from Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Gompert most recently worked as a senior fellow at the RAND Corp, and Phillip C. Saunders, phD in IR from Princeton, Distinguished Research Fellow Director of Studies, Center for Strategic Research Director, Center for Study of Chinese Military Affairs, "The Paradox of Power Sino-American Strategic Restraint in an Age of Vulnerability", http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/Paradox20of20Power.pdf)

Cyber war capabilities can contribute to crisis instability. Cyber attacks have little or no
AND
conclusion that limiting cyber war to the tactical military level would be hard.

LOAC Wars

B) Human survival hangs in the balance.  Absent LOAC wars are more likely to break out and make extinctions.

Weston 91 – Chair of the International and Comparative Law Program @ The University of Iowa ~Weston, Burns H., "Logic and Utility of a Lawful United States Foreign Policy," Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Vol. 1, Issue 1 (Spring 1991), pp. 1-14

George Will and others like him are right, of course, that the rhetoric
AND
historically unique moral responsibility.  Pg. 4-13  AT: K

We solve – Eyes are on the US – our adherence to LOAC is modeled globally. OCO ambiguity is the biggest internal link

Bradbury 11 (Steven Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel, The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and Offensive Cyber Operations, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Bradbury_Final1.pdf)

Evolving customary law. This approach also accommodates the reality that how the U.
AND
to understand and appreciate the choices made on both sides of the question.

Congressional restrictions on OCOs send a global signal of cyber leadership that solves reckless use of OCOs

Bastby 12 (Judy, Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, CEO of Global Cyber Risk, "U.S. Administration’s Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk" June 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/2/) 

Perhaps more important than being out of the cyber coordination loop, is the how
AND
put our nation at risk and demonstrates cyber irresponsiblity, not cyber leadership. 

Action now is key – failure will result in a rapidly created worse legal system that non uniques all their offense

SCHAAP  09 Major – Air Force, the Directorate of Legal Services, Headquarters Air Command, RAF High Wycombe, United Kingdom. JD Cal Western, LLM George Washington, Former Deputy Staff Judge Advocate, Lackland ~Major Aire J. Schaap, CYBERLAW EDITION: CYBER WARFARE OPERATIONS: DEVELOPMENT AND USE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW, Air Force Law Review, 64 A.F. L. Rev. 121~

IX. CONCLUSION
Nothing in international law explicitly prohibits cyber warfare operations. However, legal limitations surely
AND
attack, rather than a well thought out, proactive, structured approach.

1AC Plan

The United States federal government should require consultation in every possible circumstance prior to the use of offensive cyber operations by President of the United States and require a prompt and full account of every significant use of cyber weapons by the President of the United States.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 6 | Opponent: Louisville Barnett-Lattimore | Judge: Stevenson
Plan

The United States federal government should require the President of the United States consult Congress prior to the use of offensive cyber operations or provide a prompt full account of the use of offensive cyber operations by the United States.

Advantage 1 – Unipolarity
US preemptive cyber policy creates global cyber-counter-balancing
Benavides 7/30/13 (Stephen Benavides is a policy analyst and union organizer from Dallas. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of North Texas and has done graduate research in econometrics and economic theory. , “The Coming Cyber-Cold War: US Pioneering Online Attacks”, http://truth-out.org/news/item/17714-the-coming-cyber-cold-war)

The US government is openly and actively engaged in a reincarnation of the Cold War
AND
. At least that's what US military commanders want the public to believe.

Global counterbalancing in cyber space is inevitable absent a shift in US policy – the result is a collapse of military primacy
Kallberg and Thuraisingham 13 (Jan Kallberg is a research scientist and lead at the Cyber Operations Research Lab at the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute (CSI) in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science at The University of Texas at Dallas. His research interests include offensive cyberoperations and societal stability. Kallberg received his PhD in public affairs from the University of Texas at  Dallas.  Bhavani Thuraisingham is a Louis A. Beecherl, Jr. Distinguished Professor and an executive director of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute (CSI) in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science at The University of Texas at Dallas. Her research interests include information assurance, system theory, and secure dependable data management. Thuraisingham received her PhD in theoretical computer science from University of Wales and the higher doctorate of engineering from University of Bristol. “State Actors’ Offensive Cyberoperations: The Disruptive Power of Systematic Cyberattacks”  IT Pro May/June 2013 Published by the IEEE Computer Society 1520-9202/13/$31.00 © 2013 IEEE, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy.library.emory.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=andarnumber=6471711)

The Internet has experienced developments similar to those of the armored tank and helicopter—
AND
contracts to identify weaknesses in foreign systems, redefining how we address cybersecurity.
Plan solves international counter balancing – it creates a LOAC for cyber space
Bradbury 11 (Steven Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel, The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and Offensive Cyber Operations, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Bradbury_Final1.pdf)

