Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wichita State MR | Judge: Joel Reed

1NC

"Observation" PIC

Text: we affirm the entirety of the 1AC minus the word "observation."

The aff’s visual metaphor entrenches the patriarchal gaze. Cp uses dialogue as an aural metaphor – this is key to change the patriarchal nature of the legal system.

Hibbits 94
Professor Bernard J. Hibbitts, professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, 1994 Making Sense of Metaphors Visuality, Aurality, And The Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm-http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm

It may be argued that the extent of their involvement with written material has led
AND
of the nineteenth century230-has been a prime guarantor of patriarchal power.

Anthro K

Their impact claims signal a valuing of the survival of the human good life above all other forms of life.  That abandons bare life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

If only some of our genes but not our species has survived, maybe the
AND
the drives, motivations and thoughts that led to the Holocaust for example?

That legitimizes genocide against all forms of politically unqualified life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is to reject the 1AC’s human survival ethic in order to understand the species-being – solves their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Warfighting DA

Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms

Posner 9/3
(Eric, Law Prof at University of Chicago, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

The plan causes countries to doubt the credibility of our threats – collapses security guarantees and deterrence – causes nuclear war

Zeisberg 4
(MARIAH ZEISBERG, Research Fellow, The Political Theory Project, Department of Political Science, "INTERBRANCH CONFLICT AND CONSTITUTIONAL MAINTENANCE: THE CASE OF WAR POWERS" SEPTEMBER 22, 2004, KB)

The first significant argument of pro-Presidency insularists is that flexibility is a prime
AND
do seemed to me to outweigh the little good that might ultimately accrue." 

Case

They are fundamentally wrong—gendered binaries don’t organize the world

Hooper 1
 Charlotte (University of Bristol research associate in politics), Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics pp 45-46. 

Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993), in their discussion of  gendered dichotomies
AND
it as performing only an ideological or propagandistic role is also too simplistic.  

Feminist explanations of international violence are too broad to be theoretically useful–realism is the only alternative

LIND 2005 (Michael, Executive Editor of the National Interest, "Of Arms and the Woman," Jan 20, http://feminism.eserver.org/of-arms-and-the-woman.txt)
Though realist theory can survive, and perhaps even accommodate, many of the arguments
AND
of everything, and a theory of everything is usually not very much.

The idea that patriarchy is the root cause of all impacts is reductionist – it ignores other forms of oppression and makes causal reasoning impossible

Crenshaw 2002 ~Carrie Crenshaw PhD, Former President of CEDA, "Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from Contemporary Argumentation and Debate" 2002 p. 119-126~

Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate. Increasingly
AND
us to surrender our responsibility to evaluate rhetorical proof for complex causal relationships.

Patriarchy doesn’t cause war- links between the two are symptoms and not causes of war

Brian Martin, professor of social sciences at the University of Wollongong (Australia), 1990
~"Uprooting War", London Freedom Press, 1984, Revised 1990, available online at http://www.uow.edu.au/~~bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw10.html, accessed July 7, 2010Thur~

While these connections between war and male domination are suggestive, they do not amount
AND
the state and bureaucracy, as well as between patriarchy and the military. 

Feminist international relations recreate the oppressive structures they seek to dismantle by assigning and categorizing gender.

Maria Stern and Marysia Zalewski. 2009. Lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg university; Director of Centre for Gender Studies at university of Aberdeen. "Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization" Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journals)
In this section we clarify what we mean by the problem of sexgender and how
AND
and preventing) conflict, or simply into hopeful scenarios for our students. 

War turns gender, not the other way around

Joshua Goldstein 1, Professor of Int’l Relations, American University, War and Gender, p. 412, google books
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Conflating sexual difference and patriarchy ontologizes sexual difference, obscuring women’s complicity in gender violence

Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, 2005. PhD Interdisciplinary Women and Gender Studies, "Beyond Determinism: The Phenomenology of African Female Existence," http://www.feministafrica.org/fa202/02-2003/bibi.html~~
Despite the contributions to understanding oppressive power relations made by theorists who focus emphatically on
AND
female genital mutilation, which is both defended and practised by many women.

This essentialism of sexual identity makes true resistance to patriarchy impossible

Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, 2005 ,PhD Interdisciplinary Women and Gender Studies, "Beyond Determinism: The Phenomenology of African Female Existence," http://www.feministafrica.org/fa202/02-2003/bibi.html ACCESSED 8-3-07~
An emphasis on crushing patriarchal dominance can also lead us to ignore women’s power and
AND
fixed positions in inevitable hierarchies, but stresses transformation and productive forms of contesta

All lives are infinitely valuable, the only ethical option is to maximize the number saved

Cummisky, 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 131)

Finally, even if one grants that saving two persons with dignity cannot outweigh and
AND
conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.*

Feminist criticism is too insular and self-referential—its methodology is suspect because it excludes all perspectives not from the margins

Jarvis 2000, lecturer in the Department of Government and International Relations, Faculty at University of Sydney, (D.S.L, 

International relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, pg. 160-162) pont
Critical research agendas of this type, however, are not found easily in International
AND
, and dismissive of alternative perspectives as mainstream approaches are accused of being.

Block

My computer deleted the speech doc for the 2NC this round… sorry ? All of the cards that were read should be elsewhere on our wiki, though.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 4 | Opponent: UTSA CM | Judge: Natalie Woodward

1NC

Framework

1. Interpretation: The role of the ballot is to determine if the enactment of a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive option. The 1ac must read and defend the implementation of such a topical plan.

2. Violation:

A) "Resolved" implies a policy or legislative decision – means they must be resolved about a future federal government policy

Parcher 1
Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
very terms ’affirmative’ and ’negative’ support my view. One affirms a resolution. 

B) USFG is the national government in DC

Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2k 
(http://encarta.msn.com)

"The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC"

C) Should means there is a practical reason for action

WordNet in ’97 
Princeton University, 1.6

Should v 1 : be expected to: "Parties should be fun" 2 : expresses an emotional, practical, or other reason for doing something: "You had better put on warm clothes"; "You should call your mother-in-law"; "The State ought to repair bridges" ~syn: had better, ought~

3. Vote Negative:

A) Decisionmaking - a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Switch-side is key - effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation – the impact is mass violence

Roberts-Miller 3
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Decision-making outweighs – it’s the most portable skill - key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems

Lundberg 10
(Christian O., Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill  "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311)

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.   

Anthro K

The 1AC ignores that racism is merely one amongst many tools of axiological anthropocentrism whereby violence can always be justified when applied to racially inferior groups. Only a critique which focuses on rejecting subhuman thinking can contest the myriad forms of racism.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

While the intersection of race and gender is often acknowledged in understanding the etiology of
AND
, sex, culture and species that lays the foundation for the violence. 

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to REJECT THE HUMAN/ANIMAL DIVIDE. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Case

The affirmative’s advocacy of mestizaje whitewashes a complicated social phenomena as a liberatory practice. Victor Valle and Rodolfo Torres write

 "In Latin America the genetic and cultural dialogue between the descendants of Europe, Africa, Asia, and the hemisphere’s indigenous populations has been expressed in discourses reflecting and responding to a host of concrete national circumstances. In some cases, mestizaje has risen to the level of a truly critical counter-discourse of revolutionary aspirations, while at other times it has been co-opted by the state." 

Mestiza describes the state of culture in Latin and South America, and in fact all of the world, today. It describes the cultural condition of people with both native and European heritage, and emphasizes their role in the larger culture, in opposition to a distinct, separate indigenous identity. This can only proceed by ignoring the history and ongoing fact that the lands that belong to Native Americans remain a distinct and stigmatized group, that native land is still under control of White Supremacy. Dylan Rodriguez notes that "

Variable, overlapping, and mutually constituting white supremacist regimes have in fact been fundamental
AND
, and the domestic-to-global prison)" (Rodriguez 2007).

Let’s be clear we are not isolating certain people when we say "white supremacy". Rodriguez further clarifies that

"white supremacy may be understood as a logic of social organization that produces regimented
AND
-white) sub- or non-human" (Rodriguez 2007). 

The effects of this hierarchy are still most plainly seen in Native American Communities, particularly in the academy. Sandy Grande writes:

"The trauma of struggling against colonialism in a postcolonial zeitgeist manifests most acutely in
AND
and the centrality of indigenous knowledge and language programs to underscore their mandate."   

This is particularly relelvant when considering notions of border-crossing which calls on individuals to take up fluid identities. Grande furthers:

"As students learn to navigate the plurality of difference, it is equally important
AND
to no protection against the colonialist forces of cultural encroachment and capitalist commodification." 

Particularly on a topic about immigration, it is irresponsible for us not to note the affects of the European immigration to the Americas or the only US natives who have been continually forced from their homes and made to migrate against their will. Given the unique position held by native Americans, any advocacy must consider the way indigenous people are folded into it. Mestiza is not a positive description of identity, rather, it is a negative description: neither indigenous nor European. It asks people to give up any identification they hold and embrace the wider, indeterminate culture. In a society where everyone is Mestiza, this is nothing but a call to give up any claims to indigenous identity, give up claims to land, and forgive the history and on-going genocide of native peoples. Their own author says that mestizaje can be a liberatory tool or an instrument of state co-optation. Grande explains that this is exactly the case where it’s the later:

"In summary, insofar as American Indian identities continue to be defined and shaped
AND
bloody battle to absorb their existence into the master narrative of the mestizo." 

In fact, the affirmative’s championing of mestiza identity is based on an understanding of cultural transformation rooted in privilege. For indigenous groups, the notion of cultural transformation can be nothing but destruction of culture, and Hale explains that:

"When (cultural) transformation is conflated with loss . . . the collective
AND
for those who would not." (Hale, 2000. Page 269)

So what then is the role of the debater in this particular debate round? What is the role of the critic? These issues are directly tied to the role of scholarship and the academy. What is the role of the scholar? Currently we see that the academy has a very specific purpose, and is far from neutral on the issues noted before. Devon Mihesuah writes that

"the academy has much invested in maintaining control over who defines knowledge, who
AND
peoples while subjugating their subjects of study" (Mihesuah and Wilson 2004).

Because of the role the academy occupies today we are not afforded the luxury of self-referential politics and indulgent theory that the 1AC proclaims to be a part of. For us scholarship today has to be directed very specifically at refusing and interrupting colonialism. The affirmative plays no part in this exercise. We have a first priority as debaters and scholars, Sandy Grande notes that

"centuries of ’rhetorical imperialism’ committed by ’mainstream’ scholars pressures indigenous scholars to concentrate their research efforts on their own communities. In this context, restorative projects that affirm and sustain the value of indigenous languages, cultural knowledge, and intellectual history are a first priority. Against such immediate needs, engagement in abstract theory seems indulgent – a luxury and privilege of the academic elite. Further, theory itself is viewed as definitively Eurocentric" (Grande 2004, 2).

Churchill continues by saying that

"if scholarship itself is to have any positive and constructive meaning. Scholarship is never neutral or objective, it always works either for the psychopath or against him, to mystify sociocultural reality or to decode it, to make corrective action possible or to prevent it" (Churchill 1996, 15).

In rounds like this, where the 1AC was a 9 minute long permutation, you must call into question the permutation or normal standards of competition. The affirmative in this case should not merely be allowed to say debate’s latest 4 letter word and wish away the negative strategy. Under an alternate standard of competition the idea of the perm should be suspect to you. We propose in this debate that there be an alternate standard of competition in light of the 1AC. Our framework for this debate is that the ballot should represent who best advances the liberation of the oppressed. Our advocacy uses our privilege in this space to expose and confront the practices of colonialism. We apprehend and reject the logic of imperialism that thrives throughout these academic walls. This is what you vote for when you vote negative. Voting affirmative does not give you this ability given the necessity of stasis and borders to allow indigenous people to assert their identities. Grande explains:

"The fact that nearly two-thirds of American Indians remain closely tied to
AND
real and metaphoric spaces differentiating Indian Country from the rest of Whitestream America." 

Our argument is simple, we are compelled by the contemporary state of affairs to respond to the imperialism of the status quo and the past five hundred years. The affirmative’s strategy is one rooted in privilege, which can not address the specific concerns of those people upon whose land we stand today. Vote negative to challenge the fluidity of identity, to reassert the boundaries of minorities communities, and to protect those communities from cultural encroachment.

statistics from:
http://www.nativevillage.org/Messages20from20the20People/Population20statistics.htm
http://www.sprc.org/library/ai.an.facts.pdf-http://www.sprc.org/library/ai.an.facts.pdf.
Churchill, Ward. A Native Son, 1996.
Friedberg, Lilian. The American Indian Quarterly 24.3 (2000).
Grande, Sandy. Red Pedagogy, isbn: 0742518299, 2004.
Mihesuah and Wilson, Devon and Angela. Indigenizing the Academy.
Rodriguez, Dylan, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007, Kritika Kultura "AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:  STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON  TO BAGONG DIWA"  Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf

2NC

Anthro K

Problematizing the middle passage and human slavery ignores that these tools were not produced and then simply applied to a racial group of humans to force their migration but instead were first the means of dominating nonhumans. We must begin with this hidden foundation of species violence.

HEYDT 2K10 ~samantha, american abattoirs, December 20th, http://samheydt.wordpress.com/2010/12/20/224/-http://samheydt.wordpress.com/2010/12/20/224/, BA Communications New School and Universitat van Amsterdam ~

The American abattoir paved the road to Auschwitz. The industrialization of death developed at
AND
has only advanced, while the notion of ’human’ remains increasingly obscured. 

The discursive construct of dehumanization/the subhuman operationalizes global speciest, gendered, racialized, and economic violence. We need to refuse the attempt to partially include groups into the concept of human and instead reject humanizing discourse because it merely displaces the violence of the 1ac impact scenarios onto whom-ever is considered nonhuman.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

The category of the ’subhuman’ is inherent in global gendered, racialized and economic
AND
and maintenance of the figure of the subhuman undermines anti-violence agendas. 

Perm links more: it attempts to direct criticism towards politics conducted in the name of a life which excludes bare life in favor of the voice of the citizen, the politically qualified. This excludes bare life and establishes a realm beyond of the markers of the "political" in which to conduct genocidal violence against exceptional beings.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

The rise of environmentalism, deep ecology, and animal rights can be seen as
AND
killed, is marked by the difference between the human and the animal.

And, anthropocentric discourse and tropes cause racial criminalization and stigma faster than it can be recognized. That means our internal link is triggered at a level which your solvency mechanism has no risk of capturing by contrast to our alt which can arguably solve a proximate cause of racism.

Stanford University 2k8 ~February 7). Discrimination Against Blacks Linked To Dehumanization, Study Finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 25, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­/releases/2008/02/080207163811.htm-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207163811.htm~~

ScienceDaily (Feb. 7, 2008) — Crude historical depictions of African Americans
AND
executed by the state than those who are not," the researchers write.

The affirmative’s impact calculus sets aside endless genocides in order to continue faith in reforming their brand of humanism. Instead we must think along utopian anti-humanist calls for species-equality which requires a negation of their humanism.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Putting aside the old, false assumptions of a teleological account of history, social
AND
negate and limit the old modern humanism by a radical anti-humanism. 

ANTHRPOCENTRIC COMMUNICATION OF ATTEMPTS TO MINIMIZE VIOLENCE FAIL – ONLY CONFRONTING THE ANTHROPOCENTRIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORDERING OF VIOLENCE CAN SOLVE.

Coward 6  
(Senior Lecturer in International Politics at Newcastle University 2006 Martin Against Anthropocentrism Review of International Studies 32.3 Cambridge Journals Online)

Whilst it is common to embark upon investigation of the nature of political violence out
AND
tool for examination of the violences that confront us in the contemporary era.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 5 | Opponent: Missouri State HM | Judge: Brian Box

1NC

Schmitt K

Restrictions on executive war powers DO NOTHING for the state of political legal exception we live in and only gives further justification for violent intervention on the basis of legality

Dyzenhaus 05
(David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, "Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?" Cardozo Law Review 27) 

Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by
AND
of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.

Our alternative is to recognize the necessity of the opposition. Sovereignty necessarily functions in exception to the law. This exception is necessary to avoid the universal violence of the Law and the affirmative.

Rasch 2k
(William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

It is not difficult to see that the polemical elevation of sovereignty over the rule
AND
Politics exists, in other words, because the just society does not.

This requires the unchecked authority of the executive to respond to the exception.

Nagan and Haddad 12
(Winston and Aitza, "Sovereignty in Theory and Practice." San Diego International Law Journal 13)

Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have
AND
for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.

Warfighting DA

Executive flexibility on detention powers now

Tomatz 13
Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston,  J
AND
ON ENEMY DETENTION," 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1 

President Obama signed the NDAA "despite having serious reservations with certain provisions that regulate
AND
about known and hidden dangers, and preventing terrorists from continuing the fight.

Judicial review of foreign policy decks the executive flexibility necessary to solve prolif, terror, and the rise of hostile powers—-link threshold is low

Blomquist 10
Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881

Supreme Court Justices—along with legal advocates—need to conceptualize and prioritize big
AND
," n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.

Prolif causes extinction

Horowitz 9
Professor of Political Science @ University of Pennsylvania ~Michael Horowitz (Former Emory debater and NDT Champion), "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 53 Number 2, April 2009 pg. 234-257~

Learning as states gain experience with nuclear weapons is complicated. While to  some extent
AND
to find themselves in disputes with resolved adversaries that will reciprocate militarized challenges. 

Uighurs DA

The aff releases Uighurs – they’ll be forced to return to China

Talmadge ’13
Eric Talmadge. "In China’s Shadow, Guantanamo’s former Uighur captives languish on Palau." Miami Herald. 3/17/13.  http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/03/17/3291352/in-chinas-shadow-guantanamos-former.html.

Both the men and Palau’s president say pressure from China, which says they are
AND
remain in custody at the U.S. Navy prison in Cuba.

That destroys international support throughout central Asia – makes checking Chinese expansion impossible

Poucher ’13
Julie Poucher Harbin (Editor ISLAMiCommentary). "Rebiya Kadeer: American Grand Strategy Should Care about the Uyghurs." ISLAMiCommentary. March 12, 2013.  http://islamicommentary.org/2013/03/rebiya-kadeer-american-grand-strategy-should-care-about-the-uyghurs/.

