Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

The invocation of September 11 – particularly the framing that 9/11 changed everything and so defines our current politics – turns the affirmative. It says that everything we do must respond to those actions, which is the justification for the War on Terror and current presidential war powers.

Maja Zehfuss (department of politics and international studies at University of Warwick).  and#34;Forget September 11.and#34;  Third World Quarterly 24:3.  2003.

The footage of the two planes crashing, on September 11, 2001, into
AND
composer Karlheinz Stock-hausen controversially, and apparently spontaneously, put it.
 We might not agree with this particular assessment, but some certainly argue that
AND
accordingly, those who staged it would certainly not want you to forget.
 This view has to be voiced with some caution. We know very little
AND
certainly don’t know, that those behind the events don’t want you to.
 Perhaps we can say with more confidence that President Bush does not want you
AND
and what we owe them’, ’we will always honor their memory’.
 So there is one thing Osama Bin Laden and President Bush may agree on
AND
not posed, we might in fact be better off forgetting September 11.

Thus, Thayer and I affirm the 1AC absent its representations of September 11.

As long as we believe 9/11 changed everything, we are indebted to acting always in response to that event, we can never live our own lives.

Maja Zehfuss (department of politics and international studies at University of Warwick).  and#34;Forget September 11.and#34;  Third World Quarterly 24:3.  2003.

Of course, very much in contrast to the ease with which our memory is
AND
idea than forgetting ourselves in the name of the memory of the dead.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

Congress has zero credibility – ruins the signal

Cook, Editor of The Cook Political Report, Columnist for the National Journal, 2011
(Charlie, "Congress Becomes a Laughingstock," http://cookpolitical.com/story/3210)
My wife told me recently about a Facebook post by an acquaintance that held Congress
AND
nation’s political process. The Pictorial Directory test will determine if I’m right.

Hegemony isn’t key to peace

Fettweis, 11
Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Heg is unsustainable

Layne 10
(Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service. "Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana". The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n5422359
China’s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States’ over the last
AND
with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.
Decline of hegemony forces US retrenchment – solves war.
MacDonald and Parent 11 – Asst Prof. of PoliSci @ Williams College and Parent, Asst Prof. PoliSci @ U of Miami, Paul and Joseph, "Graceful Decline?" International Security, 35.4, Project MUSE
Paul and Joseph, "Graceful Decline?", International Security, 35.4, Project MUSE
In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
AND
, none of the declining powers that failed to retrench recovered their relative position

Heg fails causes nuclear war with china.
Layne 6 CHRISTOPHER LAYNE, PROF INTL RELATIONS AT TEXAS A26M, 2006
THE PEACE OF ILLUSIONS,. 167-8
As China’s military power—conventional and nuclear—increases, the potential risks to
AND
.S. interests, the more important it is to defend it.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

Drone prolif now AND US restrictions don’t solve

Anderson 10
(Kenneth Anderson is a law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, April 10^th 2010, and#34;Acquiring UAV Technologyand#34;, http://www.volokh.com/2010/04/09/acquiring-uav-technology/, AB) 

I’ve noticed a number of posts and comments around the blogosphere on the spread of
AND
for many other reasons for many other parties, all on their own.

China won’t use drones to resolve territorial disputes – fears international backlash and creating a precedent for U.S. strikes in the area

Erickson and Strange 5-29
Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, and Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, 5-29-13 (Andrew and Austin, China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, da 8-3-13) PC

Drones, able to dispatch death remotely, without human eyes on their targets or
AND
areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China’s Defence Ministry.

No Senkaku or Asian conflict- empirically denied, economic interdependence checks, and China avoids nationalism.

Carlson ’13
(Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell University’s Government Department. He was
AND
at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn’t Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

At times in the past few months, China and Japan have appeared almost ready
AND
or especially conducive to improving Sino-Japanese relations, will be enduring.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

Zero chance of precedent setting – other countries don’t act based on the United States policy

Wright 12
(Robert Wright, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, former writer and editor at The Atlantic, and#34;The Incoherence of a Drone-Strike Advocateand#34; NOV 14 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/-http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/, KB)

Naureen Shah of Columbia Law School, a guest on the show, had raised
AND
So I wouldn’t worry too much about the so called precedent it sets...and#34;

No one will follow US lead on drones – especially Russia and China

Boot ’11
~Max Boot is a leading military historian and foreign-policy analyst. The Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, he is the author of the critically acclaimed New York Times bestseller and#34;Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present.and#34; http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/ ETB~

This is a familiar trope of liberal critics who are always claiming we should forego
AND
the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

====No precedent setting - drone prolif is inevitable regardless of US action====
Wright ’12
~Robert Wright, a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. He is a former writer and editor at The Atlantic. and#34;The Incoherence of a Drone-Strike Advocate.and#34; http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/-http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/ ETB~

Naureen Shah of Columbia Law School, a guest on the show, had raised
AND
So I wouldn’t worry too much about the so called precedent it sets...and#34;

China is empirically cautious in its use of force to resolve territorial disputes

Erickson and Strange 5-29
Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, and Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, 5-29-13 (Andrew and Austin, China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, da 8-3-13) PC

The restrictive position that Beijing takes on sovereignty in international forums will further constrain its
AND
on other countries’ sovereignty - something Beijing regularly decries when others do it.

This is a matter of fact

John Bennett, Defense News, 5/24/13, White House Quietly Shifts Armed Drone Program from CIA to DoD, www.defensenews.com/article/20130524/DEFREG02/305240010/White-House-Quietly-Shifts-Armed-Drone-Program-from-CIA-DoD

The White House has quietly shifted lead responsibility for its controversial armed drone program from
AND
week that adjusts Washington’s counterterrorism approach and includes the drone-program shift.

DOD shift now—it’s public and credible

Corn 13
David Corn, Washington bureau chief of Mother Jones magazine and an MSNBC commentator, Mother Jones, May 23, 2013, and#34; Obama’s Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?and#34;, http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties

So Obama’s speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration’s acknowledgment yesterday that
AND
11 period. That journey, though, may be a long one.

It’s fast and certainly happening

Klaidman 13 (Daniel, The Daily Beast, and#34;Exclusive: No More Drones for CIAand#34;, Mar 19, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, ZBurdette)

At a time when controversy over the Obama administration’s drone program seems to be cresting
AND
other aspects of the institutionalization plan, may be just what he needs.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

Congressional restrictions weaken president’s ability to effectively convey resolve – prevents effective negotiation and ensures conflict escalation

Howell 7 
WILLIAM G. HOWELL AND JON C. PEVEHOUSE are Associate Professors at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago, "Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers", 27-29, google books

Because they are legally binding, legislation and appropriations passed by¶ Congress directly impinge
AND
lacks support may make¶ them wary of committing any troops at all. 

Spillover – Plan ensures broad weakening of executive power – collapses deterrence

Muñoz 6/4/13
Carlo, "House Republican sees slippery slope in counterterrorism changes", http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/303313-house-republican-sees-slippery-slope-in-counter-terrorism-changes-~~23ixzz2cv5PfuDH-http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/303313-house-republican-sees-slippery-slope-in-counter-terrorism-changes-

President Obama’s plan to revise and ultimately repeal the 9/11-era rules
AND
and its affiliates," he told the Senate Armed Services Committee in May. 

Tinkering – any update to executive authority limits flexibility – invites litigation battles and conveys lack of resolve

Gerstein 11 
Josh, "White House: Defense bill ’micromanages’", 6/23, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/57650_Page2.html-http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/57650_Page2.html

The aggressively-worded White House memorandum circulated on Capitol Hill blasts a defense bill
AND
says. "The proposed language could unsettle rather than clarify the law."

Confusion – congressional involvement creates murky lines of authority – undermines deterrence

Wall 12
(Andru, senior official @ Alston 26 Bird, Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, Intelligence Activities 26 Covert Action, Harvard National Security Journal)

Congress’s failure to provide necessary interagency authorities and budget authorizations threatens our ability to prevent
AND
they deserve interagency authorities and Congressional oversight that encourages and supports such integration.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

DOD shift now

Jack Goldsmith, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, 3/20/13, No More Drones For CIA, www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/no-more-drones-for-cia/

That is the title of Dan Klaidman’s important story:¶ Three senior U.S
AND
CIA operators would likely work alongside their military counterparts to target suspected terrorists.and#34;

Obama will inevitably use drone strikes despite shift

CNN 13
(Eliott McLaughlin, Jamie Crawford and Joe Sterling, 05/23/13, and#34;Obama: U.S. will keep deploying drones — when they are only optionand#34;, http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/23/politics/obama-terror-speech, AB)

Washington (CNN) — Drone strikes are a necessary evil, but one that
AND
should be used against American citizens who are suspected terrorists in foreign countries.

Squo laws solve- aff only risks gutting effectiveness

Friesen ’13
(Sarah Friesen is currently a member of the Young Leaders Program at The Heritage Foundation and research expert. and#34;Contrary to Popular Belief, Drones Not All Badand#34; April 18, 2013 at 4:00 pm http://blog.heritage.org/2013/04/18/contrary-to-popular-belief-drones-not-all-bad/,TSW)

Last week, Politico published an article on America’s misconception of drones, and why
AND
influence policy to the point of depriving America of a truly valuable tool.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

Drone strikes are less utilized in the status quo, and are killing record low levels of civilians - takes out their Internal link to instability

Cahall 13
(Bailey, research associate with the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, July 2nd 2013, New report says CIA drone strikes in Pakistan at an all-time low, afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/02/report_cia_drone_strikes_in_pakistan_at_all_time_low

A new report released by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism on Monday notes that the
AND
sharply falling civilian casualty rate for the past year on CNN.com. 

No casual relationship between drone strikes and terror recruitment in Yemen – prefer our evidence because it cites Yemini tribal leaders

Swift 12
(Christopher Swift, a fellow at the University of Virginia’s Center for National Security Law, and#34;The Drone Blowback Fallacyand#34; Foreign Affairs, July 1, 2012, http://christopher-swift.com/publications/the-drone-blowback-fallacy-http://christopher-swift.com/publications/the-drone-blowback-fallacy, KB)

Critics argue that drone strikes create new adversaries and drive al Qaeda’s recruiting. As
AND
, rather than American drones, there would be no issue at all.and#34;

Alt causes to Yemeni stability

Joseph Natividad, August 2011,
and#34;Beyond Political Upheaval,and#34; Prospect, http://prospectjournal.ucsd.edu/index.php/2011/08/beyond-political-upheaval-yemens-looming-economic-and-demographic-problems/
Below the surface of Yemen’s political strife, the country’s instability stems from the depletion
AND
of calamities likely to engulf the poorest Arab nation within the next decade.

Oil shock not likely and no impact

Yetiv ’12
~Steve A. Yetiv is a professor of political science and international studies at Old Dominion University. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/oil-shock-not-as-likely-as-you-think/508788-http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/oil-shock-not-as-likely-as-you-think/508788 ETB~

Oil prices are up more than 30 percent from six months ago amid fears that
AND
if an Iran war coincided with higher global economic growth and oil demand.

Oil shocks have negligible impact on the global economy

Rasmussen and Roitman 2/22
Rasmussen, senior economist at the IMF, and Roitman, economist at the IMF, 2/22/2012¶ ~Tobias and Agustin, and#34;Oil Shocks Around the World: Are They Really That Bad?,and#34; http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8944-http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8944~~

Conventional wisdom has it that oil shocks are bad for oil-importing countries.
AND
of less than half of 1, spread over 2 to 3 years.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

WPR is already dead- Obama will ignore any further restrictions

Lowry 11, Rich Lowry, writer for National Review Online, "Obama Kills the War Powers Act," National Review Online, June 7, 2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/268973/obama-kills-war-powers-act-rich-lowry-http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/268973/obama-kills-war-powers-act-rich-lowry, FM

Somewhere, Richard Nixon is smiling. In 1973, he vetoed the War Powers
AND
doubt, Nixon wouldn’t just relish the result, but appreciate the irony.

Obama will resist the plan - fights over war powers create intractable national diversions and destroys military decision making, interbranch cooperation and rule of law

Lobel, Pittsburgh law professor, 2008
(Jules, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War", Ohio State Law Journal, vol 69, lexis, ldg)

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity
AND
over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409

Crisis pressure and information asymmetry means Congress will defer to the executive

Posner et al., Chicago law professor, 2011 (Eric, The Executive Unbound, pg 7-10, ldg)

Having defined our terms as far as possible, our main critical thesis is that
AND
wholly under the rule of law; periodically the shackles slip off altogether.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Arman Revelins

DEBATE NEUTRALIZES ANY EFFICACY OF COUNTER-HEGEMONIC STRATEGIES BY PASSIFYING RESISTANCE IN THE SIMULATION OF SOCIAL DEATH. THERE IS NO HOPE FOR OVERCOMING THE INEVITABLE CO-OPTION OF OPPOSITIONAL POLITICS IN THE CONTEXT OF DEBATE, VOTE NEGATIVE ON PRESUMPTION.

Occupied UC Berkeley 2k9
~http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19,~¶ 

THEIR SOLVENCY CLAIMS PERFORMATIVELY REDUCES SCHOLARSHIP TO POLITICAL AGENCY. THIS PRODUCES OBLIVIOUSNESS AS TO THE STRUCTURAL ANTAGONISMS WHICH CONSTITUTE ACADEMIC WORK MEANING THEIR ATTEMPTS TO TRANSCEND THE QUAGMIRE OF THEORY AND PRAXIS ARE LINKS TO OUR CRITICISM.

Welsch 12
~scott, "coming to terms with the antagonism between rhetorical reflection and political agency", vol 45., no. 1, 1-23, prof. communications, appallacia state university~

THE AFFIRMATIVE’S FRAMEWORK FOR DEBATE REDUCES SCHOLARLY REFLECTION FO POLITICAL AGENCY WHICH TRAPS ALL OF THEIR SOLVENCY AND CRITICISM CLAIMS WITHIN THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL OF ACADEMICS SPEAKING "TRUTH TO POWER".

Welsch 12
~scott, "coming to terms with the antagonism between rhetorical reflection and political agency", vol 45., no. 1, 1-23, prof. communications, appallacia state university~

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Arman Revelins

The 1AC ignores that racism is merely one amongst many tools of axiological anthropocentrism whereby violence can always be justified when applied to racially inferior groups. Only a critique which focuses on rejecting subhuman thinking can contest the myriad forms of racism.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to REJECT THE HUMAN/ANIMAL DIVIDE. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: CSU FG | Judge: 

Apocalyptic predictions make serial policy failure inevitable

Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf

Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political
AND
well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice. 

The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.
If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite

Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232)
The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to  "calculate
AND
prevail than in situations where  security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.

The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC

Even if the rational arguments in favor of the plan are logical, the representations of apocalypse colonize the debate towards pressure for fast invasion and warmongering

Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; "The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginary", Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010)

Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy
AND
security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.

