Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Samford Carley-Higgins | Judge: Robinson
Text – The United States Federal Government should restrict executive authority for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities.

Contention 1 is Restraint

Drone tech is inevitable but how they are used is a function of political will – US action is the key internal link to controlling the future of drone warfare.
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Specifically US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
AND
, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.

US must act now to lock in norms and a legal framework or risk gutting the entire system of international law – checks on the executive are key.
Brooks, 13
Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013
Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Scenario One – Deterrence 

Lack of checks on US executive influences global drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable.
Dowd, 13
Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Leads to collapse of deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Indo-Pak war is the greatest threat of nuclear extinction.
Chaffin, 11
Greg, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Scenario Two – China

Chinese drone adventurism leads to miscalc over the Senkakus – U.S. gets drawn in
Brimley, 13
Shawn, vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes To Asia, http://hrana.org/articles/2013/09/the-drone-war-comes-to-asia/
Without a doubt, China’s drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Escalates to extinction
Strait Times, 2k
CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.

Contention 2 is Legitimacy

Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan.
Hamid, 13
Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false
The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the
AND
. The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups.

And – despite promises strikes will continue.
Mazetti, 13
Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all
WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” 

Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup.
Khan, 8-29
Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/
During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone
AND
be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt. 

The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the
AND
oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review.

Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and draws every major nation into a nuclear world war 3.
Walayat, 10
Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html
During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
AND
as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.

Contention 3 is Solvency

ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism.
Maxwell, 12
Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative
AND
what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ

Current administration policy must be codified to have an impact
Dworkin, 13
Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, “Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position”, July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
In both Pakistan and Yemen, there may have been times when some drone strikes
AND
to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.

Drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reforms solve and are sustainable
Hayden, 13
Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074
The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a
AND
policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Idaho State Doty-Ivanovic | Judge: Pasquinelli
Text – The United States Federal Government should abolish the authority to engage in targeted killing.

Contention 1 is Just War

The United States Government justifies its targeted killing operations with the theory of Just War, the idea that there can be moral justifications for conflict and moral ways of waging war.  As the United States Government rationalizes its current wars, it has conversely opened a space for challenging the entire foundation of State killing. Interrogating the justifications for targeted killing operations exposes the inherent contradictions in just war theory.
Provost-Smith 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins; “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, Spring  2013)
As drones become the new centerpiece of counter-terrorism and counterinsurgency warfare, questions
AND
a millennium before St. Augustine’s own influential writings on the topic.14

Highlighting the violence of ongoing drone warfare challenges the status quo narrative of humanitarianism- there is no such thing as just war. The idea that modern warfare has become less violent has been used to silence opposition and legitimize war.
Terrell 13 (Brian Terrell is a co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence, Drones and Gadflies, Sept 13,  http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/09/13/drones-and-gadflies/)
My own anti-drone activism began with protests at Creech Air Force Base in
AND
their own consciences, perhaps the responsibility of haunting them falls to us.

Just war theory is in the business of legitimizing violence-It controls the conversation and our imagination-Technology and strategy have combined to create a cycle of infinite targets and endless war.
Provost-Smith 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins; “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential  Crisis of Just War Theory,” in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, Spring 2013)
Swirling in the circularity of the justificans bellum, increasingly aided by developments in artificial
AND
archaic” theory of just and unjust wars are merely proclaiming the obvious.

Highlighting the issue of drone warfare is a useful starting point for a larger interrogation of State killing-Exposing the history of targeted killing is an important mechanism for challenging the secret global war on terrorism.
Noble 12 (Doug, activist with the Upstate Coalition to Ground the Drones, Assassination Nation, July 19, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/07/19/assassination-nation/)
This striking new transparency, the official acknowledgment for the first time of a broad
AND
killing still being perpetrated globally – and covertly – by our Assassination Nation.

Our call for action against drone violence strikes at the nexus of oppression that afflicts all communities- the 1ac is critical to connecting the dots between racism, domestic violence and the imperial war machine
Janani, 13
(Author and editor at BGD, http://www.blackgirldangerous.org/2013/08/08/201388zimmermans-and-drones-antiblackness-and-global-domination/ 10/4/13)
I want to build on this analysis further, to a structural level. I
AND
dots between the tactics of enslavement, incarceration, colonialism, and empire.