Evolving customary law. This approach also accommodates the reality that how the U.
AND
to understand and appreciate the choices made on both sides of the question.
Congressional restrictions on OCOs reestablish US leadership
Bastby 12 (Judy, Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, CEO of Global Cyber Risk, “U.S. Administration's Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk” June 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/2/) 

Perhaps more important than being out of the cyber coordination loop, is the how
AND
put our nation at risk and demonstrates cyber irresponsiblity, not cyber leadership.
Unipolarity creates structural incentives for peace
Wohlforth 09 – Professor of government @ Dartmouth College William C. Wohlforth, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1, January 2009, http://www.polisci.wisc.edu/Uploads/Documents/IRC/Wohlforth20(2009).pdf
Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent of
AND
, the set of feasible comparison choices is constrained in highly consequential ways.

Decline of great powers and assent of challengers produces massive violence
Kagan ’12 Robert Kagan, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in American History, PhD in American History, award-winning writer and commentator. “The World American Made”. Ebook
The challenge will be all the greater if the shift from an American-dominated
AND
of Tbilisi had he not been deterred by the United States and NATO.
American power solves global problems
Barnett 2011, Thomas P.M. Barnett, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, 3-7-2011, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” , http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Data free of ideology
Owen, associate professor of politics – University of Virginia, 2/11/’11 John, “Don’t Discount Hegemony,” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.
Combining quantitative research with qualitative research produces a higher value of truth regardless of ontological or epistemological stance
O’Connor and Netting 2005, Mary Katherine O'Connor, Ph.D. ¶ Professor ¶ School of Social Work ¶ Virginia Commonwealth University, and ¶ ¶ F. Ellen Netting, Ph.D. ¶ Professor ¶ School of Social Work ¶ Virginia Commonwealth University , 2005, “A Defense and Justification of Qualitative Research”, http://www.gptsw.net/papers/dfnsjstndrft.pdf

Qualitative research methods are important modes of inquiry, regardless of ¶ discipline. Because
AND
cannot achieve without removing the very ¶ aspects that give it its worth.
Perception of decline cause lash out
Beckley 2012, Michael Beckley, PHD Columbia, assistant professor of political science at Tufts University specializing in U.S. and Chinese foreign policy, 2012, “The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited”, PDF, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andved=0CDkQFjABandurl=http3A2F2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu2Fcatalog2Fac3A146399andei=I1mZUaOnMMLk0gH9iICoCwandusg=AFQjCNGKp8jw7t-cvRknlrP0qcv6Z7M41wandsig2=EcwCKI0jGPs3NkMrxYYY5gandbvm=bv.46751780,d.dmQ 

Another danger is that declinism may impair foreign policy decision-­?making. If top
AND
and disease, which may fester without a leader to rally collective action.
Decline of hegemony makes everything worse
Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, PHD, JAN/FEB 2012, “After America”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com.ezproxy.baylor.edu/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, KENTUCKY

Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
AND
and ubiquity of American power creates order where there would normally be conflict.
US is the opposite of paranoid – we under-estimate threats
Mazurak 2012, Zbigniew Mazurak, BA and M.A. degrees in history, working on PhD, Aug. 26, 2012, “The lies of Micah Zenko and Michael Cohen”, http://zbigniewmazurak.wordpress.com/2012/08/26/the-lies-of-micah-zenko-and-michael-cohen/, KENTUCKY

In two related articles, extreme leftists Micah Zenko and Michael Cohen have falsely claimed
AND
disastrous results for the US, because intellectual disarmament always precedes actual disarmament.

Contention 2 – Impact Framing

The fundamental question of debate is the role of America – should it exist and if so how? We answer yes to both – America must exist and with that it must be celebrated – only US hegemony starves off international violence
KRISTOL and KAGAN  96 Editor of the Weekly Standard and senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace William and Robert, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, july/august

TWENTY YEARS later, it is time once again to challenge an indifferent America and
AND
needs a neo-Reaganite foreign policy of military supremacy and moral confidence.    
Use of national security simulations good
Donohue 13 2013 National Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2172andcontext=facpub 

C ONCLUDING R EMARKS The legal academy has, of late, been swept up
AND
only solution, but it does provide a starting point for moving forward. 

Life is always good and even if its not you should stay alive because there is still value
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing,” online: http://people.su.se/~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf
I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).

Preventing death is the first ethical priority – it’s the only impact you can’t recover from.
Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
AND
acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.