Tournament: UT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston AlBe | Judge: Adam Abelkop
CP Text: The United States federal government should substantially restrict the power of the United States’ war powers on targeted killing.
The government has power over us but not authority. 1AC language assumes that authority is objective and neutral, which imbues power with social legitimacy. This mobilizes mass atrocities and oppression
Hasnas 95 (John, Assistant Professor of Business Ethics, Georgetown University and Senior Research Fellow, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Wisconsin Law Review, “The Myth of the Rule of Law,” January/February, Wis. L. Rev. 199, Lexis-Nexis Universe)

This raises an interesting question. If it has been known for 100 years that
AND
is simply the most effective means of social control available to the state.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

U.S. civil-military relations are on the brink; new restrictions that go against military opinion will collapse CMR

Zenko 9/29
~Micah, Sr. Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130929/EDIT05/309299977/1147/EDIT07-http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130929/EDIT05/309299977/1147/EDIT07, mg~

Washington has found itself in a crisis over the proper relationship between senior civilian and
AND
their conflicts play out in public more prominently and immediately than ever before. 

Congressional control over introduction of forces damages CMR

Yoo 2k10
(John, professor of law at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, served as a deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of the Legal Counsel of the U.S. Department of Justice from 2001 to 2003, where he worked on constitutional and national security matters. He also served as general counsel of the Senate Judiciary Committee, 6/24/2010, AEI, "The Growing Crisis in Civil-military Relations," http://www.aei-ideas.org/2010/06/the-growing-crisis-in-civil-military-relations/-http://www.aei-ideas.org/2010/06/the-growing-crisis-in-civil-military-relations/, accessed 10/4/2013, BS)

I ran an op-ed today in the Wall Street Journal on the firing
AND
to prevent this from happening to an institution as dear as the presidency.

IMPACTS:

1.Rollback

Owens 13
~Mackubin Owens is Editor of Orbis, FPRI’s quarterly journal of international affairs, and Senior Fellow at its Program on National Security, Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval War College; July, https://www.fpri.org/articles/2013/07/what-military-officers-need-know-about-civil-military-relations-https://www.fpri.org/articles/2013/07/what-military-officers-need-know-about-civil-military-relations, mg~

All too often, US military officers seem to believe that if the United States
AND
were making decisions without paying sufficient attention to the military point of view. 

2.Bad U.S. civil-military relations cause bad interventions, gets modeled globally, turns case and causes nuclear war

Cohen ’00 (Eliot A.-, Prof. @ Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies 26 director of the Strategic Studies department @ Johns Hopkins, worked for Dod, taught at the U.S. Naval War College, Fall, National Interest, "Why the Gap Matters - gap between military and civilian world", http://www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Fall/ai_65576871/pg_4?pi=scl AGupta)
At the same time, the military exercises control, to a remarkable degree,
AND
rather, deeper and more enduring changes in politics, society and technology.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Doubles | Opponent: OU RY | Judge: D Stout, Joel Rollins, Katri Kaiser

THE AFFIRMATIVE’S CLAIM TO PERFORMATIVELY EFFECT CHANGE LOCATES AGENCY IN RHETORICAL PERFORMANCES LIKE THE PRECIOUS 1AC. THIS SHUTS DOWN MATERIALIST COALITIONAL ANTI-CAPITALIST MOVEMENTS.

GUNN AND CLOUD 2K10
~Joshua gunn and dana cloud, Phd Communicatoins, University of Texas Austin, Agentic Orientation as magical Voluntarism, Communication Theory~
Notably, Campbell’s statement on the status of agency does not attempt to reverse the posthumanist turn, but rather, sets out to reconcile the theoretical perspectives of Judith Butler and Michelle Balif with close textual reading practices that, until the crisis of agency, were assumed to have singular, self-transparent authors. Similarly,
John Lucaites’ call to jettison agency as a concept and locate power, instead,
AND
is located in the tensions between a larger structure and the (collective)
subject (also see Jameson, 1977). 

Text: VOTE NEGATIVE TO REJECT THE 1AC IN FAVOR OF MATERIALIST REVOLUTIONARY KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AGAINST CAPITALISM.

AND, ECOLOGICAL CATASTROPHE NECESSITATES MATERIALIST REVOLUTIONARY DIALECTICS AGAINST CAPITALISM’S EXPLOITATION TO ENSURE SURVIVAL.

Foster 2k11
~john bellamy,  professor of sociology at the University of Oregon and also editor of Monthly Review, Since the Great Financial Crisis hit in 2008, Foster has been sought out by academics, activists, the media, and the general public as a result of his earlier prescient writings on the coming crisis. He has given numerous interviews, talks, and invited lectures, as well as written invited commentary, articles, and books on the subject~
In the twenty-first century it is customary to view the rise of planetary
AND
and sustainable human development; a socialism for the twenty-first century.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will cave

Dovere, 10/1
(Edward, Politico, and#34;Government shutdown: President Obama holds the lineand#34; http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3)

President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway
AND
and#34;They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.and#34;

The plan causes an inter-branch fight that derails Obama’s agenda

Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena

That consumes his capital and causes a default

Lillis, 9/7
(Mike, The Hill, and#34;Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of voteand#34; 

The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide
AND
through this fiscal thicket. These are going to be very difficult votes.and#34;

Collapses the global economy

Davidson 9-10
Adam Davidson 9/10/13, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, and#34;Our Debt to Society,and#34; NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

We control global impact uniqueness – the status quo solves their impacts but decline undermines crucial forms of restraint

Griswold 5 
Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Daniel, and#34;Peace on earth? Try free trade among men,and#34; 12-29-2005, http://www.freetrade.org/node/282) 

Buried beneath the daily stories about car bombs and insurgents is an underappreciated but comforting
AND
few decades indicates that free trade also comes with its own peace dividend.

Timeframe – the US only has till October 17th – we’re on the brink - default immediately destroys confidence and causes financial volatility throughout the economy – default to timeframe – you can only die once

CCTV 10-1
(CCTV, and#34;U.S. gov’t shutdown, debt default threaten to weigh on economy: expertand#34; 10-01-2013, http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml-http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml, KB)

The ongoing partial federal government shutdown and fiscal uncertainties are dampening American economic recovery,
AND
a debt default crisis, he said in answering questions posed by Xinhua.

Literally turns the entire aff - Congress will give Obama unfettered power in the event of an emergency

Brooks 13
(Rosa Brooks, and#34;Mission Creep in the War on Terrorand#34; March 14, 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror, KB)

AUMF or no AUMF, if the United States finds credible evidence of an imminent
AND
tradition: reserving the use of exceptional authorities for rare and exceptional circumstances.

This is true even if they win PC theory is wrong

Huq 12
Aziz Huq, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, 2012, Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics), https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/79_2/0620Huq20BKR.pdf

Consider first a simple measure of Presidents’ ability to obtain policy change: Do they
AND
up the statutory status quo ante play a role in delimiting executive discretion.

Yes passage —-

1) Momentum – the shutdown created it which gives Obama the edge over the GOP

Klein 9-28
Ezra Klein 9/28/13, writer @ the Washington Post, and#34;The House GOP’s shutdown plan is great news,and#34; Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great-news/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great-news/

House Republicans plan to attach a one-year delay of Obamacare to the continuing
AND
begin exerting real political pressure to force a resolution before a default happens.

2) We control the direction – their ev doesn’t assume PC – Obama won’t budge – that’s key to a deal

Parnes 9-30
(Amie Parnes, White House correspondent at The Hill, and#34;Not giving an inch is seen as best strategy for win at White Houseand#34; 09/30/13, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/325663-not-giving-an-inch-is-seen-as-best-strategy-for-win-at-white-house,20accessed2010-1-13, KB)

There was no shadow of doubt at the White House as the clocked ticked down
AND
’I’m not going to get on your level’, the better. and#34;

3) Status quo gains - Obama is ahead and the GOP will cave, but PC is key

Foster 10-1
(Peter Foster, the Telegraph’s US Editor based in Washington DC, and#34;US government shutdown: Barack Obama likely to come out on topand#34; 01 Oct 2013, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10346071/US-government-shutdown-Barack-Obama-likely-to-come-out-on-top.html-http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10346071/US-government-shutdown-Barack-Obama-likely-to-come-out-on-top.html, KB)

and#34;One faction, of one party, in one house of Congress, in
AND
credibility of the government of the United States – have already been determined.

4) Holding the line – it gives Obama leverage over the GOP

Epstein 10-1
(Reid Epstein, writer for POLITICO, and#34;Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line,and#34; 10-1-13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=l4, KB)

President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway
AND
and#34;They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this.and#34;

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

We control global impact uniqueness – the status quo solves their impacts but decline undermines crucial forms of restraint

Griswold 5 
Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Daniel, "Peace on earth? Try free trade among men," 12-29-2005, http://www.freetrade.org/node/282) 

Buried beneath the daily stories about car bombs and insurgents is an underappreciated but comforting
AND
few decades indicates that free trade also comes with its own peace dividend.

Timeframe – the US only has till October 17th – we’re on the brink - default immediately destroys confidence and causes financial volatility throughout the economy – default to timeframe – you can only die once

CCTV 10-1
(CCTV, "U.S. gov’t shutdown, debt default threaten to weigh on economy: expert" 10-01-2013, http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml-http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml, KB)

The ongoing partial federal government shutdown and fiscal uncertainties are dampening American economic recovery,
AND
a debt default crisis, he said in answering questions posed by Xinhua.

Literally turns the entire aff - Congress will give Obama unfettered power in the event of an emergency

Brooks 13
(Rosa Brooks, "Mission Creep in the War on Terror" March 14, 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror, KB)

AUMF or no AUMF, if the United States finds credible evidence of an imminent
AND
tradition: reserving the use of exceptional authorities for rare and exceptional circumstances.

Yes collapse —-

1) Business confidence – default wrecks it

Davis, 9/23
(Susan, USA Today, "Clock ticking on shutdown, with ’Obamacare’ center stage;
GOP ties health care law to two budget deadlines" lexis)

However the stopgap spending bill is resolved, soon after it lurks a fiscal fight
AND
fall significantly in value, borrowing costs for businesses and households will rise."

That’s key to the economy

Goldmark, 9/22
Former budget director of New York State and publisher of the International Herald Tribune, Goldmark headed the climate program at the Environmental Defense Fund (Peter, Newsday (New York), lexis)

Apparently our closest ally couldn’t quite figure out what they wanted to do either,
AND
your seat belts, please. We are about to experience some turbulence.

2) Stock Market – default collapses it, causing a global financial crisis – economists agree

Lowrey 9-30
(ANNIE LOWREY, covers economic policy for the Washington bureau of The New York Times, "How a Debt-Ceiling Crisis Could Become a Financial Crisis" September 30, 2013, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/how-a-debt-ceiling-crisis-could-become-a-financial-crisis/-http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/how-a-debt-ceiling-crisis-could-become-a-financial-crisis/, KB)

Come mid-October, the United States will have only 2430 billion of
AND
it could to make sure bondholders were made whole. But then what?

3) Sectors - every key sector will implode – takes out resiliency

McAuliff 9/18 Michael McAuliff, HuffPo, 9/18/13, Debt Limit Showdown Could Be Catastrophic For Economy: Analysts , www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/18/debt-limit-showdown_n_3950890.html

The House Republican plan to have showdowns over both funding the government and raising the
AND
and I don’t see how we get out of it," he added.

Their ev just says the author thinks Obama SHOULD do it – Too bad – he won’t and it would still trigger our impacts

Robb 9-30
(Greg Robb, covers Fed and Treasury and economy for MarketWatch, "Obama cannot raise debt ceiling alone: Carney" Sept. 30, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/obama-cannot-raise-debt-ceiling-alone-carney-2013-09-30-http://www.marketwatch.com/story/obama-cannot-raise-debt-ceiling-alone-carney-2013-09-30, KB)

President Barack Obama does not believe he has the authority to raise the debt ceiling
AND
have delayed the debt ceiling since May will expire on Oct. 17. 

We have quotes from the treasury secretary directly

CNBC 10-1
Shutdown is nothing: Debt ceiling debacle could be ugly, John W. Schoen CNBC, http://www.nbcnews.com/business/shutdown-nothing-debt-ceiling-debacle-could-be-ugly-8C11311718-http://www.nbcnews.com/business/shutdown-nothing-debt-ceiling-debacle-could-be-ugly-8C11311718

The Treasury has said it has no legal authority to decide which bills to pay
AND
obligations," he told the Economic Club of Washington, D.C.

Decline and war are linked – default to the best studies

Royal 10 
Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Best international studies go neg

Laitman ’8 
(Michael, Prof of Ontology and the Theory of Knowledge, PhD in philosophy, MS in biocybernetics, Founder and Dir for the Bnei Baruch World Center for Kabbalah Studies, "The Financial Crisis May Trigger a World War," 12-7, http://www.laitman.com/2008/12/the-financial-crisis-may-trigger-a-world-war/) 

As the crisis develops, scientists are trying to predict whether a third World War
AND
commerce, to write off debts and reduce toxic emissions into the atmosphere.

Yes passage —-

1) Momentum – the shutdown created it which gives Obama the edge over the GOP

Klein 9-28
Ezra Klein 9/28/13, writer @ the Washington Post, "The House GOP’s shutdown plan is great news," Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great-news/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great-news/

House Republicans plan to attach a one-year delay of Obamacare to the continuing
AND
begin exerting real political pressure to force a resolution before a default happens.

2) We control the direction – their ev doesn’t assume PC – Obama won’t budge – that’s key to a deal

Parnes 9-30
(Amie Parnes, White House correspondent at The Hill, "Not giving an inch is seen as best strategy for win at White House" 09/30/13, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/325663-not-giving-an-inch-is-seen-as-best-strategy-for-win-at-white-house,20accessed2010-1-13, KB)

There was no shadow of doubt at the White House as the clocked ticked down
AND
’I’m not going to get on your level’, the better. "

3) Status quo gains - Obama is ahead and the GOP will cave, but PC is key

Foster 10-1
(Peter Foster, the Telegraph’s US Editor based in Washington DC, "US government shutdown: Barack Obama likely to come out on top" 01 Oct 2013, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10346071/US-government-shutdown-Barack-Obama-likely-to-come-out-on-top.html-http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10346071/US-government-shutdown-Barack-Obama-likely-to-come-out-on-top.html, KB)

"One faction, of one party, in one house of Congress, in
AND
credibility of the government of the United States – have already been determined.

4) Holding the line – it gives Obama leverage over the GOP

Epstein 10-1
(Reid Epstein, writer for POLITICO, "Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line," 10-1-13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=l4, KB)

President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway
AND
"They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this."

Politics DA’s are intrinsic

Saideman 11
associate professor of political science - McGill University, 7/25 (Steve, "Key Constraint on Policy Relevance," http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2011/07/key-constraint-on-policy-relevance.html)

Dan Drezner has a great post today about how the foreign policy smart set (
AND
dream about the right policy and gnash our teeth when it never happens.

Framing issue - Obama has advantage over GOP now

News Ok 10-2
News Ok is an Oklahoma City News Organization, "Obama Seeks to Strike a Balance during Shutdown," http://newsok.com/obama-seeks-to-strike-a-balance-during-shutdown/article/feed/599138-http://newsok.com/obama-seeks-to-strike-a-balance-during-shutdown/article/feed/599138

President Barack Obama’s strategy during the partial shutdown of the federal government is aimed at
AND
House GOP lawmakers for opposing a Senate bill to keep the government running.

Yes PC - strength in the current fight gives him a major political edge

O’Brien, 10/1
Political Reporter for NBC News (Michael, "Winners and losers of the government shutdown" http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/01/20763839-winners-and-losers-of-the-government-shutdown?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/01/20763839-winners-and-losers-of-the-government-shutdown?lite)

Nonetheless, after two-and-a-half years of standoffs and gridlock
AND
waning prospects for immigration reform or major gun control legislation during his presidency.