This infinite war will culminate in planetary extinction.
Hanrahan 11 (Clare, Militarism and the "Economics of Extinction," http://warisacrime.org/content/militarism-and-economics-extinction
War is an all out assault on life. Every living being is in peril
AND
with the economics of extinction."  We cannot let this be the end.

Contention 2 is Solvency

Just war theory is an obstacle to new ways of understanding and relating to the world-The focus on asking WHICH WARS, forecloses the possibility of asking IF WAR? The 1AC encourages us to move beyond the narrow debates over morality and legality and onto a broader focus that can start to challenge structural violence.
CMSM 13 (CMSM is an association of the leadership of men in religious and apostolic institutes in the United States, Armed Drones: Do They Make us Better People?, May 30, http://www.cmsm.org/documents/05-30-13_CMSM_Statement_Armed_Drones.pdf)
Focusing on the “just war” theory as the key frame of moral analysis
AND
concerns and a fuller vision of "humanity" we should attend to. 

The performance of the 1ac is critical to the ballot- we fill the debate space with knowledge of the interconnection between anti-black violence, drone strikes and the American imperial war machine- Each one… reach one….. teach one – this is an essential step in stalwart resistance to violence here and abroad
Pinkney, 13
(Larry, Editorial Board Member and Columnist for Black Commentator, former Black Panther Party Member, Is Opposing Obama's 'Kill List' and Drone Missile Murders Being Anti-Black? http://blackcommentator.com/500/500_kir_opposing_kill_list_anti_black.html 10/4/13)
It is perhaps the irony of ironies in this 21st century that the United States
AND
teach one. Onward, then, my sisters and brothers. Onward!

Aff is key to reinvigorating democratic politics by focusing on policy based solutions to drone strikes
Mellor, 13
(Ewan, E. European University Institute, Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs, Paper for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.bisa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_bisaandtask=download_paperandno_html=1andpassed_paper_id=398 9/11/13)
This paper has discussed the empirics of the policies of drone strikes in the ongoing
AND
the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52

Using the state strategically solves —rejection makes it worse
Stefano Guzzini, Assistant Professor at Central European Univ., Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy, 98, p. 212

Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible
AND
the name, although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State Sharif-Tippets | Judge: Tews

Text

The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflict to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. 

Contention 1 - Restraint

Drone tech is inevitable but how they are used is a function of political will – US action is the key internal link to controlling the future of drone warfare.
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Specifically US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
AND
, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.

US targeted killing policies water down the notion of imminence gut any sense of proportionality – incorporating international law in the decision making process if key.
Guiora, 13
Amos, N., S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted Killing: The Limits of Power, e-International Relations, 9-4-2012, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/04/targeted-killing-the-limits-of-power/
Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy and policy.
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

And – China models US drone usage – restraints are key to creating new norms
CBS News, 13
China emerges as new force in drone warfare, May 3, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/
Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
AND
There needs to be agreement on what the limits are," he said.

This encourages overreach and risk taking that makes miscalculation likely leading to war.
Gertz, 13
Bill, the senior editor of the Washington Free Beacon, Game of Drones, Washington Free Beacon, March 26, 2013, http://freebeacon.com/game-of-drones/
For the immediate future, the Chinese drones are monitoring disputed maritime and land boundaries
AND
Japan is expected to increase tensions over the Senkakus, the officials said.

Conflict is likely – drones lower the bar for aggressive behavior on both sides.
Parker, 13
Richard, NY TIMES, Pilotless Planes, Pacific Tensions, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/opinion/drones-and-the-rivalry-between-the-us-and-china.html?smid=go-shareand_r=1and
This exercise is the beginning of a new chapter in military history: autonomous
AND
fully understand, and so are all the more likely to fall into.

Extinction
Strait Times, 2k
CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.