Comparative evidence – extinction is worse than everything
Richard Ochs 2002 DC Black Panther, president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group. After completing a course in Atomic and Nuclear Physics at Muhlenberg College, he transferred to  the University of Maryland, where he had a split major in history and political science. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society at College Park, June 9th 2002, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY”, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html

Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known
AND
patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 6 | Opponent: Louisville Barnett-Lattimore | Judge: Stevenson
Plan

The United States federal government should require the President of the United States consult Congress prior to the use of offensive cyber operations or provide a prompt full account of the use of offensive cyber operations by the United States.

Advantage 1 – Unipolarity
US preemptive cyber policy creates global cyber-counter-balancing
Benavides 7/30/13 (Stephen Benavides is a policy analyst and union organizer from Dallas. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of North Texas and has done graduate research in econometrics and economic theory. , “The Coming Cyber-Cold War: US Pioneering Online Attacks”, http://truth-out.org/news/item/17714-the-coming-cyber-cold-war)

The US government is openly and actively engaged in a reincarnation of the Cold War
AND
. At least that's what US military commanders want the public to believe.

Global counterbalancing in cyber space is inevitable absent a shift in US policy – the result is a collapse of military primacy
Kallberg and Thuraisingham 13 (Jan Kallberg is a research scientist and lead at the Cyber Operations Research Lab at the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute (CSI) in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science at The University of Texas at Dallas. His research interests include offensive cyberoperations and societal stability. Kallberg received his PhD in public affairs from the University of Texas at  Dallas.  Bhavani Thuraisingham is a Louis A. Beecherl, Jr. Distinguished Professor and an executive director of the Cyber Security Research and Education Institute (CSI) in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science at The University of Texas at Dallas. Her research interests include information assurance, system theory, and secure dependable data management. Thuraisingham received her PhD in theoretical computer science from University of Wales and the higher doctorate of engineering from University of Bristol. “State Actors’ Offensive Cyberoperations: The Disruptive Power of Systematic Cyberattacks”  IT Pro May/June 2013 Published by the IEEE Computer Society 1520-9202/13/$31.00 © 2013 IEEE, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.proxy.library.emory.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=andarnumber=6471711)

The Internet has experienced developments similar to those of the armored tank and helicopter—
AND
contracts to identify weaknesses in foreign systems, redefining how we address cybersecurity.
Plan solves international counter balancing – it creates a LOAC for cyber space
Bradbury 11 (Steven Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel, The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and Offensive Cyber Operations, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Bradbury_Final1.pdf)

Evolving customary law. This approach also accommodates the reality that how the U.
AND
to understand and appreciate the choices made on both sides of the question.
Congressional restrictions on OCOs reestablish US leadership
Bastby 12 (Judy, Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, CEO of Global Cyber Risk, “U.S. Administration's Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk” June 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/2/) 

Perhaps more important than being out of the cyber coordination loop, is the how
AND
put our nation at risk and demonstrates cyber irresponsiblity, not cyber leadership.
Unipolarity creates structural incentives for peace
Wohlforth 09 – Professor of government @ Dartmouth College William C. Wohlforth, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1, January 2009, http://www.polisci.wisc.edu/Uploads/Documents/IRC/Wohlforth20(2009).pdf
Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent of
AND
, the set of feasible comparison choices is constrained in highly consequential ways.

Decline of great powers and assent of challengers produces massive violence
Kagan ’12 Robert Kagan, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in American History, PhD in American History, award-winning writer and commentator. “The World American Made”. Ebook
The challenge will be all the greater if the shift from an American-dominated
AND
of Tbilisi had he not been deterred by the United States and NATO.
American power solves global problems
Barnett 2011, Thomas P.M. Barnett, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, 3-7-2011, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” , http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Data free of ideology
Owen, associate professor of politics – University of Virginia, 2/11/’11 John, “Don’t Discount Hegemony,” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.
Combining quantitative research with qualitative research produces a higher value of truth regardless of ontological or epistemological stance
O’Connor and Netting 2005, Mary Katherine O'Connor, Ph.D. ¶ Professor ¶ School of Social Work ¶ Virginia Commonwealth University, and ¶ ¶ F. Ellen Netting, Ph.D. ¶ Professor ¶ School of Social Work ¶ Virginia Commonwealth University , 2005, “A Defense and Justification of Qualitative Research”, http://www.gptsw.net/papers/dfnsjstndrft.pdf