This is true even if they win PC theory is wrong

Huq 12
Aziz Huq, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, 2012, Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics), https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/79_2/0620Huq20BKR.pdf

Consider first a simple measure of Presidents’ ability to obtain policy change: Do they
AND
up the statutory status quo ante play a role in delimiting executive discretion.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Scott Harris

Obama is prioritizing capture over drone strikes now

Corn 13
David Corn 13, Washington Bureau Chief at Mother Jones,  5/23/13, "Obama’s Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?," http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties-http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties

So Obama’s speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration’s acknowledgment yesterday that
AND
11 period. That journey, though, may be a long one.

Plan spurs a shift towards drones

Chesney 11
(Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, "ARTICLE: WHO MAY BE HELD? MILITARY DETENTION THROUGH THE HABEAS LENS", Boston College Law Review, 52 B.C. L. Rev 769, Lexis)

The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might respond to the cross-
AND
substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.

Unchecked drone usage causes great power war and hotspot escalation

Dowd 2013
(Alan W. Dowd, widely published writer on national defense, foreign policy, and international security including contributions to Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal  Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Winter-Spring 2013, "Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings," Parameters, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf)

If these geo-political consequences of remote-control war do not get ¶
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Arman Revelins

1. Interpretation: The role of the ballot is to determine if the enactment of a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive option. The 1ac must read and defend the implementation of such a topical plan.

2. Violation:

A) "Resolved" implies a policy or legislative decision – means they must be resolved about a future federal government policy

Parcher 1
Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary: Resolve: 1. To make a firm decision about. 2. To decide or express by formal vote. 3. To separate something into constiutent parts See Syns at *analyze* (emphasis in orginal) 4. Find a solution to. See Syns at *Solve* (emphasis in original) 5. To dispel: resolve a doubt. - n 1. Firmness of purpose; resolution. 2. A determination or decision. (2) The very nature of the word "resolution" makes it a question. American Heritage: A course of action determined or decided on. A formal statement of a decision, as by a legislature. (3) The resolution is obviously a question. Any other conclusion is utterly inconceivable. Why? Context. The debate community empowers a topic committee to write a topic for ALTERNATE side debating. The committee is not a random group of people coming together to "reserve" themselves about some issue. There is context - they are empowered by a community to do something. In their deliberations, the topic community attempts to craft a resolution which can be ANSWERED in either direction. They focus on issues like ground and fairness because they know the resolution will serve as the basis for debate which will be resolved by determining the policy desirablility of that resolution. That’s not only what they do, but it’s what we REQUIRE them to do. We don’t just send the topic committee somewhere to adopt their own group resolution. It’s not the end point of a resolution adopted by a body - it’s the preliminary wording of a resolution sent to others to be answered or decided upon. (4) Further context: the word resolved is used to emphasis the fact that it’s policy debate. Resolved comes from the adoption of resolutions by legislative bodies. A resolution is either adopted or it is not. It’s a question before a legislative body. Should this statement be adopted or not. (5) The very terms ’affirmative’ and ’negative’ support my view. One affirms a resolution. 

B) USFG is the national government in DC

Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2k 
(http://encarta.msn.com)

"The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC"

C) Should means there is a practical reason for action

WordNet in ’97 
Princeton University, 1.6

Should v 1 : be expected to: "Parties should be fun" 2 : expresses an emotional, practical, or other reason for doing something: "You had better put on warm clothes"; "You should call your mother-in-law"; "The State ought to repair bridges" ~syn: had better, ought~

D) Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so

Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
~David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4~
The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power. Authority, in the legal sense, concerns the right to do something. Power refers to the capability to do something. Part of the problems ¶ in the U.S. constitutional crisis over use of force abroad is that the president has the power to ¶ make war, and to obtain congressional deference most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

3. Vote Negative:

A) Decisionmaking - a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development – it overcomes preconceived ideological notions and breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making

Esberg 26 Sagan 12
*Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

Switch-side is key - effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation – the impact is mass violence

Roberts-Miller 3
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

B) Dialogue – our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates making effective deliberation impossible which makes it impossible to be negative – voting issue for limits and ground

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms

Posner 9/3
(Eric, Law Prof at University of Chicago, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

The plan destroys causes countries to doubt the credibility of our threats – collapses security guarantees and deterrence – causes nuclear war

Zeisberg 4
(MARIAH ZEISBERG, Research Fellow, The Political Theory Project, Department of Political Science, and#34;INTERBRANCH CONFLICT AND CONSTITUTIONAL MAINTENANCE: THE CASE OF WAR POWERSand#34; SEPTEMBER 22, 2004, KB)

The first significant argument of pro-Presidency insularists is that flexibility is a prime
AND
do seemed to me to outweigh the little good that might ultimately accrue.and#34;

Tournament: UNLV | Round: Doubles | Opponent: OU RY | Judge: D Stout, Joel Rollins, Katri Kaiser

Their use of irony only makes sense when we are detatched from the material experience of deprivation. Those folks who continue to suffer and resent their suffering are seen as dupes who can’t overcome their personal biases.

Karen A  Foss (associate professor of speech communication at Humbolt State University) and Stephen W. Littlejohn (professor of speech communication at Humbolt State University).  "The Day After: Rhetorical Vision in an Ironic Frame."  Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 3.  1986.

The rhetorical vision of nuclear war, however, does not fit well into any
AND
explain the deep structure of this particular vision—the frame of irony.
 Irony is characterized by incongruity between what is expected and what occurs. In
AND
Karstetter, 1964;Kaufer, 1977, pp. 91-92).
 But irony involves more than simply the placing together of incongruous experiences. It involves the assumption of a particular role on the part of the audience—that of ironic detachment. To grasp irony, we must separate out the two meanings involved—the literal and the intended. This act is possible only from a detached standpoint; if we cannot step back from the words, we cannot see them in their two senses (Booth, 1978,p. 6).
 At the same time, there is the recognition of universality about the situation
AND
, or might be in such a situation oneself (p. 34).
 In addition to an emotional component, detachment carries with it a sense of
AND
with superior knowledge, whose sense of control and participation is thereby reinforced:
since the reader has in a sense put the final position together for himself, he can scarcely resist moving immediately to the third judgment: "Not only do I see it for what it is, but it must be sound since it is my own." Even short of that agreement, he has inevitably judged it to be in some sense better, since more plausible, than the position implied by the overt statement. (Booth, 1974, p. 41)
According to Booth (1974), then, the essential nature of irony dramatizes the
AND
detachment enable some to see clearly one’s own involvement as a potential victim.
 A final component of irony—a cohesive bond between audience and rhetor-is a natural outcome of the superior/victim hierarchy. A close partnership emerges among those who know:
Whenever an author conveys to his reader an unspoken point, he creates a sense
AND
sense that others are excluded.(Booth, 1983, p. 304).

The affirmative is dependent upon a prioritization of irony and play above material struggle. The only stance is US off the planet.

Kenis, 03  (Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader.  THE NEW FACE OF LIBERATION:
Indigenous Rebellion, State Repression, and the Reality of the Fourth World).

Most nonindians (of all races and ethnicities, and both genders) have been
AND
would mean, "U. S. Out of Indian Country. "

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia BT | Judge: Woodward, Natalie

First is the link: Giroux’s theory of dialogue and critique engages in positive utopianism and ignores how his positive model of power reproduces the control of life his critique attempts to dismantle. turns the case.

Gur-Ze’ev 98
~ilan, faculty of education @ university of haifa, "toward a nonrepressive critical pedagogy", educational theory, fall, v48 n4, blackwellsynergy~

Giroux realizes and develops critical theory through schooling as a political arena with a major
AND
schooling for self and social empowerment is ethically prior to questions of epistemology.
Giroux constructs an original synthesis of the Enlightenment’s universalistic commitment to liberate the repressed and
AND
a typical representative of both feminist and "patriarchal" critical pedagogy.44

and the External Impact: THAT ENLIGHTENMENT MODEL OF EMANCIPATION HAS BEEN RESPONSBILE FOR PROGRAMS OF MASS EXTERMINATION, ASSIMILATION AND COLONIZATION AROUND THE GLOBE THROUGHOUT HUMAN HISTORY.

Orozco-Mendoza ’8 (Elva Fabiola, thesis: "Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistomologies with Gloria Anzaldua,  Virgina Polytechnic Institute and State University, April 24, p. 8-9.
~T~he rhetoric of modernity (and globalization) of salvation continues to be implemented on the assumption of the inferiority or devilish intentions of the other and, therefore, continues to justify oppression and exploitation as well as the eradication of the difference (Mignolo and Tlostanova, 2006: 206).
Change, in the European view, consisted of turning "savages" into "
AND
used as a justification for the destruction and subjugation of the Aztec people.

and, THERE IS NO ALTERNATIVE.  INSTEAD, WE ADVOCATE AN INDIVIDUAL, PRAXIS-BASED CRITICAL PEDEGOGY of NEGATIVE UTOPIANISM.

THIS MANDATES REFUSAL OF THE AFFIRMATIVE’S NAÏVE, EMANCIPATORY PHILOSOPHIES and enlightenment politics.

Gur-Ze’ev 98
~ilan, faculty of education @ university of haifa, "toward a nonrepressive critical pedagogy", educational theory, fall, v48 n4, blackwellsynergy~

In his current version of critical pedagogy, Giroux emphasizes the importance of differences among
AND
conceptual characteristics and elaborate on the potentials of some of these educational alternatives.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 8 | Opponent: Weber State | Judge: D Stout

Thayer and I affirm the 1AC as an archaeological criticism of the indefinite imprisonment war power authority of the president of the United States.

The use of the term ’detained’ to describe imprisonment sanitizes the process and smoothly transforms a system of abuse and degradation into a clean administrative procedure—-this linguistic move actively legitimizes the worst excesses of the war on terror

National Forum, 6/28/05 (http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:3qt2cbGSm7UJ:forum.onlineopinion.com.au/thread.asp3Farticle3D3592+22detention+is22+euphemism26hl=en26gl=us26ct=clnk26cd=267)
So it is Liberal policy to lock up children who have come to this country
AND
of our humanity - without it you are just cogs in a machine.

Detained is a euphemism—-it functions to legitimizes government authority—-undercuts public capacity to hold the Executive accountable for illegitimate arrests

Shirazi 6
Said Shirazi, Princeton-based analyst for Dissident Voice, 3/9/06 (http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:gkwNaqfTznIJ:www.printculture.com/item-771.html+22detention+is22+euphemism26hl=en26gl=us26ct=clnk26cd=27)
By all means, if you suspect someone of terrorist activity arrest them, but
AND
and that overlooks the reality that agencies can and do overstep their authority.

This regime of sanitized language actively conceals the horror of totalitarianism—-the language of euphemism clinically detaches people from any sense of ethical responsibility

Davidson 03
Elias Davidsson, Centre for Research on Globalization, 2003 (http://www.aldeilis.net/jus/econsanc/debate.pdf-http://www.aldeilis.net/jus/econsanc/debate.pdf)
In order to effectively describe a complex and highly politicized phenomenon, such as economic
AND
the world of human suffering, out of which humanitarian law has sprung.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston MT | Judge: Matthew Moore

Iran sanctions are at the top of the docket – Obama is spending capital to persuade Democrats to sustain a veto

Lobe, 12-27 
Reporter for Inter Press Service (Jim, "Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power"
http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046-http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046)

WASHINGTON - This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new
AND
who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.

Obama’s strategy is working but failure scuttles the nuclear deal

Merry 1-1
Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran" Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.

The plan causes an inter-branch fight – saps PC and derails his agenda

Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

That causes a US-Iran war and Iranian prolif

WORLD TRIBUNE 11-13
~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~

The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White 11
July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)

A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 2 | Opponent: KState KM | Judge: Kearney
Iran sanctions are at the top of the docket – Obama is spending capital to persuade Democrats to sustain a veto
Lobe, 12-27
Reporter for Inter Press Service (Jim, “Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power”
http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=Worldandarticle=8046)

WASHINGTON - This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new
AND
who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.
Obama’s strategy is working but failure scuttles the nuclear deal
Merry 1-1
Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, “Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran” Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.
The plan causes an inter-branch fight – saps PC and derails his agenda
Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
That causes a US-Iran war and Iranian prolif
WORLD TRIBUNE 11-13
Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/

The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions.”
Iran war escalates
White 11
July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)

A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MoStIndiana MR | Judge: Brian Box

The United States Federal Government should engage into binding negotiations with the State of Israel and Insert Plan unless the State of Israel agrees to dismantle its nuclear arsenal and ratify the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Linking pressure on Israel to US posture shows that we’re serious
Landau, 2009 (Emily, senior research associate, institute for national security studies, "The US and the NPT: Israel on the Line?" May 12, http://www.inss.org.il/upload/28FILE291242193388.pdf)
In her opening statement at the 3rd session of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom)
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for Israel down the road, and is in and of itself flawed. 

Pressuring Israel resolves the perception of a US double standard on proliferation
Stout, staff writer for the International Herald Tribune, 11/30/2007 (David, "A Mideast nuclear crisis," lexis)
Although Israel has never publicly acknowledged possessing nuclear weapons, scientists and arms experts have
AND
a pending sale of U.S. Phantom fighter jets to Israel. 

That’s key to global non-proliferation
Hyo’n-to, columnist for the Nodong Sinmun newspaper, 11/16/2007
(Ri, "Unfair Double Standard Policy Which Increases the Risk of Nuclear War," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, lexis)
As is known, the United States has actively encouraged and cooperated with Israel’s nuclear
AND
peace nuclear policy before loudly talking about other countries’ fictional "nuclear threat."

Tournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas FM | Judge: JKirk
Text: The United States federal government should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to use humanitarian justifications as grounds to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities except when other measures have failed, when governments or insurgents are targeting civilians with crimes against humanity, when means of intervention are proportional to the conflict, when the mission is coupled with a strategy to address the root cause of the violence, or when the intervention is multilateral. The United States federal government should declare the justifications for intervention and reveal those details. The United States federal government if they intervene should remain fully committed to these operations.
It solves the aff – their author
Foreign Affairs 11
“Libya and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention”, August 26, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68233/stewart-patrick/libya-and-the-future-of-humanitarian-intervention

As Obama has noted, however, that is no excuse for inaction everywhere.
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43 percent in late March to a dangerously low 24 percent by July.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas BiCa | Judge: Whit Whitmore

1NC

Deference DA

Deference now

Bazzle, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, ’12
~Timothy, "SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS:¶ INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART¶ JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR", Civil Rights Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012,~

The war on terror has led to an increased use of the state secrets¶
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allege a credible claim of government wrongdoing retain¶ their due process rights. 