The United States, in both the former Bush Administration and current Obama Administration,
AND
, which is based on repression and opportunity for only the well connected.

Unchecked Chinese expansion triggers multiple conflicts

Colby 11
 Elbridge Colby, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, served as policy advisor to the Secretary of Defense’s Representative to the New START talks, expert advisor to the Congressional Strategic Posture Commission, August 10, 2011, "Why the U.S. Needs its Liberal Empire," The Diplomat, online: http://the-diplomat.com/2011/08/10/why-us-needs-its-liberal-empire/2/?print=yes-http://the-diplomat.com/2011/08/10/why-us-needs-its-liberal-empire/2/?print=yes

But the pendulum shouldn’t be allowed to swing too far toward an incautious retrenchment.
AND
but appropriately restrained military posture will enable rather than detract from such engagement. 

Those conflicts go nuclear

Landy 2k
 National Security Expert @ Knight Ridder, 3/10 ¶ (Jonathan, Knight Ridder, lexis)

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled 24600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.

Legitimacy Advantage

MULTIPLE ALT CAUSES

Torture

Hilde 9 
Thomas Hilde 09, professor at the University of Maryland School of Public Policy, "Beyond Guantanamo. Restoring U.S. Credibility on Human Rights," Heinrich Böll Foundation, http://www.boell.org/downloads/hbf_Beyond_Guantanamo_Thomas_Hilde(2).pdf-http://www.boell.org/downloads/hbf_Beyond_Guantanamo_Thomas_Hilde(2).pdf

Beginning at least in 2002, the United States created and developed a policy instituting
AND
political standing, of credibility, trust, and legitimacy in international society.

Drones—-our evidences is comparative

Holmes 13
Stephen Holmes 13, the Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, July 2013, "What’s in it for Obama?," The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama-http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama

On the basis of undisclosed evidence, evaluated in unspecified procedures by rotating personnel with
AND
killing of innocent Muslims falls within America’s commodious concept of a just war.
The rage such strikes incite will be all the greater if onlookers believe, as
AND
, represents a worsening not an improvement of America’s image in the world.

Legitimacy’s inevitable and not key to heg

Brooks and Wohlforth, 9
(Stephen Brooks and William Wohlforth, both are professors of Government at Dartmouth, "Reshaping the world order: how Washington should reform international institutions," Foreign Affairs, March-April)

FOR ANALYSTS such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Kissinger, the key reason for skepticism
AND
UnitedStates today has the necessary legitimacy to shepherd reform of the international system. 

No climate multilateralism — nationalism ensures gridlock

Held 13 
David Held 13, Professor of Politics and International Relations, at the University of Durham AND Thomas Hale, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University AND Kevin Young, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, 5/24/13, "Gridlock: the growing breakdown of global cooperation," http://www.opendemocracy.net/thomas-hale-david-held-kevin-young/gridlock-growing-breakdown-of-global-cooperation-http://www.opendemocracy.net/thomas-hale-david-held-kevin-young/gridlock-growing-breakdown-of-global-cooperation

Gridlock exists across a range of different areas in global governance today, from security
AND
gridlock and the continuing failure to address global collective action problems appears likely.

Multilateralism can’t stop conflict—4 reasons

Bordachev 6/30 
(Timofei, Doctor of Political Science, is the Director of the Center for Comprehensive International and European Studies at the Higher School of Economics, "Political Tsunami Hits Hard," 2013, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/Political-Tsunami-Hits-Hard-16054)

The financial crisis in the United States, which in 2008 went global, and
AND
community has no other means to prevent the emergence or escalation of conflicts.

Terrorism Advantage

Terrorism is no longer a threat

Merica et al. 7/19
(Dan, reporter for CNN, and Elise Labott and Shirley Henry, from the Aspen Security Forum, 7/19/2013, CNN, "Is terrorism still a threat to American Families?" http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/19/is-terrorism-still-a-threat-to-american-families/-http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/19/is-terrorism-still-a-threat-to-american-families/, accessed 8/24/2013, BS)

After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, a
AND
this is a national disaster, I don’t get it," he said.

Moving terrorist proceedings to civilian courts gives away intel that enables attacks

Mukasey 2009
(Michael B. Mukasey, attorney general of the United States from 2007 to 2009, October 19, 2009, "Civilian Courts Are No Place to Try Terrorists," WSJ, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704107204574475300052267212.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704107204574475300052267212.html) 

Moreover, the rules for conducting criminal trials in federal courts have been fashioned to
AND
vetting topics in closed sessions before they can be presented in open ones. 

Detention is key to solve terror—can’t successfully prosecute them

Walen 2011
(Alec, Professor of Law at Rutgers School of Law, June 22, "A Unified Theory of Detention, With Application to Preventitive Detention for Suspected Terrorists", Maryland Law Review, No. 4, V 70, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=346626context=mlr, NOTE: ST=Suspected Terrorist, LTPD=long-term preventive detention)

A more legitimate concern is that it may be particularly difficult to bring a successful
AND
.S. persons until October 2001 and December 2004, respectively." 77

Guantanamo doesn’t increase recruitment – they’re more concerned with climate change and anti-Muslim conspiracies

Joscelyn 2010
(Thomas, The Weekly Standard, December 27, "Gitmo Is Not Al Qaeda’s ’Number One Recruitment Tool’", http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/gitmo-not-al-qaedas-number-one-recruitment-tool_524997.html?page=2)

THE WEEKLY STANDARD has reviewed translations of 34 messages and interviews delivered by top al
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Guantanamo do not fare much better when any amount of scrutiny is applied. 

Solvency

Renditions

Plan causes extraordinary rendition shift

Anderson 9
Kenneth Anderson 09, Professor of International Law at American University, 5/31, "Security Issues Like Squeezing Jello? Reversion to the Mean? Jack Goldsmith on the Effects of Security Alternatives," http://opiniojuris.org/2009/05/31/security-issues-like-squeezing-jello-reversion-to-the-mean-jack-goldsmith-on-the-effects-of-security-alternatives/~~23sthash.TB1xcePu.dpuf-http://opiniojuris.org/2009/05/31/security-issues-like-squeezing-jello-reversion-to-the-mean-jack-goldsmith-on-the-effects-of-security-alternatives/

One way you might look at this is that there is a sort-of
AND
to complicate the issues of Guantanamo, Bagram, and other matters besides.

Means they solve nothing

McGill 12
Anna-Katherine Staser McGill 12, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, David Gray, Campbell University, Summer 2012, "Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing," http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf-http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill Intel Share.pdf

The CIA’s use of "extraordinary rendition", the practice of transporting a suspect to
AND
-to-shoulder with the U.S." (Heller 1).

Restricting detention policies means we kill and extradite prisoners

Goldsmith 9
Jack Goldsmith 09, a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, assistant attorney general in the Bush administration, 5/31/09, "The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html

The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at Bagram and traditional renditions have come under increasing legal and political scrutiny, the Bush and Obama administrations have relied more on other tactics. They have secured foreign intelligence services to do all the work — capture,

 incarceration and interrogation — for all but the highest-level detainees. And
AND
help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.

2NC

Solvency

Shift to rendition empirically proven

Ofek ’10 ~Hillel Ofek, assistant editor of National Affairs, Spring 2010, The New Atlantis, "The Tortured Logic of Obama’s Drone War," Number 27, pp. 35-44, accessed 8/9/13, JTF~

In a sense, the drone program fits into the broader trend of pushing ugly
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undergo treatment more brutal at the hands of, say, Egypt’s interrogators?
Something similar has happened with detention policy. "A little-noticed consequence of
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compromise military efforts in the country by serving the propaganda purposes of militants.

Turns the entire aff
Nash ’13 ~William L. Nash, retired U.S. major general, 2/5/13, The Hill, "Come clean on rendition, detention and torture," http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/homeland-security/281221-come-clean-on-rendition-detention-and-torture)

The shame hidden behind the cloak of secrecy that still surrounds the use of extraordinary
AND
thwart its diplomatic and military efforts to defeat al Qaeda and similar threats.

Turns the entire aff

Nash ’13 ~William L. Nash, retired U.S. major general, 2/5/13, The Hill, "Come clean on rendition, detention and torture," http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/homeland-security/281221-come-clean-on-rendition-detention-and-torture)

The shame hidden behind the cloak of secrecy that still surrounds the use of extraordinary
AND
thwart its diplomatic and military efforts to defeat al Qaeda and similar threats.

Legitimacy Advantage

Drones are worse than detention for international perception

Rohde 13
(Stephen, Constitutional lawyer and Chair of the ACLU Foundation of Southern California, "Bush Detained Alleged Terrorists Without Due Process - Obama Is Killing Them With Drones", 3/13/13, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/15086-bush-detained-terrorists-without-due-process-obama-is-killing-them-with-drones-http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/15086-bush-detained-terrorists-without-due-process-obama-is-killing-them-with-drones)

In the context of the serious constitutional issues surrounding Obama’s drone policy, there is
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killings and subjects the entire program to open, transparent and independent review.

Increased killing turns legitimacy

Roberts 13
Dan Roberts 13, the Guardian’s Washington Bureau chief, 5/2/13, "US drone strikes being used as alternative to Guantánamo, lawyer says," http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/02/us-drone-strikes-guantanamo-http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/02/us-drone-strikes-guantanamo

The lawyer who first drew up White House policy on lethal drone strikes has accused
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the rule of law or are indifferent to civilian casualties," she added.

Terrorism Advantage

Terrorist attacks are on the decline – this answers their argument about attacks in foreign countries

Bump 4/16
(Philip, writer, 4/16/2013, The Atlantic Wire, "In Fact, the U.S. Has Been Winning the War on Terror," http://news.yahoo.com/fact-u-winning-war-terror-200054845.html-http://news.yahoo.com/fact-u-winning-war-terror-200054845.html)

The University of Maryland is home to a project called START, the National Consortium
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psychological damage. We can be somewhat consoled that it is an aberration.

Al Qaeda is weak now but could recover if the US allows them the opportunity

McLaughlin 7/12
(John McLaughlin was a CIA officer for 32 years and served as deputy director and acting director from 2000-2004. He currently teaches at the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies and is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, 7/12/2013, "Terrorism at a moment of transition," http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/12/terrorism-at-a-moment-of-transition/)

A third major trend has to do with the debate underway among terrorists over tactics
AND
"It needs but one foe to breed a war, not two ..."

Also turns legitimacy advantage

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Warfighting DA

1) Priorities – the plan puts focus on executive compliance at the forefront – that detracts from military missions that are the bedrock of our security

McCarthy 9
Andrew McCarthy 09, Director of the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. From 1985 through 2003, he was a federal prosecutor at the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, and was the lead prosecutor in the seditious conspiracy trial against Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and eleven others, described subsequently. AND Alykhan Velshi, a staff attorney at the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism, where he focuses on the international law of armed conflict and the use of force, 8/20/09, "Outsourcing American Law," AEI Working Paper, http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf-http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf

Empirically, judicial demands on executive branch procedural compliance, if unchecked, become steadily
AND
the very outcome the creation of a new system was intended to avoid. 

2) We lose the cases —- emboldens terrorism

Goldsmith 6
Jack Goldsmith 06, a law professor at Harvard, and Eric A. Posner, a law professor at the University of Chicago, 8/4/06, "A Better Way on Detainees," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/03/AR2006080301257.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/03/AR2006080301257.html

Everyone involved in the contentious negotiations between the White House and Congress over the proper
AND
we have no feasible alternative to military detention for most terrorists in custody.

3) Signaling – Weak detention responses emboldens terrorists

McCarthy 9
Andrew McCarthy 09, Director of the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. From 1985 through 2003, he was a federal prosecutor at the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, and was the lead prosecutor in the seditious conspiracy trial against Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and eleven others, described subsequently. AND Alykhan Velshi, a staff attorney at the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism, where he focuses on the international law of armed conflict and the use of force, 8/20/09, "Outsourcing American Law," AEI Working Paper, http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf-http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf

3. Terrorism prosecutions create the conditions for more terrorism. The treatment of a
AND
they encourage the notion that the nation may be attacked with relative impunity. 

6) Time - restrictions delay critical executive action - key to prevent terrorism

Tomatz 13
Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston,  J
AND
ON ENEMY DETENTION," 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1 

Reading the tea leaves of judicial dicta may be fraught with difficulty, but one
AND
security concerns against the need to protect individuals from arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

Regulations on detention require huge military investments that trade-off with effective war-fighting—causes failure in Afghanistan faster than the aff

Ford, 10
(Colonel, U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps, currently serving as the Staff Judge Advocate, Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq, "Keeping Boumediene off the Battlefield: Examining Potential Implications of the Boumediene v. Bush Decision to the Conduct of United States Military Operations," 30 Pace L. Rev. 396, Winter, Lexis)

Programmatically and institutionally, extension would require a re-evaluation of the DoD’s policies
AND
U.S. Navy operations during law enforcement actions at sea. n45

Turns the case – Perception of weak Presidential crisis response collapses heg

Bolton 9
John R. Bolton 9, Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute 26 Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, "The danger of Obama’s dithering," Los Angeles Times, October 18, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18-http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18

Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our
AND
the face of criticism and adversity, engagement simply embodies weakness and indecision. 

Turns terrorism - Any reforms to detention policy kill intel coop

McNeal 8
Gregory McNeal 08, Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law. The author previously served as an academic consultant to the former Chief Prosecutor, Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, "ARTICLE: BEYOND GUANTANAMO, OBSTACLES AND OPTIONS," August 08, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 29

Intelligence agencies seek to control the dissemination of information that they have collected through classification
AND
convinces allies their information is secure, some defendants may be beyond prosecution.

1NR

Uighurs DA

Hegemony isn’t key to peace

Fettweis, 11
Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Heg is unsustainable

Layne 10
(Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service. "Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana". The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n5422359
China’s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States’ over the last
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with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.

Hegemony in Asia fails- only international support solves

Rachman 11  
(Gideon Rachman, Financial Times chief foreign affairs commentator, Zero-Sum Future, 2011, pp 187-188)

Even before the crash of 2008, the military balance between China and the United
AND
you find questions about how long American military dominance can be maintained."25

Power projection in Asia fails

Kato ’8 
(Yoichi, bureau chief of the American General Bureau of the Asahi Shimbun, "Return from 9/11 PTSD to Global Leader," Washington Quarterly, Fall 2008, lexis) 

Moreover, the challenges facing the United States do not come only from Islamic extremism
AND
sometimes insecure country despite its powerful hard-power economic and military assets.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Cal GG | Judge: Matt Colman

1NC

Schmitt K

Restrictions on executive war powers DO NOTHING for the state of political legal exception we live in and only gives further justification for violent intervention on the basis of legality

Dyzenhaus 05 (David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, "Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?" Cardozo Law Review 27) 

Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by
AND
of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.

The affirmative purports to stand against war, but they do so in the name of humanity, security, rights and justice - They betray a universalism which can only result in imperialism and more war, turning the aff.

Rasch 2000 (William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

Schmitt would recognize these as the right questions to ask, would recognize them,
AND
was an unjust war, except of course that waged by the enemy?"

Our alternative is to recognize the necessity of the opposition. Sovereignty necessarily functions in exception to the law. This exception is necessary to avoid the universal violence of the Law and the affirmative.

Rasch 2000 (William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

It is not difficult to see that the polemical elevation of sovereignty over the rule
AND
Politics exists, in other words, because the just society does not.

This requires the unchecked authority of the executive to respond to the exception.

Nagan and Haddad 12 (Winston and Aitza, "Sovereignty in Theory and Practice." San Diego International Law Journal 13)

Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have
AND
for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.

Anthro K

Their impact claims require a defense of the intrinsic value of human survival as separated from other forms of life. This involves the image of distinctly good human life contrasted to the banal useless existence of the genes. This makes the aff’s political subjectivity an affect of a species-contingent survival paradigm which abandons bare life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

If only some of our genes but not our species has survived, maybe the
AND
the drives, motivations and thoughts that led to the Holocaust for example?

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to reject the human/animal divide. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Amendment CP

TEXT: The United States Congress should pass and at least three-fourths of the states should ratify a constitutional amendment which requires that all detained individuals must be guaranteed due process.  It should specify that detainees who are denied any due process should be released and cannot be transferred by the executive.

Amendments can overturn the Supreme Court

Schaffner ’05
 American University Law Review, Associate Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School

Because the judicial branch has the ultimate authority over constitutional interpretation and construction, the
AND
power to overrule these cases was proper and consistent with basic democratic principles. 

Judicial Deference DA

Deference now

Bazzle, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, ’12
~Timothy, "SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS:¶ INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART¶ JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR", Civil Rights Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012,~

The war on terror has led to an increased use of the state secrets¶
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allege a credible claim of government wrongdoing retain¶ their due process rights. 

Court action to eliminate indefinite detention makes effective warfighting impossible. (Also, congress CP avoids the DA)

Chertoff 11
(Michael was the Secretary, Department of Homeland Security (2005-2009), THE DECLINE OF JUDICIAL DEFERENCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, Rutgers Law Review, 3 February 2011, http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf, pg. 1125-1128)

So, where has this left us? It has left us in a puzzling
AND
the courts when ¶ dealing with these kinds of sensitive national security issues.

Detention upholds judicial deference

Rives 7
(Jack L., Major General, The Judge Advocate General of the Air Force, The Bill of Rights and the Military, Introduction: Chief Justice Warren on the Bill of Rights and the Military, The Air Force Law Review, Vol. 60, http://www.afjag.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081009-007.pdf-http://www.afjag.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081009-007.pdf, p. 3) 

The final principle Chief Justice Warren identified – judicial deference to claims of military necessity
AND
upon the scope of review is pregnant with danger to individual freedom."19

Non-deferential judicial review kills military readiness

Chensey 9
(Robert M. is a Professor at University of Texas School of Law, NATIONAL SECURITY FACT DEFERENCE, VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, 17 September 2009, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/95/1361.pdf, pg. 1426-1428)

Advocates of deference at times also emphasize the collateral ¶ consequences that non-deferential
AND
¶ substitutes for evidence that must be withheld on secrecy ¶ grounds.222

Military readiness key to heg

Donnelly 3
(Thomas, resident fellow at AEI, The Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine, February 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/-http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/)

The preservation of today’s Pax Americana rests upon both actual military strength and the perception
AND
in part on a logic of preemption that underlies the logic of primacy.