Qualitative research methods are important modes of inquiry, regardless of ¶ discipline. Because
AND
cannot achieve without removing the very ¶ aspects that give it its worth.
Perception of decline cause lash out
Beckley 2012, Michael Beckley, PHD Columbia, assistant professor of political science at Tufts University specializing in U.S. and Chinese foreign policy, 2012, “The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited”, PDF, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andved=0CDkQFjABandurl=http3A2F2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu2Fcatalog2Fac3A146399andei=I1mZUaOnMMLk0gH9iICoCwandusg=AFQjCNGKp8jw7t-cvRknlrP0qcv6Z7M41wandsig2=EcwCKI0jGPs3NkMrxYYY5gandbvm=bv.46751780,d.dmQ 

Another danger is that declinism may impair foreign policy decision-­?making. If top
AND
and disease, which may fester without a leader to rally collective action.
Decline of hegemony makes everything worse
Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, PHD, JAN/FEB 2012, “After America”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com.ezproxy.baylor.edu/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, KENTUCKY

Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
AND
and ubiquity of American power creates order where there would normally be conflict.
US is the opposite of paranoid – we under-estimate threats
Mazurak 2012, Zbigniew Mazurak, BA and M.A. degrees in history, working on PhD, Aug. 26, 2012, “The lies of Micah Zenko and Michael Cohen”, http://zbigniewmazurak.wordpress.com/2012/08/26/the-lies-of-micah-zenko-and-michael-cohen/, KENTUCKY

In two related articles, extreme leftists Micah Zenko and Michael Cohen have falsely claimed
AND
disastrous results for the US, because intellectual disarmament always precedes actual disarmament.

Contention 2 – Impact Framing

The fundamental question of debate is the role of America – should it exist and if so how? We answer yes to both – America must exist and with that it must be celebrated – only US hegemony starves off international violence
KRISTOL and KAGAN  96 Editor of the Weekly Standard and senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace William and Robert, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, july/august

TWENTY YEARS later, it is time once again to challenge an indifferent America and
AND
needs a neo-Reaganite foreign policy of military supremacy and moral confidence.    
Use of national security simulations good
Donohue 13 2013 National Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2172andcontext=facpub 

C ONCLUDING R EMARKS The legal academy has, of late, been swept up
AND
only solution, but it does provide a starting point for moving forward. 

Life is always good and even if its not you should stay alive because there is still value
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing,” online: http://people.su.se/~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf
I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).

Preventing death is the first ethical priority – it’s the only impact you can’t recover from.
Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
AND
acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.

Comparative evidence – extinction is worse than everything
Richard Ochs 2002 DC Black Panther, president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group. After completing a course in Atomic and Nuclear Physics at Muhlenberg College, he transferred to  the University of Maryland, where he had a split major in history and political science. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society at College Park, June 9th 2002, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY”, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html

Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known
AND
patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Towson HW | Judge: Kennedy, Sean
Contention One is Conscience
The United States thinks quite highly of itself.  We think we are a city on a hill, that the world is a lump of iron and we are a hammer.  Justice and goodness and freedom are not our ideals, they are our possessions.  
At least, that’s what we tell ourselves.  In reality, this exceptional belief in our righteousness, omnipotence, and invulnerability is an elaborate fiction, akin to an outfit we like to wear because it makes us feel like the most popular kid in school.  We feel an obligation to eliminate anything that threatens this psychological fiction, lest our nightmares come true and we end up naked to the world.   
The question then is why.
Why does the US hold such an egotistical self image?  Because we, as individuals, have lost a war over our consciences.
The power of the presidency is a big part of the reason why.  The presidency exists to seduce us into thoughtless compliance.  I value security and freedom, so how can I possibly disagree with Bush?  I hope for things, and there are things I want changed, so how could I possibly disagree with Obama?  The president is like a fortune teller—it tells us vague platitudes we want to hear so we trust it absolutely.  As a result, we close off our conscience and consent to an imperial “war on terror”
Markwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication”)

From Bush to Obama, the war on terror is principally a war over conscience. … The situation persists not as an aberration from the norms of political liberalism, but because of them.

When we lose our conscience and allow the president messianic authority, we give up everything to the state and it’s avatar, the president.  
This is roulette politics—it gives the president the power, unchecked, to absolutely and completely obliterate life on the planet.  
Marwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication”)

The messianic presidency, as a form of sovereign power, …  is greater than the superpower itself. 

Conscience is at the root of our current imperialism.  Abu Grhaib, Guantanomo, drones and torture are subsets of a broader thought process that authorizes endless violence.  
Rather than treating these cases as “exceptions” or “bad apples,” we need to treat them as a rule. We need a politics of maladjustment, where every action and word of the president makes us deeply uncomfortable.  We need to find our collective conscience.     
Marwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication”)

Just before midnight on November 4th, 2003, Sabrina … , affirming their foundation in the truth of what it means to be human. 