Treaty enforcement is a political question – Supreme Court enforcement violates it kills deferrence

Wu 5 (Timmy, Visiting Professor, University of Chicago, Associate Professor of Law, University of
Virginia, "Treaties’ Domains," http://www.law.virginia.edu/pdf/workshops/0405/wu.pdf-http://www.law.virginia.edu/pdf/workshops/0405/wu.pdf)

Unfortunately Treaty cases compounds the complications surrounding a regular Chevron case. Chevron deference is
AND
the President, and resulting in a rule binding for a court.83

Non-deferential judicial review kills military readiness

Chensey 9
(Robert M. is a Professor at University of Texas School of Law, NATIONAL SECURITY FACT DEFERENCE, VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, 17 September 2009, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/95/1361.pdf, pg. 1426-1428)

Advocates of deference at times also emphasize the collateral ¶ consequences that non-deferential
AND
¶ substitutes for evidence that must be withheld on secrecy ¶ grounds.222

Military readiness key to heg

Donnelly 3
(Thomas, resident fellow at AEI, The Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine, February 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/-http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/)

The preservation of today’s Pax Americana rests upon both actual military strength and the perception
AND
in part on a logic of preemption that underlies the logic of primacy.

Solves escalation of global hotspots- retrenchment causes bickering internationally over leadership and prevents cooperation

Brzezinski 2012 Zbigniew K. Brzezinski (CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, in Washington, D.C. He is cochair of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus and a member of the International Advisory Board of the Atlantic Council. He is a former chairman of the American-Ukrainian Advisory Committee. He was a member of the Policy Planning Council of the Department of State from 1966 to 1968; chairman of the Humphrey Foreign Policy Task Force in the 1968 presidential campaign; director of the Trilateral Commission from 1973 to 1976; and principal foreign policy adviser to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential campaign. From 1977 to 1981, Dr. Brzezinski was national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his role in the normalization of U.S.-China relations and for his contributions to the human rights and national security policies of the United States. He was also a member of the President’s Chemical Warfare Commission (1985), the National Security Council–Defense Department Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy (1987–1988), and the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1987–1989). In 1988, he was cochairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force, and in 2004, he was cochairman of a Council on Foreign Relations task force that issued the report Iran: Time for a New Approach. Dr. Brzezinski received a B.A. and M.A. from McGill University (1949, 1950) and Ph.D. from Harvard University (1953). He was a member of the faculties of Columbia University (1960–1989) and Harvard University (1953–1960). Dr. Brzezinski holds honorary degrees from Georgetown University, Williams College, Fordham University, College of the Holy Cross, Alliance College, the Catholic University of Lublin, Warsaw University, and Vilnius University. He is the recipient of numerous honors and awards) February 2012 "After America" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
AND
policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

CSAPR DA

CSAPR gets upheld in the SQUO: EPA v EME Homer City

Jaffe 6/25/13
(Seth Jaffe Foley Hoag LLP – Environmental law "The Supreme Court Agrees to Review the CSAPR Decision: Might EPA Avoid Version 3 of the Transport Rule?" 6/25/2013 http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-supreme-court-agrees-to-review-the-c-73907/-http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-supreme-court-agrees-to-review-the-c-73907/, TSW)

On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in EPA v.
AND
seems inconsistent with traditional rules of statutory construction and deference to agency implementation.

Controversial decisions burn capital – justices need to pick their fights.

Grosskopf and Mondak, ’98
~Anke (Assistant Prof of Political Science @ Long Island University) and Jeffrey (Professor of Political Science @ U of Illinois), 1998, "Do attitudes toward specific supreme court decisions matter? The impact of Webster and Texas v Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court" Political Research Quarterly, vol. 51 no 3 633-54~

The existence of a strong link between basic values and diffuse support does not necessarily
AND
to Supreme Court decisions affects institutional support may shape what answer we find.

Plan is POLITICALLY TOXIC to the entire supreme court

Alford ’12 
(Notre Dame Law School faculty; teaches and writes in a wide range of subject-matter areas, including international trade, international arbitration, and comparative law. law clerk to Judge James Buckley of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, and Judge Richard Allison of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands)
Roger http://www.libertylawsite.org/liberty-forum/bolstering-american-sovereignty-with-treaties/-http://www.libertylawsite.org/liberty-forum/bolstering-american-sovereignty-with-treaties/

Fourth, there is the unanticipated risk of indirect application of international law. Federal
AND
, and every Supreme Court nominee now denounces the practice during confirmation proceedings.

DC circuit ruling killed Clean Air act enforceability

Lane ’12
(William F. Lane  is a partner with the Raleigh office of Kilpatrick 26 Townsend LLP. "D.C. Circuit Vacates EPA Cross State Air Pollution Rule" Monday, October 22, 2012 http://environmentenergyandnaturalresourceslaw.ncbar.org/newsletters/envoct2012/dccircuit-http://environmentenergyandnaturalresourceslaw.ncbar.org/newsletters/envoct2012/dccircuit, TSW)

In a case with significant implications for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean
AND
and CAIR, EPA gave upwind States the primary role in program implementation.

Independently key to solve global warming, biodiversity, mutations and extinction – key tenet of the EPA and global emission standards

Mendleson and Bowes 10
(The Clean Air Act 40 Years of Success Protecting Public Health 26 Environment Joe Mendelson Director of Global Warming PolicyCatherine Bowes Climate Policy  Representative summer 2010 https://www.nwf.org/pdf/Policy-Solutions/CleanAirActFactSheet.pdf)

This fall marks the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, one of our
AND
must base the emission standards on available and affordable pollution control measures.15

Mutations ensure extinction

Yu 9
Victoria Yu, Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", 5-22-09 http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate

A pandemic will kill off all humans.¶ In the past, humans have indeed
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Amendment CP

TEXT: The United States Congress should pass and at least three-fourths of the states should ratify a constitutional amendment that eliminates Al-Bihani v. Obama as valid law, reaffirms the "Charming Besty" Canon, and states that treaties ratified by the United States are a restriction on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention.

Amendments solve better – only check on the Supreme Court

Schaffner ’05
 American University Law Review, Associate Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School

Because the judicial branch has the ultimate authority over constitutional interpretation and construction, the
AND
power to overrule these cases was proper and consistent with basic democratic principles. 

Courts CP

The United States federal judiciary should affirm in opposition to Al-Bihani v. Obama, through the application of the "Charming Betsy" Canon, that treaties ratified by the United States are a restriction on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite imprisonment.
The use of the term ’detained’ to describe imprisonment sanitizes the process and smoothly transforms a system of abuse and degradation into a clean administrative procedure—-this linguistic move actively legitimizes the worst excesses of the war on terror

National Forum, 6/28/05 (http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:3qt2cbGSm7UJ:forum.onlineopinion.com.au/thread.asp3Farticle3D3592+22detention+is22+euphemism26hl=en26gl=us26ct=clnk26cd=267)
So it is Liberal policy to lock up children who have come to this country
AND
of our humanity - without it you are just cogs in a machine.

Detained is a euphemism—-it functions to legitimizes government authority—-undercuts public capacity to hold the Executive accountable for illegitimate arrests

Shirazi 6
Said Shirazi, Princeton-based analyst for Dissident Voice, 3/9/06 (http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:gkwNaqfTznIJ:www.printculture.com/item-771.html+22detention+is22+euphemism26hl=en26gl=us26ct=clnk26cd=27)
By all means, if you suspect someone of terrorist activity arrest them, but
AND
and that overlooks the reality that agencies can and do overstep their authority.

This regime of sanitized language actively conceals the horror of totalitarianism—-the language of euphemism clinically detaches people from any sense of ethical responsibility

Davidson 03
Elias Davidsson, Centre for Research on Globalization, 2003 (http://www.aldeilis.net/jus/econsanc/debate.pdf-http://www.aldeilis.net/jus/econsanc/debate.pdf)
In order to effectively describe a complex and highly politicized phenomenon, such as economic
AND
the world of human suffering, out of which humanitarian law has sprung. 

Charming Betsy

Al-Bihani clearly didn’t overrule the Charming Betsy doctrine—-the decision that denied his appeal for re-hearing explicitly clarified that Charming Betsy didn’t apply to the case

J. Taylor Benson 11, J.D., Creighton University School of Law, June 2011, "INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR, WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR? THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT IN AL-BIHANI V. OBAMA CORRECTLY CLARIFIED THAT INTERNATIONAL LAWS-OF-WAR DO NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT’S AUTHORITY TO DETAIN ENEMY COMBATANTS," Creighton Law Review, 44 Creighton L. Rev. 1277
Al-Bihani then petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for the District of
AND
of-war principles was unnecessary to the disposition on the merits. n75
 ~*1284~  The three original panel judges each filed statements concurring in the
AND
I was one of two alternative holdings, each holding precedential effect. n79
Addressing what she believed to be a countervailing motivation behind the en banc panel’s short
AND
not ambiguous, Judge Brown concluded that Charming Betsy did not apply. n85

No chance the Courts enforce I-Law

Daniel Abebe 26 Eric A. Posner 11, Assistant Professor and Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, The Flaws of Foreign Affairs Legalism, 51 Va. J. Int’l L. 507
Foreign affairs legalists make sweeping claims about the American judiciary’s promotion of international law,
AND
Court held that he did not have the power to do so. n126

Charming betsy canon expansion is inevitable their author AND proves the link to PQD

Waters 07
Melissa A Waters Assistant Professor of Law, Washington 26 Lee Law School.
USING HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES TO RESOLVE AMBIGUITY: THE ADVENT  OF A RIGHTS¬CONSCIOUS CHARMING  BETSY CANON
http://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/research/publications/vuwlr/prev-issues/pdf/vol-38-2007/issue-2/using-human-rights-waters.pdf-http://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/research/publications/vuwlr/prev-issues/pdf/vol-38-2007/issue-2/using-human-rights-waters.pdf
Their Card Starts
One of the most significant developments in international law over the past decade has been the
emergence of a rich transnational judicial dialogue among the world’s common law courts. While
transnational judicial dialogue is emerging across a wide range of substantive law areas, thus far the
scholarly debate over dialogue has focused largely on the use of international human rights law in
interpreting domestic constitutional texts. Equally significant forms of dialogue are taking place
outside the constitutional context, however, and thus far these other forms have received far less
scholarly attention.
One particularly overlooked arena for transnational judicial dialogue on human rights is in the
interpretation of statutory law. Courts have long looked to international law to interpret statutes. In
the United States, for example, the socalled
Charming Betsy canon of statutory interpretation holds
that "an act of Congress ought never to be construed to violate the law of nations, if any other
possible construction remains." 1 United States courts have applied the Charming Betsy canon to
construe ambiguous statutes in such a manner that they would not violate either international treaties
AND ends
Over the past decade, common law courts have begun to transform the centuries old
AND
constitutional ¶ interpretation, and considers its implications for traditional common law dualism.

Congress will backlash.  It will functionally bar the Court from exercising its authority

Vladeck 11—Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship @ American University ~Stephen I. Vladeck, "Why Klein (Still) Matters: Congressional Deception and the War on Terrorism," Journal of National Security Law, Volume 5, 6/16/2011,  9:38 AM 

Six weeks later, Congress enacted the USA PATRIOT Act, which included a series
AND
arising out of the military detention of noncitizen terrorism suspects at Guantánamo.44
As significantly, at the same time as Congress has left some of these key
AND
section has been repeatedly enforced by the federal courts in other cases.50
Such legislative efforts to forestall judicial resolution of the merits can also be found in the telecom immunity provisions of the FAA,51 which provided that telecom companies could not be held liable for violations of the Telecommunications Act committed in conjunction with certain governmental surveillance programs.52 Thus, in addition to changing the underlying substantive law going forward, the FAA pretermitted a series of then-pending lawsuits against the telecom companies.53
Analogously, Congress has attempted to assert itself in the debate over civilian trials versus
AND
from exercising their core authority, be it judicial review or executive discretion.
Wasserman views these developments as a period of what Professor Blasi described as "constitutional
AND
function in the manner they deem appropriate."56 pg. 257-259 

Obama will disregard the Court.  He is on record

Pyle 12—Professor of constitutional law and civil liberties @ Mount Holyoke College ~Christopher H. Pyle, "Barack Obama and Civil Liberties," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Volume 42, Issue 4, December 2012, Pg. 867–880~

Preventive Detention
But this is not the only double standard that Obama’s attorney general has endorsed.
AND
States committed by prisoners following a court-ordered release (Serwer 2009).
According to Holder, courts and commissions are "essential tools in our fight against
AND
judgment of a court. Indeed, it is grounds for Holder’s disbarment.
As a senator, Barack Obama denounced President Bush’s detentions on the ground that a
AND
whom the Bush administration cleared for release five years ago (Worthington 2012b).
Thus, Obama’s "accomplishments" in the administration of justice "are slight,"
AND
while reassuring conservatives that America’s justice will continue to be laced with revenge.
It is probably naïve to expect much more of an elected official. Few presidents
AND
be camouflaged with euphemisms like "enhanced interrogation techniques" (Editorial 2011b).

Warming

No uniqueness for backing down from treaties

Crootoff  11
Rebecca Crootof, J.D. Yale Law School
Judicious Influence: Non-Self-Executing Treaties and the Charming Betsy Canon (April 5, 2011). Yale Law Journal. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1803380-http://ssrn.com/abstract=1803380
 The Charming Betsy Canon Encourages Domestic Courts’ Engagement with International Agreements and International Adoption
Much of domestic law already accords with international law, in large part because the
AND
likely favor interpretations that harmonize with provisions previously endorsed by the United States.

No norms impact

Ikenberry ’11 – Professor of Politics and International Affairs @ Princeton
G. John Ikenberry, the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. "A World of Our Making". Democracy A Journal of Ideas. Issue ~2321, Summer 2011. http://www.democracyjournal.org/21/a-world-of-our-making-1.php?page=1

The main alternatives to liberal order—both domestic and international—have more or less disappeared. The great liberal international era is not ending. Still, if the liberal order is not in crisis, its governance is. Yet, given the fundamental weakness of the past international orders—brought down by world wars and great economic upheavals—the challenges of reforming and renegotiating liberal world order are, if anything, welcome ones.
There are four reasons to think that some type of updated and reorganized liberal international
AND
order is removed, a bias for continuity is introduced into the system.
Second, the character of liberal international order itself—with or without American hegemonic
AND
appear to have unique characteristics that encourage integration and discourage opposition and resistance.
Third, the states that are rising today do not constitute a potential united opposition
AND
governing institutions, not to a united effort to overturn the underlying order.
Fourth, all the great powers have alignments of interests that will continue to bring
AND
managing differences with frameworks of great-power cooperation exist and will grow. 

No impact—threat overestimated and global warming is solved by adaptation and mitigation.

Mendelsohn 9,
(Robert O. the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of¶ Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and¶ Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/¶ gcwp060web.pdf

The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses. 

6 degree warming’s inevitable

AP 9
(Associated Press, Six Degree Temperature Rise by 2100 is Inevitable: UNEP, September 24, http://www.speedy-fit.co.uk/index2.php?option=com_content26do_pdf=126id=168-http://www.speedy-fit.co.uk/index2.php?option=com_content26do_pdf=126id=168)

Earth’s temperature is likely to jump six degrees between now and the end of the
AND
He said seas should rise about a foot every 20 to 25 years.

CO2 isn’t key

Watts 12
Watts, 25-year climate reporter, works with weather technology, weather stations, and weather data processing systems in the private sector, 7/25/’12
(Anthony, http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/25/lindzen-at-sandia-national-labs-climate-models-are-flawed/-http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/25/lindzen-at-sandia-national-labs-climate-models-are-flawed/)

ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Richard Lindzen,
AND
rising, he said temperatures are always fluctuating by tenths of a degree.