Solves escalation of global hotspots- retrenchment causes bickering internationally over leadership and prevents cooperation

Brzezinski 2012 Zbigniew K. Brzezinski (CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, in Washington, D.C. He is cochair of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus and a member of the International Advisory Board of the Atlantic Council. He is a former chairman of the American-Ukrainian Advisory Committee. He was a member of the Policy Planning Council of the Department of State from 1966 to 1968; chairman of the Humphrey Foreign Policy Task Force in the 1968 presidential campaign; director of the Trilateral Commission from 1973 to 1976; and principal foreign policy adviser to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential campaign. From 1977 to 1981, Dr. Brzezinski was national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his role in the normalization of U.S.-China relations and for his contributions to the human rights and national security policies of the United States. He was also a member of the President’s Chemical Warfare Commission (1985), the National Security Council–Defense Department Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy (1987–1988), and the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1987–1989). In 1988, he was cochairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force, and in 2004, he was cochairman of a Council on Foreign Relations task force that issued the report Iran: Time for a New Approach. Dr. Brzezinski received a B.A. and M.A. from McGill University (1949, 1950) and Ph.D. from Harvard University (1953). He was a member of the faculties of Columbia University (1960–1989) and Harvard University (1953–1960). Dr. Brzezinski holds honorary degrees from Georgetown University, Williams College, Fordham University, College of the Holy Cross, Alliance College, the Catholic University of Lublin, Warsaw University, and Vilnius University. He is the recipient of numerous honors and awards) February 2012 "After America" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
AND
policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

Solvency

Limitations fail during emergencies

Vermeule 6
Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006, "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POSTSEPTEMBER¶ 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF?DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law¶ Review, Nov., pp. LN.

A statute could, in principle, perform such constitutional functions by aligning the various
AND
as well as¶ the other framework statutes governing executive action in emergencies."

Federal courts don’t solve- opaque decision making and lack of expertise

Kuhn ’10
~Walter E., Minority Chief Counsel, United States Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the ¶ Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights. J.D. Duke University School of Law, 2006; ¶ B.A, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003. "The Terrorist Detention Review Reform Act: Detention Policy and Political Reality." Seton Hall Legislative Journal 35.2 ETB~

The current political environment creates incentives for both ¶ Congress and the President to abdicate
AND
19 the issue has become a political black hole ¶ under President Obama.

Judicial Globalism

Democracy doesn’t work—the democratic peace theory is oversimplified.

Hayes 11—PhD at Georgia Institute of Technology (Jarrod, "The Democratic Peace and the New Evolution of an Old Idea", European Journal of International Relations, June 10, 2011, http://ejt.sagepub.com/)//AW

A broader critique of the efforts to explain the democratic peace through structural and normative
AND
and its neglect of domestic democratic politics (Elman, 1997a: 483).

Democracy doesn’t check war—actually amplifies nationalist tensions—Egypt proves

Joshua Goldstein September 2011 (Writer for Foriegn Policy, "Think Again: War—World Peace Could Be Closer Than You Think"http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war?page=full)

"A More Democratic World Will Be a More Peaceful One."
Not necessarily. The well-worn observation that real democracies almost never fight each
AND
(though being hostile and actually going to war are quite different things).

Democracy doesn’t solve global problems – doesn’t correlate with good governance.

Raby and Teorell 10—*Department of Political Science at Lund University The Quality of Government Institute, Department of Political Science at Lund University
(Nils and Jan, "A Quality of Government Peace? Bringing the State Back Into the Study of Inter-State Armed Conflict", The Quality of Government Experiment, University of Gothenburg, September 2010, http://www.qog.pol.gu.se/working_papers/2010_20_Raby_Teorell.pdf)//AW
That democracies do not wage wars against each other is undoubtedly one of the most
AND
in" to the study of armed conflict and international relations more generally.

1NR

The role of the ballot is to use the debate site as a space for the practice of post humanities as an operative displacement of anthropocentrism inherent to the 1AC.

DOMANSKA 2K10 ~ewa, adam mickiewicz university, poznon Poland, Stanford, beyond anthropocentrism in historical sciences~

It seems that in contemporary intellectual practice scholars are not connected by methods or   theories
AND
the human subject   from the centre of historical, archaeological and anthropological studies. 

Their discursive claims to war mask the species war because they control what constitutes war - that enables all coercion and genocide.

KOCHI 2K9 ~tarik, "species war: law, violence, and animals", ’law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359~

In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors,
AND
suggestion that at the foundation of the Law of war resides species war.

Their human rights claims are just a Kantian modification of the Westphalian model of legitimate war which masks the species war in order to achieve its idea of the good life

KOCHI 2K9 ~tarik, lecturer in law and international security @ U of Sussex, Doctorate in Law from Griffith, "species war: law, violence, and animals", ’law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359~

Modern international humanitarian law both inherits aspects of the Westphalian system and moves beyond it
AND
are conceptualized and expected to act as if they are moral persons.33

The democratic liberal reform of the aff and perm are the secret extension of the anthropological machine’s injunction to form a human/animal distinction through the imposition to decide. Only total refusal of the aff in favor of the creation of non-essentialist thinking of being solves.

CALARCO 2K6 ~Jamming the Anthropological Machine, Matthew, google~

Agamben has argued in Homo Sacer and elsewhere, biopolitics, whether it manifests itself
AND
democratic, and juridical orders becomes clear beyond any shadow of a doubt.

Permutation links more: it directs criticism towards politics – that excludes bare life in favor of the voice of the politically qualified citizen.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

The rise of environmentalism, deep ecology, and animal rights can be seen as
AND
killed, is marked by the difference between the human and the animal.

Perm links more: holding out for reform is worse because it disavows the unethical violence in their political paradigm. Only the alt solves.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

The banality of action hits against a central problem of social-political action within
AND
either valid and worthwhile, or false and a sham. ~8~

K turns the case – their impact scenarios are just extensions of the human-nonhuman divide.  Their approach normalizes the violence they try to stop.

KOCHI 2K9 ~tarik, lecturer in law and international security @ U of Sussex, Doctorate in Law from Griffith, "species war: law, violence, and animals", ’law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359~

This reflection need not be seen as carried out by every individual on a daily
AND
war? The critic of war is thus a critic of war’s normalization.

The reason they think nuclear war outweighs is because of their concept of humanity as ordered and non-humanity as not ordered.  Their impact calculus ignores endless genocides in order to try and fail to reform humanism.  Instead, we need to calculate human and non-human animal lives equally – that requires total rejection.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Putting aside the old, false assumptions of a teleological account of history, social
AND
negate and limit the old modern humanism by a radical anti-humanism. 

Even full detonation of all nuclear arsenals would not destroy the biosphere.

Wang 2k9 ~brian, a long time futurist (he won second place in the Honeywell University Futurist contest, Member of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology taskforce. Advisor to the Nanoethics Group. Director of Research for the Lifeboat Foundation, http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/02/nuclear-war-effects-and-battlestar.html-http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/02/nuclear-war-effects-and-battlestar.html~~

Expending the current level or even the highest nuclear arsenals that we have ever had
AND
radiation would not be the main and lasting problem ever after 2000 years.
 

And, nuclear war will be on par with previous mass extinctions – radiation only risks rapid mutation enabling evolution for populations who survive.

Phillips 2k1 ~alan, peace magazine, v17, n1,p13, nuclear winter revisited, http://archive.peacemagazine.org/v17n1p13.htm-http://archive.peacemagazine.org/v17n1p13.htm~~

Altogether, nuclear winter would be an ecological disaster of the same sort of magnitude
AND
pieces of 1nc kochi and ordan evidence and all the impact work above.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas HO | Judge: Justin Green

1NC

T

A. Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so

Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
~David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4~

The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power.
AND
Part of the problems ¶ in the U.S. constitutional crisis over use of force abroad is that the president has the power to ¶ make war, and to obtain congressional deference most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress

Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/-http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)

Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions are court enforced interpretations of statutory restrictions

Barron ’08
David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 26 Martin S. Lederman,
Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, "THE
COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND
ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING," Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court
AND
preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.

Indefinite Detention means detaining an arrested person without a trial

US LEGAL 13 ~US Legal Forms Inc., Indefinite Detention Law and Legal Definition http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/~~

Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or
AND
indefinite detention is permitted pursuant to section 412 of the USA Patriot Act.

Anthro K

The 1AC ignores that racism is merely one amongst many tools of axiological anthropocentrism whereby violence can always be justified when applied to racially inferior groups. Only a critique which focuses on rejecting subhuman thinking can contest the myriad forms of racism.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

While the intersection of race and gender is often acknowledged in understanding the etiology of
AND
, sex, culture and species that lays the foundation for the violence. 

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to REJECT THE HUMAN/ANIMAL DIVIDE. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Wilderson K

Arguments against restrictions are only symbolic gestures that ignore that their aff only further instantiates the position of black bodies as objects of the prison-industrial-complex

Saidiya V. Hartman and Frank B. Wilderson III. 2003. The Position of the Unthought. Qui Parle. Vol. 13. No. 2. Spring/Summer.
F.W - You’ve just thrown something into crisis, which is very much
AND
specificity. And masters and slaves, even today, are never allies.

Their focus on prison labor and the abolition of the prison-industrial-complex reproduces anti-Black politics

Frank B. Wilderson III. 2003. The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal. Social Justice. Vol. 30. No. 2.
Any serious musing on the question of antagonistic identity formation -  a formation, the
AND
as being in the service of the emancipation of the Black prison slave.

Reject the aff’s reformism in the name of the worker in favor of working against the prison-industrial-complex from the positionality of the Black subject

Frank B. Wilderson III. 2003. The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal. Social Justice. Vol. 30. No. 2.
Slavery is the great leveler of the Black subject’s positionality. The Black American subject
AND
via reform or reparation), but must nonetheless be pursued to the death.

FW

1. Interpretation: The role of the ballot is to determine if the enactment of a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive option. The 1ac must read and defend the implementation of such a topical plan.

2. Violation:

A) "Resolved" implies a policy or legislative decision – means they must be resolved about a future federal government policy

Parcher 1
Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
very terms ’affirmative’ and ’negative’ support my view. One affirms a resolution. 

B) USFG is the national government in DC

Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2k
(http://encarta.msn.com)

"The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC"

C) Should means there is a practical reason for action
WordNet in ’97
Princeton University, 1.6

Should v 1 : be expected to: "Parties should be fun" 2 : expresses an emotional, practical, or other reason for doing something: "You had better put on warm clothes"; "You should call your mother-in-law"; "The State ought to repair bridges" ~syn: had better, ought~

3. Vote Negative:

A) Decisionmaking - a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development – it overcomes preconceived ideological notions and breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making

Esberg 26 Sagan 12
*Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Switch-side is key - effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation – the impact is mass violence

Roberts-Miller 3
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Decision-making outweighs – it’s the most portable skill - key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

B) Dialogue – our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates making effective deliberation impossible which makes it impossible to be negative – voting issue for limits and ground

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems

Lundberg 10
(Christian O., Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill  "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311)

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.   

Case

No solvency - Prison system is too entrenched and there are too many alt causes

Angela Y. Davis. 2003. Are Prisons Obsolete? P. 107

Since the 1980s, the prison system has become increasingly ensconced in the economic,
AND
punishment itself is no longer the central concern in the making of justice?

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas KS | Judge: Brendon Bankey

1NC

T - Substantial

A. Interpretation

Substantial increase is 30 to 50.

Hantash 06, Patent Attorneys 26 Engineers Lynch Kneblewski - Sâo Paulo
~Feras, 3/16, http://www.freshpatents.com/Method-for-detecting-cystic-fibrosis dt20060316ptan20060057593.php-http://www.freshpatents.com/Method-for-detecting-cystic-fibrosis dt20060316ptan20060057593.php~

 ~0011~ A substantial increase in the amount of a CFTR target segment
AND
from an identically processed sample from an individual with a wildtype CFTR gene.

There are at least 4 kinds of OCOs and theyre aimed at foreign systems

Bradburry ’11 
~Steven, Partner, Dechert, LLP. This speech was delivered as the Keynote Address at the Harvard ¶ National Security Journal Symposium, Cybersecurity: Law, Privacy, and Warfare in a Digital ¶ World (Mar 4. 2011).¶ The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and ¶ Offensive Cyber Operations. http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Vol.-2_Bradbury_Final.pdf-http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Vol.-2_Bradbury_Final.pdf ETB~

By offensive cyber operations, I’m referring to a range of potential ¶ activities that
AND
conventional, kinetic war fighting or ¶ on a stand-alone basis).

In means throughout

Words and Phrases, 1959
(p. 546 (PDNS3566))

In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction "in" their respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, the word "in" should be construed to mean "throughout" such counties. Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.

Anthro K

Their extinction claims require a defense of the intrinsic value of human survival as separated from other forms of life. This involves the image of distinctly good human life contrasted to the banal useless existence of the genes. This makes the aff’s political subjectivity an affect of a species-contingent survival paradigm which abandons bare life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

If only some of our genes but not our species has survived, maybe the
AND
the drives, motivations and thoughts that led to the Holocaust for example?

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to reject the 1AC’s human survival ethic. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

CMR DA

Civil-military relations are strong, but could be de-railed

Ricks 9/12/13
~Thomas, Ed. Of Best Defense blog at Foreign Policy, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo-http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo, mg~

An additional consequence of the public’s growing distance from the armed forces is the belief
AND
these retired officers, sometimes discretion is the better part of valor. ¶ 

Changes to war powers cause massive backlash to the military

Russia Times 13
~May 16, http://rt.com/usa/terror-al-qaeda-pentagon-war-397/-http://rt.com/usa/terror-al-qaeda-pentagon-war-397/, mg~

Even after cutting off the head of al-Qaeda, the United States Department
AND
and DoD have continuously utilized strikes to weaken al-Qaeda substantially since.

Global nuclear war

Cohen ’00 (Eliot A.-, Prof. @ Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies 26 director of the Strategic Studies department @ Johns Hopkins, worked for Dod, taught at the U.S. Naval War College, Fall, National Interest, "Why the Gap Matters - gap between military and civilian world", http://www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Fall/ai_65576871/pg_4?pi=scl AGupta)

At the same time, the military exercises control, to a remarkable degree,
AND
rather, deeper and more enduring changes in politics, society and technology.

Capitalization PIC

Text: The United States federal government should repeal Presidential Policy Directive-20.

Counterplan competes- it doesn’t capitalize the term "federal government"

Capitalizing the term "federal government" creates tacit acceptance of state power

Lock 02
~Neil, "State Your Terms21"~

In English, capital letters are not normally used for nouns, except for proper
AND
actions, that they are not worthy of any such respect or reverence.

And capitalization empowers state bureaucracy

Parkinson 03
~Rob Parkinson has 35 years of experience in management communications — gained as a
AND
B.A from the University of Ottowa. "Writing for Results"~

We often overuse capitals — sometimes out of fear of offending important people, sometimes to show that a certain word is important to us. However, overuse of capitals, particularly when addressing outside readers, can convey the image of a bureaucracy that is overawed by its own concepts and processes.

Strong state bureaucracy makes genocide and war inevitable

Martin 90 
~Brian Martin, associate professor in Science, Technology and Society-http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/ssmac/sts/index.html at the University of Wollongong, UPROOTING THE WAR SYSTEM _{http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw07.html-http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw07.html)~~}

Is the state system really so bad? War is the most obvious indictment of
AND
bureaucracies for administration and military forces for defending against external and internal enemies.

Executive Restraint CP

Text: The President of the United States should not enforce Presidential Policy Directive-20.

CP solves the aff – Executive restraint is key

Belk 26 Noys 12
Robert Belk is a Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. In his 16 years of service, he has made four carrier-based deployments and one ground-based deployment to Iraq. Following graduation, he is scheduled to report to the Naval Operations staff in the Pentagon to develop and execute Navy network and cybersecurity policy—AND—Matthew Noyes studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting. Prior to attending the Harvard Kennedy School, he served for five years as an infantry officer in the US army serving multiple tours in Iraq. Following graduation he plans to continue working on cybersecurity issues. He has a degree in Computer Science and Applied Computational Mathematics from the University of Washington. "On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy," 20 March 2012, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/cybersecurity-pae-belk-noyes.pdf-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/cybersecurity-pae-belk-noyes.pdf, DOA: 8-3-13

Though the strategic consideration for the operation is troubling, consequential factors bring even greater
AND
, and manner of our choosing in accordance with domestic and international law.

Hacktivism

War fuels structural violence, not the other way around

Goldstein 2001. IR professor at American University (Joshua, War and Gender, p. 412, Google Books)

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else

Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Risk

Threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars

Kaufman 9
Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ’9¶ (Stuart J, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Worst-case scenarios calculate for the sake of responsibility – mobilization is key to effective to political movements that prevent the worst forms of their impact

Michael Williams, Professor of International Politics – U. Wales, Aberystwyth, ’5
(The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations p. 165-7)

Moreover, the links between sceptical realism and prevalent post-modern themes go more
AND
addressed by retreating yet again into further reversals of the same old dicohotomies.

Security sustains a form of democratic citizenship necessary to enhance standards of living and ensure rights

Loader and Walker 07 Ian and Neil, professor of criminology and Director of the center for Criminology at Oxford Professor of European Law European University Institute Florence , Civilizing Security, pg 7-8)
By invoking this phrase we have in mind two ideas, both of which we
AND
shall argue, indispensable to cultivating and sustaining the civilizing effects of security.

The plan results in more securitization and intervention

Tara McCormack, 2010, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 127-129)
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.