The INSTITUTIONAL MOOD of the government authorizes and justifies racist violence by citizens—racism BECOMES socially appropriate in the context of the war on terror
Markwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication”)

There is also little room in Young’s analysis for the … we walk the same streets, and now we are ‘them.’”(Raza, 2007).

These are not individual instances of violence, they are NORMALIZED and CODIFIED auto-immune responses.
Ahmad 04 (Muneer I. Ahmad, professor of law at the Yale Law School. He is a specialist in international human rights and immigration law. Georgetown University Law Center, “A Rage Shared by Law: Post-September 11 Racial Violence as Crimes of Passion”, California Law Review Volume 92 | Issue 5 Article 1, 10/31/04, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1321andcontext=californialawreview)

There is a danger that hate violence against Arabs, …  have been normalized.

Our willingness to cede power to the executive is a site of subjugation – The security regime – pre-labels anyone non-white as in need of demonstrating they are not a threat—the aff is key to rupture this presumption of guilt
Markwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication”)

The security regime fosters what Iris Marion Young calls ‘… from one moment to the next. 

Contention Two is Democratic Communication

The United States federal government should restrict the President’s authority to conduct the War on Terror. 

Too long have we ceded our agency to the state in order to allow it to ‘solve” the problem of terrorism for us is the response to terrorism in the context of ceding power to the security state that deprives us from democratic communication
Marwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication”)

To extend Young’s analysis, our feeling of … democratic engagement. 

Citizenship is the spirit of human dignity, but the war on terror’s policies have birthed us into the citizenship of the gulag. No war can be held at arms length and the atrocities of the war on terror destroy democratic communication.
Marwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication” pg 1-4)

Aristotle’s assertion that we are “born for citizenship” … understanding of democratic communication. 

Rather than singlehanded solving everything in one shot, elevation of conscience sets off an avalanche of conversation and questioning that activates our conscience.  Only this process can engage both formal legal discourse and social movements—conscience is the one kernel of humanity that exists in every context, it is the lynchpin of solvency
Markwick 10 (Michael, School of Communication - Simon Fraser University phD, spring 2010, DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY “Terror and democratic communication”)

At the same time, the messianic presidency as …—to find our own voice in it.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Quigley

1AR Critique

Our understanding of war is CONTEXTUAL,

Tarak BARKAWI Associate Professor of Politics at the New School for Social Research ’12 "Of Camps and Critiques: A Reply to ’Security, War, Violence’" Millennium 41 (1) p. 129-130

A final totalising move in ’Security, War, Violence’ is the idea that
AND
dominated by the mostly self-serving nostrums of the liberal peace debates.

1AR Personal Offense

NO discursive act can include everything; this doesn’t mean we reject or marginalize these concerns

Rorty, Professor of Comparative Literature @ Stanford, `02 (Richard, Peace Review, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 152-153)
I have no quarrel with Cornell’s and pivak’s claim that "what is missing in
AND
have been told, and should be told, in many other ways.

We should NOT reduce debate to JUST experience of the body. Fiat key

Roberts 2007 (Jeff Roberts, Bachelors in Communication Studies from Baylor, from his Master’s thesis – "The Rhetorical Structure of Disability: Bridging the Gap Between What is ’Spoken’ and What is ’Said’ with Song - Over-Signifying with Personhood Against the Backdrop of Disease-Centric Discourse", https://beardocs.baylor.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2104/5086/Jeff_Roberts_Masters.pdf?sequence=1-https://beardocs.baylor.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2104/5086/Jeff_Roberts_Masters.pdf?sequence=1**)**

Although individual action which permutes the rejection of disease-centric discourse with a call
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important element of advocacy for many groups struggling for state recognition of identity.

Truth

Lack of objectivity is irrelevant —- we can still make accurate claims about the world

Ferris 92 Timothy, Emeritus Prof @ Berkeley 26 Fellow at American Association for the Advancement of Science, The Mind’s Sky: Human Intelligence in a Cosmic Context
This is not to say that every opinion about the universe deserves equal attention —
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a fantasy," Sciama remarked, "so let’s find out about it." 

the possibility of some flawed theory construction is better than epistemological anarchy

Brown 11 ~Vernon, Cadiff University, 2/27/11, "The Reflectivist Critique of Positivist IR Theory," http://www.e-ir.info/?p=7328-http://www.e-ir.info/?p=7328 ~

There is a great deal of support for the positivist approach in IR despite the
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be self-reflective and continually evolving, could provide the stability needed.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Quigley

2AC Critique

Universalism is wrong and bad – ends up being MIRED in reductionism – perm solves best.

