1AC - Al-Bihani 1NC - T Treaties CP OLC PoliticsCIR K Nietzche DA Primacy DA Flex 2NR - CPPolitics
WSU
3
Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: Varda
2NR - Framework 2AR - Framework
Wake
4
Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Austin Layton
2NR Executive Flex and Warming Defense Decision Neg
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Cites
Entry
Date
1AC
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake LW | Judge: Weitz, Mike Shooter Advantage 1: Hegemony
Hegemony has declined but is unrivaled – maintaining leadership is a matter of internal choices Olive 13 David Olive is a business and current affairs columnist at the Toronto Star. In books, blogs, magazine features, newspaper articles and speeches, Olive has covered the global business, economics and political scene for 32 years “American decline has been exaggerated”, the Star 6-7-2013 http://www.thestar.com/business/2013/06/07/american_decline_has_been_exaggerated_olive.html The timing could have been better for Madeleine of George Washington in America’s largest cities.
First use undermines leadership and firebreak – Conventional forces sufficient to achieve war aims Reif 9/17 Kingston Reif is the director of nuclear nonproliferation at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. A recipient of a Marshall Scholarship, he was awarded a prestigious Scoville Peace Fellowship in 2008. He blogs about nuclear weapons policy at Nukes of Hazard. http://thebulletin.org/would-united-states-ever-actually-use-nuclear-weapons The Syrian regime’s large-scale use tradition of nuclear non-use continues depends on it.
These norms solve nuclear escalation Schwartz and Derber 90 Schwartz, William A., and Charles Derber, Phd. From U Chicago, et al The Nuclear Seduction: Why the Arms Race Doesn't Matter--And What Does. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990 http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1n39n7wg/ The only existing barrier to … escalation global annihilation would skyrocket.
No first use changes war planners and stops nuclear weapons from having primary emphasis Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson is a principal analyst and project director at the Center for Naval Analysis, where his work focuses on nuclear and conventional deterrence, nuclear strategy, arms control, and weapons of mass destruction proliferation, “No First Use The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy”, International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA538352 Third, NFU places primary emphasis on resources to maintain conventional superiority
Heg de-escalates all conflicts and protects US economic leadership—alternatives cause instability culminating in nuclear war Brooks, Ikenberry and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, John Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, Lean Forward, EBSCO Of course, even if it is true that the costs leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy Owen 11 John M. Owen is Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11, 2011 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his colleagues liberal democracy remains strong.
In a power transition the U.S. will be aggressive and less cooperative making conflict more likely Brzezinsky 12 Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, After America How does the world look in an age of U.S. decline? Dangerously unstable. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.
A first use posture creates the incentive for nuclear launch Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), in Alexandria, Virginia, “The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47) http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00018 On the other hand, if states do believe at an early point in the conºict.104
Advantage 2: Non-Proliferation
No first use strengthens disarmament efforts Romaniuk 13 Scott Romaniuk is is affiliated with the University of Aberdeen, Department of Politics and International Relations, and the University of St. Andrews, Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence. He is a specialist in the fields of Military and Strategic Studies, and International Security and Politics, New Wars: Terrorism and the Security of the State http://books.google.com/books/about/New_Wars_Terrorism_And_Security_Of_The_S.html?id=950cn_k9PMAC Sagan (2009) argues that the term among other nuclear-capable states.
Disarm credibility leads to stronger non-proliferation regime Knopf 12 Jeffrey W. Knopf is professor in the Center on Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, “Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation: Examining the Linkage Argument”, Project Muse Four hypotheses envision a potential that are unfavorable for nonproliferation.
Now is the key time Collina and Kimball 9/19 Tom Z. Collina is research director and Daryl G. Kimball is executive director at the Arms Control Association in Washington, DC. “Keep Cutting Nukes Four reasons why presidents have pushed for nuclear cuts for decades -- and why there's no reason to stop now.” 9-19- 2013 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/19/keep_cutting_nukes?page=full Curbing proliferation. Today's most their nonproliferation commitments.
Nuclear deterrence fails – causes arms race and is no longer credible Gärtner 13 Heinz Gärtner is academic director (since 2013) at the Austrian Institute for International Affairs (oiip) in Vienna, Austria and senior scientist at the University of Vienna. He is Lecturer at the National Defense Academy and at the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna. “Deterrence, Disarmament, and Arms Control”, Austrian Institute for International Affairs, May 2013 http://www.oiip.ac.at/fileadmin/Unterlagen/Dateien/Arbeitspapiere/WP68_HG_end.pdf DeterrenceObama wants to be commitments, and enlightened self-interest.
Prolif causes accidents – Leaders will lose control of the escalation ladder causing nuclear war Kroenig 12 Matthew Kroenig, 5-26-2012, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2 The proliferation optimist position, while force less-resolved opponents to back down.
Plan
The United States Congress should pass a law restricting the President of the United States’ authority to introduce nuclear weapons forces first into hostilities.
Contention 3: Solvency
Legislation solves President’s war power, causes no first use, and will be followed Stone 87 Jeremy J. Stone is president of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). “Presidential Fist Use is Unlawful”, First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, 1987 pg 7-8 Is the first use of nuclear weapons the law, not merely to obey the President.
No solvency deficits – legislation can avoid presidential loopholes Schultz 04 PREEMPTING PREEMPTION: NUCLEAR FIRST-USE AND THE ROLE OF CONGRESS JEFFREY L. SCHULTZ Mr. Schultz is an associate at Armstrong Teasdale LLP in St. Louis. Schultz is engaged in the practice of business litigation, with significant experience in trade secret, non-compete, unfair competition and intellectual property matters Kennedy School Review;2004, Vol. 5, p27 Under uninterrupted constitutional practice since the better say so by means of legislation.
Now is key to check war powers - allows the public to prevent cycles of invisible violence abroad that ultimately escalate to economic disparity and violence at home and ensures stronger deliberative democracy Druck 12 Judah A. Druck has a J.D. from Cornell and is an article editor for the Cornell Law Review, “DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE”, Cornell Law Review, Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 209, 2012 December 6, 2012 As these situations become more incentives to enforce the WPR.
Effective deliberative discourse is the lynchpin to solve all existential social and political problems- linking the individual to grander institutions is key to breakdown destructive binaries Lundberg 10 Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311 The second major problem with the for dealing with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.
Congress must check the executive’s use of unrestrained war powers- motivating the public is key- even if fiat is not real, our actions in this round are part of getting the public on board to rally against an unrestrained first use policy Forrester 89 Ray Forrester is professor at Hastings College of the Law U of California, Former dean of the Vanderbilt law school, “ESSAY: Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem”, George Washington Law Review 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636 August 1989 Lexis On the basis of this report, the startling choice to submit themselves and their children to war.
Hegemony has declined but is unrivaled – maintaining leadership is a matter of internal choices Olive 13 David Olive is a business and current affairs columnist at the Toronto Star. In books, blogs, magazine features, newspaper articles and speeches, Olive has covered the global business, economics and political scene for 32 years “American decline has been exaggerated”, the Star 6-7-2013 http://www.thestar.com/business/2013/06/07/american_decline_has_been_exaggerated_olive.html The timing could have been better for Madeleine of George Washington in America’s largest cities.
