Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Samuels, Young, Gramziski

1NC—Solvency

Plan text only curbs "targeted killing" – Obama shifts to signature strikes.

Jens David Ohlin 13, Professor at Cornell Law School, http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html

One of the more interesting recent proposals for curing the "due process" deficit
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strike. I don’t think that is what Congressional staffers have in mind.

Turns the case but not our DA – TK’s are popular and key to counter-terror—sig strikes cause backlash.

David Hastings Dunn 13, Reader in International Politics and Head of Department in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK, and Stefan Wolff, Professor of International Security at the University of Birmingham in the UK, March 2013, "Drone Use in Counter-Insurgency and Counter-Terrorism: Policy or Policy Component?," in Hitting the Target?: How New Capabilities are Shaping International Intervention, ed. Aaronson 26 Johnson, http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Hitting_the_Target.pdf
Yet an important distinction needs to be drawn here between acting on operational intelligence that
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used, and perceived, as a blanket approach against an entire community.

1NC—Terror

No rollback or restrictions—

Won’t reach a critical mass

Benjamin Wittes 13, is editor in chief of Lawfare and a Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/coming-at-the-aumf-debate-from-a-different-angle/

The spirit that animates our paper, by contrast, is the suspicion that this
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overseas to allowing them operating wiggle-room with which to attack Americans.

No political opposition

Stephen Holmes 13, the Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, July 2013, "What’s in it for Obama?," The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama-http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama

This is the crux of the problem. We stand at the beginning of the
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against which antiwar forces are apparently unable to rally even modest public support.

Government won’t take it up

Benjamin Wittes, editor in chief of Lawfare and a Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. He is the author of several books and a member of the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law, 2/27/13, In Defense of the Administration on Targeted Killing of Americans, www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/in-defense-of-the-administration-on-targeted-killing-of-americans/

This view has currency among European allies, among advocacy groups, and in the
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which the executive branch is entitled to rely in formulating its legal views.

International backlash inevitable

Groves 1/25/’13, senior research fellow – Institute for International Studies @ Heritage (Steven, "The U.S. Should Ignore U.N. Inquiry Into Drone Strikes," http://blog.heritage.org/2013/01/25/the-u-s-should-ignore-u-n-inquiry-into-drone-strikes/)

Various international legal academics and human rights activists have regularly made these and other similar
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to expect that its cooperation will substantively alter the investigation’s findings and conclusions.

Host country  and ally support is sustainable – they will rail against the drones publicly but secretly back it.

Daniel L. Byman 13, Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy – Brookings, August, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman

It is also telling that drones have earned the backing, albeit secret, of
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raids or cruise missile strikes, would make the United States more popular.

Drones fail

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Yet the evidence that drones inhibit the operational latitude of terrorist groups and push them
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Camp Chapman in the Khost region of Afghanistan on 30 December 2009.66

Plan makes it less flexible, creates safe havens and ensures host countries will ban the program

Gordon Lubold and Shane Harris 11/5/13,  National security reporter for Foreign Policy, http://killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/11/05/cia_pentagon_drone_war_control

In May, the White House leaked word that it would start shifting drone operations
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covert operations, so relatively few lawmakers and congressional staff know about them.

Disclosure now solves—further public disclosure allows al Qaeda to avoid strikes

Geoffrey Corn 13, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 3/15/13, Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, CQ Research Service

In terms of increased transparency, it is my opinion that Congress should be extremely
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, and is, at this point in time, unjustified and unnecessary.
While calls for greater transparency are certainly understandable, I believe each additional layer of
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for greater insight into these processes must yield to considerations of operational success.

1NC—Blowback

No data supports the blowback or radicalization thesis

Michael Aaronson 13, Professorial Research Fellow and Executive Director of cii – the Centre for International Intervention – at the University of Surrey, and Adrian Johnson, Director of Publications at RUSI, the book reviews editor for the RUSI Journal, and chair of the RUSI Editorial Board, "Conclusion," in Hitting the Target?: How New Capabilities are Shaping International Intervention, ed. Aaronson 26 Johnson, http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Hitting_the_Target.pdf
Unintended detrimental consequences of intervention – ’blowback’– are by no means a new
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words, the covert drone programme is radical Islamism’s latest recruiting sergeant.17
This is contested, as is inevitable when relying on anecdotal evidence. Some data
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be contradictory given what is known from WikiLeaks documents about private approval.20
A lack of data may mean that talk of blowback is misguided, or it
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assessment, outlined in this report, to the strategic conduct of intervention.