2NC

CMR DA

New restrictions on the Executive will be resisted by the military because they are imposed externally by civilians; this crushes CMR and causes rollback, turns the case

Owens 13
~Mackubin Owens is Editor of Orbis, FPRI’s quarterly journal of international affairs, and Senior Fellow at its Program on National Security, Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval War College; July, https://www.fpri.org/articles/2013/07/what-military-officers-need-know-about-civil-military-relations-https://www.fpri.org/articles/2013/07/what-military-officers-need-know-about-civil-military-relations, mg~

All too often, US military officers seem to believe that if the United States
AND
were making decisions without paying sufficient attention to the military point of view. 

The military will push back against the plan—- commanders are pre-authorized to use offensive cyber attacks

CyberWarZone 12
~http://www.cyberwarzone.com/cyberwarfare/us-needs-top-level-approval-launch-cyberattacks, mg~

The Defense Department is developing rules of engagement for how commanders will operate in cyberspace and what missions they can conduct under their own authority.¶ ¶ During congressional testimony last month, Alexander said decisions on how to respond to adversaries in cyberspace would be made by the president and secretary of defense. But military commanders would have authority if circumstances demanded immediate action.

The military wants offensive cyber ops—- it’s their new weapon of choice

Russia Times 13
~http://rt.com/usa/alexander-cyber-command-offensive-209/, mg~

The head of the United States Cyber Command says the US is developing 40 new
AND
, as the US has continues to closely guard its secretive cyber operations.¶ 

Pentagon supports the offensive nature of its new cyber powers—- the plan restricts those

Hillburn 13
~Matthew, VOA, http://www.voanews.com/content/us-cybercom-to-go-on-offensive/1622489.html-http://www.voanews.com/content/us-cybercom-to-go-on-offensive/1622489.html**, mg~

The U.S. Department of Defense has made a rare acknowledgement that it
AND
nation if it were attacked in cyberspace," he said during the testimony.

Predictions are accurate enough and should be used as a basis for political action

Chernoff 2009. Fred, Prof. IR and Dir. IR – Colgate U., European Journal of International Relations, "Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory", 15:1
For these and other reasons, many social theorists and social scientists have come to
AND
commitment to both of these conclusions should be evident from the foregoing discussion.

IR predictions are possible

HARVEY, 97 Frank Harvey, associate professor of Political Science, Dalhouse University, The Future’s Back: Nuclear Rivalry, Deterrence Theory, And Crisis Stability After The Cold War, 1997, p. 139

Finally, the lack of purity and precision, another consequence of linguistic relativism,
AND
would know more or less about international relations if we pursued that strategy.

NIGERIA MODELS U.S. STANCE ON CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS

AFRICA NEWS 3/27/02  

United States Ambassador to Nigeria, Mr. Howard Jeter, yesterday in Abuja called
AND
of defence are better informed and decision making is easier," he said.

CMR IN NIGERIA IS KEY TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY

BBC 8-5-02

It must be borne in mind that the Western Regional election violence (Operation wetie
AND
be developed in all fronts and ensured to be cordial at all times. 

That makes war impossible—liberal democratic norms through judicial globalization cause global peace

Kersch 6, Assistant Professor of Politics
~2006, Ken I. Kersch, Assistant Professor of Politics, Princeton University. B.A., Williams; J.D., Northwestern; Ph.D., Cornell. Thanks to the Social Philosophy and Policy Center at Bowling Green State University, where I was a visiting research scholar in the fall of 2005, and to the organizers of, and my fellow participants in, the Albany Law School Symposium, Albany Law School, "The Supreme Court and international relations theory.", http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Supreme+Court+and+international+relations+theory.-a0151714294-http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Supreme+Court+and+international+relations+theory.-a0151714294~~

Liberal theories of international relations hold that international peace and prosperity are advanced to the
AND
. The liberal foreign policy outlook will thus fortify them against contemporary criticism.

1NR

Capitalization PIC

They don’t access the solvency deficit debate- their method allows dominant ontologies to overcode the terms of debate- the terminal impact is perpetuation of statist violence

Shapiro ’97 
(Michael j., prof of pol sci @ univ of Hawaii/phd in pol sci @ northwestern 1966/former prof @ uc berkeley, nyu, 26 umass, violent cartographies: mapping cultures of war, univ of Minnesota press, p. 58-60)

When dealing with this use of alterity at a collective level – that is,
AND
the rationale for violence emerges as something like suppressing or destroying external threats. 

C. The aff over-identifies with political practice at the expense of political theorization, which perpetuates flawed political thinking

BROWN ’97
(WENDY, heller prof of pol sci @ uc Berkeley/phd in pol philosophy @ princeton 1983, THE TIME OF THE POLITICAL, THEORY 26 EVENT, VOL. 1, ISS. 1)

Political theory, in particular, runs a great risk of losing its distinctive value
AND
the theorization of political life from acting within it; this means not only

Improper capitalization merely personalizes state institutions- the language of the plan must be rejected

Lock 02
~Neil, "State Your Terms21"~

Each individual shows his or her world-view in the way he or she
AND
to "state" our case in our terms, not our rivals’.

Rejecting statist language is key to rolling back overwhelming state power

Lock 02
~Neil, "State Your Terms21"~

We lovers of freedom are usually strong on facts and logic. But facts and
AND
, rather than dilute, our uncompromisingly individual, peaceful and optimistic message. 

Attempts to change the way a topic is spoken about is not the same as eliminating speech.

Ruitenberg ’4
~Claudia Ruitenberg, Assistant Professor in Philosophy of Education at the University of British Columbia, 2004, "How Ravitch Restricts What Readers Learn about Censorship," Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 38 Issue 4, p. 663-668~

The word ’censorship’ is a powerful indictment, and conjures up images of apparatchiks
AND

certain words and topics do not appear in teaching and test materials.

AND the term ’censorship’ is a moralizing freudian term which codes the function of the critic into subjectivity – by presuming that all true individuals reject censorship, they make exclusion of all conflicting elements inevitable. that internal link turns their offense.

Ratner 24
~joseph, journal of philosophy, de-moralizing freud, feb. 28, vol. xxi, no. 5, college of the city of new york, from "east egg", pp.113-117~

This tendency to view our desires in isolation without trying to find out their comparative
AND
exclude all sporadic conflicting elements which seek to break down the established organization. 

Analyzing the representations of the plan must precede any political decision-making

Crawford ’2
~Neta Crawford ,PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at boston univ.   Argument and Change in World Politics, 2002 p. 19-21~

Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
AND
entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Andrew Allsup

1NC

T – Substantial

A. Interpretation: substantially increase restrictions means big and plural

Words 26 Phrases 5 (40B, p. 329)

N.H. 1949. -The word "substantially" as used in
AND
2d 861, 96 N.H. l.-Tax347.1.

Its plural

Wiktionary.com No Date
restriction (plural restrictions)
The act of restricting, or the state of being restricted.
A regulation or limitation that restricts.

Even if imprecise, gut check means vote neg

Hartmann 7 – Judge, Hong Kong (IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE, 8/20, http://legalref.judiciary.gov.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=5846326currpage=T 

 The word ’substantial’ is not a technical term nor is it a word that lends
AND
 one that is weighty or sizeable."

Anthro K

The 1AC ignores that racism is merely one amongst many tools of axiological anthropocentrism whereby violence can always be justified when applied to racially inferior groups. Only a critique which focuses on rejecting subhuman thinking can contest the myriad forms of racism.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

While the intersection of race and gender is often acknowledged in understanding the etiology of
AND
, sex, culture and species that lays the foundation for the violence. 

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to REJECT THE HUMAN/ANIMAL DIVIDE. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Amendment CP

TEXT: The United States Congress should pass and at least three-fourths of the states should ratify a constitutional amendment stating that the preventative detention of material witnesses in the so-called "war on terror" is unconstitutional.

Amendments can overturn the Supreme Court

Schaffner ’05
 American University Law Review, Associate Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School

Because the judicial branch has the ultimate authority over constitutional interpretation and construction, the
AND
power to overrule these cases was proper and consistent with basic democratic principles. 

Judicial interpretation destroys liberty and prevents political engagement

Twight 2K
(Charlotte Twight, Research Fellow at The Independent Institute, Professor of Economics at Boise State University, 10-1-2K "Constitutional Counterrevolution" http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=277)

As I see it, here is what happened. During the twentieth century,
AND
shield intrastate commerce or other realms from the federal government’s growing regulatory reach. 

Political engagement key to solve all impacts from environmental destruction to imperialism

BOGGS 2K
PF POLITICAL SCIENCE – SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, ~CAROL, THE END OF POLITICS, 250-1~

But it is a very deceptive and misleading minimalism. While Oakeshott debunks political mechanisms
AND
forces cannot be tamed by a pragmatic, muddling-through modus operandi.

Deference DA

Deference now

Bazzle, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, ’12
~Timothy, "SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS:¶ INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART¶ JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR", Civil Rights Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012,~

The war on terror has led to an increased use of the state secrets¶
AND
allege a credible claim of government wrongdoing retain¶ their due process rights. 

Court action to eliminate indefinite detention makes effective warfighting impossible.

Chertoff 11
(Michael was the Secretary, Department of Homeland Security (2005-2009), THE DECLINE OF JUDICIAL DEFERENCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, Rutgers Law Review, 3 February 2011, http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/vol63/Issue4/Chertoff_Speech_PDF.pdf, pg. 1125-1128)

So, where has this left us? It has left us in a puzzling
AND
the courts when ¶ dealing with these kinds of sensitive national security issues.

Non-deferential judicial review kills military readiness

Chensey 9
(Robert M. is a Professor at University of Texas School of Law, NATIONAL SECURITY FACT DEFERENCE, VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, 17 September 2009, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/95/1361.pdf, pg. 1426-1428)

Advocates of deference at times also emphasize the collateral ¶ consequences that non-deferential
AND
¶ substitutes for evidence that must be withheld on secrecy ¶ grounds.222

Military readiness key to heg

Donnelly 3
(Thomas, resident fellow at AEI, The Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine, February 1, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/-http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/the-underpinnings-of-the-bush-doctrine/)

The preservation of today’s Pax Americana rests upon both actual military strength and the perception
AND
in part on a logic of preemption that underlies the logic of primacy.

Solves escalation of global hotspots- retrenchment causes bickering internationally over leadership and prevents cooperation

Brzezinski 2012 Zbigniew K. Brzezinski (CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, in Washington, D.C. He is cochair of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus and a member of the International Advisory Board of the Atlantic Council. He is a former chairman of the American-Ukrainian Advisory Committee. He was a member of the Policy Planning Council of the Department of State from 1966 to 1968; chairman of the Humphrey Foreign Policy Task Force in the 1968 presidential campaign; director of the Trilateral Commission from 1973 to 1976; and principal foreign policy adviser to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential campaign. From 1977 to 1981, Dr. Brzezinski was national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his role in the normalization of U.S.-China relations and for his contributions to the human rights and national security policies of the United States. He was also a member of the President’s Chemical Warfare Commission (1985), the National Security Council–Defense Department Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy (1987–1988), and the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1987–1989). In 1988, he was cochairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force, and in 2004, he was cochairman of a Council on Foreign Relations task force that issued the report Iran: Time for a New Approach. Dr. Brzezinski received a B.A. and M.A. from McGill University (1949, 1950) and Ph.D. from Harvard University (1953). He was a member of the faculties of Columbia University (1960–1989) and Harvard University (1953–1960). Dr. Brzezinski holds honorary degrees from Georgetown University, Williams College, Fordham University, College of the Holy Cross, Alliance College, the Catholic University of Lublin, Warsaw University, and Vilnius University. He is the recipient of numerous honors and awards) February 2012 "After America" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
AND
policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

Test Case Spec

A. Interpretation: The courts have a case and controversy requirement, it would be impossible for the court to just come out and rule

Benjamin ’99
(Stuart, prof at University of San Diego Law School, "Stepping Into the Same River Twice: Rapidly Changing Facts and the Appellate Process," 78 Texas L. Rev. 269, L/N)
  Congress could attempt to repass the statute, but it appears that such
AND
the disturbing specter of a ruling having continuing force but no factual basis.

B. Violation: The affirmative plan text has a controversy but no case

Vote neg on presumption- lack of case and controversy means the court will dismiss the suit- affirmative plan never happens

King ’00
(J. Brian, law clerk to Chief Judge Richard A. Schell, US District Court for the Eastern District of Texas 2000-01, "Jurisprudential Analysis of Justiciability," 10 Kan. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 217, L/N)

Without a judicial case or controversy, the federal courts, being part of the
AND
analysis with the definition of a judicial case or controversy at the center.

Case

Limitations fail during emergencies

Vermeule 6
Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006, "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POSTSEPTEMBER¶ 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF?DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law¶ Review, Nov., pp. LN.

A statute could, in principle, perform such constitutional functions by aligning the various
AND
as well as¶ the other framework statutes governing executive action in emergencies."

Federal courts don’t solve- opaque decision making and lack of expertise

Kuhn ’10
~Walter E., Minority Chief Counsel, United States Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the ¶ Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights. J.D. Duke University School of Law, 2006; ¶ B.A, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003. "The Terrorist Detention Review Reform Act: Detention Policy and Political Reality." Seton Hall Legislative Journal 35.2 ETB~

The current political environment creates incentives for both ¶ Congress and the President to abdicate
AND
19 the issue has become a political black hole ¶ under President Obama.

Supreme court refuses to uphold lower court restriction on war powers

Vladeck ’11
(Steven, professor of law and associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law
http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol38_2011/human_rights_winter2011/supreme_court_war_on_terrorism_separation_of_powers.html)

And that is where a more nuanced view of the Supreme Court’s terrorism jurisprudence paints
AND
decision appeared to jeopardize the institutional role of the federal courts more generally.

Supreme court will strike down the aff

Yoo 2K
John (Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law)   1 Chi. J. Int’l L. 355

As they consistently have throughout the postwar period, the federal courts refused to adjudicate
AND
the merits of any challenge to presidential war-making authority abroad.  n19

2NC

AT: Gendered Language K

We apologize – we shouldn’t lose because Fielding was perceived as saying something he didn’t mean to

Steven Pinker, 2002. Harvard College Professor and Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University. Until 2003, he taught in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT. He conducts research on language and cognition. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. 200. P.45-46
In much of our social and political discourse, people simply assume that words determine
AND
begin with? How could translation from one language to another be possible?

Anthro K

The role of the ballot is to use the debate site as a space for the practice of post humanities as an operative displacement of anthropocentrism inherent to the 1AC.

DOMANSKA 2K10 ~ewa, adam mickiewicz university, poznon Poland, Stanford, beyond anthropocentrism in historical sciences~

It seems that in contemporary intellectual practice scholars are not connected by methods or   theories
AND
the human subject   from the centre of historical, archaeological and anthropological studies. 

The democratic liberal reform of the aff and perm are the secret extension of the anthropological machine’s injunction to form a human/animal distinction through the imposition to decide. Only total refusal of the aff in favor of the creation of non-essentialist thinking of being solves.

CALARCO 2K6 ~Jamming the Anthropological Machine, Matthew, google~

Agamben has argued in Homo Sacer and elsewhere, biopolitics, whether it manifests itself
AND
democratic, and juridical orders becomes clear beyond any shadow of a doubt.

A social justice and critical pedagogy method normalizes anthropocentric domination.

Bell and Russell 2K (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf

It would be an all-too-common mistake to construe the task at
AND

Russell, Bell,  26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 

Permutation links more: it directs criticism towards politics – that excludes bare life in favor of the voice of the politically qualified citizen.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

The rise of environmentalism, deep ecology, and animal rights can be seen as
AND
killed, is marked by the difference between the human and the animal.

Perm links more: holding out for reform is worse because it disavows the unethical violence in their political paradigm. Only the alt solves.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

The banality of action hits against a central problem of social-political action within
AND
either valid and worthwhile, or false and a sham. ~8~

The affirmative’s impact calculus sets aside endless genocides in order to continue faith in reforming their brand of humanism. Instead we must think along utopian anti-humanist calls for species-equality which requires a negation of their humanism.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Putting aside the old, false assumptions of a teleological account of history, social
AND
negate and limit the old modern humanism by a radical anti-humanism. 

And, anthropocentric discourse and tropes cause racial criminalization and stigma faster than it can be recognized. That means our internal link is triggered at a level which your solvency mechanism has no risk of capturing by contrast to our alt which can arguably solve a proximate cause of racism.

Stanford University 2k8 ~February 7). Discrimination Against Blacks Linked To Dehumanization, Study Finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 25, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­/releases/2008/02/080207163811.htm-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207163811.htm~~

ScienceDaily (Feb. 7, 2008) — Crude historical depictions of African Americans
AND
executed by the state than those who are not," the researchers write.

K turns the case – their impact scenarios are just extensions of the human-nonhuman divide.  Their approach normalizes the violence they try to stop.

KOCHI 2K9 ~tarik, lecturer in law and international security @ U of Sussex, Doctorate in Law from Griffith, "species war: law, violence, and animals", ’law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359~

This reflection need not be seen as carried out by every individual on a daily
AND
war? The critic of war is thus a critic of war’s normalization.

1NR

Deference DA

Detention upholds judicial deference

Rives 7
(Jack L., Major General, The Judge Advocate General of the Air Force, The Bill of Rights and the Military, Introduction: Chief Justice Warren on the Bill of Rights and the Military, The Air Force Law Review, Vol. 60, http://www.afjag.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081009-007.pdf-http://www.afjag.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081009-007.pdf, p. 3) 

The final principle Chief Justice Warren identified – judicial deference to claims of military necessity
AND
upon the scope of review is pregnant with danger to individual freedom."19

Lack of court ruling in detention issues key to upholding deference

Solove 96
(Daniel J., George Washington University Law School, Faith Profaned: The Religious Freedom Restoration Act and Religion in the Prisons, The Yale Law Journal, http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/dsolove/files/RFRA-Prisons.pdf-http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/dsolove/files/RFRA-Prisons.pdf, p. 479 - 480) 

Deference is the decision not to second guess the judgment of an institution out of
AND
to deal with the increasingly urgent problems of prison administration and reform."164

Case

Rejecting security allows private forces to fill in the security vacuum left by the state resulting in more violent forms of securitization

Loader and Walker 07 Ian and Neil, professor of criminology and Director of the center for Criminology at Oxford Professor of European Law European University Institute Florence , Civilizing Security, pg 22-25)
Today it cannot be assumed that the state remains pre-eminent in either authorizing
AND
the autonomy of human society. (Bauman and Tester 2001: 139)

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas KS | Judge: Jason Russell

1NC

Framework

1. Interpretation: The role of the ballot is to determine if the enactment of a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive option. The 1ac must read and defend the implementation of such a topical plan.