First use undermines leadership and firebreak – Conventional forces sufficient to achieve war aims Reif 9/17 Kingston Reif is the director of nuclear nonproliferation at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. A recipient of a Marshall Scholarship, he was awarded a prestigious Scoville Peace Fellowship in 2008. He blogs about nuclear weapons policy at Nukes of Hazard. http://thebulletin.org/would-united-states-ever-actually-use-nuclear-weapons The Syrian regime’s large-scale use tradition of nuclear non-use continues depends on it.
These norms solve nuclear escalation Schwartz and Derber 90 Schwartz, William A., and Charles Derber, Phd. From U Chicago, et al The Nuclear Seduction: Why the Arms Race Doesn't Matter--And What Does. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990 http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1n39n7wg/ The only existing barrier to … escalation global annihilation would skyrocket.
We are vulnerable – improvements to nonnuclear forces need to be made to counter new threats Harper 13 Daniel Harper is Weekly Standard’s online editor, “Has US Military Power Made it Unchallengeable?,” e-International Relations 6-14-2013 http://www.e-ir.info/2013/06/14/has-us-military-power-made-it-unchallengeable/ In this essay, I will explore US conventional able to succeed in Afghanistan and Iraq.
No first use changes war planners and stops nuclear weapons from having primary emphasis Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson is a principal analyst and project director at the Center for Naval Analysis, where his work focuses on nuclear and conventional deterrence, nuclear strategy, arms control, and weapons of mass destruction proliferation, “No First Use The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy”, International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA538352 Third, NFU places primary emphasis on resources to maintain conventional superiority
Changing mindsets key to preserving power in the long run Schindler 9/21 John Schindler is a former NSA official and current Naval War College professor, “The US Military Machine Needs To Completely Change How It Views War”, Business Insider, Sep 21, 2013 http://www.businessinsider.com/the-art-of-special-war-2013-9 Looming over all this, though, is the reality that the U.S. military may have simply priced itself out of the market. After the thrashing of Saddam’s forces It’s about time the Pentagon caught on.
Heg de-escalates all conflicts and protects US economic leadership—alternatives cause instability culminating in nuclear war Brooks, Ikenberry and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, John Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, Lean Forward, EBSCO Of course, even if it is true that the costs leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy Owen 11 John M. Owen is Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11, 2011 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his colleagues liberal democracy remains strong.
In a power transition the U.S. will be aggressive and less cooperative making conflict more likely Brzezinsky 12 Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, After America How does the world look in an age of U.S. decline? Dangerously unstable. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.
Modernization of Chinese military makes nuclear conflict over Taiwan seem rational Glaser 11 Charles Glaser, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs and Director of the Institute for Security and Conflict Studies at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. “Will China's Rise Lead to War? Why Realism Does Not Mean Pessimism”. Foreign Affairs. Mar/Apr 2011. Vol. 90, Iss. 2; pg. 80. ProQuest. The prospects for avoiding intense military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.
A first use posture creates the incentive for nuclear launch Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), in Alexandria, Virginia, “The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47) http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00018 On the other hand, if states do believe at an early point in the conºict.104
Communication breakdowns means miscalculation is more likely Goldstein 13 Avery Goldstein is is the David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations in the Political Science Department, Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China, and Associate Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania. His research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, “China’s Real and Present Danger”, Foreign Affairs, Sep/October 2013 COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNA U.S.-Chinese serious damage and thus unintended escalation.¶
Advantage 2: Non-Proliferation
No first use strengthens disarmament efforts Romaniuk 13 Scott Romaniuk is is affiliated with the University of Aberdeen, Department of Politics and International Relations, and the University of St. Andrews, Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence. He is a specialist in the fields of Military and Strategic Studies, and International Security and Politics, New Wars: Terrorism and the Security of the State http://books.google.com/books/about/New_Wars_Terrorism_And_Security_Of_The_S.html?id=950cn_k9PMAC Sagan (2009) argues that the term among other nuclear-capable states.
Disarm credibility leads to stronger non-proliferation regime Knopf 12 Jeffrey W. Knopf is professor in the Center on Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, “Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation: Examining the Linkage Argument”, Project Muse Four hypotheses envision a potential that are unfavorable for nonproliferation.
Now is the key time Collina and Kimball 9/19 Tom Z. Collina is research director and Daryl G. Kimball is executive director at the Arms Control Association in Washington, DC. “Keep Cutting Nukes Four reasons why presidents have pushed for nuclear cuts for decades -- and why there's no reason to stop now.” 9-19- 2013 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/19/keep_cutting_nukes?page=full Curbing proliferation. Today's most their nonproliferation commitments.
Nuclear deterrence fails – causes arms race and is no longer credible Gärtner 13 Heinz Gärtner is academic director (since 2013) at the Austrian Institute for International Affairs (oiip) in Vienna, Austria and senior scientist at the University of Vienna. He is Lecturer at the National Defense Academy and at the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna. “Deterrence, Disarmament, and Arms Control”, Austrian Institute for International Affairs, May 2013 http://www.oiip.ac.at/fileadmin/Unterlagen/Dateien/Arbeitspapiere/WP68_HG_end.pdf DeterrenceObama wants to be commitments, and enlightened self-interest.
Prolif causes accidents – Leaders will lose control of the escalation ladder causing nuclear war Kroenig 12 Matthew Kroenig, 5-26-2012, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2 The proliferation optimist position, while force less-resolved opponents to back down.
Prolif in North East Asia will be rapid – threshold states will cross over sparking cascades Moltz 06 James Clay, deputy director and research professor at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Nonproliferation Review, “Future Nuclear Proliferation Scenarios in Northeast Asia”, Nov. Over the next 10 years, Northeast Asia could spark nuclear proliferation elsewhere in the world.
That risks nuclear war and terrorism Blechman 08 Barry Blechman has PhD in International Relations, Co-Founder/Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, "Nuclear Proliferation: Avoiding a Pandemic," 9/29/08 www.stimson.org/books-reports/nuclear-proliferation-avoiding-a-pandemic/ The world has been spared the detonation priority on reining in the nuclear danger.
Nuclear terrorism escalates to nuclear war with Russia Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July 2010, Informaworld But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state require a degree of advanced consultation from
Russia war outweighs – largest arsenals and most probable because of hair-trigger alert Helfand and Pastore 09 Presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility (Ira and John, MD’s and Past Presidents of the Physicians for Social Responsbility, "US-Russia nuclear war still a threat," 3/31) President Obama and Russian President existed in 1995 remains in place today.
Plan: The United States Congress should pass a law restricting the President of the United States’ authority to introduce nuclear weapons forces first into hostilities.
Contention 3: Solvency
Legislation solves President’s war power, causes no first use, and will be followed Stone 87 Jeremy J. Stone is president of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). “Presidential Fist Use is Unlawful”, First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, 1987 pg 7-8 Is the first use of nuclear weapons the law, not merely to obey the President.
No solvency deficits – legislation can avoid presidential loopholes Schultz 04 PREEMPTING PREEMPTION: NUCLEAR FIRST-USE AND THE ROLE OF CONGRESS JEFFREY L. SCHULTZ Mr. Schultz is an associate at Armstrong Teasdale LLP in St. Louis. Schultz is engaged in the practice of business litigation, with significant experience in trade secret, non-compete, unfair competition and intellectual property matters Kennedy School Review;2004, Vol. 5, p27 Under uninterrupted constitutional practice since the better say so by means of legislation.