The plans standards eliminates signature strikes and establishes an international norm of restraint.
Haas, 13
Richard, President CFR, The President Has Too Much Latitude to Order Drone Strikes, CFR, 2-18-2013, http://www.cfr.org/drones/president-has-too-much-latitude-order-drone-strikes/p30021
Instead of the Justice Department criterion, what is needed is a standard that would
AND
the world who appreciate the need to balance legitimacy and self-preservation.

Codifying TK standards is key to establishing a clear legal precedent in a time when norm are in flux.
Twomey, 13
Laura, Trinity College Dublin, Setting a Global Precedent: President Obama's Codification of Drone Warfare, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative law, March 14, 2013, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/cjicl-blog/setting-a-global-precedent-president-obamas-codification-of-drone-warfare
It is clear that, as the first State to deploy remote targeting technology in
AND
warfare, a model which lacks a clear enemy and a demarcated battlefield.

Contention 2 is Pakistan

The strategy of targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan.
Hamid, 13
Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false
If there is any misconception that the drone strikes are primarily counterterrorist in nature,
AND
. The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups.

And – despite promises those strikes will continue.
Mazetti, 13
Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all
WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” 

Lack of congressional restrictions on signature killing undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup.
Khan, 8-29
Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/
During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone
AND
be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt. 

Ending the targeting of low-level operatives key to cooperation and legitimacy of the government – prefer our comparative evidence.
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The extent to which the Obama administration has targeted lower-ranked operatives is not
AND
Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53

The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the
AND
oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review.

Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and draws every major nation into a nuclear world war 3.
Walayat, 10
Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html
During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
AND
as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.

Economic collapse causes war, miscalc and terror.
Royal, 10
Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Contention 3 - Solvency

ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism.
Maxwell, 12
Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative
AND
what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ

Precedents set by the president are only perceived domestically and don’t restrain future administrations.
Eland, 13
Ivan, Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute. Dr. Eland has spent 15 years working for Congress on national security issues, including stints as an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Principal Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, Dangerous Precedent of Drone Wars, The Consortium News, June 4, 2013, http://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/04/dangerous-precedent-of-drone-wars/
Prior to the 2012 election, President Barack Obama told aides that he wanted to
AND
expansive Bush/Obama “war on terror” as their unfortunate precedent.

Current drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reforms solve and are sustainable
Hayden, 13
Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074
The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a
AND
policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arizona State Rajan-Vered | Judge: Miller
The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeted killing  authority in non-international armed conflicts to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities. 

Contention 1 is Restraint

Drone tech is inevitable but how they are used is a function of political will – US action is the key internal link to controlling the future of drone warfare.
Farley, 11
Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 10-12-11, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Specifically US practices ignore international norms of proportionality and distinction undermining the very nature of restraint in international law.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
President Obama, has argued that “there is nothing in international law … that
AND
, and they are entitled to defend themselves before a court of law.

US must act now to lock in norms and a legal framework or risk gutting the entire system of international law – checks on the executive are key.
Brooks, 13
Rosa, professor at Georgetown University, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013
Right now, the United States has a decided technological advantage when it comes to
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

The presumption should be that international norms have a positive affect on state behavior – prefer multiple empirical studies
Guzman, 7                                                                                                                   Andrew, Jackson H. Ralston Professor of Law and Associate Dean at UC Berkeley School of Law, where he is also the Director of the Advanced Law Degree Programs, and Associate Dean for International and Advanced Degree Programs, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, 2007
The book explains how international law is able to affect state behavior despite a lack
AND
. If that is correct, international law must be having an effect.

Scenario One – Deterrence 

Lack of checks on US executive influences global drone policy and makes accidental war inevitable.
Dowd, 13
Alan, writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security. His writing has appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy Review, The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, World Politics Review, American Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Times, The National Post, The Wall Street Journal Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and The Financial Times Deutschland, Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings, Parameters, 42(4), Winter Spring, 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
If we argue that drone pilots are not in the battlespace, which seems reasonable
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Leads to collapse of deterrence and all conflicts go nuclear
Boyle, 13
Michael, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, The costs and consequences of drone warfare, International Affairs, 89:1, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