Hughes 07 (Head of Division of Sociology Glasgow Caledonian University Bill Being disabled: towards a critical social ontology for disability studies Disability 26 Society 22.7 Taylor 26 Francis)

In summary, the universalistic approach to ontology in disability studies that I have sketched
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p. 164) that regularly misrepresent and sometimes destroy disabled peoples lives.

That’s biological reductionism – turns their critiuqe

Hughes 09 (Head of Division of Sociology Glasgow Caledonian University Bill Wounded/monstrous/abject: a critique of the disabled body in the sociological imaginary Disability 26 Society 24.4)

The position taken by Turner (2001) and Shakespeare and Watson (2002),
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tropes of monstrosity and abjection ’lack’ is a status reserved for disability.

We should treat war differently than structural violence.  The tradeoff only goes in the other direction – we lose what is distinctive about organized violence.

Tarak BARKAWI Associate Professor of Politics at the New School for Social Research ’12 "Of Camps and Critiques: A Reply to ’Security, War, Violence’" Millennium 41 (1) p. 129-130

A final totalising move in ’Security, War, Violence’ is the idea that
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dominated by the mostly self-serving nostrums of the liberal peace debates.

Speifically – appeals to personal experience replace analysis of group oppression with personal testimony.  As a result, politics becomes a policing operation—those not in an identity group are denied intellectual access and those within the group who don’t conform to the aff’s terms are excluded.  Over time, this strategy LIMITS politics to ONLY the personal.  This devastates structural change, and turns the case—it demands that political performance assimilate to very limited norms of experience

Joan SCOTT Harold F. Linder Professor at the School of Social Science in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton 92 ~"Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identity" October Summer p. 16-19~

The logic of individualism has structured the approach to multiculturalism in many ways. The
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or subaltern) in relation to whatever is taken as majority or dominant.

2. Personal experience isn’t bad for debate, but debate is bad for personal experience—it forces you, the judge, to render the value of a person’s intimate and many times traumatic experiences—this is epistemically violent and turns the case

Judith BUTLER is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley, 1 ~"Giving an Account of Oneself," Diacritics 31.4 (2001) 22-40, Project Muse~

But here, and for the time being, my concern is with a suspect
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from living the persistent challenge to mastery that our obligations to others require.
Although some would say that to be a split subject, or a subject whose
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, who can never, fully recuperate the conditions of its own emergence.
But this death, if it is a death, is only the death of a certain kind of subject, one that was never possible to begin with, the death of a fantasy, and so a loss of what one never had.
One goes to analysis, I presume, to have someone receive one’s words,
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possible, as if the break could be mended and defensive mastery restored?

4. These case arguments are a net benefit to our framework—we must move beyond first-person agony stories to allow for rejoinder

Daniel SUBOTNIK, Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center, 98 ~Spring, 1998, "WHAT’S WRONG WITH CRITICAL RACE THEORY?: REOPENING THE CASE FOR MIDDLE CLASS VALUES," Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, 7 Cornell J. L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 681, Lexis~

In the absence of scholarly work by white males in the area of race,
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to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.
C. What is to be Done
Since such a situation cannot be salutary, we need what Williams has so substantially contributed to, and what she has called, that "long- overdue national dialogue about race, gender... and all the other divisive issues that block the full possibility of American community." n81 Williams recognizes, as many others surely will, that such discourse will be painful. But "we must get beyond the stage of halting conversations filled with the superficialities of hurt feelings." n82
In sum, what is needed is to crack the "hermetic bravado celebrating victimization
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less castrating...." n84 Locating that position is precisely what is attempted here.
CRT encompasses the works of a great many authors. Accordingly, I quote as many sources as my reading and space permit. At the same time, in the interests of a more consistent and thematic exposition, I focus particularly on the oeuvre of two notable CRATs, Patricia Williams and Regina Austin. n85
Why Professor Williams? Most importantly because she is, according to Cornel West,
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her central role in a major controversy at the Harvard Law School. n88
Towards the end of The Rooster’s Egg, Williams recounts a story first told by
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student he was. All this, however, came at a price.
Then I changed... The man and the woman walking toward me were laughing and
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laughter. I came to call this game "Scatter the Pigeons." n90
Williams laments, "The gentle journalist who stands on a streetcorner and howls...
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laughter, delighting in their own versions of "Scatter the Pigeons"? n93

5. Pure critique is just fuel for academics—proposing tangible political alternatives is necessary

Bryant 12—Levi, professor of philosophy at Collin College ~McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction? larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/~23more-6320~