OR blowback’s inevitable—-local governments will always deflect blame

Amitai Etzioni 12, senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard and The University of California at Berkeley; and is a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, 4/2/12, "In Defense of Drones," http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715
What about collateral damage? Rohde notes that "across Pakistan, there’s a belief
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hence could be used, albeit on a less "extraordinary" scale.
If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. The notion that if we ask these governments to explain to their people what’s up—including that while they are providing us with targeting information they denounce the drones—they would do so (or that we could make them speak truth to their people) is a lovely sociological fantasy.

Terror D

No scenario for nuclear terror—-consensus of experts

Matt Fay 13, PhD student in the history department at Temple University, has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, 7/18/13, "The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism", webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+26cd=126hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us26client=firefox-a
For over a decade now, one of the most oft-repeated threats raised
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terrorism hardly warrants the type of exertions many alarmist assessments indicate it should.

1NC—Pakistan Impact

Squo solves Pakistan – No civilian casualties and drones are decreasing.

Lisa Schlein 3/12/14, VOA News, http://www.voanews.com/content/us-drone-strikes-civilian-casualties-drop-in-pakistan-last-year/1870012.html

A United Nations investigation finds a significant reduction in the use of armed drones by the United States in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas ~FATA~ of Pakistan in 2013. The report, which has been submitted to the U.N. Human Rights Council, paints a much bleaker picture, however, of the use of drones in Afghanistan and Yemen.
Ben Emmerson, a British lawyer and special investigator on counterterrorism and human rights, said there were 27 recorded drone strikes in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas last year. That’s down from a peak of 128 in 2010.
"But perhaps most significantly, for the first time in nine years there were no reports of civilian casualties during 2013 in the FATA area of Pakistan," he said. "The diplomatic and political efforts of Pakistan to bring these strikes to a halt, so as to enable peace talks with the Tehrik-i-Taliban to take place, appear to have borne fruit."

Multiple alt causes to Pakistani instability – no alternative to drones.

C. Christine Fair 11/12/13, Georgetown University, Small Wars and Insurgencies, 25.1,  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2353447

Even after carefully reading these varied works, this author is left genuinely pondering what
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angry Pakistanis denounce the program in disbelief that this could possibly be true?

No Pakistan collapse and it doesn’t escalate

Sunil Dasgupta 13 is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four
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out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Intel Advantage

1NC

CIA is effective now—drone shift not key

Willing 13 (Richard, "The Way of the Knife: The CIA, a Secret Army, and a War at the Ends of the Earth", Book Review, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-57-no-3/the-way-of-the-knife-the-cia-a-secret-army-and-a-war-at-the-ends-of-the-earth.html)

"Everything is backwards," former CIA lawyer W. George Jameson is quoted as
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wonder what other inconvenient truths were cast aside as he assembled his book?

CIA involvement in drones is inevitable and there’s no impact

Greg Miller, Foreign Policy Writer, 11/25/13 ~"CIA remains behind most drone strikes, despite effort to shift campaign to Defense," http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-remains-behind-most-drone-strikes-despite-effort-to-shift-campaign-to-defense/2013/11/25/c0c07a86-5386-11e3-a7f0-b790929232e1_story.html~~

When missiles fired by CIA drones slammed into Yemen and Pakistan last week, the
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years and is described as fiercely opposed to giving up the agency’s role.
Heg-D

Hegemony’s inevitable and resilient

Eric S. Edelman 10, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, was Principal Deputy Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, 2010, "Understanding America’s Contested Primacy," Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments
A rigorous assessment should consider the strengths and weaknesses of the United States’ putative competitors
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will continue to be unipolar but with some additional challenges for US leadership.
Arguments for US national decline are not new. They have been made repeatedly in
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steps would a prudent government take to extend that primacy into the future?
The history of straight-line projections of economic growth and the rise of challengers
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key regions are likely to confront the United States with difficult new challenges.