Nuclear deterrence necessary to deter rogue states, CBW attacks, and widespread prolif -- impact is extinction
Schneider, ‘8
 Mark, a Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Before his retirement from the Department of Defense, Dr. Schneider served in a number of senior positions within the Office of Secretary of Defense for Policy including Principal Director for Forces Policy, Principal Director for Strategic Defense, Space and Verification Policy, Director for Strategic Arms Control Policy and Representative of the Secretary of Defense to the Nuclear Arms Control Implementation Commissions. He also served in the senior Foreign Service as a Member of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, the Professional Staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Department of Energy, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Atomic Energy Commission. Prior to his government career, Dr. Schneider served as a Senior Political Scientist with the BMD Corporation, a policy analyst with the Stanford Research Institute and taught at the University of Southern California and California State University at Los Angeles, “The Future of the US Nuclear Deterrent” Comparative Strategy, July-September 2008, 27:4, p345-360 

According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review, the United States must maintain a “
AND
legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities.

Indo-Pak war is the greatest threat of nuclear extinction.
Chaffin, 11
Greg, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Scenario Two – China

Chinese drone adventurism leads to miscalc over the Senkakus – U.S. gets drawn in
Brimley, 13
Shawn, vice president of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, The Drone War Comes To Asia, http://hrana.org/articles/2013/09/the-drone-war-comes-to-asia/
Without a doubt, China’s drone adventure 100-miles north of the Senkakus was
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war.

Escalates to extinction
Strait Times, 2k
CHING CHEONG – SENIOR JOURNALIST @ THE STRAIT TIMES, NO ONE GAINS IN A WAR OVER TAIWAN, JUNE 25, LEXIS
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.

Contention 2 is Legitimacy

Targeting low-level militants drives anti-American sentiment and undermines counter-terrorism in Pakistan.
Hamid, 13
Moshin, Pakistan: Why Drones Don’t Help, NY Review of Books, May, 23, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/may/23/pakistan-why-drones-dont-help/?pagination=false
The report from Stanford and NYU highlights research separately conducted by Reuters and by the
AND
. The country must be responsible for dealing with its own extremist groups.

And – despite promises strikes will continue.
Mazetti, 13
Mark, Despite Administration Promises, Few Signs of Change in Drone Wars, NYT, August 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=all
WASHINGTON — There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
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Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.” 

Lack of congressional restrictions undermines Pakistani government credibility risking a violent coup.
Khan, 8-29
Muhammed, PhD scholar in international law in University of Salzburg, The Drone Dilemma, Pakistan Today, 8-29-13, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/29/comment/columns/the-drone-dilemma-2/
During his first term, President Obama launched more than six times as many drone
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be committing a political suicide which might even turn into a bloody revolt. 

The plan is the CRUCIAL step in undermining hardliners – focus on principles of distinction and proportionality are key.
ICG, 13
International Crisis Group, Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan, Asia Report, no. 247, May, 2013, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=164796
The lack of candour from the U.S. and Pakistan governments on the
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oversight by the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and appropriate judicial review.

Pakistan state collapse guts the global economy and draws every major nation into a nuclear world war 3.
Walayat, 10
Nadeem, 20 years experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets, including one of few who both anticipated and Beat the 1987 Crash, Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III, The Market Oracle, January 16, 2010, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html
During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
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as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.

Economic collapse causes war, and terror
Royal, 10
Jedediah, Director of Cooperativ e Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Contention 3 is Solvency

ONLY Congressional oversight is the key internal link to credible rules of the road and international norms. Presidential action leaves the door open to unstrained unilateralism.
Maxwell, 12
Mark David, a Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS FEELING SAFE?, National Defense University, 64:1, 1st quarter, 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
In order to alleviate both of these quandaries, Congress must step in with legislative
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what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. JFQ

Current administration policy must be codified to have an impact
Dworkin, 13
Anthony, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, “Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position”, July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
In both Pakistan and Yemen, there may have been times when some drone strikes
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to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.

Drone doctrine is unsustainable – only Congress reforms solve and are sustainable
Hayden, 13
Tom, The Peace and Justice Resource Center and The Nation, 'Bug Splat': Think Tank and Rep. Ellison Call for Drone Reform, http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=13074
The report credits protests by human rights, peace advocates and journalists for causing a
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policies, or the future will become far more secret than the past.