New laws of physics prove that there global warming is an impossibility

Myers, 2/9/2010 (Kirk, staff writer, "New research into greenhouse effect challenges theory of man-made global warming" Seminole County Environmental News Examiner, February 9, 2010)

A former NASA contractor whose theory demonstrating that the greenhouse effect is constant and self
AND
in the solar constant (amount and rate of solar energy reaching Earth).

Courts are inherently racist and evil

Zinn 2005 (Howard, The Progressive, It’s Not Up to the Court, http://progressive.org/mag_zinn1105-http://progressive.org/mag_zinn1105)

Still, knowing the nature of the political and judicial system of this country,
AND
mock hearings on Justice Roberts or the ones to come on Judge Alito.

Utilization of the law necessarily leads to disciplining and coercive destruction of those outside of its norms

Schlag 91
~Professor of Law @ U of Colorado (Pierre Stanford Law Review p. lexis~ 

For the trial lawyer, the field is already in part constituted. As the
AND
on behalf of someone unable or unwilling to do all that for himself.

Law is pre-determined by itself, which dooms any attempts to reform law within the legal system

Schlag 97
~Professor of Law @ U of Colorado (Pierre Stanford Law Review p. lexis~ 

Legal thinkers may well face the same predicament. What legal thinkers know is what
AND
, a discipline, that informs their knowledge of how to do law.

2NC

Amendment CP

7. Our counterplan is predictable and good for debate.

Forsythe and Presser ’06
~Clarke D. Director of the Project in Law 26 Bioethics @ American United for Life and Stephen B., Prof of Legal History @ Northwestern U School of Law, 10 Tex. Rev. Law 26 Pol. 301, ln~ 

Our constitutional system provides only two ways to overturn a Supreme Court holding interpreting the
AND
move future Justices closer to the point of finally overturning this tragic decision.

CP forces judicial compliance solves better than the aff

Shany ’06 
~Yuval, Hersch Lauterpacht Chair in Public International Law, Hebrew University, 31 Brooklyn J. Int’l L. 341, ln~

Another concern raised by opponents of incorporation is that the introduction of international law at
AND
would also ensure smoother integration of international norms into the domestic legal system.

Constitutional amendments are key to check presidential war powers

Goldstein 1988
(Yonkel, J.D. from Stanford Law School, July, "The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument for a Constitutional Amendment", 40 Stan. L. Rev. 1543, Lexis)

The lack of a major nuclear war, so far, may suggest to some
AND
would function similarly to how they have operated in the due process area.

Amendments institutionalize US position on war powers – solves the signal

White 4 (William W., Lecturer in Public and International Affairs and Senior Special Assistant to the Dean at Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs – Princeton University, "Human Rights and National Security: The Strategic Correlation," Harvard Human Rights Journal, Spring, 17 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 249, Lexis)

C. Addressing Aggressor States: Human Rights and Interstate Signaling
A foreign policy which accounts for the linkage between human rights and interstate aggression would
AND
Lasting institutionalized changes in human rights policy can provide such a signaling mechanism.
Significant improvements in a previously repressive state’s human rights policy can signal an intent not
AND
such signals and potentially improve relations with states that institutionalize human rights protections.
The institutionalization of human rights protections is not only a means of signaling benign intent
AND
citizens into providing the resources and human capital necessary for aggressive war. n122
A brief example is illustrative of the use of human rights policy as a signaling
AND
and provide sound reason for a firmer U.S. policy. n124
The institutionalization of human rights protections also provides a way for a current government to prevent future governments from aggressive international behavior. By locking in human rights protections now through constitutional changes or judicial review, a present government can limit the hand of future governments, denying them the institutional or political ability to engage in aggressive war or impinge on human rights. 

Support for international law requires a balance—defering to Congressional interpretation and not setting a precedent is the only way to avoid a backlash that is net worse

Young, 05—professor of law, University of Texas (Ernest, "INSTITUTIONAL SETTLEMENT IN A GLOBALIZING JUDICIAL SYSTEM," 54 Duke L.J. 1143, lexis)

Failure to develop thoughtful accommodations between supranational and domestic institutions will undermine international law,
AND
of the bargain is a stronger, if more moderate, international law.

An amendment solves all of the benefits of a judicial decision, without the costs of violating precedent

Vermeule ’04
(Adrian, Prof of Law @ The University of Chicago, "Constitutional Amendments and the Constitutional Common Law" September http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html-http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html) 

These points, however, capture only one side of the ledger. Precedent,
AND
legislators’ best current information clearly suggests that the constitutional rules should be changed. 

Amendments cause judicial modeling

Marron ’03
~Brian P. Editor in Chief of MARGINS Symposium @ Maryland Law, 3 Conn. Pub. Int. L.J. 157, ln~ 

Raskin explains that some of the solutions require the adoption of new Constitutional amendments such
AND
apply "heightened" scrutiny to cases of gender-based classifications. 130

2. No rollback but aff would be challenged

Vermeule ’04 
(Adrian, Prof of Law @ The University of Chicago, "Constitutional Amendments and the Constitutional Common Law" September http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html-http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html)

A benefit of formal amendments, then, is to more effectively discourage subsequent efforts
AND
, which can be unsettled and refought at lower cost in subsequent periods.

3. We cause legal and social change even if its rolled back

Siegal ’06
~Reva B., Prof of Law and American Studies @ California, 94 Calif. L. Rev. 1323, ln~ 

For the first century of the Fourteenth Amendment’s life, no court interpreted the Constitution
AND
of lawmaking or adjudication, constitutional law discounts their role in constitutional change. 

4. Neither the courts nor executive can stop amendments

Chemerinsky ’06 
~Erwin, Prof of Law and PoliSci @ Duke, "The Assault on the Constitution:  Executive Power and the War on  Terrorism," lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/articles/Vol40/Issue1/DavisVol40No1_Chemerinsky.pdf~ 

To be sure, there are some areas where the Constitution assigns  power to only
AND
.   Constitutional amendments must be approved by three-fourths of the states.

2. Amendments pass quickly

Jackson ’01 
(Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., 2001, U.S. Representative, "A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights")

Some will say that amending the Constitution once, not to mention eight times,
AND
ratified relatively quickly after a legitimate national debate on their substance and implications.

3. Delay assumes conventions—congressional amendment is quick

Ishikawa 96 
~Brendon Troy, Board of Legal Specialization,  "Amending the Constitution: Just Not Every November," 44 Clev. St. L. Rev. 303, ln~  

Further contributing to this lack of interest in the second procedure was the fact that
AND
too shows the elements that the Framers thought essential for constitutional amendment procedures.

Strauss agrees specificity solves

Strauss 01
~David A., not David P. but Prof of Law @ Chicago, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 1457, ln~ 

Finally, for an amendment to matter, it must be unusually difficult to evade
AND
evasion once public sentiment recedes, as the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were.

Strauss is wrong

Denning and Vile 02 
~Brannon P., Prof of Law @ Samford, and John R., Dept. Chair of PoliSci @ MTSU, "The Relevance of Constitutional Amendments: A Response to David Strauss," 77 Tul. L. Rev. 247, ln~

But let us concede, for the sake of argument, that informal channels for
AND
change was provisional and subject to yet more change in the future. 34

Strauss is wrong – Amendments are a key way to accomplish Constitutional change

Latham ’05
(Darren R. Latham, Assistant Professor @ Florida Coastal School of Law, October 2005 55 Am. U.L. Rev. 145)

d. The general irrelevance of Strauss’s "irrelevance" thesis   In his 2001 article
AND
degree of amendability may determine the degree of legitimacy of the practice. n191 

Jud Cap

No big threat from terrorism – top expert agrees

Keck ’12
(Zachary Keck Interview with Kenneth Neal Waltz an American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations. "Kenneth Waltz on "Why Iran Should Get the Bomb"" July 08, 2012 http://thediplomat.com/2012/07/08/kenneth-waltz-on-why-iran-should-get-the-bomb/-http://thediplomat.com/2012/07/08/kenneth-waltz-on-why-iran-should-get-the-bomb/, TSW)

Finally, what is your general assessment of the Obama Administration’s handling of foreign policy
AND
headedness has been a characteristic of the Obama Administration’s foreign policy in general.

Terrorism will not cause extinction

Kato ’8
(Yoichi, bureau chief of the American General Bureau of the Asahi Shimbun, "Return from 9/11 PTSD to Global Leader," Washington Quarterly, Fall 2008, lexis) 

The administration has become a prisoner to the newly emergent threats that it faces.
AND
be the first step toward restoration of the U.S. reputation.

Case

Their author also concludes in the un-highlighted portions of the 1AC that Al-Bihani is UNLIKELY to impact other court decisions and that it only contributes to an already negative image of the U.S.

Tarnogorski ’10
Polish Inst. For Int’l Affairs, USA and Laws of War (Al-Bihani v. Obama), PDF can be found at here: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c706023326lng=en26id=112282-http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c706023326lng=en26id=112282

The trial court rejected his arguments on the grounds that his detention as a member
AND
.S. as a power given to opportunistic treatment of international standards.

Waring concludes that more recent cases by the D.C. Circuit have reigned in the impact of Al-Bihani – at worst only a handful of detainees are impacted

Waring ’12
Associate @ Winston 26 Strawn LLP, J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center Spring, 2012 Georgetown Journal of International Law 43 Geo. J. Int’l L. 927, Lexis

B. Revival of International Law Despite Al-Bihani?¶ 1. Al Warafi
AND
on the basis of expansive detention authority unlimited by the law of war.

1ac card says that single decisions don’t implicate Charming Betsy – plan doesn’t spillover

Crootoff  11
Rebecca Crootof, J.D. Yale Law School
Judicious Influence: Non-Self-Executing Treaties and the Charming Betsy Canon (April 5, 2011). Yale Law Journal. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1803380-http://ssrn.com/abstract=1803380
 The Charming Betsy Canon Encourages Domestic Courts’ Engagement with International Agreements and International Adoption
Conclusion
There are legitimate reasons to celebrate and criticize Medellin’s reasoning.
The case clarifies murky areas of domestic law, but it does so at the expense of
the United States fulfilling its international commitments. However, those
who rejoice in or bemoan Medellin’s seeming presumption in favor of non-selfexecution
mistake the case’s import. While high-profile decisions like Medellin
will draw fire, treaties’ influence in domestic jurisprudence remains largely
unaffected.Treaties, eve self-executing treaties, are rarely used directly.
AND
conjunction with non-self-executing treaties reconciles often-opposing interests.

1NR

CSAPR DA

Unpopular decision kills enforcement turns the case

Devins, Goodrich Professor of Law and Professor of Government, College of William 26 Mary, ’10
~Neal, "Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants", Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, February 2010,~

Supreme Court decision making rarely deviates from dominant¶ social and political forces.2
AND
their status by taking opinions of the elite into account.3¶ 1

Mutated disease cause extinction

Discover 2000 ("Twenty Ways the World Could End" by Corey Powell in Discover Magazine, October 2000, http://discovermagazine.com/2000/oct/featworld)
If Earth doesn’t do us in, our fellow organisms might be up to the
AND
disease, which humans helped transport as they migrated into the New World.

Public perceives contentious Supreme Court decisions.

Grosskopf 26 Mondak, ’98
(Poli Sci Profs — Pitt 26 FSU, Political Research Quarterly, Sept, Vol. 51, No. 3)

Despite these caveats, it would be rash to dismiss the effects identified here as
AND
or disliked, suggesting that exposure to information about decisions is higher still.

Backlash is guaranteed – Courts can’t sway public opinion for unpopular rulings – especially true in terms of national security risks.

Silverstein and Hanley, ’10
~Gordon (Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley and Fellow in the
Program of Law and Public Affairs, Princeton University) and John (Ph.D. Candidate, Political Science, University of California, Berkeley), "The Supreme Court and Public Opinion in Times of War and Crisis", Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 61,~

Does this suggest that the Supreme Court merely follows the polls? ¶ There seems
AND
of the Court’s ruling in Korematsu which we will ¶ discuss below.30

Even if Kennedy is pro-detainee, he saves his capital for those decisions because he is the central swing vote on the issue. Means capital is still burned

Johnsen 2012
(Dawn, Walt W. Foskett Professor of Law at Indiana University, Spring, "The ’Essence of a Free Society’: The Executive Powers Legacy of Justice Stevens and the Future of Foreign Affairs Deference," 106 Nw. U.L. Rev. 467 – Kurr)

In the Supreme Court’s last opinion to date on the rights of the Guantanamo detainees
AND
unlawful executive action amid the pressures of war and threats to national security.

Breaking PQD kills court capital – lack of expertise

Litwak 2012
Brian, UNC JD Candidate "PUTTING CONSTITUTIONAL TEETH INTO A ¶ PAPER TIGER: HOW TO FIX THE WAR POWERS  RESOLUTION", National Security Law Brief, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2012

The court’s exercise of the political question doctrine, excusing itself from deciding the differing
AND
in justifying the dismissal of ¶ claims made pursuant to the WPR.56

The link only goes one direction-Negative reactions to court decisions are more intense and last longer than positive ones.

Friedman-prof law NYU-05, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Professor of Law
AND
opinion and the Court regularly advise it to keep a low profile. n398

History proves that Capital can only be finite.

Choper, 80
(Law School Dean – Berkeley, Judicial Review and the National Political Process, p. 162-3)

Therefore, if the question of whether the Court gain or loses enforcement capacity by
AND
American public emerges as profoundly indifferent to liberties long established and presumably noncontroversial."

Court capital is always finite – losers mobilize faster and capital is hard to restore.

Adamany, ’80
(CSU – Long Beach, Western Political Quarterly, pg. 592)

In protecting individual rights, the Supreme Court is limited by the "fragile character
AND
needs:¶ Congress can refuse the President’s programs and he can veto theirs.

3. A consensus of scholarship support our interpretation – The Court is conscious of their institutional capital and decide based on that.

Kramer, 04 (Law Professor – NYU, 92 Calif. L. Rev. 959)
According to Louis Fisher, among the most prolific writers associated with this idea,
AND
and activities have real significance for law and especially for constitutional law. 56 

4. Historical record goes negative – Court has continually rationed their decisions based on their political effects.

Choper, 80 (Law School Dean – Berkeley, Judicial Review and the National Political Process, p.160-1)

By both words and action, the Court itself has long recognized that heightened judicial
AND
statesmen, the justices must arrive at some ultimate accommodation with dominant opinion."

The Supreme Court Will Balance By Reigning In Controversy

Bentley ’07 
(Curt, J.D. from Brigham Young University, Lead Articles Editor for BYU Law Review, Recipient of the 2007 Scholarly Writing Award for this article, "Constrained by the Liberal Tradition: Why the Supreme Court has not Found Positive Rights in the American Constitution" Brigham Young University Law Review, 2007, vol 1721, Lexis)

I believe Sunstein misses the mark and reaches the wrong conclusion because he considers the
AND
, made significant course corrections - including abandoning any constitutional positive rights agenda.

Spillover occurs – the plan’s unpopular ruling minimizes the likelihood of other controversial decisions

Mondak ’91
Jeffrey Mondak, professor of political science at Florida State, April 1991, Substantive and procedural aspects of supreme court decisions as determinants of institutional approval, American Politics Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 185

The impact of the content of Supreme Court rulings has important ramifications for the future
AND
deliberately or coincidentally, by minimizing rulings likely to prompt hostile public reaction.