2. Violation:

A) "Resolved" implies a policy or legislative decision – means they must be resolved about a future federal government policy

Parcher 1
Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
very terms ’affirmative’ and ’negative’ support my view. One affirms a resolution. 

B) USFG is the national government in DC

Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2k 
(http://encarta.msn.com)

"The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC"

C) Should means there is a practical reason for action

WordNet in ’97 
Princeton University, 1.6

Should v 1 : be expected to: "Parties should be fun" 2 : expresses an emotional, practical, or other reason for doing something: "You had better put on warm clothes"; "You should call your mother-in-law"; "The State ought to repair bridges" ~syn: had better, ought~

3. Vote Negative:

A) Decisionmaking - a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development – it overcomes preconceived ideological notions and breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making

Esberg 26 Sagan 12
*Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Switch-side is key - effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation – the impact is mass violence

Roberts-Miller 3
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

T – Restrictions

A. Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so

Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
~David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4~
The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power. Authority, in the legal sense, concerns ¶ the right to do something. Power refers to the capability to do something. Part of the problems ¶ in the U.S. constitutional crisis over use of force abroad is that the president has the power to ¶ make war, and to obtain congressional deference most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress
Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions are court enforced interpretations of statutory restrictions

Barron ’08
David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 26 Martin S. Lederman,
Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, "THE
COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND
ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING," Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court
AND
preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.

B. The aff doesn’t restrict the authority of the President statutorily or judicially.

C. Standards

Ground. Our interp allows any aff that actually restricts authority through the courts or Congress. Their interp justifies social protest, individual actions, or any act that alters the material conditions of the President’s ability or willingness to act

Limits and topic education. Even if their aff is predictable, it justifies a litany of unpredictable affs, unlimiting the topic, and reducing topic education as negatives run towards generic Ks, and abusive, non-topic specific CPs.

D. T is a voter for fairness and topic education

Transparency PIC

TEXT: Blake and I advocate performative hacktivism as a method for restricting offensive cyber operations without "TRANSPARENT/TRANSPARENCY"

Transparency is impossible – coding it as a goal or method in statist politics creates the false expectation of total transparency which further obscures abuses of governance -turns the case

Fenster 2k10
~mark, seeing the state: transparency as metaphor, administrative law review, 62, 3, summer, american bar association, Prof of Law, UFlorida – Levin College of Law, JD Yale Law, PhD Urbana Champaign~

Employed in this way, the term transparency simultaneously describes both an aspirational goal—
AND
state’s visibility and the imperfect means that have been developed to overcome them.

REFUSAL OF THEIR IDEALIZATION OF TRANSPARENCY IS KEY. INSTEAD YOU SHOULD DEMAND A MORE SELF-REFLECTIVE FORM OF INTELLIGENT ACCOUNTABILITY GROUNDED IN THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE INEVITABLE FAILURE OF TRANSPARENCY.

Roberts 2k9
~john, "no one is perfect: the limits of transparency and an ethic for intelligent accountability", accounting, organizations, and society, 32, 957-970, Faculty of Economics and Business, U of Sydney~

In setting out to explore the effects of transparency on the subject some clues can
AND
this ideal of a self that is fully transparent to itself and others. 

Anthro K

Their impact claims signal a valuing of the survival of the human good life above all other forms of life.  That abandons bare life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

If only some of our genes but not our species has survived, maybe the
AND
the drives, motivations and thoughts that led to the Holocaust for example?

That legitimizes genocide against all forms of politically unqualified life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is to reject the 1AC’s human survival ethic in order to understand the species-being – solves their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

2NC

Case

No solvency: Hacktivist movements are declining and disorganized in the SQ—

The Guardian 13
~Andrew Rose, researcher at the Forrest Group, June 27, http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2013/jun/27/hactivism-how-worried-organisations-http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2013/jun/27/hactivism-how-worried-organisations, mg~

Hacktivist groups have been in existence for many years, however the iconic imagery and
AND
smokescreen to divert an organisation’s attention while a deeper infiltration attempt is made.¶ 

Computer activism fails, and counter-movements prevent their ascent

Bell 26 Kennedy 2000
~David 26 Barbara, The Cybercultures Reader, Google Books, http://books.google.com/-http://books.google.com/, p.261~}

It is easy to imagine how organized computer activism could hold such companies to ransom. As hayes points out, however, it is more difficult to organize any kind of labour movement organized upon such premises. Many are prepared to publicly oppose the countless dark legacies of the computer age: electronic sweatshops, military technology, employee surveillance, geotoxic water, and ozone depletion.  

Anthro K

The rest of my speech doc messed up – it didn’t save any more cards. All of them have been read by us before though.

1NR

PIC

UNIQUELY TYING TRASNPARANCY AND DEMOCRATIC REFORM IS A METAPHORIC TROPE DRIVING TECHNOCRATIC GOVERNANCE SOLUTIONS. NEG LINK UNIQUENESS OVERWHLEM THE RISK OF CONTRIVED AFF OFFENSE.

Fenster 2k10
~mark, seeing the state: transparency as metaphor, administrative law review, 62, 3, summer, american bar association, Prof of Law, UFlorida – Levin College of Law, JD Yale Law, PhD Urbana Champaign~

Transparency thus operates simultaneously in two ways. It constitutes a technical concept that,
AND
technocratic legal issue of how best to make the official administrative bureaucracy accessible.

Countering transparency with intelligent accountability is a comparatively better method to solve the aff by focusing on more wholistic assessments of the complex interdependent factors which underlie war powers

Roberts 2k9
~john, "no one is perfect: the limits of transparency and an ethic for intelligent accountability", accounting, organizations, and society, 32, 957-970, Faculty of Economics and Business, U of Sydney~

In the light of her critique of the unintended consequences of transparency, O’Neill points
AND
is less easily stagemanaged and rhetoric can be constantly compared to actual practice.

And, the aff’s link defense and permutations’ ambivalent embrace of transparency is only a more unique link

Roberts 2k9
~john, "no one is perfect: the limits of transparency and an ethic for intelligent accountability", accounting, organizations, and society, 32, 957-970, Faculty of Economics and Business, U of Sydney~

Strathern describes this ambivalent embrace of transparency in the following way:- ’To auditor
AND
is all too easily decoupled from the realities it is supposed to disclose.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitman BM | Judge: Jared Fanning

1NC

T – Signature Strikes

Interpretation - Targeted killings are directed at specific persons

Alston 2011
~Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. "ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders" Harvard National Security Journal, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, Nexis
In a targeted killing, the specific goal of the operation is to use lethal
AND
specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46

Precision – it’s key to topic education

Anderson 2011
~Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University; and Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution. "Inside Executive Branch Policy-Making on Drone Strikes" The Volokh Conspiracy, Nexis~

A crucial distinction - one first made public, so far as I know,
AND
senior official said. "There are just more people in the car."

CMR DA

U.S. civil-military relations are on the brink; new restrictions that go against military opinion will collapse CMR

Zenko 9/29/13
~Micah, Sr. Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130929/EDIT05/309299977/1147/EDIT07-http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130929/EDIT05/309299977/1147/EDIT07, mg~

Washington has found itself in a crisis over the proper relationship between senior civilian and
AND
their conflicts play out in public more prominently and immediately than ever before. 

Military relies heavily on targeted strikes against low-level targets, they would oppose the plan

Schmitt 26 Sanger 08
~Eric 26 David, New York Times, http://geographicalimaginations.com/2012/11/06/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/-http://geographicalimaginations.com/2012/11/06/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/, mg~

~A~ series of meetings among President Bush’s national security advisers resulted in a
AND
so long as the risk of civilian casualties is judged to be low.¶ 

IMPACTS:

1.Rollback

Owens 13
~Mackubin Owens is Editor of Orbis, FPRI’s quarterly journal of international affairs, and Senior Fellow at its Program on National Security, Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval War College; July, https://www.fpri.org/articles/2013/07/what-military-officers-need-know-about-civil-military-relations-https://www.fpri.org/articles/2013/07/what-military-officers-need-know-about-civil-military-relations, mg~

All too often, US military officers seem to believe that if the United States
AND
were making decisions without paying sufficient attention to the military point of view. 

2. CMR collapse causes global nuclear war

Cohen 97
~Elliot, Professor @ Paul Nitze School of International Studies, Orbis, April, mg~

Left uncorrected, the trends in American civil-military relations could  breed certain pathologies
AND
defense" in a world in which security cannot be taken  for granted.

Warfighting DA

Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms

Posner 9/3
(Eric, Law Prof at University of Chicago, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

The plan destroys causes countries to doubt the credibility of our threats – collapses security guarantees and deterrence – causes nuclear war

Zeisberg 4
(MARIAH ZEISBERG, Research Fellow, The Political Theory Project, Department of Political Science, "INTERBRANCH CONFLICT AND CONSTITUTIONAL MAINTENANCE: THE CASE OF WAR POWERS" SEPTEMBER 22, 2004, KB)

The first significant argument of pro-Presidency insularists is that flexibility is a prime
AND
do seemed to me to outweigh the little good that might ultimately accrue." 

Security K

The affirmative’s call to SECURITY only FEEDS THE APORIAS by which security apparatuses CONTINUOUSLY ORDER AND PROBLEMATIZE LIFE

Dillon and Reid 2K0
Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster and lecturer in international relations at Kings College in London, 2000 ~Michael and Julian, Alternatives vol. 25, issue 1, spring, EbscoHost~

As a precursor to global governance, governmentality, according to Foucault’s initial account,
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it.

The discourse of the 1AC contributes to the emergence of destructive security-state that becomes indistinguishable from the forms of violence it seeks to prevent.

Agamben 2K2,
~ Professor of Philosophy at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris, ~Giorgio, Theory 26 Event 5:4, ProjectMuse~

Security as the basic principle of state politics dates back to the birth of the
AND
and not to reduce itself to attempts to control them once they occur.

ALTERNATIVE: VOTE NEGATIVE. ONLY TOTALLY ESCHEWING THE LOGIC OF SECURITY SOLVES.

NEOCLEOUS 2K8.
~Mark, Professor of Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University (UK), "Critique of Security." Pg. 185-186~
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND
state; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.

Solvency

Their restriction is a smokescreen and won’t be enforced

Nzelibe 7—Professor of Law @ Northwestern University ~Jide Nzelibe, "Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?" Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, 2007~ we reject the use of ableist language in this card

These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, there is not much
AND
powers are likely to fall on deaf ears. Pg. 912-913
 

But the resistance to the plan collapses rule of law and causes interbranch conflict

Lobel, Pittsburgh law professor, 2008
(Jules, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War", Ohio State Law Journal, vol 69, lexis, ldg)

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity
AND
over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409

Interbranch conflict causes extinction

Jamison 93
Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international implications,
AND
that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

No solvency – CIA is exempt from limitations

Anderson 13
(Brian, longform editor focusing on Drones, Vice, February 2013, "CIA Drones Have Free Rein in Pakistan for the Next Year," http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/cia-drones-have-free-reign-in-pakistan-for-the-next-year-http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/cia-drones-have-free-reign-in-pakistan-for-the-next-year, accessed 7/6/2013, BS)

Not like the spy agency’s hunter-killer drones weren’t already stalking Pakistan with near
AND
a long-term war waged through questionable, sometimes unconscionable aerial bombardment. 

Norms Advantage

Drone prolif now AND US restrictions don’t solve

Anderson 10 (Kenneth Anderson is a law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, April 10^th 2010, "Acquiring UAV Technology", http://www.volokh.com/2010/04/09/acquiring-uav-technology/, AB) 

I’ve noticed a number of posts and comments around the blogosphere on the spread of
AND
for many other reasons for many other parties, all on their own.

No risk of drone wars

Joseph Singh 12, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race," http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2eSvaZnfQ
In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

Pakistan Advantage

No Pakistan collapse and it doesn’t escalate

Dasgupta 13
Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four times — in 1986, 1990, 1999 and 2001–02. In each case, India responded in a manner that did not escalate the conflict. Any incursion into Pakistan was extremely limited. An Indian intervention in a civil war in Pakistan would be subject to the same limitations — at least so long as the Pakistani army maintains its integrity.
Given the new US–India ties, the most important factor in determining the
AND
some influence in Afghanistan, especially working with elements of the Northern Alliance.
India and Afghanistan already have a strategic partnership agreement in place that creates the framework for their bilateral relationship to grow, but the degree of actual cooperation will depend on how Pakistan and the Taliban react. If Indian interests in Afghanistan come under attack, New Delhi might have to pull back. The Indian government has been quite clear about not sending troops to Afghanistan.
If the United States shifts its policy to where it has to choose Kabul over Islamabad, in effect reviving the demand for an independent Pashtunistan, India is likely to be much more supportive of US and Afghan goals. The policy shift, however, carries the risk of a full-fledged proxy war with Pakistan in Afghanistan, but should not involve the prospect of a direct Indian intervention in Pakistan itself.
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail
AND
government or by the radicals — from taking control of the entire country.
Lieven’s analysis is more persuasive than the widespread view that Pakistan is about to fail
AND
out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

2NC

T

Targeted killings topical, "drones" and "signature strikes" not
Heidt 13
Stephen (PhD Candidate, GSU) "A Memorandum on the Topic Area.pdf"
~http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4846.0~~~~
Voting for restrict presidential war power establishes a very narrow topic – commander in chief
AND
since the president never had the power to act in the first place).

Our evidence is qualitatively better on this issue AND the personality/signature strike distinction is the crucial to topic education—targeted killing is about counterterrorism, signature strikes is about counterinsurgency. Our ev is more precise AND their interp also adds another set of affs—restrict the type of aircraft that can strike

Anderson 2011
~Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University; and Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution. "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and "Signature" Attacks on Taliban Fighters" http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/~~

From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
will not tell one very much without knowing what mission is at issue.

Vote neg —- signature strikes and targeted killings are distinct operations with entirely separate lit bases and advantages—-they kill precision and limits

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare," Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124
Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the
AND
than individualized "high value" targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.

Broad interpretations cause unmanageable research burdens

Taylor III, now a JD from William and Mary, 2005
(Jarred, "Searching for a More Perfect Union," https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)
It would take even the most seasoned scholar years of research and hundreds of pages to adequately analyze the development of any presidential power over the course of American history; war power is certainly no exception.  Every President since George Washington has interpreted the martial prerogatives of his office in different ways, and most have set some sort of precedent for succeeding officeholders.  Nevertheless, some of the major changes in executive military power bear highlighting.

AND, our interp allows a fair number of affs—sniper shots, poison letters, personality drone attacks, specific commando raids—while their interp allows reckless killings, non-premeditated attacks, and collateral damage affs AND our definition is precise and intuitive

Abresch 9 (William, 2009, "Targeted Killing in International Law" book review, original book by Nils Melzer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/449.full-http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/449.full)

Studies of targeted killing are often situated within the politically fraught debate over Hellfire missile
AND
the implications of the lex lata for the practices covered by his definition.

3) It’s arbitrary and undermines research

Resnick 1
Evan Resnick 1, assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University,  "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2

In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
AND
"engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.

CMR DA

Civil-military relations are strong, but could be de-railed

Ricks 9/12/13
~Thomas, Ed. Of Best Defense blog at Foreign Policy, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo-http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo, mg~

An additional consequence of the public’s growing distance from the armed forces is the belief
AND
these retired officers, sometimes discretion is the better part of valor. ¶ 

Civil-military relations are stable, but the balance is fragile

Regulatory Intelligence Data 13
~July 5, CQ Federal Department and Agency Documents, NEXIS, mg~

America’s all-volunteer military has been a success, but society at large and
AND
civil relationship, as well as the nation’s relationship with its service members.\

Now key time for U.S. civil-military relations

Navy Times 7/12/13
~http://www.navytimes.com/article/20130712/NEWS05/307120023/JCS-chief-Time-rethink-civil-military-relations, mg~

The nation’s top military officer is urging troops to brace for a postwar era in
AND
discussion about what the military community needs and how we achieve those objectives."

Military will circumvent restrictions on targeted killings- they are authorized to strike some targets without approval from above

Priest 11
~http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/iraq-war-on-terror/topsecretamerica/inside-the-cias-kill-list/-http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/iraq-war-on-terror/topsecretamerica/inside-the-cias-kill-list/, Dana~

In the drone war, U.S. national security agencies have maintained at
AND
level approval; still others could not be killed without presidential approval. ¶ 

The military strongly supports Obama’s use of targeted killings; they oppose the plan

Johnson 12
~Carrie, Feb 22, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/02/22/147264637/in-speech-top-pentagon-lawyer-defends-targeted-killing-program-http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/02/22/147264637/in-speech-top-pentagon-lawyer-defends-targeted-killing-program, mg~

The top lawyer at the Pentagon offered a strong defense of the Obama administration’s targeted
AND
more information about how the federal government decides to target its own citizens.

Solvency

The use of state secret doctrine means no checks

Bazzle 12
~Timothy, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, ’"SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS:¶ INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART¶ JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR", Civil Rights Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012, RSR~

The war on terror has led to an increased use of the state secrets privilege
AND
who allege a credible claim of government wrongdoing retain their due process rights.
 

BUT secret presidential war power policies inevitably leak - triggers all of their perception advantages

Davies 12 (Nicolas J. S. Davies is the author of Blood On Our Hands: The American Invasion and Destruction of Iraq, 06/05/2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicolas-j-s-davies/obama-drone-strikes_b_1566452.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicolas-j-s-davies/obama-drone-strikes_b_1566452.html, "When Presidential Politics Collides With Secret War", AB)

Not a week goes by without a new strategic leak from the White House about
AND
as non-combatants — a sort of 4th Geneva Convention for cyberspace? 