There is no reason to keep first use on the table – conventional forces can deter, and using nukes first escalates conflicts Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson is a principal analyst and project director at the Center for Naval Analysis, where his work focuses on nuclear and conventional deterrence, nuclear strategy, arms control, and weapons of mass destruction proliferation, “No First Use The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy”, International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA538352 Evaluating Nuclear First-Use Options that increase the chances of nuclear use.
10/6/13
2AC
Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Missouri State | Judge: Coleman T – Armed Forces We meet – Armed forces includes nuclear Manuel 12 JD @ U San Diego Law, has practiced criminal defense, mainly before federal courts. His practice includes representing clients in all areas of criminal law, limited civil litigation, and civil rights violations (Victor, “Is the Second Amendment outdated?,” http://www.victortorreslaw.com/blog/is-the-second-amendment-outdated.html) The Second Amendment to the Constitution prevents the government from infringing individual rights to and untold human suffering. Counter interpretation – Nuclear weapons are used for the targeted killing of a country. Counter interpretation – restricting introduction of armed forces refers to army, navy, air force, marines, strategic forces- includes nuclear US Code 10 subsection 111 'Military Force Structure Review Act of 1996'. * Current through PL 113-31, approved 8/9/13 * TITLE 10. ARMED FORCES SUBTITLE A. GENERAL MILITARY LAW PART I. ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Go to the United States Code Service Archive Directory 10 USCS § 111 Lexis "(1) The term ' above the line' force structure of the Armed Forces' means the force structure (including numbers, threats to the national security of the United States through the time covered by the assessment. We meet – 1. Form of a ballistic missile 2. Nuclear is a subset of Air Force Gale Group 13 (“The U.S. Armed Forces,” http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=4340464f1a188e44d93d0820d3aa2151andaction=2andcatId=GALE7CAAA000008432anddocumentId=GALE7CPC3010999001anduserGroupName=centpenn_itc1andjsid=3eb14c1ea53ebe29fcaddb2652a5e1bc) While the overall aim of the U.S. Armed Forces is to protect the United States and its people, each of the and military satellites, as well. As of 31 July 2010, there were 336,031 personnel in the U.S. Air Force. We meet- Hostilities include bombing by any means Fallah 07 – Faculty of Law @ U of Tech Sydney (Kim, “Regulating private security contractors in armed conflicts,” Scholar) The meaning of ‘hostilities’¶ The term ‘hostilities’ appears frequently in the Geneva Conventions and their reasonably presume are intended to enunciate some outer limits of the concept of hostilities (namely, the cessation of hostilities). Hostility not about being on the frontlines Guillory 01 – Major in USAF (Michael, ARTICLE: Civilianizing the Force: Is the United States Crossing the Rubicon?, 51 A.F. L. Rev. 111) 133 At first glance, it would seem that any attempt to refine what is meant by "direct participation in hostilities" activities would require combatant manning. a. Limits out new tech Dahinden 11 - Director, International Relations, Swiss Armed Forces, Bern; Council Member, International Institute of Humanitarian Law (Erwin, “Impact on military strategy, capability development and doctrine,” p. 67) 2. Technology and military capability¶ Available technologies have always been used by the military to improve ¶ the performance of existing weapon for the specific mission should be ¶ seen against this background.
Primacy DA No nuclear primacy now – and having it is bad- kills crisis stability Elkind 12 David J. Elkind is a research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues. The views expressed above are his own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Center for Strategic and International Studies or the Project on Nuclear Issues. , “American Nuclear Primacy: the End of MAD or a New START?”, Center for Strategic and International Studies http://csis.org/blog/american-nuclear-primacy-end-mad-or-new-start These results show that the United States cannot reasonably claim to have obtained nuclear primacy. Reductions in the counterforce attack would include an inescapable risk to the United States – and we can rest easier knowing that this is the case. Conventional forces key to preventing wars Perkovich 09 George Perkovich, is vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. May, 2009, “EXTENDED DETERRENCE ON THE WAY TO A NUCLEAR-FREE WORLD” is a paper commissioned by the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament. http://www.icnnd.org/research/Perkovich_Deterrence.pdf If removal of visible and vulnerable nuclear weapons could contribute to broader improvements in security relations, including arms control and personnel based on Polish soil. Were U.S. personnel attacked, the U.S. would respond forcefully. Lieber and Press’s study is flawed—3 reasons --arbitrary numbers --assumes air shock, not ground shock --would take multiple Kristenson et al 10 Hans M. Kristensen is Director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists., Matthew McKinzie is Senior Scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council. Ivan Oelrich is Acting President of the Federation of American Scientists. Failure to Yield. Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Mar/Apr2010, Vol. 89, Issue 2, ebsco Keir Lieber and Daryl Press assert that a joint study by the Federation of American Scientists and the Natural Resources Defense Council from missiles.
Chow K Chow No first use leads to US disarmament Berry 09 Ken Berry is Senior Consultant to the Global Security Program of the East West InstituteICNND Research Coordinator, “DRAFT TREATY ON NON-FIRST USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS” June 2009 One of the confidence building measures (CBMs) long identified as important along the road to both establish the legal norm against first use, and also make a wider range of states feel they have a stake in it
Their western analysis of the Subaltern is Postmodernist – They reconstruct the struggle of the subaltern. Even if they speak for the subaltern they necessarily become a filter that is riddled with Postmodernism Bahl 2k (Vinay, associate professor of sociology at the Pennsylvania College of Technology, “Situating and Rethinking Subaltern Studies for Writing Working Class History,” http://www.svabhinava.org/friends/VinayBahl/SubalternStudies-frame.php) Using postmodernist methodology, Subaltern Studies now concentrates on how the Studies collective insists that subalternity remains the vantage point of its critique. Western values are key to human survival- only the west is self-reflexive, Kors 01 Alan Charles Kors, Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania, “The West at the Dawn of the 21st Century: Triumph Without Self-Belief,” Volume 2, Number 1, February, 2001, http://www.fpri.org/ww/0201.200102.kors.westatdawn.html In the final analysis, it is that last trait, the West’s commitment to a logically ordered philosophical good to the world in which we find ourselves. US Imperialism wards off worse forms of genocidal imperialism Shaw 02 Martin Shaw, Professor of International Relations and Politics, University of Sussex, “The Problem of the Quasi-Imperial State: Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era,” April 7, 2002, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm Post-1945 developments were outside the framework of traditional anti-imperialist thought. They were, however, anticipated states. U.S. influence is not old-fashioned imperialism – transition results in worse forms imperialism by regional powers or Russia and China. Shaw 02 Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers of this enemies closer to home. I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper. Realism cannot be ignored or rejected because it dominates policy makers’ thinking Guzzini 98 Stefano Guzzini, Assistant Professor at Central European Univ., Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy, 1998, p. 212 Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible just to heap realism onto the dustbin of claims made in the name, although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.
10/30/13
Al-Bihani 1AC
Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Austin Layton In a 2-1 decision in Al-Bihani v Obama, the D.C. panel went rogue-- ignored the stance of the Executive, the Congress and the Supreme Court on how International Treaty Law should be applied Waring 12 CHRISTINE WARING J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, expected 2012; B.A., Elliott School of International Affairs at The George Washington University, 2007. Spring, 2012 Georgetown Journal of International Law 43 Geo. J. Int'l L. 927 The court's holding in Al-Bihani rather should be informed by the laws of war.