In the language of my machine-oriented ontology or onticology, we would say
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incorporeal? This is the problem with occupying an abstraction. read on21
Second, contemporary capitalism is massively redundant. This, I think, is what
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be cut off once and for all because there is no single head.
The crisis of contemporary politics is thus the crisis of the erasure of site. In the age of hyperobjects, we come to dwell in a world where there is no clear site of political antagonism and therefore no real sense of how and where to engage.
Here I’m also inclined to say that we need to be clear about system references
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(hysterical protest), to political construction– actually envisioning and building alternatives.
So what’s the issue with system-reference? The great autopoietic sociological systems theorist
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system and its auto-reproduction. They would be for something else.
Luhmann argues that every autopoietic system has this sort of intra-systemic dimension.
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bit on ourselves and our strategies and what political theory should be about.
Setting all this aside, I think there’s a danger in Wark’s claims about abstraction
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world as a part of "god’s" selection and harmonization of intensities).
The important thing to remember is that hyperobjects like capitalism are unable to function without
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it doesn’t address these aliens themselves because it doesn’t even acknowledge their existence.
What we need is a politics adequate to hyperobjects, and that is above all
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to locate.  I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me.

6. The affirmative is a claim to performativity rather than true performance.  Their claim to having identified a truly liberating, anti-racist speech act substitutes for true anti-racist action and conceals their own privilege as subjects within debate.  In this instance, their speech act is only liberatory for them at the expense of true action to help people other than themselves.

Sara AHMED, Reader in Race and Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths College, University of London, 4 ~"Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism," Volume 3 Number 2, 2004, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm~~

50. This might sound like an argument about the performativity of race. I
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do not do that thing, as the conditions have not been met.
51. I would hasten to add that in my view performativity has become rather
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sufficient for an action, and can even be a substitute for action.
52. My concern with the non-performativity of anti-racism has hence
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then they imply ’I am not’ or ’we are not’ that.
53. So it is not that such speech acts say ’we are anti
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racists, as racists see themselves as above others, and so on.
54. These statements function as claims to performativity rather than as performatives, whereby
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that would allow such ’saying’ to ’do’ what it ’says’.
55. Our task is not to repeat anti-racist speech in the hope
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the work we do, even in the work we do on privilege.
56. You might not be surprised to hear that a white response to this
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or even to move on, can stop the message ’getting through’.
57. To hear the work of exposure requires that white subjects inhabit the critique
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hence ’risks’ such concealment in the very ’return’ of its address.
58. I am of course risking being seen as producing a ’useless’ critique
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through declarations of whiteness, or through the recognition of privilege as privilege.
59. In making this prescription, it is important that I do not rush
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, or whether we are even up to the task of recognizing them.

When mobility is viewed as a universal characteristic individual problems become de-characterized and the focus degenerates to anesthetization and exclusion of bodies – that’s how status quo transportation planning functions – it is entrenched in a universal model of ablism

Imrie 2k (Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London Rob Disability and discourses of mobility and movement Environment and Planning volume 32 http://www.environmentandplanning.com/epa/fulltext/a32/a331.pdf-http://www.environmentandplanning.com/epa/fulltext/a32/a331.pdf)

Barnes et al (1999, page 121), for instance, note that UK
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of mobility as ``a messy, unpredictable, diverse and changeable reality’’.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Quigley

2AC Case

Structural Tensions make conflict inevitable

Colby et al. 13  (Elbridge A. Colby, graduate of¶ Harvard College and Yale Law School and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations (term)¶ and of the International Institute of Strategic Studies., Abraham M. Denmark, M.A. in international security from the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University¶ of Denver and has studied at China’s Foreign Affairs University and Peking University., John K. Warden, After receiving a B.A. in history and political science from Northwestern¶ University, he joined CSIS as a recipient of the William J. Taylor debate internship., James M. Acton, He holds a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Cambridge University., Jay K. Brotz, M.S. in electrical and¶ computer engineering from Carnegie Mellon University., Michael S. Chase, M.A. in China studies from SAIS and a B.A. in politics from Brandeis University., AND more, "Nuclear Weapons and U.S.-China Relations: A way forward," http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf-http://csis.org/files/publication/130307_Colby_USChinaNuclear_Web.pdf)

Underlying Structural Tensions
?? Established and rising power. Beyond specific disputes and exacerbating factors, tensions¶
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not need to lead to conflict and¶ war, but they might.
?? Security dilemma. Within this broader dynamic, there is a real danger that
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and cruise missile program, undertaken at least in part in response to improved
U.S. conventional capabilities, is now leading to a countervailing U.
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hostile intent and the need for¶ improved U.S. capabilities.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Quigley

2AC Vagueness

2) Congress can do it

KAISER 80 The Official Specialist in American National Government, Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress ~Congressional Action to Overturn Agency Rules: Alternatives to the Legislative Veto; Kaiser, Frederick M., 32 Admin. L. Rev. 667 (1980)~ 

In addition to direct statutory overrides, there are a variety of statutory and nonstatutory
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interjecting novel procedural requirements along with different perspectives and influences into the process.
It is also valuable to examine nonstatutory controls available to the Congress:

1. legislative, oversight, investigative, and confirmation hearings;
   2. establishment of select committees and specialized subcommittees to oversee agency rulemaking and enforcement
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   inter-agency consultation requirements; and 5. congressional prior notification provisions.