Mixing I-Law and US law burdens is massively controversial but Congress avoids

Alford ’06
(Roger P. Alford Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University School of Law, Malibu, California. B.A. Baylor University, 1985; M. Div. Southern Seminary, 1988; J.D. New York University, 1991; LLM. University of Edinburgh, 1992. Albany Law Review¶ 2006¶ 69 Alb. L. Rev. 653 Lexis, TSW)

V. The Mistake About Statutes¶ ¶ A third mistake in the debate on
AND
problems unless such construction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress." n108

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wichita State MR | Judge: Mike Shooter Weitz

1NC

T – Authority

A. Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so

Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
~David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4~
The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power. Authority, in the legal sense, concerns ¶ the right to do something. Power refers to the capability to do something. Part of the problems ¶ in the U.S. constitutional crisis over use of force abroad is that the president has the power to ¶ make war, and to obtain congressional deference most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress
Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Framework

Interpretation- the aff cannot claim advantages not tied to the implementation of the plan

Debt Ceiling DA

Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will cave

Dovere, 10/1
(Edward, Politico, "Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3)

President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway
AND
"They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this."

The plan causes an inter-branch fight that derails Obama’s agenda

Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena

That consumes his capital and causes a default

Lillis, 9/7
(Mike, The Hill, "Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote" 

The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide
AND
through this fiscal thicket. These are going to be very difficult votes."

Collapses the global economy

Davidson 9-10
Adam Davidson 9/10/13, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, "Our Debt to Society," NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
AND
and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.

SCOTUS CP

Text: The Supreme Court of the United States should rule that the War Powers Resolution is unconstitutional.

CP solves – empirically courts can restrict

Fisher 2005
(Louis Fisher, senior specialist in separation of Powers with the Congressional Research Service, September 2005, "Judicial Review of the War Power," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 35, No 3, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf) 

The terrorist attacks of 9/11, followed by the creation of a military
AND
many times, they have curbed presidential military actions in time of war.

Courts don’t link to politics- avoids political fallout

Whittington ’05 
(Keith E., Professor of Politics - Princeton University, "Interpose Your Friendly Hand: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court", The American Political Science Review-http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdweb?RQT=31826pmid=2860026TS=124586206726clientId=1782226VInst=PROD26VName=PQD26VType=PQD, Nov., (99)4, p. 583)

There are some issues that politicians cannot easily handle. For individual legislators, their
AND
action that political leaders want taken, as illustrated in the following case.

K of Western Feminism

Western feminism discursively constructs women as a homogenous powerless group and results in the objectification of women in the third world – this must be rejected

Chandra Talpade Mohanty 1988. Associate Professor of Women’s Studies at Hamilton College, New York, and Core Faculty at the Union Institute Graduate School, Cincinnati. "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial" Feminist Review, No. 30, Autumn.
By women as a category of analysis, I am referring to the crucial presupposition
AND
western feminism. They need to be continually challenged’ (1984: 7).

Their description of society as constituted by male and female bodies reinforces a gaze of indifference that not only causes the impacts they try to avoid but is used to justify genocide

Oyeronke Oyewumi. 1997, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
The notion of society that emerges from this conception is that society is constituted by
AND
in Nazi Germany, certain kinds of bodies had to be eliminated.6

Their depiction of patriarchy as a monolithic force homogenizes the experience of women in the "third world" and fragments resistance

 Chandra Talpade Mohanty, 1988. Professor of Women’s and Gender Studies, Professor of Sociology, Cultural Foundations of Education, Dean’s Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse.  "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses." Feminist Review No. 3 (Autumn 1988))

It ought to be of some political significance at least that the term ’colonization’ has
AND
western feminist writing, and this power needs to be defined and named.

The alt is an intersectional approach

We need to recognize the multiple forms of oppression

Hooper 1
 Charlotte (University of Bristol research associate in politics), Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics pp 45-46. 

Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993), in their discussion of  gendered dichotomies
AND
it as performing only an ideological or propagandistic role is also too simplistic.  

Case

Evaluate consequences

Weiss 99
Weiss, Prof Poli Sci – CUNY Grad Center, ’99¶ (Thomas G, "Principles, Politics, and Humanitarian Action," Ethics and International Affairs 13.1)

Scholars and practitioners frequently employ the term "dilemma" to describe painful decision making
AND
of a bevy of humanitarian actors flitting from one emergency to the next.

Util is good

Harries, 94
Editor @ The National Interest (Owen, Power and Civilization, The National Interest, Spring, lexis)

Performance is the test. Asked directly by a Western interviewer, "In principle
AND
The cost of implementing and promoting them will always have to be considered.

All lives are infinitely valuable, the only ethical option is to maximize the number saved

Cummisky, 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 131)

Finally, even if one grants that saving two persons with dignity cannot outweigh and
AND
conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.*

No Impact -

A. Root cause claims fail

Brian Martin, Professor of Science, Technology and Society at the University of Wollongong, ’90
(http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw13.html-http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw13.html) 

In this chapter and in the six preceding chapters I have examined a number of
AND
the roots of war and developing strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them.

B. War causes their impacts

Joshua S. Goldstein (prof of IR @ American U, Wash D.C.) ’1 War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 412

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.10

Patriarchy isn’t the root cause of violence and war.  There are other factors that cause war.

Cynthia Cockburn 2010, Department of Sociology, The City University London, UK b Centre for the Study of Women and Gender, University of Warwick, UK (2010) ’Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12: 2, 139 — 157

Second, war-fighting between two armies is only the tip of the iceberg
AND
all too clearly that other forces are at work in addition to gender.

Realism is true – they cause massive violence

Mearsheimer 95 (John, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, International Security, Summer)

Realists believe that state behavior is largely shaped by the material structure of the international
AND
where institutionalized norms cause states to behave in more communitarian and peaceful ways.
The most revealing aspect of Wendt’s discussion is that he did not respond to the
AND
a more peaceful, communitarian discourse, although I explicitly raised both questions.
Wendt’s failure to answer these questions has important ramifications for his own arguments.  For
AND
perspective, defending realism might very well be the more responsible policy choice.

Conflating sexual difference and patriarchy ontologizes sexual difference, obscuring women’s complicity in gender violence

Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, 2005. PhD Interdisciplinary Women and Gender Studies, "Beyond Determinism: The Phenomenology of African Female Existence," http://www.feministafrica.org/fa202/02-2003/bibi.html~~
Despite the contributions to understanding oppressive power relations made by theorists who focus emphatically on
AND
female genital mutilation, which is both defended and practised by many women.

No impact to militarism — intervention is self-correcting

Western and Goldstein 11 (Western is Five College Associate Professor of International Relations at Mount Holyoke College and Goldstein is Professor Emeritus of International Relations at American University, Jon and Joshua, December 2011, "Humanitarian Intervention Comes of Age Lessons From Somalia to Libya"~

No sooner had nato launched its first air strike in Libya than the mission was
AND
move over time toward international norms of accountable, legitimate, and democratic governance

Solvency

Obama will resist the plan - fights over war powers create intractable national diversions and destroys military decision making, interbranch cooperation and rule of law

Lobel, Pittsburgh law professor, 2008
(Jules, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War", Ohio State Law Journal, vol 69, lexis, ldg)

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity
AND
over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409

Crisis pressure and information asymmetry means Congress will defer to the executive

Posner et al., Chicago law professor, 2011 (Eric, The Executive Unbound, pg 7-10, ldg)

Having defined our terms as far as possible, our main critical thesis is that
AND
wholly under the rule of law; periodically the shackles slip off altogether.

Limitations fail during emergencies

Vermeule 6
Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006, "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POSTSEPTEMBER¶ 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF?DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law¶ Review, Nov., pp. LN.

A statute could, in principle, perform such constitutional functions by aligning the various
AND
as well as¶ the other framework statutes governing executive action in emergencies."

2NC

K

Western feminism inserts gender dichotomies where they were non-existent by universalizing gender relations – this promotes Western dominance

Oyeronke Oyewumi. 1997, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
INDISPUTABLY, gender has been a fundamental organizing principle in Western societies.1 Intrinsic
AND
the world, one that is facilitated by the West’s global material dominance.

Solvency

They assume Congress wants to assert themselves-they don’t.

Nzelibe, Northwestern law professor, 2007
(Jide, "Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?", Stanford Law Review, lexis, ldg)

These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, there is not much
AND
powers are likely to fall on deaf ears. Pg. 912-913

Case

Their impacts aren’t falsifiable

Keohane 98, Duke University, (Robert, " Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory,"  International Studies Quarterly Volume 42, Issue 1, pages 193–197, March 1998, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076/pdf-http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076/pdf) 

 Since we know that intentionality and consequences are not tightly linked in international relations
AND
such questions, with an open mind about what the answers will be.
  Comparable questions could be posed about transnational relations. To what extent do gendered
AND
their hypotheses in ways that are testable—and falsifiable—with evidence.

Gender not root cause

Hillman 2004 (James, psychologist, A Terrible Love of War, pp. 86-87) 

To imagine war to be a "man’s thing," one more example of the
AND
is not the primary cause of war; that cause is the god. 

1NR

Counterplan

1 – Education – core topic education is not whether to restrict, but who does it – discussing implementation is key

Elmore 80
Prof. Public Affairs at University of Washington, PolySci Quarterly 79-80, p. 605, 1980

The emergence of implementation as a subject for policy analysis coincides closely with the discovery
AND
10 percent, leaving the remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation.

4. Moot question - The Court completely controls its agenda – it can call for any cases it wants

Cordray ’04
(Margaret Meriwether Cordray Professor of Law, Capital University 2004 ~with richard cordray Adjunct Professor, The Ohio State University College of Law Washington University Law Quarterly Summer, the philosophy of certiorari: jurisprudential considerations in supreme court case selection)

Over the past century, the Supreme Court has gained virtually complete control over its
AND
federal and constitutional issues the judicial system has been forced to confront." n4

Disad

We control global impact uniqueness – the status quo solves their impacts but decline undermines crucial forms of restraint

Griswold 5 
Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Daniel, "Peace on earth? Try free trade among men," 12-29-2005, http://www.freetrade.org/node/282) 

Buried beneath the daily stories about car bombs and insurgents is an underappreciated but comforting
AND
few decades indicates that free trade also comes with its own peace dividend.

Timeframe – the US only has till October 17th – we’re on the brink - default immediately destroys confidence and causes financial volatility throughout the economy – default to timeframe – you can only die once

CCTV 10-1
(CCTV, "U.S. gov’t shutdown, debt default threaten to weigh on economy: expert" 10-01-2013, http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml-http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml, KB)

The ongoing partial federal government shutdown and fiscal uncertainties are dampening American economic recovery,
AND
a debt default crisis, he said in answering questions posed by Xinhua.

War and poverty lead to the suspension of all ethical principles

Leopold 04 emeritus scientist at Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell ~A. Carl, currently involved with several organizations for the promotion of ethical responsibilities to the land, February 1, 2004, BioScience, No. 2, Vol. 54, p. 149, proquest~ 

As part of a discussion on bioethics in a changing world, we should take
AND
ethical ideals in students, coworkers, family, friends, and ourselves. 

Turns case —-

Literally turns the entire aff - Congress will give Obama unfettered power in the event of an emergency

Brooks 13
(Rosa Brooks, "Mission Creep in the War on Terror" March 14, 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror, KB)

AUMF or no AUMF, if the United States finds credible evidence of an imminent
AND
tradition: reserving the use of exceptional authorities for rare and exceptional circumstances.

Any modification to the WPR is a lightning rod

CCR 9
(Center for Constitutional Rights, "Restore. Protect. Expand. Amend the War Powers Resolution", http://ccrjustice.org/files/CCR_White_WarPowers.pdf-http://ccrjustice.org/files/CCR_White_WarPowers.pdf)

Secondly, the War Powers Resolution correctly recognized that even congressional silence, inaction or
AND
though; much more important will be establishing the fundamental principles of reform:

Framing issue - Obama has advantage over GOP now

News Ok 10-2
News Ok is an Oklahoma City News Organization, "Obama Seeks to Strike a Balance during Shutdown," http://newsok.com/obama-seeks-to-strike-a-balance-during-shutdown/article/feed/599138-http://newsok.com/obama-seeks-to-strike-a-balance-during-shutdown/article/feed/599138

President Barack Obama’s strategy during the partial shutdown of the federal government is aimed at
AND
House GOP lawmakers for opposing a Senate bill to keep the government running.

Yes PC - strength in the current fight gives him a major political edge

O’Brien, 10/1
Political Reporter for NBC News (Michael, "Winners and losers of the government shutdown" http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/01/20763839-winners-and-losers-of-the-government-shutdown?lite-http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/01/20763839-winners-and-losers-of-the-government-shutdown?lite)

Nonetheless, after two-and-a-half years of standoffs and gridlock
AND
waning prospects for immigration reform or major gun control legislation during his presidency.

Shutdown won’t break the fever—deal is key

Jonathan Bernstein, Political Scientist, WaPo Columnist, 9/17/13,  "Break the Fever" Is Futile — Especially For Boehner , plainblogaboutpolitics.blogspot.com/2013/09/break-fever-is-futile-especially-for.html

This is in response to Noam Scheiber, who thinks that it makes sense for
AND
It might not be enough to prevent a debacle, but it’s something.

Decline and war are linked – default to the best studies

Royal 10 
Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Best international studies go neg

Laitman ’8 
(Michael, Prof of Ontology and the Theory of Knowledge, PhD in philosophy, MS in biocybernetics, Founder and Dir for the Bnei Baruch World Center for Kabbalah Studies, "The Financial Crisis May Trigger a World War," 12-7, http://www.laitman.com/2008/12/the-financial-crisis-may-trigger-a-world-war/) 

As the crisis develops, scientists are trying to predict whether a third World War
AND
commerce, to write off debts and reduce toxic emissions into the atmosphere.

This time is different

Capehart 9-30
(Jonathan Capehart, a member of the Post editorial board and writes about politics and social issues for the PostPartisan blog. He is also an MSNBC contributor, he was a national affairs columnist for Bloomberg, "Dancing on the debt ceiling: Brace for impact" September 30, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/09/30/dancing-on-the-debt-ceiling-brace-for-impact/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/09/30/dancing-on-the-debt-ceiling-brace-for-impact/, KB)

Let me interrupt the fear over the looming government shutdown to convince you that if
AND
United States defaulting on some of its bills/debts owed, exists."

Will get done – but will be a fight – don’t assume uniqueness overwhelms

Garcia 9-26
Macroeconomic Leading Economist Writer for Financial Times’ Alphaville, formerly Dow Jones Financial news Writer ~Cardiff Garcia, Meet the new idiots, same as the… actually these idiots might be worse, http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2013/09/26/1647792/meet-the-new-idiots-same-as-the-actually-these-idiots-might-be-worse/-http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2013/09/26/1647792/meet-the-new-idiots-same-as-the-actually-these-idiots-might-be-worse/~~

To the seasoned finance blogger, US Congressional asshattery lacks the terrifying intrigue it had
AND
up and running again helps lead to a deal on the debt ceiling.