That has a legally binding force unless reversed Alstine 11 Michael P. Van Alstine , Prof of Law University of Maryland Duke Law Journal, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-33 STARE DECISIS AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1881137 It is a curious fact the Framers structured power to the national government in the first place.”
The Al-Bihani decision reverses the Charming Betsy canon Walsh 10 Cara Maureen Walsh J.D. Candidate 2010, Vanderbilt University Law School. Al-Bihani, Not So Charming October, 2010 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 43 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 1151 B. The Court’s Legal Reasoning First anyone who had merely “supported” enemy forces
This is a unique judicial signal that cannot be corrected by legislation Dehn 10 Major John C. Dehn is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Law, US Military Academy, West Point, NY. He currently teaches International Law and Constitutional and Military Law. He is writing in his personal capacity and his views do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense, the US Army, or the US Military Academy. The Relevance of International Law to (the Substantive and Procedural Rules of) Preventive Detention in Armed Conflict – A Rejoinder to Al-Bihanihttp://opiniojuris.org/2010/01/29/the-relevance-of-international-law-to-the-substantive-and-procedural-rules-of-preventive-detention-in-armed-conflict-E28093-a-rejoinder-to-al-bihani/ The post-Boumediene habeas litigation authority in this or any other armed conflict.
This reversal sends a dangerous signal that the judiciary cannot enforce international treaty law Paust 12 Jordan J. Paust Mike and Teresa Baker Law Center Professor, University of Houston. Spring, 2012, Still Unlawful: The Obama Military Commissions, Supreme Court Holdings, and Deviant Dicta in the D.C. Circuit Cornell International Law Journal 45 Cornell Int'l L.J. 367 IV. Shocking Errors and Deviant Dicta effective if we refuse to cast those values aside.
If not explicitly reversed the D.C. circuit ruling will have widespread effect unraveling treaty law in other contexts as well Hathaway 10 Oona A. Hathaway is the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law and director of the Center for Global Legal Challenges at Yale Law School BRIEF FOR NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND SCHOLARS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF REHEARING OR REHEARING EN BANC http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/files/al-bihani-amicus.pdf 3. The panel’s broad and inaccurate pronouncements panel opinion is likely to be widespread.
Despite the En Banc Circuit effort to treat the Al-Bihani panel ruling as dicta, it has changed how the federal judiciary is treating international treaty law Waring 12 CHRISTINE WARING J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, expected 2012; B.A., Elliott School of International Affairs at The George Washington University, 2007. Spring, 2012 Georgetown Journal of International Law¶ 43 Geo. J. Int'l L. 927 ¶ Al-Bihani's Effect on Case Law ¶ ¶ The structure limit from the President's detention authority. (173) ¶
Al-Bihani locks in a perception that the judiciary cannot enforce its international commitments and the U.S. can legally violate its international obligations Tarnogorski 10 Rafa? Tarnogórski is an analyst for the Polish Institute of International Affairs USA and Laws of War (Al-Bihani v. Obama) http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233andlng=enandid=112282 The significance of this appellate to opportunistic treatment of international standards.
Adherence to the Charming Betsy canon is critical to development of a global transnational judicial dialogue that assures commitments to treaties Waters 07 Melissa A Waters Assistant Professor of Law, Washington and Lee Law School. USING HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES TO RESOLVE AMBIGUITY: THE ADVENT OF A RIGHTSCONSCIOUS CHARMING BETSY CANON http://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/research/publications/vuwlr/prev-issues/pdf/vol-38-2007/issue-2/using-human-rights-waters.pdf One of the most significant developments that they would not violate either international treaties.
Preservation of the Charming Betsy doctrine is vital to maintaining global commitments to international norms Crootoff 11 Rebecca Crootof, J.D. Yale Law School Judicious Influence: Non-Self-Executing Treaties and the Charming Betsy Canon (April 5, 2011). Yale Law Journal. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1803380 The Charming Betsy Canon Encourages with U.S. values. See Waters, supra note 159, at 555-59.
Plan The United States federal judiciary should affirm in opposition to Al-Bihani v. Obama, through the application of the “Charming Betsy” Canon, that treaties ratified by the United States are a restriction on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention.
Contention 2: Treaties
Mixed signals from the Court are having a direct impact on international perception of actions- undermining treaty enforcement internationally Meeker et al 13 Leonard C. Meeker served as Legal Adviser for the ¶ U.S. Department of State from 1965 to 1969. ¶ Herbert J. Hansell served as Legal Adviser for the ¶ U.S. Department of State from 1977 to 1979. ¶ Davis R. Robinson served as Legal Adviser for the ¶ U.S. Department of State from 1981 to 1985. ¶ Abraham Sofaer served as Legal Adviser for the ¶ U.S. Department of State from 1985 to 1990. ¶ David R. Andrews served as Legal Adviser for the ¶ U.S. Department of State from 1997 to 2000. ¶ William H. Taft IV served as Legal Adviser for the ¶ U.S. Department of State from 2001 to 2005¶ BRIEF OF FORMER STATE DEPARTMENT ¶ LEGAL ADVISERS AS AMICI CURIAE¶ IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT¶ http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/12-158bsacFormerStateDepartmentLegalAdvisers1.pdf ¶ Limiting Federal Power To Implement ¶ a Vague bargaining position on the international stage
The Montreal Protocol has been a success, however continuing implementation of commitments are key to prevent backlash and illegal trade Grabiel and Comerford 13 Danielle Fest Grabiel, IGSD Law Fellow, and Ms. Lia Comerford, IGSD Law Clerk¶ Enforcement Strategies for ¶ Combating the Illegal Trade¶ in HCfCs and Methyl Bromide¶ http://inece.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Illegal_Trade_HCFCs_Methyl-Bromide.pdf Last year the world celebrated the Protocol’s trained ¶ and prepared to effectively address smuggling.
Only maintaining effective treaty cooperation can prevent extinction from Ozone depletion Gareau 13 Brian J. Gareau is an Assistant Professor of Sociology and International Studies at Boston College. Whatever Happened to Ozone Layer Politics? http://www.e-ir.info/2013/01/29/whatever-happened-to-ozone-layer-politics/ The Montreal Protocol on Substances entered its own moment of uncertainty.
The Montreal Protocol’s phaseout of HFC’s and HCFC’s is at risk and the U.S. is trying to lead efforts to strengthen it US-EPA 12 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency¶ June 2012¶ 2¶ Benefits of Addressing HFCs under the Montreal Protocol¶ June 2012 http://www.epa.gov/ozone/downloads/Benefits20of20Addressing20HFCs20Under20the20Montreal20Protocol,20June202012.pdf The Montreal Protocol has been an the projected benefits from the Amendment.