The belief that the executive will ultimately listen to the 1ACs call for justice reinscribes violent notions of legalism that make violence inevitable

Dossa ’99
Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, "Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity," The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1

No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective
AND
liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.

Congressional power of purse can never check – president can always find funds

Barron 2k8
David J. Barron and Martin S. Lederman, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Harvard Law Review, January, 2008

3. The Power of the Purse Ensures that Congress Is Always Supreme. —
AND
, therefore, whether the President is constitutionally justified in disregarding the restriction.

Norms

Zero chance of precedent setting – other countries don’t act based on the United States policy

Wright 12
(Robert Wright, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, former writer and editor at The Atlantic, "The Incoherence of a Drone-Strike Advocate" NOV 14 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/-http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/, KB)

Naureen Shah of Columbia Law School, a guest on the show, had raised
AND
So I wouldn’t worry too much about the so called precedent it sets..."

Pakistan

Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability - multiple alt causes

Javaid ’11
(Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies 26 Chairperson Department of political science University of Punjab, "Thriving Fundamentalism and Militancy in Pakistan An Analytical Overview of their Impact on the Society," South Asian Studies, Vol. 26 No. 1. Pg. 16-17)

 ’The recent increase of violence by jihadi groups, including suicide bombing
AND
concerns for the region and also ¶ towards the global security and peace.

1NR

Security K

C. Reject their notion of politics that is inherently exclusionary – interrogating the aff’s discourse is critical to effective policymaking

Grondin 2K4
~David, Assistant Professor at University of Ottowa, "(Re)Writing the "National Security State"," presented at the annual International Studies Association Convention, 17-20 March 2004,http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf-http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf~~

A poststructuralist approach to international relations reassesses the nature of the political. Indeed,
AND
the world (the "subject") and our ways of understanding it.

4. PERMUTATION LINKS MORE: State-centricity coopts the perm – The political focus of the aff makes sovereign identity, our link to otherization and "meaning to life", inevitable

Campbell 98
(David, Professor of International politics at the University of Newcastle, Writing Security: US Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, pg 38-39)

The subfield of international relations that serves as the main body of literature on foreign
AND
)9 and the interaction of the internal factors and external conditions.10 

They construct India-Pakistan threat scenarios, this creates a self-fulfilling prophecy and security dilemma

Kronstadt 2009
~K. Alan, Ph. D. from USC in Philosophy (International Relations), "WHAT DRIVES SUBCONTINENTAL INSECURITY?: A MULTITHEORETIC EXAMINATION OF THE INDIA-PAKISTAN CONFLICT DYAD" http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Kronstadt-3390.pdf-https://mail.baylor.edu/owa/redir.aspx?C=GCfX9oLRd0Ox-KbL_YJuJlA2JCDMoNAI7ElIUZtozyyi47T9pGrzasBpRW-QHwp6mCbp3IVEEu8.26URL=http3a2f2fdigitallibrary.usc.edu2fassetserver2fcontroller2fitem2fetd-Kronstadt-3390.pdf~~
A critical—and, hence, emancipatory—strategy is one that focuses on
AND
to believe that such pursuits may be "missing the point" entirely.

SECURITIZATION OF PROLIFERATION CONCERNS DEPOLITICIZES CHALLENGES TO SECURITY-CENTERED PARADIGMS OF NUCLEAR VIOLENCE.

PRINS 2K1
~gwyn, "the weapons state: proliferation and the framing of security by david mutimer, international affairs, vol 77, no 3~

Mutimer follows the central insight of the Copenhagen school of critical international theorists in constructing
AND
warned us that the assumption built into the arms control approach was inadequate.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: Oklahoma LS | Judge: Ryan Cheek

1NC

K of Butler

Butler’s politics of vulnerability is based on an abstract notion of the suffering white, American subject. Her appeals to a universal "we" or global community can only reinscribe whiteness.

Thobani 2007
(Sunera, Professor at the University of British Columbia.  White wars: Western feminisms and the `War on Terror’ - Feminist Theory 2007; 8; 169 – Sage Publications)
Butler’s analytic frame begins with the injury done to the US by the 9/
AND
physical support for our lives at the other. (2004: 31)

Butler is just wrong. When compared to the bodies of Afghani, Egyptian, Syria, and host of other peoples, we in the US are not vulnerable. She ignores the historical differences between different peoples to assert a universal humanity, which means a white, American, imperialist humanity.

Thobani 2007
(Sunera, Professor at the University of British Columbia.  White wars: Western feminisms and the `War on Terror’ - Feminist Theory 2007; 8; 169 – Sage Publications)
The analysis of the current destruction of sovereignties by the US, its invasions and
AND
even as the definition of the human is claimed by the white subject. 

ALTERNATIVE: Rather than begin from shared vulnerability, we must recognize how vulnerability is differently constituted by different populations. We are not vulnerable the way that detainees in GTMO are vulnerable. For them, Butler’s politics of nonviolence, grief, and memorialization are unacceptable. For them burning down the entire system of indefinite detention is the only alternative.

Farley ’05
(Anthony Paul, Professor of Law @ Boston College, "Perfecting Slavery", 1/27/2005, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=102826context=lsfp --http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=102826context=lsfp20- SG)

What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in
AND
the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.

Anthro K

The 1AC ignores that racism is merely one amongst many tools of axiological anthropocentrism whereby violence can always be justified when applied to racially inferior groups. Only a critique which focuses on rejecting subhuman thinking can contest the myriad forms of racism.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

While the intersection of race and gender is often acknowledged in understanding the etiology of
AND
, sex, culture and species that lays the foundation for the violence. 

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to REJECT THE HUMAN/ANIMAL DIVIDE. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Framework

1. Interpretation: The role of the ballot is to determine if the enactment of a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive option. The 1ac must read and defend the implementation of such a topical plan.

2. Violation:

A) "Resolved" implies a policy or legislative decision – means they must be resolved about a future federal government policy

Parcher 1
Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
very terms ’affirmative’ and ’negative’ support my view. One affirms a resolution. 

B) USFG is the national government in DC

Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2k 
(http://encarta.msn.com)

"The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC"

C) Should means there is a practical reason for action

WordNet in ’97 
Princeton University, 1.6

Should v 1 : be expected to: "Parties should be fun" 2 : expresses an emotional, practical, or other reason for doing something: "You had better put on warm clothes"; "You should call your mother-in-law"; "The State ought to repair bridges" ~syn: had better, ought~

3. Vote Negative:

a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development – it overcomes preconceived ideological notions and breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making

Esberg 26 Sagan 12
*Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Switch-side is key - effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation – the impact is mass violence

Roberts-Miller 3
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Decision-making outweighs – it’s the most portable skill - key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Case

The affirmative challenges the current memory of September 11, 2001, but all such treatments maintain the same imperative. Whether they come from the left or the right, the demand is always to remember. At best, the affirmative can claim they’re a more accurate remembering, but while attempting to correct the historical record they only reinscribe the very memory they critique.

Maja Zehfuss (department of politics and international studies at University of Warwick).  "Forget September 11."  Third World Quarterly 24:3.  2003.

The footage of the two planes crashing, on September 11, 2001, into
AND
not posed, we might in fact be better off forgetting September 11.

2NC

Anthro

The discursive construct of dehumanization/the subhuman operationalizes global speciest, gendered, racialized, and economic violence. We need to refuse the attempt to partially include groups into the concept of human and instead reject humanizing discourse because it merely displaces the violence of the 1ac impact scenarios onto whom-ever is considered nonhuman.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

The category of the ’subhuman’ is inherent in global gendered, racialized and economic
AND
and maintenance of the figure of the subhuman undermines anti-violence agendas. 

Perm links more: it attempts to direct criticism towards politics conducted in the name of a life which excludes bare life in favor of the voice of the citizen, the politically qualified. This excludes bare life and establishes a realm beyond of the markers of the "political" in which to conduct genocidal violence against exceptional beings.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

The rise of environmentalism, deep ecology, and animal rights can be seen as
AND
killed, is marked by the difference between the human and the animal.

ANTHRPOCENTRIC COMMUNICATION OF ATTEMPTS TO MINIMIZE VIOLENCE FAIL – ONLY CONFRONTING THE ANTHROPOCENTRIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORDERING OF VIOLENCE CAN SOLVE.

Coward 6  
(Senior Lecturer in International Politics at Newcastle University 2006 Martin Against Anthropocentrism Review of International Studies 32.3 Cambridge Journals Online)

Whilst it is common to embark upon investigation of the nature of political violence out
AND
tool for examination of the violences that confront us in the contemporary era.

Humans are only excluded from nature by choice—the ethic of the alternative recognizes the multiplicity of centers of value in nature.

Marina 9 (Daniel, Södertörns högskola | Institutionen för Kultur och Kommunikation, "Anthropocentrism and Androcentrism – An Ecofeminist Connection" http://www.projectsparadise.com/anthropocentrism-androcentrism/-http://www.projectsparadise.com/anthropocentrism-androcentrism/)

Finally, I would like to summarize some of the reasons why anthropocentrism is open
AND
well as other attitudes towards nature than that to master and conquer it.

They have it backwards—human centered politics destroys the natural other—the alt solves.

Marina 9 (Daniel, Södertörns högskola | Institutionen för Kultur och Kommunikation, "Anthropocentrism and Androcentrism – An Ecofeminist Connection" http://www.projectsparadise.com/anthropocentrism-androcentrism/-http://www.projectsparadise.com/anthropocentrism-androcentrism/)

These three terms suggest a spatial image. Something, in this case humanity,
AND
, according to which anthropocentrism is the overt discrimination against the nonhuman world.

We must abandon species-level thinking instead of the affirmative’s strategy of fighting "dehumanization" with humanization which is reliant on producing "subhuman" others, confining them to slavery, slaughterhouses, camps and annihilation. Vote negative to affirm the creation of new discourses of vulnerability based on rejecting speciest logics.

Deckha 2k10 ~Maneesha, faculty of law, university of Victoria, "it’s time to abandon the idea of human rights", the scavenger, dec. 10~

Time for a new discourse  That the human/subhuman binary continues to inhabit so
AND
only for humans made vulnerable by their dehumanization, but nonhumans as well. 

The role of the ballot is to use the debate site as a space for the practice of post humanities as an operative displacement of anthropocentrism inherent to the 1AC.

DOMANSKA 2K10 ~ewa, adam mickiewicz university, poznon Poland, Stanford, beyond anthropocentrism in historical sciences~

It seems that in contemporary intellectual practice scholars are not connected by methods or   theories
AND
the human subject   from the centre of historical, archaeological and anthropological studies. 

Case

Just as American imperialists scapegoat terrorists, dictators, and basically the whole world in the way the 1AC describes, and so justifies imperialism, the aff scapegoats American imperialists to justify the exact same imperialism. This stems from a fundamental ressentiment, which: First, turns the aff. Second, results in scapegoating and genocide, locking us into a cycle of violence.Consider how the 1AC replays the original justification of 9/11 in US imperialism in the Middle East. Even if the aff is right, the solution is not to blame the US, which can only result in more attacks and counter-attacks.

William Connolly. Identity/Difference. 1991. Page 99-104. 

A strong doctrine of responsibility is one that supposes that every discernible evil must be
AND
is so tends to vitiate the moral equation that governs the preceding analysis.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: Wes Dwyer

T

TOPICALITY

Interpretation: the aff can only claim solvency for impacts that are directly and uniquely tied to the implementation of the plan text

Violation: their framing arguments claim that voting for their plan solves all reframing of a variety of issues in a new way

Reasons to prefer:

Fairness – because they can stipulate the framing, they will always stipulate it towards a literature base that is one sided and unfair.  They can get out of solvency arguments by claiming that their framing advantage means that the plan causes societal change

Topicality – it proves that the plan alone is likely insufficient and proves that it would result in just the status quo.  It’s a reason to vote negative because they can’t defend the aff in the frame of the resolution because their framing doesn’t limit war authority

Limits – their solvency mechanism lies outside the scope of the topic, so it’s impossible to have meaningful debates on the issue.  The logical gap in the 1AC between the concreteness of their impact claims and the vagueness of their reframing solvency claims is proof

Voter for fairness and education – view the debate through a lens of competing interpretations. Reasonability is arbitrary and leads to judge intervention, destroys education.

Plan Flaw

PLAN FLAW

Plan text isn’t grammatically correct – two implications, either:

Policymakers don’t know how to interpret the plan, means no solvency for the aff and vote negative on presumption OR

It’s interpreted as allowing Obama to ONLY use humanitarian intervention as a justification for the introduction of force

Schmitt K

LEGALISM

Restrictions on executive war powers DO NOTHING for the state of political legal exception we live in and only gives further justification for violent intervention on the basis of legality

Dyzenhaus 05 (David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, "Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?" Cardozo Law Review 27) 

Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by
AND
of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.

The affirmative purports to stand against war, but they do so in the name of humanity, security, rights and justice - They betray a universalism which can only result in imperialism and more war, turning the aff.

Rasch 2000 (William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

Schmitt would recognize these as the right questions to ask, would recognize them,
AND
was an unjust war, except of course that waged by the enemy?"

Our alternative is to recognize the necessity of the opposition. Sovereignty necessarily functions in exception to the law. This exception is necessary to avoid the universal violence of the Law and the affirmative.

Rasch 2000 (William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

It is not difficult to see that the polemical elevation of sovereignty over the rule
AND
Politics exists, in other words, because the just society does not.

This requires the unchecked authority of the executive to respond to the exception.

Nagan and Haddad 12 (Winston and Aitza, "Sovereignty in Theory and Practice." San Diego International Law Journal 13)

Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have
AND
for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.

State K

THE STATE CRITIQUE

The affirmatives reliance on the traditional tenets of IR such as belief in state actors’ homogeneity, their one-dimensional masculine interventionism reinforces the same security logic they critique making it more seductive and resilient – their problematization of security actively naturalizes the things they critique – vote neg on presumption.

Harrison 2003
(Deborah, Adjunct Professor of Sociology at the University of New Brunswick, Military Masculinities Identity and the State, edited by Paul Higate, pgs. 73-82)
I offer a feminist reconceptualisation of (international) security and (gender) violence
AND
the construction of international order and the perpetuation of the myth of the state

. Towards a Feminist Reconceptualisation As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

Warfighting DA

WARFIGHTING DISAD

Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms

Posner 9/3
(Eric, Law Prof at University of Chicago, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

The plan destroys causes countries to doubt the credibility of our threats – collapses security guarantees and deterrence – causes nuclear war

Zeisberg 4
(MARIAH ZEISBERG, Research Fellow, The Political Theory Project, Department of Political Science, "INTERBRANCH CONFLICT AND CONSTITUTIONAL MAINTENANCE: THE CASE OF WAR POWERS" SEPTEMBER 22, 2004, KB)

The first significant argument of pro-Presidency insularists is that flexibility is a prime
AND
do seemed to me to outweigh the little good that might ultimately accrue." 

Masculinity

Feminist international relations recreate the oppressive structures they seek to dismantle by assigning and categorizing gender.

Maria Stern and Marysia Zalewski. 2009. Lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg university; Director of Centre for Gender Studies at university of Aberdeen. "Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization" Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journals)
In this section we clarify what we mean by the problem of sexgender and how
AND
and preventing) conflict, or simply into hopeful scenarios for our students. 

Feminist explanations of international violence are too broad to be theoretically useful–realism is the only alternative

LIND 2005 (Michael, Executive Editor of the National Interest, "Of Arms and the Woman," Jan 20, http://feminism.eserver.org/of-arms-and-the-woman.txt)
Though realist theory can survive, and perhaps even accommodate, many of the arguments
AND
of everything, and a theory of everything is usually not very much.

Solvency

The Executive will circumvent – articulating their position solves backlash

McGinnis 93
John McGinnis, Assistant Professor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, 1993, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4213andcontext=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4213andcontext=lcp

The executive’s decision to elaborate on its refusal to enforce a law and then publish
AND
, is better positioned to develop and enforce a long-term strategy.

Reps don’t shape reality—focusing on them obscures material and political analysis which turns the criticism

Tuathail 96  (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
AND
needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Masking Disad—discursive criticism masks the problem and prevents legitimate solutions.

Meisner 95 (Mark, professor of environmental studies at York University, (Mark, "Resourcist Language: The Symbolic Enslavement of Nature", Proceedings of the Conference on Communication and Our Environment, ed: David Sachsman, p. 242)
Changing the language we use to talk about non-human nature is not a
AND
to believe either that language is trivial, or that it is deterministic.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Matt Munday

1NC

T

A. Interpretation

Substantial increase is 30 to 50.

Hantash 06, Patent Attorneys 26 Engineers Lynch Kneblewski - Sâo Paulo
~Feras, 3/16, http://www.freshpatents.com/Method-for-detecting-cystic-fibrosis dt20060316ptan20060057593.php~
 ~0011~ A substantial increase in the amount of a CFTR target segment
AND
from an identically processed sample from an individual with a wildtype CFTR gene.

Violation- The plan increases restrictions on only a small part of the targeted killing area. That’s not a substantial increase of restrictions on war power authority in the area of targeted killings.

Targeted Killings include a wide variety of practices-not just drones

Abresch 9 (William, 2009, "Targeted Killing in International Law" book review, original book by Nils Melzer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/449.full-http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/449.full)

Studies of targeted killing are often situated within the politically fraught debate over Hellfire missile
AND
the implications of the lex lata for the practices covered by his definition.

"In the area" means all of the activities

United Nations 13
(United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm)
PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1
Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

Best interp

Ground- Our interpretation employs a flexible and reasonable definition of substantially but still excludes tiny subsets of each of areas.

Education: Our interp ensures the entire category of targeted killings are explored, ensuring the best topic debates.

T is a voter for fairness and education.

Anthro

Their impact claims signal a valuing of the survival of the human good life above all other forms of life.  That abandons bare life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

If only some of our genes but not our species has survived, maybe the
AND
the drives, motivations and thoughts that led to the Holocaust for example?