Heg doesn’t solve war

Preble, 10 – (Christopher Preble, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, August 2010 "U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?" http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/-http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/)

Most in Washington still embraces the notion that America is, and forever will be
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States while the schlubs in fly-over country pick up the tab.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Samuels, Young, Gramziski

The US Executive branch should

—establish ex ante transparency of targeted killing standards and procedures and restrict targeted killings to clear and convincing instances of threat determined using a quantum of information framework.

The executive branch should end targeted killings by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems and only claim authority for targeted killing under Title 50 authority.

The United States Congress should create an intelligence appropriation mechanism distinct from defense appropriations. Through this mechanism, the United States Congress should substantially increase funding for CIA intelligence operations.

Ex ante transparency and procedures solves accountability and overuse.

Daskal 6/1/2012 (Jennifer, American University College of Law, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone" papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2049532)

4. Procedural Requirements Currently, officials in the executive branch carry out all such
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and would promote better accounting of the civilian costs of targeting operations. n198

The CP appropriations reform and funding increase resolves CIA intelligence tradeoffs—specifically resolves CIA over-focus on DOD programs

Marshall C. Erwin, Analyst in Intelligence and National Security, Sept. 2013, Intelligence Spending and Appropriations: Issues for Congress, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/R42061.pdf

A key issue here is the potential for competing goals and different priorities that may
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amount of money that the department really has no real jurisdiction over.41

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Samuels, Young, Gramziski

The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.

Observation One—the counterplan competes—it eliminates presidential focus from the plan text—any elimination of presidential focus severs the plan’s focus on the presidency

And this distinction is meaningful—rhetoric matters—when Congress debates the plan the rhetoric they will use frames expectations and scope of policy

====Bjork, prof. of Communication @ University of Utah, 1992 p. 120====

(Rebecca, The Strategic Defense Initiative)

I argued in chapter 3 that one factor leading to the rising support for the
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matters, not some extra-symbolic "reality" of policy itself.

Best interpretation of fiat: imagine the representations associated with the plan are what are used in Congressional debates over the policy—this allows for a combination of real world policy analysis with scholarly insight—it maintains a focus on policies and institutions while at the same time acknowledging the complexities that language offer for our politics

The counterplan competes on discourse alone but even if they win functional competition there are meaningful functional differences between the plan and counterplan

Observation Two—Net benefit—hegemonic presidentialism

Framing the policy as presidential regulation triggers a media firestorm that undercuts legitimacy of the plan

====Nelson 8 (Dana D. Nelson is a professor of English at Vanderbilt university and prominent author/activist. She received her MA and PhD from Michigan State University. "Bad for Democracy: How The Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", University of Minnesota Press 2008, PRINT, mjb) The first part of my argument is simple enough: it’s not particular presi­ dents who are a problem for l\S. democracy, it’s presidentialism. Prcsi- dentialism characterizes the unconscious power that the presidency works on citizens, and it describes the gravitational symbolic and insti­tutional place that the presidency assumes within U.S. government. We understand the president’s strength to be the strength of U.S. democracy Although the hallmark of constitutional democracy is the separated and balanced powers of the three governmental branches, executive, legisla­tive, and judicial, the fact is, when we think democracy, wrc think of the president, Legislatures and judges alike are factually more likely to assist than to impede the president. On the rare occasions that they set up a roadblock, they are often depicted by media and understood by citizens to be interferingwrith the president’s power and the democratic process. Presidentialism has trained us for this conclusion, and insofar as it suc­ceeds, it works to undermine our democratic proclivities and skill build­ing. Baldly put, presidentialism has been bad for democracy. Despite the particular virtues and leadership skills of some presidents, presidential­ism works against peoples’ civic cultivation of democratic skills. It trains us to want the president to take care of democracy for us instead of re-mt inhering that democracy, properly defined, is ourjob. Presidentialism depoliticizes citizens, making us less inclined to think and, thus, less likely to participate in self-governing. Presidentialism encourages people to see democracy as a winncr-takc-all endeavor in world politics as well as in the domestic sphere, an arena where presidential candidates go mano a muno and then when the winner ascends to office, the losers (and his supporter- constituents) fade from view. This teaches citizens to see negotiation and compromise as the weakness, not the strength, of democracy. Presiden­tialism trains people to sec democracy as being both led and symbolized by a single person, a strong leader standing for a strong consensus, instead unity, instead of helping us remember that a decently functioning disunity can provide better solutions and make an even stronger nation. ¶ The civically trained desire to sec the U.S. president as "the most pow­erful man in the world" has had the effect of allowing individual presi­dents incrementally and steadily to increase the power of that branch, most recently in the aftermath of 9/11, when Congress gave to the execu­tive their branch’s right to supervise war powers (a constitutional power that Congress has in fact not exercised since December 8,1941), In this sense, presidentialism is colonizing democracy for its own powers and purposes, depending on the people to keep believing that the executive’s power is somehow our power instead of recognizing that the truth is ex­actly the opposite. Whether particular presidents arc good or not, the in­crease of presidential power concretely diminishes our democracy, by tak­ing prestige as well as power from what was historically denominated the "people’s branch," the legislature, and ultimately by taking it away from the people. No single person can make democratic decisions, since de­mocracy gets its vitality from people negotiating their differences to find positive solutions. And even if we account====