The democratic vote can be derailed

Dickerson 9-30
(John Dickerson, Slate’s chief political correspondent, "Republicans are itching for a fight with President Obama. Will it be a skirmish over the government shutdown now or a war over the debt limit later?" SEPT. 30 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2013/09/republicans_government_shutdown_and_debt_limit_which_fight_does_the_gop.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2013/09/republicans_government_shutdown_and_debt_limit_which_fight_does_the_gop.html, KB)

Here the president’s interests and the interests of Senate Democrats could split in a way
AND
the unpopular Obamacare. They might not want to take another unpopular vote.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston MT | Judge: Matthew Moore
2

Their thesis of a rising China is a racist construction of the non-western other

Pan 4
Chengxin Pan, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Arts, at Deakin University, August 2004, Discourses Of ’China’ In International Relations: A Study in Western Theory as (IR) Practice, p. 141-142

These are some of the questions in the minds of Western/American strategic analysts
AND
’discover’ a China threat out there; it was cognitively constructed beforehand. 

That creates a self-fufilling prophecy
Al-Rodhan 2k7
~khalid, a critique of the china threat theory: a systematic analysis, asian perspective 31, 3, 41-66~

Methodologically, the "China threat" is a hypothesis about¶ the future.
AND
maritime¶ security in the Pacific, and the potential militarization of Japan.

Alternative: Vote negative to embrace the affirmative without the China Threat Thesis

Hoffmann 2k12
~Jeanne, unpacking images of china using causal layered analysis, Macquarie university, Australia, journal of future studies, 16(3):1-24, PhD Candidate – Political Science, March~

The transformation of China in the last thirty years has changed the world, and
AND
limited and potentially dangerous thinking and allow a new story of transformation to occur

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Martin Osborn

The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring that persons detained be released.

The counterplan is definitively competitive: we PIC out of the offer of civilian trials.  This makes it both textually and functionally competitive.

The US court system is racist at every step of the way.  Evidence collection, jury selection, the trial system itself – all of these components of the legal system are steeped in racism.  Putting prisoners through the trial system will NOT lead to reform – we need massive jarring shocks to the system which only the counterplan can solve.

Quigley 2010 (Bill, Legal Director @ Center for Constitutional Rights and Professor at Loyola New Orleans.  "Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-quigley/fourteen-examples-of-raci_b_658947.html)

The executive will redefine the law to get around the plan

Pollack 13
Norman Pollack 13, Prof of History @ MSU and PhD in History from Harvard, "Drones, Israel, and the Eclipse of Democracy, Counterpunch, 2/5, www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/05/drones-israel-and-the-eclipse-of-democracy/-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/05/drones-israel-and-the-eclipse-of-democracy/

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia BT | Judge: Woodward, Natalie

We must seek to understand imprisonment as a practice of social ordering that creates the conditions for US domination to exist

Dylan Rodriguez, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007
Kritika Kultura "AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:  STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON   TO BAGONG DIWA"  Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf)   

To consider the U.S. prison as a global practice of dominance,
AND
erratically) exceptional, but is simultaneously mobilized, proliferating, and global. 

We believe the American prison system, the logic of imprisonment, and its domestic support for neocolonial fascism, especially about issues related to immigration, should be abolished.

And, our advocacy should be understood as part of an intellectual struggle against the racialized practices that justify colonialism, imperialism, and fascism, and allow for the existence of the prison system.

NIKHIL SINGH 2006,
Professor of History at the University of Washington,
South Atlantic Quarterly "The Afterlife of fascism"

The philosopher Giorgio Agamben has most fully recognized and elucidated the relationship between the production
AND
new murderous divisions within humanity has today placed the entire world in danger.

Dehumanized thought at the root of the imprisonment mentality and the prison system results in impacts beyond calculation, outweighing anything the aff can claim

Berube 1997—Professor of communication at the University of Carolina, Director of Public Communication of Science and Technology, NSCU, David Berube "Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side" June-July

Unfortunately, societal views of human utility are fleeting. Cultural values are simply unfixed
AND
inevitable for every epoch has evil and dehumanization is evil’s most powerful weapon.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: WCSU AE | Judge: Jana White

We must seek to understand imprisonment as a practice of social ordering that creates the conditions for US domination to exist

Dylan Rodriguez, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007
Kritika Kultura "AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:  STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON   TO BAGONG DIWA"  Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf)   

To consider the U.S. prison as a global practice of dominance,
AND
erratically) exceptional, but is simultaneously mobilized, proliferating, and global. 

We believe the American prison system, the logic of imprisonment, and its domestic support for neocolonial fascism, especially about issues related to immigration, should be abolished.

Challenging the prison industrial complex can constellate struggles against all of modernity.

Rodriguez ’8
Dyland Rodriguez. Abolition Now21 2008. Page 9-10.

The¶ vast bulk¶ of¶ my¶ organizing¶ work¶ has¶
AND
piece¶ to¶ Critical¶ Resistance¶ that’s¶ most¶ important.

And, our advocacy should be understood as part of an intellectual struggle against the racialized practices that justify colonialism, imperialism, and fascism, and allow for the existence of the prison system.

NIKHIL SINGH 2006,
Professor of History at the University of Washington,
South Atlantic Quarterly "The Afterlife of fascism"

The philosopher Giorgio Agamben has most fully recognized and elucidated the relationship between the production
AND
new murderous divisions within humanity has today placed the entire world in danger.

Dehumanized thought at the root of the imprisonment mentality and the prison system results in impacts beyond calculation, outweighing anything the aff can claim

Berube 1997—Professor of communication at the University of Carolina, Director of Public Communication of Science and Technology, NSCU, David Berube "Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side" June-July

Unfortunately, societal views of human utility are fleeting. Cultural values are simply unfixed
AND
inevitable for every epoch has evil and dehumanization is evil’s most powerful weapon.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

The United States Federal Government should pass a concurrent Congressional resolution expressing Congressional support for restricting the President’s war powers authority for the introduction of United States armed forces without prior Congressional authorization, including but not limited to statutory mechanisms, and expressing the intent to remove funding if the executive continues to introduce United States armed forces without prior Congressional authorization.

It competes – it’s non-statutory

Swaine, 10
Associate Professor, George Washington University Law School (Edward, "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF YOUNGSTOWN" http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101726context=faculty_publications-http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101726context=faculty_publications) 

Furthermore, Justice Jackson’s framework also suggested that congressional will could be expressed non-
AND
but not presented to the President – would be even better indicia.108

The CP changes the allocation of authority without enforcing legal restrictions

Gersen and Posner, 8
Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law, The University of Chicago (Jacob and Eric, "Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice" 61 Stan. L. Rev. 573, lexis)

Soft statutes can also play an important role in the allocation of authority between Congress
AND
must both cooperate and compete, or as appeals to public opinion. n123

It avoids politics

Harvard Law Review, 11
("A CHEVRON FOR THE HOUSE AND SENATE: DEFERRING TO POST-ENACTMENT CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTIONS THAT INTERPRET AMBIGUOUS STATUTES" 124 Harv. L. Rev. 1507, April, lexis)

If Congress wishes to resolve a statutory ambiguity, it always has the option of
AND
interpretation must be "based on a permissible construction of the statute." n13

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

3) Voluntary compliance - the CP induces it to forestall the threat of binding restrictions

Gersen and Posner, 8
Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law, The University of Chicago (Jacob and Eric, "Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice" 61 Stan. L. Rev. 573, lexis)

II. How Does Soft Law Affect Behavior? We propose two main theories for
AND
surveys the relevant variables that affect the direction and magnitude of these tradeoffs.

4) Err neg – no conceptual difference between legal rules and non-binding rules because the executive ignores and re-interprets statutes.  Everything that effects the President is political – and the CP has the same political influence.

Posner and Vermeule, 10
*professor of law at the University of Chicago AND professor of law at Harvard (Eric and Adrian, The Executive Unbound, p. 61)

CONCLUSION¶ American government in the period 2001 to 2008 bears little resemblance to the
AND
constraints on executive government, but formal constitutional procedures are not their source.

5) Political climate – CP creates a political climate that causes the plan down the road

Harvard Law Review, 11
("A CHEVRON FOR THE HOUSE AND SENATE: DEFERRING TO POST-ENACTMENT CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTIONS THAT INTERPRET AMBIGUOUS STATUTES" 124 Harv. L. Rev. 1507, April, lexis)

Why a Congressional Resolution Deserves Deference Even for Agency-Administered Statutes As explained in
AND
imagined - thus spurring actual legislation, not just interpretations of existing statutes.

6) Credible signals - statutory restrictions involve institutional bargaining between Congress and the President.  The CP avoids this and sends more credible signals in authority disputes

- Also means its solves SOP because the President wouldn’t get involved to shape the policy
Gersen and Posner, 8
Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law, The University of Chicago (Jacob and Eric, "Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice" 61 Stan. L. Rev. 573, lexis)

Information about legislative preferences. Soft statutes can be better indicators of legislative intent than
AND
soft statute conveys better information about future political outputs than hard statutes do.

3) Tradeoff - statutory enactment costs consume docket time, energy and capital and tradeoff with the agenda

Harvard Law Review, 11
("A CHEVRON FOR THE HOUSE AND SENATE: DEFERRING TO POST-ENACTMENT CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTIONS THAT INTERPRET AMBIGUOUS STATUTES" 124 Harv. L. Rev. 1507, April, lexis)

One impediment to this outcome is that the costs of legislative enactment are frequently too
AND
, their interpretations may frequently diverge from what the political branches would adopt.

4) Bipartisan - Soft law constraints are bipartisan and avoid the formal legislative process

Bradley and Morrison, 12 

• William Van Alstyne Professor of Law, Duke Law School AND  Isidor and Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law, Columbia Law School (Curtis and Trevor, " Historical Gloss and the Separation of Powers" 126 Harv. L. Rev. 411, lexis)

In addition, Congress has a variety of "soft law" tools for monitoring
AND
No. 51 — at least not given the realities of modern government.

5) Involvement - soft law doesn’t require presidential involvement – it captures the signaling effects at a lower political cost

Gersen and Posner, 8
Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law, The University of Chicago (Jacob and Eric, "Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice" 61 Stan. L. Rev. 573, lexis)

C. Soft Law Versus Hard Law: Costs and Benefits There are two main
AND
of the soft law approach can produce benefits for Congress without offsetting costs.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: KU KS | Judge: Shae Bunas

A. Our interpretation is that the aff must specify judicial or statutory restrictions.

B. Violation: The aff doesn’t do that

C. Standards

• • 1. Ground – all of our DAs and solvency arguments are based off of either congressional or judicial restrictions. Not specifying makes getting links impossible since they could just shift out in the 2AC

2. Topic Education – One of the  main questions of the resolution is whether the courts of congress should institute restrictions – they rob us of that debate

3. No specification in the 2AC, already destroyed 1NC strategy, making it a voting issue is the only way to resolve our impacts, everything else is a post-hoc remedy. 

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston JJ | Judge: Sarah Topp
The United States Federal Government should enter into binding negotiations with the Russian Federation and offer to restrict the authority of the President of the United States to introduce nuclear weapons first into hostilities if the Russian Federation agrees to reciprocal changes in the role for its nuclear weapons arsenal.

Formal negotiations mean Russia says yes – they want reductions, but want them on paper
Christian Science Monitor, 2001 (Peter Grier, “Disarmament’s new look: fewer warheads, no treaty, “, 93:247, November 15)
We like the idea of massive weapons reductions, said Putin. But we like
AND
could sour. Why not hammer out a quick weapons-cut pact?  

Failure to engage Russia leads to backlash and turns case
Blank 2009 (Dr. Stephen Blank , Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, “Russia and Arms Control: Are There Opportunities for the Obama Administration?,” March, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=908) Bankey
For these reasons, even if one, like this author, is skeptical about
AND
reach a strategic impasse, the global situation as a whole deteriorates correspondingly.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

Restrictions on executive war powers DO NOTHING for the state of political legal exception we live in and only gives further justification for violent intervention on the basis of legality

Dyzenhaus 05 (David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, "Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?" Cardozo Law Review 27) 

Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by
AND
of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.

The alternative is to refuse to check the executive. Unchecked authority of the executive is necessary to respond to the exception.

Nagan and Haddad 12 (Winston and Aitza, "Sovereignty in Theory and Practice." San Diego International Law Journal 13)

Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have
AND
for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Dan Bagwell

SUBPOINT A – Univeralism effaces the us/them distinction to form a unified whole. This lack of distinctions causes global, genocidal war BECAUSE OF lashout

Reinhard 2k4
~Kenneth, Professor of Jewish Studies at UCLA, 2004, "Towards a Political Theology- Of the Neighbor," online: http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf-http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf~~

If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
AND
ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable" (PF 83).

And this results in extinction.

Schmitt ’63 (Carl. The Theory of the Partisan: A Commentary/Remark on the Theory of the Political. Trans. A. C. Goodson. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2004. 67.)

This means concretely that the supra-conventional weapon supposes¶ the supra-conventional
AND
opens the door for the work of annihilation of an absolute¶ enmity.

The affirmative purports to stand against war, but they do so in the name of humanity, security, rights and justice - They betray a universalism which can only result in imperialism and more war, turning the aff.

Rasch 2000 (William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

Schmitt would recognize these as the right questions to ask, would recognize them,
AND
was an unjust war, except of course that waged by the enemy?"

Legal standards are always shiftable and shifting, especially where they relate to war powers. They only transform a black hole into a gray hole.

Vermeule ’09 (Adrian, February, "Our Schmittian Administrative Law." Harvard Law Review 122)

4. Standards Versus Grey Holes. - A particular clarification about grey holes is
AND
banal liberal-legalist observations that administrative law contains standards and permits deference.

4. PERM IMPOSSIBLE- we must choose between universalization of values or recognition of enmity.

Moreiras 04 ~Director of European Studies at Duke, Alberto, "A God without Sovereignty. Political Jouissance. The Passive Decision", CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3, p. 79-80, Project MUSE~

The friend/enemy division is peculiar at the highest level, at the level
AND
an order of the political, the order produces its own political divisions.

4. The perm attempts to restrict the executive response to the exception, but concedes the existence of an exceptional circumstance. One cannot remain equivocal. This can only paper-over the exception to trigger the impacts.

Dysenhaus ’06 (David. The Constitution of Law: Legality in a Time of Emergency. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Page 179-180)

My point here is not that the majority were wrong to defer, but that
AND
there is an emergency and, if there is, of what kind.

5. The executive is the only actor who can act on the exception. The permutation usurps this power, and prevents any ability to respond to the exception.

Dysenhaus ’06 (David. The Constitution of Law: Legality in a Time of Emergency. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Page 34.)

In the opening line of his book Political Theology, Schmitt claimed that ’Sovereign is
AND
in more local emergency situations, the sovereign should play the same role.

6. The exception is not just an exception from the law, but from all natural laws and rationality. The attempt to combine the alt and the aff guarantees the exception is domesticated and feckless.

Ben-Archer ’09 (Noa. "Legal Holes." Unbound Harvard Journal of the Legal Left 5)

Schmitt used Bodin’s structural analogy to contest jurisprudential theories that compared law to the natural
AND
declare an exception is, according to Schmitt, the core of politics.

Claims that liberalism is preferable is merely a tool of the global neo-liberal elite to demonize state’s insisting on national sovereignty and independence.

Thorup ’06
Mikkel Thorup. In Defense of Enmity: Critiques of Liberal Globalism. Ph.D. Dissertation, Institute of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, University of Aarhus, Denmark. January 2006.