HCFCs bad for the ozone – 1 particle can destroy 100,000 oxygen molecules Aggarwal et al 13 Anjali Aggarwal1, Reeta Kumari1, Neeti Mehla1, Deepali1, Rishi Pal Singh2, Sonal Bhatnagar3, Kameshwar Sharma4, Kuldeep Sharma5, Amit Vashishtha1, Brijesh Rathi2* 1Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkates- wara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 3Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 4Department of Biochemistry Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 5Department of Botany, Uni- versity of Delhi, New Delhi, India. “Depletion of the Ozone Layer and Its Consequences: A Review”, American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2013, 4, 1990-1997 Published Online October 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps) The ozone depletion over the ozone depletion and global warming.
Ozone depletion leads to increased cancer rates and unimaginable suffering 2 for every 1 of the ozone depleted Aggarwal et al 13 Anjali Aggarwal1, Reeta Kumari1, Neeti Mehla1, Deepali1, Rishi Pal Singh2, Sonal Bhatnagar3, Kameshwar Sharma4, Kuldeep Sharma5, Amit Vashishtha1, Brijesh Rathi2*1Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkates- wara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 3Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 4Department of Biochemistry Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 5Department of Botany, Uni- versity of Delhi, New Delhi, India. “Depletion of the Ozone Layer and Its Consequences: A Review”, American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2013, 4, 1990-1997 Published Online October 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps) Exposure of UV radiations leads and is as- sociated with high mortality 60.
Reducing HFC’s is key to avoiding climate tipping points AP 09 AP, Fox News, “Obama Administration to Push For Major Initiative to Fight Global Warming”, 4/30/9 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/04/30/obama-administration-push-major-initiative-fight-global-warming/#ixzz2eoLvyx00 The Obama administration, in a atmospheric protection," said von Bismarck. Warming is anthropogenic – most comprehensive analysis proves Green 13 – Professor of Chemistry @ Michigan Tech, *John Cook – Fellow @ Global Change Institute, produced climate communication resources adopted by organisations such as NOAA and the U.S. Navy Dana Nuccitelli – MA in Physics @ UC-Davis *Mark Richardson – PhD Candidate in Meteorology, et al., (“Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature,” Environmental Research Letters, 8.2) An accurate perception of the degree endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
Tipping points are likely – leads to runaway warming Guterl 12 – Editor @ Scientific American (Fred, “Climate Armageddon: How the World's Weather Could Quickly Run Amok: Climate scientists think a perfect storm of climate "flips" could cause massive upheavals in a matter of years, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-worlds-weather-could-quickly-run-amok) One of the most productive scientists billion tons of carbon now trapped in permafrost.
Causes extinction—4 degree projections trigger Roberts 13—citing the World Bank Review’s compilation of climate studies - 4 degree projected warming, can’t adapt - heat wave related deaths, forest fires, crop production, water wars, ocean acidity, sea level rise, climate migrants, biodiversity loss David, “If you aren’t alarmed about climate, you aren’t paying attention” http://grist.org/climate-energy/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal/ January 10 mtc We know we’ve raised global average temperatures more inhospitable with every passing decade.
Contention 3: No War
No risk of great power war—
Mutually assured destruction Tepperman 09 Jonathan Tepperman, Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University, 2009 (“Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb,” The Daily Beast, August 28th, Available Online at http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.print.html, Accessed 01-27-2012) A growing and compelling body behavior suggests they have a death wish.
US first strike prevents it Lieber and Press 13 Keir A. Lieber, Associate Professor, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Government, Dartmouth College Coordinator of War and Peace Studies at the John Sloan Dickey Center, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Spring 2013, "The New Era of Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence, and Conflict", http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/digital/pdf/spring_13/lieber.pdf The first set of arguments is about addition to nuclear strike capabilities.
Tournament: WSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: Varda Contention 1: The Parable of Dissent
WE READ A STORY ABOUT NOT DISSENTING AND THE DEATH OF TWO PEOPLE
Bevens and I advocate that you vote in this round for whichever side provides the best method for positively reforming the debate community. We will defend a method of dissent.
Dissent-focused methodology is key to engage in critical pedagogy over issues that face many members of our debate community – racism, sexism, and cultural discrimination Cammarota 2011 Julio, Associate Professor in the Department of Mexican American Studies at the University of Arizona, “The Value of a Multicultural and Critical Pedagogy: Learning Democracy Through Diversity and Dissent,” p. 62-63 In this article, I argue ... cultural discrimination against immigrant students.
In educational settings we should be encouraging the protection of dissent before anything else Lott 06 Bernice Lott is Professor Emerita of Psychology and Women's Studies at the University of Rhode Island THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PUNISHING DISSENT: NEGATIVE REACTIONS TO ANTIWAR VIEWS IN THE UNITED STATES, In Collateral damage: the psychological consequences of America's war on terrorism, Ed. By Paul R. Kimmel, Chris E. Stout google books p. 74 Discussions of issues related to ... maintenance of a vibrant democratic society.
The importance of dissent is not tied to “fixing” problems but raising awareness Stitzlein 12 SARAH M. STITZLEIN is Assistant Professor of Philosophy of Education and a core faculty member of the Women’s Studies Department at the University of New Hampshire THE RIGHT TO DISSENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLING Educational TheoryVolume 62, Issue 1, Article first published online: 16 JAN 2012 Dissent takes many forms, which, at times, overlap ... announcement systems to mobilize one’s group.11
Restricting dissent destroys essential skills of dissent Stitzlein 12 SARAH M. STITZLEIN is Assistant Professor of Philosophy of Education and a core faculty member of the Women’s Studies Department at the University of New Hampshire THE RIGHT TO DISSENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLING Educational TheoryVolume 62, Issue 1, Article first published online: 16 JAN 2012 I build off of the spirit of the founders ... own well-being and that of others.
Academic settings have a unique obligation to facilitate dissent Stitzlein 12 SARAH M. STITZLEIN is Assistant Professor of Philosophy of Education and a core faculty member of the Women’s Studies Department at the University of New Hampshire THE RIGHT TO DISSENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLING Educational TheoryVolume 62, Issue 1, Article first published online: 16 JAN 2012 When dissent is viewed as a negative ... and citizens who uphold strict and unquestioning patriotic loyalty.
Contention 2: Dissent with Intent The topic in the original vote should have been passive voice- it wasn’t until we moved votes around the current resolution won. From Ceda Forums 2013 – 2014 Resolution Announcement¶ 77 schools ... recounted.¶ Resolution 2: 26¶ Resolution 7: 51
The way the topic committee functions over-manages the selection process creating bias before the vote is held. Our focus should be on making the topic simpler and leave content debates to the debaters From Russel Jason Russel, Debate coach at Oklahoma, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,4842.0.html I'd like to support an elegant topic ... strongly the flip-side of these choices.
On the democracy topic, Michael Hester observed distrust in giving choices to the community From Hester Michael Hester, Debate coach West Georgia Critical Issues in Debate: Dr. Hester on the Democracy Assistance topic Podcast: http://puttingthekindebate.com/ “If the purpose of the second phase...and that’s a good point—why not.”
Multiple passive voice options on the ballot would be necessary to give them legitimacy and increase diversity From Murillo Gabe Murillo, Panda and Debate Coach at Oklahoma, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,4848.0.html I'm not tied to any particular passive ... about broad versus limited resolutions.
Putting one passive voice topic on the ballot is a step in the right direction but glosses over the potential for what debate could be. Here is an example of a multiplicity approach that would allow the debate community to determine their own topic From Strauss Dave Strauss, Coach at MSU Dave Strauss asked me to post the ... opinion of MSU debate?” - I speak only for myself.