Focus on the president causes political passivity

Ivie 7 (Robert L. Ivie ~Professor: University of Indiana, Ph.D., Washington State University, Rhetorical Critique of U.S. public culture; democracy; war propaganda; peace-building communication~~, Published 2007 by Kumarian Press, "Dissent from War", PRINT, note: scanned and run through OCR software, mjb)
Dissent from war is usefully thought of as a tactic or set of tactics of
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publicly accountable and subject citizen tactics that can make war propaganda problematic. ¶ 

Distance between citizen and politics results in extermination

Boggs 2000 Carl Boggs, Professor of Social Sciences and Film Studies at National University, Los Angeles, 2000, The End of Politics, p. 244-245 (PDAF3448)
The disintegration of political life in late-twentieth-century America poses a series
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hyperbolic to say that the fate of the world hangs in the balance.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard HX | Judge: Samuels, Young, Gramziski

Obama’s PC stops Dems from pushing Iran sanctions now – that’s prevents war.

Jacob Glass 3/25/14, Truman-Albright Fellow, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-glass/as-iran-nuclear-negotiati_b_5024604.html

Last week Iran and the so-called P5+1 countries — Russia,
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policy dominated by isolation from the West and an aggressive nuclear development program.

Plan destroys Obama

Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
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affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic. 

Nuclear war.

James A. Russell 9, Senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at NPS, Spring, Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East, www.nps.edu/academbvics/sigs/ccc/people/biolinks/.../PP26_Russell_2009.pdf-http://www.nps.edu/academbvics/sigs/ccc/people/biolinks/.../PP26_Russell_2009.pdf

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
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the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Also – Israeli strikes.

Leubsdorf, 1/22/14 – former Washington Bureau chief of The Dallas Morning News (Carl, Dallas Morning News, "Hard-liners’ mischief-making threatens Iran nuke talks" http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/columnists/carl-p-leubsdorf/20140122-carl-leubsdorf-hard-liners-mischief-making-threatens-iran-nuke-talks.ece-http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/columnists/carl-p-leubsdorf/20140122-carl-leubsdorf-hard-liners-mischief-making-threatens-iran-nuke-talks.ece)

The measure’s most dangerous provision, according to various published reports, reads as follows
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the West reaches with Iran by overriding Obama’s decision to waive existing sanctions.

Global war and turns case.

Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf-http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
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green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Fresno State HT | Judge: Malsin, Reed, Lemuel

1AC

Drone Culture

98 of drone strike murders are noncombatants and this is considered good by the Obama administration as long as a few alleged terrorists are killed. These strikes enact psychological trauma on the communities they target and leave neighborhoods burning.

Lendman 13 (Stephen, hosts the Progressive Radio News Hour on the Progressive Radio Network three times weekly. Distinguished guests are featured. Listen live or achived. Major world and national issues are discussed. Lendman is a 2008 Project Censored winner and 2011 Mexican Journalists Club international journalism award recipient "Lawless Drone Killings" 10/25/13 http://www.globalresearch.ca/lawless-drone-killings/5355535)
Obama’s a serial liar. He falsely claims drones haven’t "caused a huge number
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and immediate attack, distorts the requirements established in international human rights law."