The main enemy of cosmopolitan globalization discourse is the nation state and its practitioners.
AND
be recognized as such. This humanist and globalist prerogative is exclusively Western.

Tournament: UTD | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Dartmouth MM | Judge: Sarah Spring, Alex Martel, Christ Stone

Authority must be explicit

Raven-Hansen 89
~Peter, Professor of Law, George Washington University National Law Center. "SPECIAL ISSUE: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION IN ITS THIRD CENTURY: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: DISTRIBUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY: NUCLEAR WAR POWERS" American Journal of International Law, 83 A.J.I.L. 786, Nexis~

The statutory argument against delegation rests on the War Powers Resolution. Section 8(
AND
to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of this joint resolution. n35  

FISA proves, the aff is not a restriction on authority

Red Harvest ’05
http://forums.totalwar.org/vb/archive/index.php/t-58212.html
FISA cannot restrict Presidential authority to conduct foreign intelligence, that is the point.
AND
seem to be implying that FISA is unconstitutional, without saying it directly.

B. 1. The aff is not a restriction of War powers authority—at best, it restricts a presidents executive privilege—which is an implied Executive power, not war powers authority

C. Limits. Their interp justifies restricting any presidential power as long as it relates, in some amorphous way to war powers. That explodes limits

Topic education. Their interp reduces depth of topic research.

D. Vote neg for fairness and education

Tournament: Wichita State | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTSA CR | Judge: Scott Elliot

Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so

Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
~David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4~
The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power. Authority, in the legal sense, concerns ¶ the right to do something. Power refers to the capability to do something. Part of the problems ¶ in the U.S. constitutional crisis over use of force abroad is that the president has the power to ¶ make war, and to obtain congressional deference most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress
Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions are court enforced interpretations of statutory restrictions

Barron ’08
David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 26 Martin S. Lederman,
Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, "THE
COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND
ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING," Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court
AND
preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.

Violation - The aff doesn’t restrict the authority of the President statutorily or judicially

2. Vote Negative:

A) Decisionmaking - a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

B) Switch-side - effective deliberation is crucial personal agency and is only possible when debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation – the impact is mass violence

Roberts-Miller 3
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

C) Dialogue – our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates making effective deliberation impossible which makes it impossible to be negative – voting issue for limits and ground

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Martin Osborn

A. The term substantial is too vague to be used in policy debates

Nagin, 2004
(Stephen E., Attorney for Respondents before the Federal Trade Comission: Basic Research, A.G. Waterhouse, Klein-Becker USA, Nutrasport, SÖVAGE DERMALOGIC LABORATORIES, Ban, Dennis Gay, Daniel B. Mowrey, "United states of America Before Federal Trade Commission," June 28, http://www.ftc.gov/os/adjpro/d9318/040628respmodefinitestmnt.pdf)
The Commission’s failure to define the term "substantial" when used in connection with  the phrase "fat loss" fails to inform Respondents of the nature and quality of the standard the  Commission intends to apply against them. Merely using this subjective and relative term,  without an adequate benchmark provides no guidance as to what the Commission contends is objectionable and does not adequately notify Respondents of the acts of which they stand  accused. By way of analogy, the term "substantial portion" of a fetal body in the context of  "partial-birth" abortion statutes has been declared unconstitutional, as applied. Carhart, M.D. v.  Steinberg, 11 F.Supp.2d 1099, 1131 (D. Nebraska 1998) ("While vaginal delivery of an arm or  leg is a ’substantial portion’ of a fetal body, it is unclear what more the term ’substantial portion’  may mean. Every doctor who testified, including the defense experts, stated that they did not  understand the outer limits of the term or the term could be interpreted in vastly different ways  by fair-minded people."); Richmond Medical Center For Women v. Gilmore, 55 F.Supp.2d 441,  498 (E.D. Va. 1999) (~citing Carhart~ "…Nebraska’s law was void for vagueness because, and  only because, ’the words ’substantial portion’ are so vague as to be meaningless to doctors, lay people and prosecutors alike.’").

b. this is a voting issue

1. ground – it’s impossible to know what the plan means

2. no solvency – Nagin says the plan would be declared unconstitutional and congress can’t override the courts.

3. 2AC clarification is a voting issue – it’s a post hoc rationalization intended only to moot our 1NC offense.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

Targeted killings are directed at specific persons

Alston 2011
~Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. and#34;ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Bordersand#34; Harvard National Security Journal, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, Nexis

In a targeted killing, the specific goal of the operation is to use lethal
AND
specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46

Precision is key to topic education

Anderson 2011
~Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University; and Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution. and#34;Inside Executive Branch Policy-Making on Drone Strikesand#34; The Volokh Conspiracy, Nexis~

A crucial distinction - one first made public, so far as I know,
AND
senior official said. and#34;There are just more people in the car.and#34;

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

AND, our interp allows a fair number of affs—sniper shots, poison letters, personality drone attacks, specific commando raids—while their interp allows reckless killings, non-premeditated attacks, and collateral damage affs AND our definition is precise and intuitive

Abresch 9
(William, 2009, and#34;Targeted Killing in International Lawand#34; book review, original book by Nils Melzer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/449.full-http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/449.full)

Studies of targeted killing are often situated within the politically fraught debate over Hellfire missile
AND
the implications of the lex lata for the practices covered by his definition.

Our evidence is qualitatively better on this issue AND the personality/signature strike distinction is the crucial to topic education—targeted killing is about counterterrorism, signature strikes is about counterinsurgency. Our ev is more precise AND their interp also adds another set of affs—restrict the type of aircraft that can strike

Anderson 2011
~Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University; and Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution. and#34;Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and and#34;Signatureand#34; Attacks on Taliban Fightersand#34; http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/~~

From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
will not tell one very much without knowing what mission is at issue.

Vote neg —- signature strikes and targeted killings are distinct operations with entirely separate lit bases and advantages—-they kill precision and limits

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, and#34;Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare,and#34; Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124
Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the
AND
than individualized and#34;high valueand#34; targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.

They conflate overall drone strategy and tareted killings

Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, and#34;The Case for Drones,and#34; Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6

This feature of Predators and Reapers — the two forms of drones really at issue
AND
by the work to keep a high-speed jet in the air.

plan restricts the authority to enact targeted killings AND targeting on suspicion- topical version of the plan limits the restriction to personality strikes

Barela 2013
~Steven J., Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Faculty of Law, University of Geneva, and#34;Book Reviews: Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical Worldand#34; Journal of International Criminal Justice, J Int Criminal Justice (2013) 11 (1): 277, Nexis~

The concluding point here is not a critique of this book specifically, but rather
AND
suspicion, rather than applying the more conventional term of ?targeted killing?.

Tournament: Wichita State | Round: 2 | Opponent: KU KS | Judge: Richard Tews

TPA will pass-strong bipartisan support

The White House Bulletin 1/15/14
HEADLINE: Business Roundtable Leaders See Strong Support For Trade Promotion Authority

Randall Stephenson, chairman and CEO of AT26T and chairman of the Business
AND
Europe and Asia would have similar effects. - Bulletin exclusive from US News

Obama is pushing and his push Is key

The Hill 1/21  Obama: Give me fast track trade, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/195858-white-house-works-to-convince-dems-to-give-obama-fast-track-on-trade~~23SPS

The White House is making a major push to convince Congress to give the president
AND
White House carries the weight on this," one senior House aide said.

The plan causes an inter-branch fight – saps PC and derails his agenda

Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Bill Key to Trade

Watson 1/15 William, trade policy analyst with Cato’s Herbert A Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies. His research focuses on U.S. trade remedy policies, disguised protectionism, and the institutional aspects of global trade liberalization, What to Look for in the Upcoming Trade Policy Debate, http://www.cato.org/blog/what-look-upcoming-trade-policy-debate~~23SPS
The most important piece of trade legislation Congress has dealt with in years was introduced
AND
included in the new bill are not as bad as I had feared.

Free trade prevents multiple scenarios for world war and WMD Terrorism

Panzner 2008 
Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase "Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse," pg. 136-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: USC PV | Judge: 

Targeted killing’s vital to counterterrorism—-disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible

Byman 2013
(Daniel L., Research Director of Saban Center for Middle East Policy, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman-http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman)

The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According
AND
forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders.

Constraining targeted killing’s role in the war on terror causes extinction

Beres 11
Louis Rene Beres 11, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 2011, "After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 93

Even after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden, we are
AND
that it could represent distinctly, even especially, law-enforcing behavior.
For this to be the case, a number of particular conditions would need to
AND
populations than would all of the alternative forms of anticipatory self-defense.
Such an argument may appear manipulative and dangerous; permitting states to engage in what
AND
, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.

Nuclear terrorism is feasible - high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Dvorkin 12
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html

Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 4 | Opponent: UCO FH | Judge: Brian Box

Targeted killing’s vital to counterterrorism—-disrupts leadership and makes carrying out attacks impossible

Byman 2013
(Daniel L., Research Director of Saban Center for Middle East Policy, "Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice", Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman-http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman)

The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According
AND
forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders.

Ex ante judicial review makes effective drone ops impossible—-even limiting the court to vetting names in advance compromises the timelines of operations

Oliphant 12
James Oliphant 13, Deputy Editor, the National Journal, J.D. from the Ohio State University Morrill College of Law, 5/30/13, "Vetting the Kill List," National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404

Civil libertarians and even hawks such as former Rep. Jane Harman of California,
AND
, because approving surveillance is related to Fourth Amendment protections on search warrants.

Constraining targeted killing’s role in the war on terror causes extinction

Beres 11
Louis Rene Beres 11, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 2011, "After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 93

Even after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden, we are
AND
that it could represent distinctly, even especially, law-enforcing behavior.
For this to be the case, a number of particular conditions would need to
AND
populations than would all of the alternative forms of anticipatory self-defense.
Such an argument may appear manipulative and dangerous; permitting states to engage in what
AND
, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publically establish transparency standards outlining its legal rationale for its target killing policy, including the standards and procedures for target selection.

CP resolves drone legitimacy and resentment

Daskal 13
Jennifer Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE and#34;HOTand#34; CONFLICT ZONE, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165

4. Procedural Requirements¶ Currently, officials in the executive branch carry out all
AND
and would promote better accounting of the civilian costs of targeting operations. n198

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison ML | Judge: Brian Box

1 – Education – core topic education is not whether to restrict, but who does it – discussing implementation is key

Elmore 80
Prof. Public Affairs at University of Washington, PolySci Quarterly 79-80, p. 605, 1980

The emergence of implementation as a subject for policy analysis coincides closely with the discovery
AND
10 percent, leaving the remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: Mike Kearney

CIR will pass now BUT it will be really close

Wilkinson 11/1 (Francis Wilkinson is a member of the Bloomberg View editorial board, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-01/republicans-will-pass-immigration-reform-soon-.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-01/republicans-will-pass-immigration-reform-soon-.html, "Republicans Will Pass Immigration Reform. Soon.", AB)

Republicans Will Pass Immigration Reform. Soon. Three Republicans signed on to the House
AND
question is when, exactly, they will start scrambling for the lifeboats.

The plan causes an inter-branch fight – saps PC and derails his agenda

Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena

Political capital AND focus is key

Wilson 10-17
(Scott and Juliet, Washington Post, 10-17-13, "Obama to refocus on key aspects of agenda," Lexis, accessed 10-18-13, BS)

New York University public service professor Paul C. Light is pessimistic that Obama can
AND
got to focus your attention and where you could spend your political capital."

Immigration reform is key to the economy

Krudy 13
(Edward, "Analysis: Immigration reform could boost U.S. economic growth" Jan 29, 2013, Reuters)

The sluggish U.S. economy could get a lift if President Barack Obama
AND
system doesn’t seem to work for anyone," Chipotle spokesman Chris Arnold said.

Collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
AND
and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wichita State MO | Judge: Rao Ravi

THEIR cede the political theory ROMANTIciZES THE WESTERN POLITICAL TRADITION ABANDONING THE VICTIMS OF THE HISTORICAL VIOLENCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC culture WHICH IS THE CAUSE OF DEPOLITICIZION; the plan straight turns their anti-poltics impacts.

CHAPUT 2K2
~CATHERINE, ass. Prof Rhetoric and Politics@ UNR, REVIEW OF CARL BOGGS’ THE END OF POLITICS", WORKPLACE, 7:1, LOUISVILLE.EDU,~
Before proceeding, it will be helpful to review the major terms of this argument
AND
connections between the spread of democracy and the expansion of the capitalist marketplace.
?

CALLING ON THE LEFT TO ENGAGE IN A CONTEST TO WREST POWER FROM THE RIGHT ONLY REINSTANTIATES THE ANTI-BLACK SEMIOTIC FIELD OF CIVIL SOCIETY. The only alternative is unflinching paradigmatic rejection of civil society.

Wilderson 2003 Wilderson, PHD Rhetoric, Berkeley, Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003
It is true that Gramsci acknowledges no organic division between political  society and civil society
AND
and answered the  question, ’What does it mean to suffer?’
And that grammar is organised around  the categories of exploitation (unfair labour relations or
AND
the record — which means they contain  the seeds of anti-blackness.  

The US court system is racist at every step of the way.  Evidence collection, jury selection, the trial system itself – all of these components of the legal system are steeped in racism.  Putting prisoners through the trial system will NOT lead to reform – we need massive jarring shocks to the system which only the counterplan can solve.

Quigley 2010 (Bill, Legal Director @ Center for Constitutional Rights and Professor at Loyola New Orleans.  "Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-quigley/fourteen-examples-of-raci_b_658947.html)
The biggest crime in the U.S. criminal justice system is that it
AND
Nothing short of a major social movement can dismantle this new caste system."

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: CSU FG | Judge: 

Plan: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to adopt the presumption that cyberattacks will be carried out under the covert action statute.  The President of the United States should issue a declaratory policy stating that the United States will not deploy offensive cyber operations first.

Making the covert action regime the presumptive framework for cyberattacks restricts presidential authority, facilitates agency cooperation and oversight, and ensures constitutional legitimacy of future attacks

Brecher 12 – J.D. candidate @ University of Michigan 
Aaron, Law Clerk, U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, "Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations" 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423 (December)

III. Enacting the Covert Action Regime as Presumptive via Executive Order¶ Cyberattacks present
AND
without unduly restricting the executive’s choice to use military authorities in appropriate circumstances.

Declaratory policy solves

Singer and Wright 13
Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative @ Brookings and fellow @ Managing Global Order project. Peter W. and Thomas, "Obama, own your secret wars" ~http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/obama-secret-wars-article-1.1265620~~ February 17 

Irony pervades President Obama’s place in foreign policy today. He won the Nobel Peace
AND
shaping not just the next four years but the actions of future administrations.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston MT | Judge: Matthew Moore

The President of the United States should issue a presidential directive announcing that the United States will not introduce nuclear weapons forces first into hostilities.

Solves the case

Rebeccah Heinrichs and Baker Spring 11-30-2012; Rebeccah Heinrichs is a Visiting Fellow and Baker Spring is F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. "Deterrence and Nuclear Targeting in the 21st Century"
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/11/deterrence-and-nuclear-targeting-in-the-21st-century-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/11/deterrence-and-nuclear-targeting-in-the-21st-century

Principles for Contemporary Targeting Policy Nuclear targeting policy is ultimately established through presidential guidance,
AND
damage to U.S. national security if it is conceptually flawed.