We have a responsibility in education to explore dissent and efforts to suppress it, this is a prerequisite to critical pedagogy Schostak 11 John Schostak is currently a researcher at the Education And Social Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University Wikileaks, Tahrir Square – their significance for re-thinking democracy http://www.enquirylearning.net/ELU/politics/tahrirwikileaks.html Freedom with equality21 is fundamental ... that arc the countervailing powers to Power.
In any organizational structure embracing dissent rather than suppressing it is vital to reinvigorating the activity and spilling over James 11 Dr. Helen James is an Adjunct Associate Professor with the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, The Australian National University Civil Society and the Duty to Dissent, The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2011 http://www.icnl.org/research/journal/vol13iss3/special_1.htm The renowned American lawyer Cass ... to deflect and criminalize any future criticism?
Attempts to use debate norms to silence us is a form of institutional oppression that maintains the squo- leading to stagnant debate. Your ballot makes an ethical stance for openness Lott 06 Bernice Lott is Professor Emerita of Psychology and Women's Studies at the University of Rhode Island THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PUNISHING DISSENT: NEGATIVE REACTIONS TO ANTIWAR VIEWS IN THE UNITED STATES, In Collateral damage: the psychological consequences of America's war on terrorism, Ed. By Paul R. Kimmel, Chris E. Stout google books p.73 The negative responses to antiwar views ... an independent minority position can be achieved.
Having choices is vital – the inability to vote for different options disenfranchises individuals Prezeworski 03 ADAM PRZEWORSKI New York University Economics and Philosophy, 19 (2003) 265–279 Copyright C Cambridge University Press FREEDOM TO CHOOSE AND DEMOCRACY http://politics.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2800/choice.pdf People may be dissatisfied ... political life is impoverished.
It does not matter whether a different wording option wins or not, it’s about the process Prezeworski 03 ADAM PRZEWORSKI New York University Economics and Philosophy, 19 (2003) 265–279 Copyright C Cambridge University Press FREEDOM TO CHOOSE AND DEMOCRACY http://politics.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2800/choice.pdf What renders value to choice ... an assertion of her agency.
Tournament: KCKCC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Missouri State | Judge: Coleman NFU 1AC Contention 1: Conventional Shift The United States conventional power is on the brink- changes in force posture need to be made to deal with new threats Harper 13 Daniel Harper is Weekly Standard’s online editor, “Has US Military Power Made it Unchallengeable?,” e-International Relations 6-14-2013 http://www.e-ir.info/2013/06/14/has-us-military-power-made-it-unchallengeable/ In this essay, I will explore US conventional military power, showing that America – despite conventional supremacy over its enemies – is challengeable. ‘New wars’ and asymmetric conflicts prevent it from Afghanistan and Iraq.
Preserving power in the long run can only be solved through technological upgrades Schindler 9/21 John Schindler is a former NSA official and current Naval War College professor, “The US Military Machine Needs To Completely Change How It Views War”, Business Insider, Sep 21, 2013 http://www.businessinsider.com/the-art-of-special-war-2013-9 Looming over all this, though, is the reality that the U.S. military may have simply priced itself out of the market. actually fighting. It’s about time the Pentagon caught on.
Current nuclear deterrence strategy fails- is not credible and causes arms races Gärtner 13 Heinz Gärtner is academic director (since 2013) at the Austrian Institute for International Affairs (oiip) in Vienna, Austria and senior scientist at the University of Vienna. He is Lecturer at the National Defense Academy and at the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna. “Deterrence, Disarmament, and Arms Control”, Austrian Institute for International Affairs, May 2013 http://www.oiip.ac.at/fileadmin/Unterlagen/Dateien/Arbeitspapiere/WP68_HG_end.pdf DeterrenceObama wants to be on the safe side: he wants to retain a deterrent capability as long as nuclear weapons exist even by a combination of legally binding treaties, political commitments, and enlightened self-interest.
No first use changes war planners and stops nuclear weapons from having primary emphasis Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson is a principal analyst and project director at the Center for Naval Analysis, where his work focuses on nuclear and conventional deterrence, nuclear strategy, arms control, and weapons of mass destruction proliferation, “No First Use The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy”, International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA538352 Third, NFU places primary emphasis on U.S. conventional forces. By relegating nuclear weapons to the sole mission conventional superiority
Specifically, will develop conventional prompt global strike weapons Grossman 13 Elaine M. Grossman is a special correspondent for National Journal, and executive editor and senior correspondent for Global Security Newswire, “U.S. Military Could Redefine Global-Strike Weapons” Jan. 24, 2013 Global Security Newswire http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-military-could-redefine-global-strike-weapons/ Over the past several years, all three military services have developed candidate conventional technologies for atomic weapon being prepared for imminent launch, defense officials say. Two scenarios
Hegemony CGS key to prevent erosion of US power projection and credibility Ochmanek and Schwartz 08 David Ochmanek (Foreign Service of the United States (80 to 85), An officer in the United States Air Force (73 to 78) and Master of Public Affairs degree from Princeton University) and Lowell H. Schwartz (Ph.D. candidate in War Studies @ King's College London and M.A. in international affairs @ Johns Hopkins University), The Challenge of Nuclear-armed Regional Adversaries, 2008 None of the analysis laid out here suggests that regional adversaries will be spoiling for a fight with their neighbors dangerous escalatory potential Hege de-escalates all conflicts and protects US economic leadership—alternatives cause instability culminating in nuclear war Brooks, Ikenberry and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, John Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, Lean Forward, EBSCO Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall far below what advocates of retrenchment claim, they would not be world would work without an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous. War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy Owen 11 John M. Owen is Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11, 2011 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated. Not only do they present a study with a support for liberal democracy remains strong. In a power transition the U.S. will be aggressive and less cooperative making conflict more likely Brzezinsky 12 Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, After America How does the world look in an age of U.S. decline? Dangerously unstable. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had concluded that America's decline and China's rise were both inevitable, noted in a burst of candor to a senior U.S. for a dangerous slide into global turmoil. Decline causes war with China over Taiwan through miscalculation Kagan 12 Robert Kagan is senior fellow at the Brookings Institution The Rise or Fall of the American Empire http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/14/the_rise_or_fall_of_the_american_empire?page=0,4 The main point of my book, in fact, is to examine what might happen in the world should the United States prove incapable of continuing even if neither side wants war. That is why some have referred to Taiwan as East Asia's Sarajevo. Modernization of Chinese military makes nuclear conflict over Taiwan seem rational Glaser 11 Charles Glaser, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs and Director of the Institute for Security and Conflict Studies at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. “Will China's Rise Lead to War? Why Realism Does Not Mean Pessimism”. Foreign Affairs. Mar/Apr 2011. Vol. 90, Iss. 2; pg. 80. ProQuest. The prospects for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth in China's power may nevertheless require some malign U.S. motives, leading to further Chinese military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations. Communication breakdowns means miscalculation is more likely Goldstein 13 Avery Goldstein is is the David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations in the Political Science Department, Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China, and Associate Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania. His research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, “China’s Real and Present Danger”, Foreign Affairs, Sep/October 2013 COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNA U.S.