Obama indiscriminately murders alleged enemies while acting as judge, jury, and executioner.
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international journalism award recipient, 2/12/14 Obama’s Kill List)
Obama heads an administration Murder, Inc. agenda. He appointed himself judge,
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away with murder with impunity. Imagine authorizing it as official US policy.

Drones make everyone into faceless threats against the state that strips them of identity and leave them easier to murder. Compassion is lost and all state violence is justified against the Other.

Friends Committee on National Legislation 13 (Washington Newsletter, "Drones: The Face of War Today" September/October 2013 http://fcnl.org/resources/newsletter/septoct13/drones_the_face_of_war_today/)
¶ The new face of U.S. warfare is an armed drone.
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strikes kill innocent civilians" that the U.S. should consider.

The affirmative actively shapes the way our community views drone culture opposing excessive government power—withdrawing from governmental debate is complicity with the strikes

Butigan 1/10/2013 (Ken, Director of Pace e Bene, a nonprofit organization fostering nonviolent change through education, community and action, "How can you resist the age of drones?" wagingnonviolence.org/feature/how-can-you-resist-the-age-of-drones/)

A drones culture is a chilling prospect. It promises to dramatically escalate a trend
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decision for a world free of drones and the dehumanizing culture they portend.

Policy focus crucial for drones – ensures public accountability

Ewan E. Mellor 12, The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations, "Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs"
http://www.academia.edu/4175561/Why_policy_relevance_is_a_moral_necessity_Just_war_theory_impact_and_UAVs
Just War Theory and Social Criticism This section of the paper considers more generally the
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our country" that we are "especially obligated to criticise its policies."

Adventurism

Lack of accountability and oversight on drones sets the precedent for unchecked adventurism

Peter W. Singer 12, Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institution and author of "Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century." http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/opinion/sunday/do-drones-undermine-democracy.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

IN democracies like ours, there have always been deep bonds between the public and
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. In a democracy, it is an issue for all of us.
?

Only accountability prevents future intervention and escalation

Judah A. Druck 12, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, CORNELL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

The Introduction of Technology-Driven Warfare and Shifting Wartime Doctrines The recent actions in
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sort of harm fails to "rally the troops" for public attentiveness.
?

Executive war power structurally ensures groupthink and escalatory interventions

Fleischman 10 – Matthew Fleischman, J.D. Candidate at New York University School of Law, "A Functional Distribution of War Powers", New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, 13 N.Y.U. J. Legis. 26 Pub. Pol’y 137, Lexis

While Nzelibe and Yoo’s model is clearly plausible, it misses certain critical institutional constructs
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it is the institutional design that would better accommodate functionalists’ concerns and desires.
?

Conflict escalation is the most likely scenario for war

Bosco, ’6 (Senior Editor — Foreign Policy, LA Times, 7-23)

The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the
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-long Cold War, what has the world learned about managing conflict? 

Interventions goes nuclear

Gholz, Press, 26 Sapolsky ’97 (PhD candidates – Dept. Poli. Sci. @ MIT, Prof. Public Policy and Organization @ MIT, International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4)

The larger long-term cost of selective engagement is the risk of involvement in
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, but not nearly as costly as the solution that selective engagers propose.

US imperialism causes structural violence by killing and displacing citizens abroad
Gannon 13 (Kathy, RAWA, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, was established in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1977 as an independent political/social organization of Afghan women fighting for human rights and for social justice in Afghanistan. The founders were a number of Afghan woman intellectuals under the sagacious leadership of Meena who in 1987 was assassinated in Quetta, Pakistan, by Afghan agents of the then KGB in connivance with fundamentalist band of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar . RAWA’s objective was to involve an increasing number of Afghan women in social and political activities aimed at acquiring women’s human rights and contributing to the struggle for the establishment of a government based on democratic and secular values in Afghanistan. Despite the suffocating political atmosphere, RAWA very soon became involved in widespread activities in different socio-political arenas including education, health and income generation as well as political agitation, "Afghan villagers flee homes, blame U.S. drones" 3/28/13 http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2013/03/28/afghan-villagers-flee-homes-blame-u-s-drones.html)
Barely able to walk even with a cane, Ghulam Rasool says he padlocked his
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Terrorism and Human Rights has launched an investigation into their effect on civilians.¶ 

Our method is important. Policy research and deliberation in the private competitive debate space strengthens public deliberation – these debates connect with on-going public debates and provide a bulwark against rhetorics that short-circuit deliberation.