That legitimizes genocide against all forms of politically unqualified life.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is to reject the 1AC’s human survival ethic in order to understand the species-being – solves their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf-http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Security

The affirmative’s call to SECURITY only FEEDS THE APORIAS by which security apparatuses CONTINUOUSLY ORDER AND PROBLEMATIZE LIFE

Dillon and Reid 2K0
Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster and lecturer in international relations at Kings College in London, 2000 ~Michael and Julian, Alternatives vol. 25, issue 1, spring, EbscoHost~

As a precursor to global governance, governmentality, according to Foucault’s initial account,
AND
detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it.

Their terrorism impacts are a rhetorical trope that justifies the worst excesses of biopower – These atrocities devalue the lives they attempt to save and make violence inevitable

Gorrelick 8
(Nathan, Ph.D. student of Comparative Literature at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he holds a Presidential Fellowship. Theory 26 Event, Volume 11, Issue 2 "Imagining Extraordinary Renditions" 2008. Project Muse AD 7/29/09)
Analogously, the war on terror, even in its very name, displaces the
AND
expression to the aggressive anxiety of that rationality’s confrontation with the other night.

The discourse of the 1AC contributes to the emergence of destructive security-state that becomes indistinguishable from the forms of violence it seeks to prevent.

Agamben 2K2,
~ Professor of Philosophy at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris, ~Giorgio, Theory 26 Event 5:4, ProjectMuse~

Security as the basic principle of state politics dates back to the birth of the
AND
and not to reduce itself to attempts to control them once they occur.

ALTERNATIVE: VOTE NEGATIVE. ONLY TOTALLY ESCHEWING THE LOGIC OF SECURITY SOLVES.

NEOCLEOUS 2K8.
~Mark, Professor of Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University (UK), "Critique of Security." Pg. 185-186~
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND
state; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift. 

Solvency

Drone court doesn’t appropriately promote effective control over drones

Roth 2013
(Kenneth Roth, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, April 4, 2013, "What Rules Should Govern US Drone Attacks?," New York Review of Books, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/apr/04/what-rules-should-govern-us-drone-attacks/?pagination=false)

Whatever the rules governing drone attacks, many object to the covert, unilateral way
AND
. But the administration has blocked such suits through various claims of secrecy.

CIA keeps drone info secret and courts won’t enforce – signature strikes prove

Marsden 13
(William, journalist, The Montreal Gazette, 2/2/2013, "Drone warfare comes under increasing attack; Controversial U.S. program cloaked in frayed veil of secrecy," Lexis, accessed 7/6/2013, BS)

Both for political reasons and because of the questionable legality of it, the U
AND
reason is it gets into a lot of sort of international legal problems."

Terror

Allied terror coop is high now, despite frictions

Kristin Archick, European affairs specialist @ CRS, 9-4-2013, "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism," Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf
As part of the EU’s efforts to combat terrorism since September 11, 2001,
AND
security and protection to citizens of all nations while also upholding individual rights." 

No nuclear terrorism –statistically insignificant cumulative probability

Mueller, 2010
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center, and is professor of Political Science, at Ohio State University) 2010 "Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al Qaeda" p, 187-190

Assigning a probability that terrorists will be able to overcome each barrier is, of
AND
secured than they were 10 or ~, .-s 15 years ago.19

Too many obstacles to overcome – even if overcoming isn’t impossible – even generous odds ensure the chances of success are 1 in 3 billion statistically – small enough to vote on presumption

Mueller, 2010
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center, and is professor of Political Science, at Ohio State University) 2010 "Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al Qaeda" p. 197-8

As Allison appropriately points out, it is important to consider not only the likelihood
AND
or even lower than, those for a thermonuclear attack from Russia.’

Prolif

Drone prolif now AND US restrictions don’t solve

Anderson 10 (Kenneth Anderson is a law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, April 10^th 2010, "Acquiring UAV Technology", http://www.volokh.com/2010/04/09/acquiring-uav-technology/, AB) 

I’ve noticed a number of posts and comments around the blogosphere on the spread of
AND
for many other reasons for many other parties, all on their own.

Surveillance drones independently cause escalation – aff can’t solve –1AC author

Read pink
Boyle 13 
Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf (mtc)
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
AND
powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

China won’t use drones to resolve territorial disputes – fears international backlash and creating a precedent for U.S. strikes in the area

Erickson and Strange 5-29
Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, and Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, 5-29-13 (Andrew and Austin, China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, da 8-3-13) PC

Drones, able to dispatch death remotely, without human eyes on their targets or
AND
areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China’s Defence Ministry.

No Senkaku or Asian conflict- empirically denied, economic interdependence checks, and China avoids nationalism.

Carlson ’13
(Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell University’s Government Department. He was
AND
at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn’t Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

At times in the past few months, China and Japan have appeared almost ready
AND
or especially conducive to improving Sino-Japanese relations, will be enduring.

Block

Solvency

Evidentiary standards means the court will default to the executive

Marcy 13
Marcy – 2/15/13, BA Amherst College, PhD program Michigan, Department of Pre-Crime, Part 3: What Law Would the Drone (and/or Targeted Killing) Court Interpret?, http://www.emptywheel.net/2013/02/15/department-of-pre-crime-part-3-what-law-would-the-drone-andor-targeted-killing-court-interpret/~~23sthash.5iwHrHQW.dpufhttp://www.emptywheel.net/2013/02/15/department-of-pre-crime-part-3-what-law-would-the-drone-andor-targeted-killing-court-interpret/

I’ve been writing about the nascent plan, on the part of a few Senators
AND
exists of that, at least not one Congress has bought off on.

CIA will deny existence of drones program in court – means aff can’t be enforced

Daily News 6/8
(New York, 6/8/2013, "Open secrets," Lexis, accessed 7/8/2013, BS)

On the one hand, the Obama administration, citing national security, asserts that
AND
administration will not even cop to the existence of such operations in court.

Terrorism

EU cooperation on terrorism intel high and inevitable – in their self interest

Kristin Archick, European affairs specialist @ CRS, 9-4-2013, "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism," Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf
As part of its drive to bolster its counterterrorism capabilities, the EU has also
AND
have been working together to curb terrorist financing and to strengthen transport security. 

SQ solves US-EU dialogue and Europe is too interdependent to dump us over drone policy

Anthony Dworkin 7-3-2013; Senior Policy Fellow working on human rights, international justice and international humanitarian law at the European Council on foreign relations "Drones and targeted killing: defining a European position" http://ecfr.eu/publications/summary/drones_and_targeted_killing_defining_a_european_position211

Torn between an evident reluctance to accuse Obama of breaking international law and an unwillingness
AND
a greater scope for a productive dialogue with the Obama administration on drones. 

Prolif

Zero chance of precedent setting – other countries don’t act based on the United States policy

Wright 12
(Robert Wright, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, former writer and editor at The Atlantic, "The Incoherence of a Drone-Strike Advocate" NOV 14 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/-http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/, KB)

Naureen Shah of Columbia Law School, a guest on the show, had raised
AND
So I wouldn’t worry too much about the so called precedent it sets..."

Anthro

Even full detonation of all nuclear arsenals would not destroy the biosphere.

Wang 2k9 ~brian, a long time futurist (he won second place in the Honeywell University Futurist contest, Member of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology taskforce. Advisor to the Nanoethics Group. Director of Research for the Lifeboat Foundation, http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/02/nuclear-war-effects-and-battlestar.html-http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/02/nuclear-war-effects-and-battlestar.html~~

Expending the current level or even the highest nuclear arsenals that we have ever had
AND
radiation would not be the main and lasting problem ever after 2000 years.
 

The reason they think nuclear war outweighs is because of their concept of humanity as ordered and non-humanity as not ordered.  Their impact calculus ignores endless genocides in order to try and fail to reform humanism.  Instead, we need to calculate human and non-human animal lives equally – that requires total rejection.

KOCHI 26 ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~

Putting aside the old, false assumptions of a teleological account of history, social
AND
negate and limit the old modern humanism by a radical anti-humanism. 

Their fear of the decay of the Westphalian order of sovereign states into the dissolution of a chaotic world of terrorism is a nonunique impact from the perspective of the species war. All of these perspectives require the systemic mass annihilation of nonhuman organisms as a means of daily sustenance. If anything, we need inner-species terrorism carried out on the behalf of nonhumans.

KOCHI 2K9 ~tarik, lecturer in law and international security @ U of Sussex, Doctorate in Law from Griffith, "species war: law, violence, and animals", ’law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359~

While thinkers such as Carl Schmitt had seen the re-emergence of religious war
AND
out acts of war against humans on behalf of non-human animals.

The role of the ballot is to use the debate site as a space for the practice of post humanities as an operative displacement of anthropocentrism inherent to the 1AC.

DOMANSKA 2K10 ~ewa, adam mickiewicz university, poznon Poland, Stanford, beyond anthropocentrism in historical sciences~

It seems that in contemporary intellectual practice scholars are not connected by methods or   theories
AND
the human subject   from the centre of historical, archaeological and anthropological studies. 

Permutation links more: it directs criticism towards politics – that excludes bare life in favor of the voice of the politically qualified citizen.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

The rise of environmentalism, deep ecology, and animal rights can be seen as
AND
killed, is marked by the difference between the human and the animal.
 

K turns the case.  Anthropocentric communication of attempts to minimize violence fail – only confronting the anthropocentric foundations of the ordering of violence can solve.

Coward 6
(Senior Lecturer in International Politics at Newcastle University 2006 Martin Against Anthropocentrism Review of International Studies 32.3 Cambridge Journals Online)

Whilst it is common to embark upon investigation of the nature of political violence out
AND
tool for examination of the violences that confront us in the contemporary era.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth MM | Judge: Brian Box

1NC

T

A. Interpretation: Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so

Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
~David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4~
The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power. Authority, in the legal sense, concerns ¶ the right to do something. Power refers to the capability to do something. Part of the problems ¶ in the U.S. constitutional crisis over use of force abroad is that the president has the power to ¶ make war, and to obtain congressional deference most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

====Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress====
Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions are court enforced interpretations of statutory restrictions

Barron ’08
David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 26 Martin S. Lederman,
Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, "THE
COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND
ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING," Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court
AND
preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.

B. Violation: The aff doesn’t restrict the authority of the President statutorily or judicially.

C. Standards

Ground. Our interp allows any aff that actually restricts authority through the courts or Congress. Their interp justifies social protest, individual actions, or any act that alters the material conditions of the President’s ability or willingness to act

Limits and topic education. Even if their aff is predictable, it justifies a litany of unpredictable affs, unlimiting the topic, and reducing topic education as negatives run towards generic Ks, and abusive, non-topic specific CPs.

D. T is a voter for fairness and topic education.  Evaluate topicality through competing interpretations – reasonability is arbitrary and leads to judge intervention, bad for education.

Schmitt K

Restrictions on executive war powers DO NOTHING for the state of political legal exception we live in and only gives further justification for violent intervention on the basis of legality

Dyzenhaus 05 (David, is a professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, "Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?" Cardozo Law Review 27) 

Rossiter had in mind Lincoln’s actions during the Civil War, including the proclamation by
AND
of the substantive conception of the rule of law than true black holes.

The affirmative purports to stand against war, but they do so in the name of humanity, security, rights and justice - They betray a universalism which can only result in imperialism and more war, turning the aff.

Rasch 2000 (William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

Schmitt would recognize these as the right questions to ask, would recognize them,
AND
was an unjust war, except of course that waged by the enemy?"

Our alternative is to recognize the necessity of the opposition. Sovereignty necessarily functions in exception to the law. This exception is necessary to avoid the universal violence of the Law and the affirmative.

Rasch 2000 (William. "Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics." Theory Culture Society 17.1)

It is not difficult to see that the polemical elevation of sovereignty over the rule
AND
Politics exists, in other words, because the just society does not.

This requires the unchecked authority of the executive to respond to the exception.

Nagan and Haddad 12 (Winston and Aitza, "Sovereignty in Theory and Practice." San Diego International Law Journal 13)

Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have
AND
for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.

Apocalyptic Representations K

Fiat double bind – Either the harms to the 1AC are true and they cannot solve for extinction before they control the levers of power OR their harms are constructed for the purpose of alarmism which makes them symbolic terrorists.

Apocalyptic predictions make serial policy failure inevitable

Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf

Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political
AND
well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice. 

The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.

If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite
Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232)
The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to  "calculate
AND
prevail than in situations where  security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.
 

The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC

Even if the rational arguments in favor of the plan are logical, the representations of apocalypse colonize the debate towards pressure for fast invasion and warmongering

Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; "The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginary", Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010)

Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy
AND
security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.

Solvency

President circumvents the judiciary

Scheppele 12
Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs @ Princeton University ~Kim Lane Scheppele (Dir. of the Program in Law and Public Affairs @ Princeton University),  "The New Judicial Deference," Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, January 2012~

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
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present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

Aggressive targeted killing policy’s key to stability in Yemen

Alan W. Dowd 13, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Winter-Spring 2013, "Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings," Parameters, Vol. 42.4/43.1

At the beginning of President Hadi’s May offensive he, therefore, had a fractured
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, but they could also melt away in the face of military setbacks.
Adding to his problems, President Hadi had only recently taken office after a long
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Yemeni officers indicated that they respected the fighting ability of their enemies.16
Shortly before the ground offensive, drones were widely reported in the US and international
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government, although it no longer ruled any urban centers in the south.

Obama will circumvent

Michaels 13
(Martin Michaels, Mint Press staff writer, "The Human Side Of Drones: Congress Fails In Oversight" May 13, 2013, http://www.mintpressnews.com/the-human-side-of-drones-congress-fails-in-oversight/158722/-http://www.mintpressnews.com/the-human-side-of-drones-congress-fails-in-oversight/158722/, KB)

"The Obama administration justifies its use of armed drones with reference to the Authorization
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and the Middle East over the course of his two terms in office.

Terrorism

Drones irrelevant to Pakistan stability - multiple alt causes

Javaid ’11
(Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies 26 Chairperson Department of political science University of Punjab, "Thriving Fundamentalism and Militancy in Pakistan An Analytical Overview of their Impact on the Society," South Asian Studies, Vol. 26 No. 1. Pg. 16-17)

 ’The recent increase of violence by jihadi groups, including suicide bombing
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concerns for the region and also ¶ towards the global security and peace.

No Pakistan collapse and it doesn’t escalate

Dasgupta 13
Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four times — in 1986, 1990, 1999 and 2001–02. In each case, India responded in a manner that did not escalate the conflict. Any incursion into Pakistan was extremely limited. An Indian intervention in a civil war in Pakistan would be subject to the same limitations — at least so long as the Pakistani army maintains its integrity.
Given the new US–India ties, the most important factor in determining the
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some influence in Afghanistan, especially working with elements of the Northern Alliance.
India and Afghanistan already have a strategic partnership agreement in place that creates the framework for their bilateral relationship to grow, but the degree of actual cooperation will depend on how Pakistan and the Taliban react. If Indian interests in Afghanistan come under attack, New Delhi might have to pull back. The Indian government has been quite clear about not sending troops to Afghanistan.
If the United States shifts its policy to where it has to choose Kabul over Islamabad, in effect reviving the demand for an independent Pashtunistan, India is likely to be much more supportive of US and Afghan goals. The policy shift, however, carries the risk of a full-fledged proxy war with Pakistan in Afghanistan, but should not involve the prospect of a direct Indian intervention in Pakistan itself.
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail
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government or by the radicals — from taking control of the entire country.
Lieven’s analysis is more persuasive than the widespread view that Pakistan is about to fail
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out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

terrorists wont have the motivation

Levi, 2007
Michael A. Levi (Fellow for Science and Technology) 4/19/2007 "How Likely is a Nuclear Terrorist Attack on the United States?", Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/publication/13097/

Yet from a terrorist perspective the prospect of a fizzle or a dud might change
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no reason to assume that al-Qaeda would choose such a course.

Norms

Obama won’t pursue drone norms internationally—-not even with allies

Kristin Roberts 13, News Editor, National Journal, 3/22/13, "When the Whole World Has Drones," http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321
Obama promised in his 2013 State of the Union to increase the drone program’s transparency
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of the legal memos the Justice Department drafted in support of targeted killing.
But, beyond that, it’s not certain Obama will do anything more to shine light on this program. Except in situations where leaks help it tell a politically expedient story of its skill at killing bad guys, the administration has done little to make a case to the public and the world at large for its use of armed drones.
Already, what’s become apparent is that the White House is not interested in changing
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largely off the table now, according to intelligence officials and committee members.
Under discussion within the administration and on Capitol Hill is a potential program takeover by
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provide no guarantee of greater transparency for the public, or even Congress.
And if the administration is not willing to share with lawmakers who are security-cleared to know, it certainly is not prepared to engage in a sensitive discussion, even among allies, that might begin to set the rules on use for a technology that could upend stability in already fragile and strategically significant places around the globe. Time is running out to do so.
 

No risk of drone wars

Singh 12
Joseph Singh 12, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race," http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2eSvaZnfQ-http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/

In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive
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of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

Powers will work together to stabilize the region—security and economic incentives

Gresh 12
(Dr. Geoffrey F., Assistant Professor of International Security Studies at National Defense University, "Russia, China, and stabilizing South Asia", 3/12, http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/12/russia_china_and_stabilizing_south_asia)

As the U.S. begins to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, Russia and
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United States should embrace the transformation of a new era in Eurasia’s heartland.

Conventional weapons disprove the Caucasus impact

Sultanova, 13
~Neighbourhood Watches as Azerbaijan Arms Up Unable to match Baku’s big spending, Armenia relies on special relationship with Moscow. By Shahla Sultanova, Yekaterina Poghosyan - Caucasus CRS Issue 695, 25 Jul 13,http://iwpr.net/report-news/neighbourhood-watches-azerbaijan-arms~~ 

Azerbaijan’s rapid arms build-up is cause for concern in the region, with
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, which is an inherent threat to the fragile ceasefire," he said.

Block

norms

Powers will work together to stabilize the region—security and economic incentives

Gresh 12
(Dr. Geoffrey F., Assistant Professor of International Security Studies at National Defense University, "Russia, China, and stabilizing South Asia", 3/12, http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/12/russia_china_and_stabilizing_south_asia)

As the U.S. begins to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, Russia and
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United States should embrace the transformation of a new era in Eurasia’s heartland.