-Chinese crisis might also be more dangerous than Cold War showdowns because of the damage and thus unintended escalation.¶ Independently, first use posture incentivizes escalation Gerson 10 Michael S. Gerson, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), in Alexandria, Virginia, “The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47) http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00018 On the other hand, if states do believe that the United States might use nuclear weapons first in a disarming first strike, a weapons at an early point in the conºict.104 It also undermines leadership and the firebreak Reif 9/17 Kingston Reif is the director of nuclear nonproliferation at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. A recipient of a Marshall Scholarship, he was awarded a prestigious Scoville Peace Fellowship in 2008. He blogs about nuclear weapons policy at Nukes of Hazard. http://thebulletin.org/would-united-states-ever-actually-use-nuclear-weapons The Syrian regime’s large-scale use of chemical weapons has prompted a vigorous discussion about whether the United States of nuclear non-use continues depends on it. These norms solve nuclear escalation Schwartz and Derber 90 Schwartz, William A., and Charles Derber, Phd. From U Chicago, et al The Nuclear Seduction: Why the Arms Race Doesn't Matter--And What Does. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990 http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1n39n7wg/ The only existing barrier to … escalation from conventional to nuclear war is a moral and psychological firebreak—the widely annihilation would skyrocket. 2. Proliferation Global strike key to prevent proliferators- can strike facilities Watts 05 Barry D. Watts 5, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, “Long-Range Strike: Imperatives, Urgency and Options”, April 2005, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20050406.LRPS/R.20050406.LRPS.pdf. The eventual emergence of a hostile China armed with advanced weaponry is by no means the only time within which nuclear facilities or forces, once found, could be moved or hidden. Now is the key time Collina and Kimball 9/19 Tom Z. Collina is research director and Daryl G. Kimball is executive director at the Arms Control Association in Washington, DC. “Keep Cutting Nukes Four reasons why presidents have pushed for nuclear cuts for decades -- and why there's no reason to stop now.” 9-19- 2013 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/19/keep_cutting_nukes?page=full Curbing proliferation. Today's most pressing security threat is not nuclear war with Russia or China, but nuclear terrorism and cynical excuse to sidestep their nonproliferation commitments. Prolif causes accidents – Leaders will lose control of the escalation ladder causing nuclear war Kroenig 12 Matthew Kroenig, 5-26-2012, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2 The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major problems. Many of these weaknesses increasing the risk of accidental nuclear war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down. Prolif in North East Asia will be rapid – threshold states will cross over sparking cascades Moltz 06 James Clay, deputy director and research professor at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Nonproliferation Review, “Future Nuclear Proliferation Scenarios in Northeast Asia”, Nov. Over the next 10 years, Northeast Asia could become one of the most volatile regions of the world when it comes to nuclear proliferation elsewhere in the world. That risks nuclear war and terrorism Blechman 08 Barry Blechman has PhD in International Relations, Co-Founder/Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, "Nuclear Proliferation: Avoiding a Pandemic," 9/29/08 www.stimson.org/books-reports/nuclear-proliferation-avoiding-a-pandemic/ The world has been spared the detonation of a nuclear device in anger for more than 60 years. It’s not clear that this remarkable placing the highest priority on reining in the nuclear danger. Nuclear terrorism escalates to nuclear war with Russia Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July 2010, Informaworld But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a catastrophic interstate nuclear exchange—are not necessarily advanced consultation from Russia war outweighs – largest arsenals and most probable because of hair-trigger alert Helfand and Pastore 09 Presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility (Ira and John, MD’s and Past Presidents of the Physicians for Social Responsbility, "US-Russia nuclear war still a threat," 3/31) President Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev are scheduled to Wednesday in London during the G-20 summit. They must not existed in 1995 remains in place today. PGS solves terror attacks- resolves the credibility gap in the squo Sugden 09 Bruce. defense analyst based in Washington, D.C. International Security. Volume 34, Number 1, Summer 2009. Muse. The near-term PGS mission is intended to defeat emerging, time-sensitive, soft targets, such as exposed WMD argue they are the ideal PGS weapons system.
Plan
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President of the United States’ authority to introduce nuclear armed forces first into hostilities. Contention 2: Solvency Legislation solves President’s war power, causes no first use, and will be followed Stone 87 Jeremy J. Stone is president of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). “Presidential Fist Use is Unlawful”, First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?, 1987 pg 7-8 Is the first use of nuclear weapons something appropriate for a first general or admiral or for that matter a chief executive to decide? Or chain of command are sworn to uphold the Constitution and the law, not merely to obey the President.
10/30/13
Nuclear Weapons 1AC
Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rochester AL | Judge: Shae Bunas Bevens reads a narrative
PLAN: I acknowledge the privilege I have as a white male. The nuclear bomb is our point of contention. I believe that a policy approach is the best method for engaging in discussions about United States nuclear posturing which is why we advocate the following: The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President of the United States’ war powers authority to use nuclear weapons. Contention 1: Nuclear Weapons
Most recent nuclear posture review includes the possibility of using a nuclear weapon ACA 12 Arms Control Association with contributions from Daryl Kimball and Kelsey Davenport, Daryl is a graduate of Miami University of Ohio. He holds a B.A. in Political Science and Diplomacy/Foreign Affairs. Kelsey holds a masters degree in peace studies from the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. Kelsey graduated summa cum laude from Butler University with a B.A. in international studies and political science. “U.S. "Negative Security Assurances" At a Glance”, ACA September 2012 http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/negsec In an April 6, 2010 statement, President Barack its allies and partners the sole purpose of U.S. nuclear weapons.”6
The US is not changing their policy Rizvi 13 Haider Rizvi is been elected for his first term as MNA. He is politically affiliated with MQM. He completed his M.Sc. degree in applied Chemistry in 1992 from the University of Karachi and M.Sc. Chemical Engineering in 1998 from University of Detroit, “US, Russia: no more cuts in nuclear arsenals”, Daily Times 6-21 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=20135C065C215Cstory_21-6-2013_pg4_9 On Wednesday, Obama said he complete abolition of nuclear weapons can be negotiated.
The ability to threaten and use a nuclear weapon is built upon racist foundations and leads to holding hostage oppressed people around the world and those that the state deems threaten its hegemony Robinson 05 David Robinson is the executive director of Pax Christi USA, and a featured speaker at ?Many Stories, One Vision for a Nuclear-Free World,? a national conference and action to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the U.S. bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, “The Racism at the Core of US Nuclear Weapons Policy”, Common Dreams May 15, 2005 http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0515-22.htm For many years, my work in aspect of U.S. Nuclear weapons policy.
The epistemology of nuclear weapons serves political purposes that have enabled systematic extermination Kato 93 (Masahide, “Nuclear Globalism: Traversing Rockets, Satellites and Nuclear War via the Strategic Gaze” Alternatives 18) Nuclear war has been enclosed by aspects of the strategy of global transnational capital/state.
The attempt to efface white supremacy is endemic within debate. Our method is a praxis organized around displacing the common liberal and conservative discourses unwilling to examine white supremacy from its cultural position Rodriguez 10 Dylan Rodriguez. “The Terms of Engagement: Warfare, White Locality, and Abolition,” Critical Sociology. These projects mutually reproduce the pretenses of objectivity or scientific disinterest.