Jeffrey A. Kurr 13, Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts 26 Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society. 9/5, http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14

The public debates on presidential war powers co-hosted by the Miller Center and
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where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.

Domestic Drones

Cultural associations with military drones prevents uptake of domestic drones

Martin 2/3 (Glen, Forbes, "Would It Help If We Stopped Calling Them Drones?" 2/3/14 http://www.forbes.com/sites/oreillymedia/2014/02/03/drone-on/2/)
Jeff Bezos’ recent demonstration of a drone aircraft simulating delivery of an Amazon parcel was
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even partnered with Yamaha to develop a craft specifically designed for the job."

Lack of congressional scrutiny will cause governmental bans on domestic drones
Goodale 13 (Gloria, The Christian Science Monitor, "States consider drone bans: Overreaction or crucial for privacy rights?" 2/6/13 http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0206/States-consider-drone-bans-Overreaction-or-crucial-for-privacy-rights-video)
As scrutiny over US drone policy abroad grows, local and state officials are considering
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says. "That technology is just not being put out there yet."

Domestic Drones are critical to US agricultural yields and small farmers—Irrigation, dead spot detection, and chemical plans

Wozniacka 13 (Gosia, Associated Press, "Next farm tool: Drones" 12/18/13 http://durangoherald.com/article/20131218/NEWS06/131219534/-1/s)
Idaho farmer Robert Blair isn’t waiting around for federal aviation officials to work out rules
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crop health, improving field management practices, reducing costs and increasing yields.

Small farms prevent monocultures that cause extinction.

Boyce 4 (James, Paper prepared for the Conference on Egalitarian Development in the Era of Globalization, "A Future for Small Farms? Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture" April 2004 http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Boyce_paper_griffin_conference.pdf)
There is a future for small farms. Or more precisely, there can be
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support part-time farming as a component of household ¶ livelihood strategies.

High Food prices kill billions

Johnson 13 (Keith, American Free Press, "Wall Street Vultures Drive Up Food Prices While Billions Starve" 2/6/13 https://americanfreepress.net/?p=8411)
While people around the globe struggled to put food on the table in 2012,
AND
hunger is tough regulation, something that Wall Street is fiercely fighting against.

Plan

The United States federal government should determine that the offensive use of combat drones constitutes an introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities.

Solvency

WPR key to public accountability – ensures transparency and acts as a bulwark on presidential authority.

John Patera 12 J.D., May 2012, Hamline University School of Law. Spring. 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. 26 Pol’y 387

To focus on the Resolution’s shortcomings, however, is to only tell part of
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include the offensive use of armed drones within the definition of "hostilities."

Public scrutiny through the WPR key – constraint on executive power to use drones is impossible without it.

Judah A. Druck 12, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, CORNELL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

B. Why Existing Theories of Presidential Constraint Are No Longer Sufficient Naturally, some
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into potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives to enforce the WPR.  

Plan’s clarity ensures judicial enforcement and deters circumvention.

Benjamin R. Farley 12, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007. Winter. 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385

Effective accountability mechanisms constrain policymakers’ freedom to choose to use force by increasing the costs
AND
enhance accountability for policymakers charged with deciding when and how force is used.

WPR solves – Norm of executive compliance and it ensures public scrutiny.

Michael Benjamin Weiner 7, J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, 2007. B.A., Swarthmore College, 2004. May, 40 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 861

For all its efforts, the WPR has received mostly criticism. n43 From concerns
AND
it cannot avoid losing to the WPR in a court of public opinion. 

The status quo is Obama killing innocents behind a close door that is the example par excellence of US militarism and exclusion. Making Obama be accountable to the public is essential to prevent his slaughter of dissidents that disagree with United States policy. Understanding how we as political subjects interact with and should identify with drone strike victims is essential to understand and prevent the unnecessary killing squad that is Obama’s drone warfare. If we lose framework you should see the affirmative as an active stance against Obama’s militarism and the exclusion of those ideologically opposed to him.