T

"war powers authority" is the president’s discretion to launch an attack – ex post doesn’t do that because the president maintains the decision power – only ex ante is topical

Vladeck 13 (Steve, Professor of Law and the Associate Dean for Scholarship – American University Washington College of Law, JD – Yale Law School, Senior Editor – Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, "Why a "Drone Court" Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…," Lawfare Blog, 2-10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)

II.  Drone Courts and the Separation of Powers
In my view, the adversity issue is the deepest legal flaw in "drone
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imagine that it would produce wise, just, or remotely reliable decisions.

This distinction is important – "targeted killing authority" is the decision to determine what is imminent – ex post doesn’t challenge that authority, but is just after-the-fact supervision on if the president used the right definition – only ex ante is topical

McKelvey 11 (Benjamin, JD Candidate, Senior Editorial Board – Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, "Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, November, 44 VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L. 1353, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/2012/06/due-process-rights-and-the-targeted-killing-of-suspected-terrorists-the-unconstitutional-scope-of-executive-killing-power/-http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/2012/06/due-process-rights-and-the-targeted-killing-of-suspected-terrorists-the-unconstitutional-scope-of-executive-killing-power/)

Therefore, the President was justified in using lethal force to protect the nation against
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, not political questions, and they are subject to judicial review.114
~Continues to Footnote~
114. Al-Aulaqi Response, supra note 2, at 24–25
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correct standard for the targeted killing of a U.S. citizen).

Broad interpretations cause unmanageable research burdens

Taylor 5
Taylor III, now a JD from William and Mary, 2005¶ (Jarred, "Searching for a More Perfect Union," https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US-https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)

It would take even the most seasoned scholar years of research and hundreds of pages to adequately analyze the development of any presidential power over the course of American history; war power is certainly no exception.  Every President since George Washington has interpreted the martial prerogatives of his office in different ways, and most have set some sort of precedent for succeeding officeholders.  Nevertheless, some of the major changes in executive military power bear highlighting.

Limits literally double the educational benefit of debate

Arrington 2009
(Rebecca, UVA Today, "Study Finds That Students Benefit From Depth, Rather Than Breadth, in High School Science Courses" March 4)

A recent study reports that high school students who study fewer science topics, but
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impacted twice as much as those in courses that touched on every major topic

3) It’s arbitrary and undermines research

Resnick 1
Evan Resnick 1, assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University,  "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2

In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
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"engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.

Schmitt K

PERM IMPOSSIBLE - we must choose between universalization of values or recognition of enmity

Moreiras 04
~Director of European Studies at Duke, Alberto, "A God without Sovereignty. Political Jouissance. The Passive Decision", CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3, p. 79-80, Project MUSE~

The friend/enemy division is peculiar at the highest level, at the level
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an order of the political, the order produces its own political divisions.

Drones are inevitable

Henning, 2-20-12
~Job, NYT, Embracing the Drone, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/opinion/embracing-the-drone.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0~~ /Wyo-MB
Drones — more formally armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs — are "in
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polls show that a vast majority of Americans support the use of drones.¶

Universalism effaces the us/them distinction to form a unified whole – it causes global psychosis, resulting in genocidal war and lashout

Reinhard 2k4
~Kenneth, Professor of Jewish Studies at UCLA, 2004, "Towards a Political Theology- Of the Neighbor," online: http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf-http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf~~

If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
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ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable" (PF 83).

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kansas MN | Judge: Brian DeLong

1NC

T

TOPICALITY

Introducing armed forces only refers to human troops, not weapons systems like nukes

Lorber 13
Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. January 2013, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Contsitutional Law, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis nexis

C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to Offensive Cyber Operations   As discussed above
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is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Vote negative – they explode the topic, including weapons systems turns the topic into an arms control topic – nuclear weapons, space weaponization, chemical weapons and bioweapons could all be their own topics – it makes being neg impossible

Iran Sanctions DA

Iran sanctions are at the top of the docket – Obama is spending capital to persuade Democrats to sustain a veto

Lobe, 12-27 
Reporter for Inter Press Service (Jim, "Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power"
http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046-http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046)

WASHINGTON - This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new
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who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.

Obama’s strategy is working but failure scuttles the nuclear deal

Merry 1-1
Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, "Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran" Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
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seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.

The plan causes an inter-branch fight – saps PC and derails his agenda

Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
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to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

That causes a US-Iran war and Iranian prolif

WORLD TRIBUNE 11-13
~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~

The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
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for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White 11
July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)

A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
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beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

Security K

The affirmative’s call to SECURITY only FEEDS THE APORIAS by which security apparatuses CONTINUOUSLY ORDER AND PROBLEMATIZE LIFE

Dillon and Reid 2K0
Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster and lecturer in international relations at Kings College in London, 2000 ~Michael and Julian, Alternatives vol. 25, issue 1, spring, EbscoHost~

As a precursor to global governance, governmentality, according to Foucault’s initial account,
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detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it.

The discourse of the 1AC contributes to the emergence of destructive security-state that becomes indistinguishable from the forms of violence it seeks to prevent.

Agamben 2K2,
~ Professor of Philosophy at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris, ~Giorgio, Theory 26 Event 5:4, ProjectMuse~

Security as the basic principle of state politics dates back to the birth of the
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and not to reduce itself to attempts to control them once they occur.

ALTERNATIVE: VOTE NEGATIVE. ONLY TOTALLY ESCHEWING THE LOGIC OF SECURITY SOLVES.

NEOCLEOUS 2K8.
~Mark, Professor of Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University (UK), "Critique of Security." Pg. 185-186~
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
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state; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift. 

Weaponization

1.) Military, technical and political factors prove weapons not inevitable

Tannenwald 2003 (Nina is an PhD @ Cornell, Associate Research Professor at Brown University’s Watson Institute for International Studies, April, http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/tannenwald.pdf, " Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space"; AB)

What accounts for the lack of an arms race in space so far? Explanations
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reaffirmed support for the nonweaponization norm in numerous UN resolutions and diplomatic statements.
 

2.) Deterrence checks space weapons

Krepon 08 (Michael, is the co-founder of the Henry L. Stimson Center, a Diplomat Scholar at the University of Virginia, February–March, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/SurvivalTellis.pdf, "China’s Military Space Strategy: An Exchange"; AB 

 US military guidance calling for space superiority does not foreclose hit-to-
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they were kept to a minimum because they were provocative and dangerous.
 

3.) No space arms race — sets a high standard against transgressors

Dolman 06 (Everett C. Dolman, Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Peter Hays, senior policy analyst with the Science Applications International Corporation, Karl Mueller, political scientist with the RAND Corporation, specializing in air and space strategy and other defense policy issues, 3/10/06, "Toward a Grand U.S. Strategy in Space," George C. Marshall Institute, pg 24-25)

Nonetheless, we have a different system today and, as Karl has pointed out
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its area of interest, and then massively and forcefully fix that problem.
?

4.) No risk of conflict in space

Dolman 06 (Everett C. is Associate Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the U.S. Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v026/26.1dolman.html, SAIS Review 26.1 163-175

In such circumstances, America certainly would respond eventually. Conversely, if America were
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there—at least for the next few years—is extremely remote.

5. Increase in CO2 helps water management increasing crop yields

Malcolm et al. ’12
(Scott Malcolm Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1996¶ M.S., UC Santa Barbara, 1988¶ B.S., UC Santa Barbara, 1985 Associate Professor of Operations Research ¶ Applied Economics 26 Statistics ¶ University of Delaware , Elizabeth Marshall Economic Research Service¶ Department of Agriculture¶ Government of the United States Marcel, Aillery Agricultural Economist, ¶ Paul Heisey is an Economist in the Resource, Environmental, and Science Policy Branch of the Resource and Rural Economics Division. His work focuses on agricultural science policy, in particular public and private sector agricultural research and development, intellectual property, and genetic resources. Ph.D. and M.A. in Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison; B.Sc. in Mathematics, Messiah College, Grantham, Pennsylvania., Mike is a Senior Economist in the Production Economics and Technology Branch of the Resource and Rural Economics Division. His current research program seeks to inform public policy discussions on corn-based ethanol production, climate change, and nutrient, pest, and invasive species management. PhD Economics, North Carolina State University, 1999.¶ BS Mathematics, North Carolina State University, 1992.¶ and Kelly Day Rubenstein is an economist with the Resource and Rural Economics Division. Her research focuses on agricultural science policy (particularly economic aspects of agricultural research and development) and the role of genetic resources in the agricultural production process. Kelly received an M.S. in agricultural and applied economics in 1990 from the University of Minnesota and a B.A. in economics from the University of St Thomas in St. Paul. "Agricultural Adaptation ¶ to a Changing Climate¶ Economic and Environmental Implications ¶ Vary by U.S. Region" USDA ERS July 2012 accessed online August 5, 2012 at http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/848748/err136.pdf)

Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2¶ )¶ Crop yields have been observed to increase
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is constrained by ¶ other stressors, such as nitrogen or water limitations.

6. Food shortages cause extinction

Winnail ’96
(Douglas S. Winnail, Ph.D., MPH, 1996, "On the Horizon": Famine, From the World Ahead, Sep/Oct, http://www.survivalplus.com/foods/page0004.html-http://www.survivalplus.com/foods/page0004.html)

Perhaps you have been too busy to notice, but the concern about our global
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in the years ahead at least carries the potential of severe food shortages.

Balancing

Hegemony isn’t key to peace

Fettweis, 11
Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
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global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Heg is unsustainable
Layne 10
(Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service. "Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana". The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n5422359

China’s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States’ over the last
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with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.

Heg can’t solve war - empirically proven that decrease in heg causes peace

Fettweis, 10 Christopher J. Fettweis (Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College) 2010 "Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy," Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2 April 2010 , pages 59 – 82
One potential explanation for the growth of global peace can be dismissed fairly quickly:
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to reach the conclusion that world peace and US military expenditure are unrelated.

Solvency

Obama will ignore limitations – Libya proves

Crabtree 11
(SUSAN CRABTREE, White House correspondent at The Washington Times. She was the senior editor of The Hill, "Clinton To Congress: Obama Would Ignore Your War Resolutions" MARCH 30, 2011, http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/03/clinton-tells-house-obama-would-ignore-war-resolutions.php-http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/03/clinton-tells-house-obama-would-ignore-war-resolutions.php, KB)

Rep. Brad Sherman (D-CA), who asked Clinton about the War
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act since its passage, deeming it an unconstitutional encroachment on executive power.

Restricting war powers authority causes the executive shift to self-defense justification —- guts the plan’s signal and causes global instability

Barnes, 12
J.D. at Boston University and M.A. in Law and Diplomacy at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (Spring 2012, Beau D., Military Law Review, "REAUTHORIZING THE "WAR ON TERROR": THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF’S COMING OBSOLESCENCE," 211 Mil. L. Rev. 57)

2. Effect on the International Law of Self-Defense¶ A failure to
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and rooting~ counterterrorism efforts within a more durable, legal foundation." n152

The executive will redefine the law to get around the plan

Pollack 13
Norman Pollack 13, Prof of History @ MSU and PhD in History from Harvard, "Drones, Israel, and the Eclipse of Democracy, Counterpunch, 2/5, www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/05/drones-israel-and-the-eclipse-of-democracy/-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/05/drones-israel-and-the-eclipse-of-democracy/

Bisharat first addresses the transmogrification of international law by Israel’s military lawyers.  We might
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–seems overly much, and not a murmur from an adoring public.

Block

T

Links to our limits offense – their evidence concedes that the plan is "other forces," not forces - that includes stuff like satellites – creates a whole new topic

US Defense Report 3
(RESOURCES ALLOCATED TO MISSION AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES, http://www.iwar.org.uk/military/resources/us-defense-report/2003/14_Appendix_Resources_Allocated.pdf)
Section 113(l) of Title 10, United States Code, requires the Department of Defense¶ (DoD) to identify resources allocated to mission and support activities in each of the five¶ preceding fiscal years. In response to that requirement, Appendix C provides year-byyear comparisons of: ¶ • DoD funding (in constant dollars) allocated to forces and infrastructure (Table ¶ C-1).1¶
*footnote inserted*

FORCE CATEGORIES¶ • Expeditionary Forces. Operating forces designed primarily for nonnuclear ¶ operations
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such as cryptologic activities, satellite ¶ communications, and airborne command posts.

Also includes cyberspace which proves a topic coherence da if their interpretation is correct, then including ’offensive cyber operations’ in the topic would be redundant and unnecessary, since cyber command falls under the uniformed services – this means their interpretation isn’t predictable

USSTRATCOM, 13 ("U.S. Cyber Command" current as of August, http://www.stratcom.mil/factsheets/Cyber_Command/)
USCYBERCOM is a sub-unified command subordinate to U. S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM). Service elements include: Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER); Air Forces Cyber (AFCYBER); Fleet Cyber Command (FLTCYBERCOM); and Marine Forces Cyber Command (MARFORCYBER). The Command is also standing up dedicated Cyber Mission Teams to accomplish the three elements of our mission.

US Armed Forces means active duty military personnel – prefer it – congressional definition

US Congress 80 ("U.S. Policy in the Far East," US Congress - House Committee on Foreign Affairs, p. 98)
(a) "United States armed forces" means the personnel on active duty belonging to the land, sea or air armed services of the United States of America when in the territory of Japan.

Uniformed services means people – this is true in times of war

USERRA 94 ("Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act," http://www.justice.gov/crt/military/statute.htm)
(16) The term ’uniformed services’ means the Armed Forces, the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard when engaged in active duty for training, inactive duty training, or full-time National Guard duty, the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service, and any other category of persons designated by the President in time of war or national emergency.

United States Armed Forces means uniformed military personnel

Internal Revenue Service 5 ("Part 7. Rulings and Agreements - Chapter 25. Exempt Organizations Determinations Manual - Section 19. Veterans’ Organizations," http://www.irs.gov/irm/part7/irm_07-025-019.html)
Veterans are defined as present or former members of the United States Armed Forces.
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Force. Each term also includes the Coast Guard and the National Guard.
*IRC = Internal Revenue Code

Uniformed services means people

Wikipedia 10 ("uniformed services," http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/729988)
Uniformed services are bodies of people in the employ of a state that are not employed on standard terms of contract, but have some element of additional discipline, and wear a uniform.\

Hostilities implies units of US armed forces engaged in an active exchange of fire with opposing units —- weapons systems don’t count

Opderbeck 13
David W. Opderbeck 13, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, 8/2/13, "Drone Courts," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315

The WPR does not indicate that Congress has any authority to oversee or control the
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since there is usually no "exchange of fire" under such circumstances.

Even HAARP

MIHALKO ’13
Mark http://theringmastersrealm.blogspot.com/2013/01/the-executive-order-haarp-natural.html-http://theringmastersrealm.blogspot.com/2013/01/the-executive-order-haarp-natural.html

As I was driving home today, the words of Vice President Biden about the
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, 1990 and then again in his most famous statement in March 1991.

And Rods from God, global strike, space lasers, and heat weapons

SpaceDaily ’05
http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/White_House_Says_It_Is_Not_Looking_At_Weaponizing_Space.html-http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/White_House_Says_It_Is_Not_Looking_At_Weaponizing_Space.html

The White House said Wednesday that it is not looking at weaponizing space in the
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an experimental XSS-11 microsatellite able to disrupt reconnaissance and communications satellites.

Nuclear weapons, land mine bans, cluster bombs, chemical weapons

Lobel, 8 -  Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School (Jules, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War" 392 OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 69:391, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf-http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf) 

The third theory—based on the distinction between general rules and specific tactics—
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real problem of determining the respective powers of Congress and the President.43

Broad interpretations cause unmanageable research burdens

Taylor 5
Taylor III, now a JD from William and Mary, 2005¶ (Jarred, "Searching for a More Perfect Union," https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US-https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)

It would take even the most seasoned scholar years of research and hundreds of pages to adequately analyze the development of any presidential power over the course of American history; war power is certainly no exception.  Every President since George Washington has interpreted the martial prerogatives of his office in different ways, and most have set some sort of precedent for succeeding officeholders.  Nevertheless, some of the major changes in executive military power bear highlighting.

Limits literally double the educational benefit of debate

Arrington 2009
(Rebecca, UVA Today, "Study Finds That Students Benefit From Depth, Rather Than Breadth, in High School Science Courses" March 4)

A recent study reports that high school students who study fewer science topics, but
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twice as much as those in courses that touched on every major topic.

Security K

Portraying china and russia as "rising" powers fills the meaning of the signifier of the "west" in a way that reproduces external antagonism into the field of ir even if the context of those relations discourses is co-operative.

WEBER 2K8
~Christian, PhD-candidate, Goethe-University Frankfurt a.M. – International Studies, "securitizing china and Russia?: Western relationships with "rising" powers in the East", http://tinyurl.com/weber08~~

Accordingly, this research field of the project covers the global dimension of transformations in
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differences towards China and Russia as "rising powers" in the East.

C. Reject their notion of politics that is inherently exclusionary – interrogating the aff’s discourse is critical to effective policymaking

Grondin 2K4
~David, Assistant Professor at University of Ottowa, "(Re)Writing the "National Security State"," presented at the annual International Studies Association Convention, 17-20 March 2004,http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf-http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf~~

A poststructuralist approach to international relations reassesses the nature of the political. Indeed,
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the world (the "subject") and our ways of understanding it.

4. PERMUTATION LINKS MORE: State-centricity coopts the perm – The political focus of the aff makes sovereign identity, our link to otherization and "meaning to life", inevitable

Campbell 98
(David, Professor of International politics at the University of Newcastle, Writing Security: US Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, pg 38-39)

The subfield of international relations that serves as the main body of literature on foreign
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)9 and the interaction of the internal factors and external conditions.10 

Their security thinking intrinsically produces in-group thinking that necessitates violence against an out-group – This is the root cause of war

Lipschutz 98 (Ronnie D, Professor, Department of Politics @ The UC Santa Cruz, "8. Negotiating the Boundaries of Difference and Security at Millennium’s End," Cioanet,http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz18.html~~

Much of the analysis that currently purports to explain these wars revolves around the concepts
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difference—that which is not us, not certain, not predictable."