It is vital that whites themselves- we include ourselves in this label- confront the racial history and latent universalized myths of the atomic age Cooper 95 Ken Cooper, ““The Whiteness of the Bomb,” in Postmodern apocalypse: theory and cultural practice at the end, Richard Dellamora. In order to confront what I have than the white finger on the nuclear button?
Our political genealogy of whiteness stops the depolitization of the bomb and is the best way to determine what is to be done Rodriguez 10 Dylan Rodriguez. “The Terms of Engagement: Warfare, White Locality, and Abolition,” Critical Sociology. I depart this prelude by asserting the , but profoundly familiar and intimate?
Contention 2: Solvency Legislation solves President’s war power Stone 87 Jeremy J. Stone is president of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). “Presidential Fist Use is Unlawful”, First Use of Nuc
11/16/13
Texas 1AC - Dissent
Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Hillary St John Contention 1: The Parable of Dissent
OPEN WITH A STORY ABOUT DISSENT AND 2 SPIES WHO WERE EXECUTED
Bevens and I advocate that you vote in this round for whichever side provides the best method for positively reforming debate. Bevens and I will defend a method of dissent.
Dissent-focused methodology is key to engage in critical pedagogy over issues that face many members of debate– racism, sexism, and cultural discrimination Cammarota 2011 Julio, Associate Professor in the Department of Mexican American Studies at the University of Arizona, “The Value of a Multicultural and Critical Pedagogy: Learning Democracy Through Diversity and Dissent,” p. 62-63 In this article, I argue that ... discrimination against immigrant students.
This is why it is necessary that in all instances we question majoritiarianism. When implemented, majoritarianism creates inequality and divisions within groups Mainwaring 01 Scott Mainwaring is the Eugene and Helen Conley Professor of Political Science. His research interests include democratic institutions and democratization; political parties and party systems; and the Catholic Church in Latin America. His book with Anibal Perez-Linan, Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall, is scheduled for publication in December 2013 (Cambridge University Press). “Two Models Of Democracy”, Journal of Democracy 12.3 (2001) 170-175, muse Patterns of Democracy started out ... rates, and encouraging generosity in foreign aid.
The current educational system is locked in a majoritarian epistemology that overlooks institutionalized racism, sexism, ableism, and a swath of other social issues. There is a tradeoff between discussions of war powers and structural violence King 2005 C. Richard, Professor of Critical Culture, Gender, and Race Studies at Washington State University, PhD in Anthropology, “Who Will Tell My Brother,” Radical Teacher .74, p. 39-40 Amid the ongoing "War on Terror," moreover...truth to power, and the possibility of change.
In educational settings we should be encouraging the protection of dissent before anything else Lott 06 Bernice Lott is Professor Emerita of Psychology and Women's Studies at the University of Rhode Island THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PUNISHING DISSENT: NEGATIVE REACTIONS TO ANTIWAR VIEWS IN THE UNITED STATES, In Collateral damage: the psychological consequences of America's war on terrorism, Ed. By Paul R. Kimmel, Chris E. Stout google books p. 74 Discussions of issues related to ... the maintenance of a vibrant democratic society.
Fostering dissent as a method outweighs all – You should view this round as a model for how debate should look like. Resisting majoritarianism and fostering dissent are key to stop mass atrocities and prevent abuses of war powers. Replacing the current system of majoritarianism with another will only perpetuate the cycle of violence. The aff is a precursor to reclaiming the political. Desai 2013 Rajiv, Desai established India’s first PR consulting firm, IPAN, “Majoritarian politics can bring doom to democracies,” http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/news/41420843_1_national-security-hindu-policy Modified for ableist language Sixty-eight years ago this month, American ... religious, ethnic and ideological opponents.
The importance of dissent is not tied to “fixing” problems but raising awareness Stitzlein 12 SARAH M. STITZLEIN is Assistant Professor of Philosophy of Education and a core faculty member of the Women’s Studies Department at the University of New Hampshire THE RIGHT TO DISSENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLING Educational TheoryVolume 62, Issue 1, Article first published online: 16 JAN 2012 Dissent takes many forms, which, at times, overlap ... announcement systems to mobilize one’s group.11
Contention 2: Dissent with Intent
The topic in the original vote should have been passive - it wasn’t until we moved votes around the current resolution won. From Ceda Forums 2013 – 2014 Resolution Announcement¶ 77 ... Resolution 2: 26¶ Resolution 7: 51
The way the topic committee functions over-manages the selection process creating bias before the vote is held. Our focus should be on making the topic simpler and leave content debates to the debaters From Russell Jason Russell, Debate coach at Oklahoma, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,4842.0.html I'd like to support an elegant topic ... strongly the flip-side of these choices.
Multiple passive voice options on the ballot would be necessary to give them legitimacy and increase diversity From Murillo Gabe Murillo, Panda and Debate Coach at Oklahoma, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php/topic,4848.0.html I'm not tied to any particular passive ... about broad versus limited resolutions.
Putting one passive voice topic on the ballot is a step in the right direction but glosses over the potential for what debate could be. Here is an example of a multiplicity approach that would allow the debaters to determine their own topic From Strauss Dave Strauss, Coach at MSU Dave Strauss asked me to post the following ... collective opinion of MSU debate?” - I speak only for myself.
We have a responsibility in education to explore dissent and efforts to suppress it, this is a prerequisite to critical pedagogy Schostak 11 John Schostak is currently a researcher at the Education And Social Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University Wikileaks, Tahrir Square – their significance for re-thinking democracy http://www.enquirylearning.net/ELU/politics/tahrirwikileaks.html Freedom with equality21 is fundamental ... that arc the countervailing powers to Power.
In any organizational structure embracing dissent rather than suppressing it is vital to reinvigorating the activity and spilling over James 11 Dr. Helen James is an Adjunct Associate Professor with the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, The Australian National University Civil Society and the Duty to Dissent, The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2011 http://www.icnl.org/research/journal/vol13iss3/special_1.htm The renowned American lawyer Cass ... to deflect and criminalize any future criticism?
Attempts to use debate norms to silence us is a form of institutional oppression that maintains the squo- leading to stagnant debate. Your ballot makes an ethical stance for openness Lott 06 Bernice Lott is Professor Emerita of Psychology and Women's Studies at the University of Rhode Island THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PUNISHING DISSENT: NEGATIVE REACTIONS TO ANTIWAR VIEWS IN THE UNITED STATES, In Collateral damage: the psychological consequences of America's war on terrorism, Ed. By Paul R. Kimmel, Chris E. Stout google books p.73 The negative responses to antiwar views ... independent minority position can be achieved.
Having choices is vital – the inability to vote for different options disenfranchises individuals Prezeworski 03 ADAM PRZEWORSKI New York University Economics and Philosophy, 19 (2003) 265–279 Copyright C Cambridge University Press FREEDOM TO CHOOSE AND DEMOCRACY http://politics.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2800/choice.pdf People may be dissatisfied ... their political life is impoverished.
It does not matter whether a different wording option wins or not, it’s about the process Prezeworski 03 ADAM PRZEWORSKI New York University Economics and Philosophy, 19 (2003) 265–279 Copyright C Cambridge University Press FREEDOM TO CHOOSE AND DEMOCRACY http://politics.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2800/choice.pdf What renders value to choice is that...an assertion of her agency.