2) Courts could do it

Singer 07 (Jana, Professor of Law, University of Maryland School of Law, SYMPOSIUM A HAMDAN QUARTET: FOUR ESSAYS ON ASPECTS OF HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD: HAMDAN AS AN ASSERTION OF JUDICIAL POWER, Maryland Law Review 2007 66 Md. L. Rev. 759)

n25. See, e.g., Dep’t of the Navy v. Egan
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means to avoid judicial restrictions on presidential power in cases involving military force).

Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act.

Taylor, 1996  (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)

The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston Lanning-Bockmon | Judge: Quigley

2AC Word PIC

A catch all security possibly makes action impossible and matters worse – we must combine cyber policy with the alternative strategically – conceptualizing security in terms of intention is a viable vision for change

NICHOLAS D. ANDERSON Georgetown University M.A., Security Studies, 2012, ""Re re defining" International Security", The Josef Korbel Journal of Advanced International Studies Summer 2012, Volume 4, PDF, http://www.du.edu/korbel/jais/journal/volume4/volume4_anderson.pdf-http://www.du.edu/korbel/jais/journal/volume4/volume4_anderson.pdf, KENTUCKY

First, too expansive a definition for security would make comparing similar policies essentially impossible
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reactor accidents, even meltdowns, no matter how threatening, should not.

Securitizing cyber space is the ONLY way to prevent large scale cyber war – the alt can’t solve fast enough or change US doctrine – vulnerability creates a Unique need for it

Pickin 12 (Matthew, MA War Stuides – Kings College, "What is the securitization of cyberspace? Is it a problem?", http://www.academia.edu/3100313/What_is_the_securitization_of_cyberspace_Is_it_a_problem)

In analysing the problems of securitization, major issues have been raised. Threat inflation, surveillance, militarisation and the military-industrial complex are only some of the most prominent issues. There are benefits of securitization however, and at the very end of this analysis it will be explained why securitization is necessary for now.  The main supporting arguments for securitization include, the future of cyber-attacks in conflicts, protecting critical infrastructure and cyber-crime.
The 2010 National Intelligence Annual Threat Assessment stated that the United States was under a
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beneficial to prepare through securitization, otherwise the disadvantages clearly outweigh any advantage.
The other main benefit of securitizing cyberspace would be tackling cyber-crime. According
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shifts, the government is asserting itself increasingly to counter these threats.
Conclusion
In analysing what was the securitization of cyberspace, the beginnings of the cyber-
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in warfare and where vulnerabilities have been recognised that could damage national security.
In evaluating whether securitization of cyberspace is a problem, it is very clear that
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issue is de-securitized, for now securitization is a necessary evil. 

4. Exorcism DA –  dirty words only serves as a mask for aggressive humiliation; it is not the words which wound, but how we make them mean

Zizek 1999 ~Slavoj, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies(Ljubljana), The Ticklish Subject, p.253-4~

Take politically correct probing into hate speech and sexual harassment: the trap into which
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temptation finds sexual pleasure in this very act of inflicting wounds on himself.

5. Theres structures now – plan solves structures ALL of our 1AC is about breaking down the existing order.

Agency DA – People don’t just buy into government words Audiences are smart and reach their own conclusions. Any other interp kills agency

Kraus ’89(et al – Sidney Kraus is a professor in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University and Dennis Giles is also in the Department of Communication at Cleveland State University. Reviewed work(s):
Constructing the Political Spectacle by Murray Edelman Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Sep., 1989), pp. 517-525 Published by: International Society of Political Psychology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791366-http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791366)

Edelman assumes (like the early Frankfurt School) that viewers/audi- tors
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from the "dominant" readings preferred by the political and media institutions. 

AT: Zero Point

The "violence" of technical rationality is a fiction – and their alternative links anyway

Jarvis, 2000 (D.S.L., Lecturer in Government at the University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline, p. 111-113)

Ashley’s commitment to transformational politics necessarily made his scholarship secondary to that goal. Many
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structural notions of instrumental power politics as a means of informing political praxis.