The 1nc is entirely unresponsive to every argument we have made about drone warfare — about the hypothetical of plan action and about the advantages to endorsing the hypothetical enactment of the aff plan — if we win that anything we said in the 1ac matters for any reason then the permutation to vote affirmative to endorse both speech acts resolves all the negative offense

Perm do the affirmative and 

Perm read the affirmative as a science fiction story

Perm do the aff as an understanding

2AC

OVW

Nuclear war turns alt solvency.

Martin ’82(Brian, Associate professor in Science, Technology and Society — U of Wollongong, Bulletin of Peace Proposals, v 13, n2, p. 149-159, http:/21www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/82bpp.htrnl)
In addition to the important physical effects of nuclear war there would be important indirect
AND
developments the people and the peace movements of the world are largely unprepared.

Extinction is a side constraint.

Seeley, ’86 (Central Comm. for Conscientious Objectors, Handbook of Non-Violence, p. 269-70)
In moral reasoning prediction of consequences is nearly always impossible. One balances the risks
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is real enough to make nuclear war utterly impermissible under any sane moral code

War on terror exceptionalism renews state based racial policing—combine this with the transnationalism card in the other file I put up

Bhattacharyya 8 – Professor of Sociology and Head of Sociology Group, Aston University
Gargi, May 2008, "Dangerous Brown Men and the War on Terror" http://www.sociology.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/research/cers/Islamophobia20Symposium20Papers20e-working20paper20(3).pdf~~23page=18
I want to argue that the emergence of an expansionary militarism from the US and
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that can ¶ imaginatively embody the otherwise faceless demons of War on Terror.

Permutation is the best—war on terror is an exportation of American culture—but the stream runs both ways—the neg’s refusal to engage in transnational analysis proves the WOT is a DA to their lens

Emmerson 2007
Emmerson, Blake. "The Vicious Circle of Racism and the War on Terror." Radical Negative Race, Politics, and Culture on the Frontier of Freedom. N.p., 11 Nov. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. http://radicalnegative.blogspot.com/2007/11/viscious-circle-of-racism-and-war-on.html.¶ Blake Emmerson JD/Political Science PhD Program, Yale University http://politicalscience.yale.edu/people/blake-emerson

"Neoconservative Racism," I argued that neoconservative thought embodies a psychological and theoretical connection
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For racist thought and racial injustice, ’success in circuit lies.’

Perm - vote for the 1ac as a way of valuing the 1nc performance of black autonomy - agency and resistance are always possible - even if the permutation isn’t ideal it still facilitates a space of resistance. Our dissent against drone policy is a net-benefit

Robinson ’4 (Reginald Leamon, prof law @ Howard U, researcher on the relation between race and academic thought "Human Agency, Negated Subjectivity, and White Structural Oppression: An Analysis of Critical Race Practive/Praxis" American University Law Review 53, no.6 (August 2004): 1361-1419)
During slavery, when whites ruled blacks by law, vigilance, and violence,
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in antisubordination struggles, so that ordinary people can use their human agency.

Perm Do Both

Framework

Engaging in political contestation to identify solutions for drones helps us learn about the details and actions necessary

Omar Bashir writes on "How to Improve the Drones Debate" in 2012 (Omar, Princeton PhD candidate. How to Improve the Drones Debate http://themonkeycage.org/2012/11/15/how-to-improve-the-drones-debate/)

Most news articles about drones cover some new development, claim to raise new ethical
AND
them in the comments, and feel free to post your own ideas.

That solves best—-the plan provides a new avenue for promoting skepticism and opposition to executive targeted killing

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
It appears that, as Scheuerman has noted, it is too easy to assume
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policy, but can play some role in impeding its traditional bulldozing progress. 

Alt Offense

No state bad offense — State is flexible and can re-orient to solve your offense.

Krause 26 Williams ’97 York Poli Scie Prof 26 Maine Assistant Poli Scie Prof, Critical Security Studies, Pg. xvi
Many of the chapters in this volume thus retain a concern with the centrality of
AND
of influencing what remains the most structurally capable actor in contemporary world politics.

Their position represents a politics of disclosure that rewards the conspicuous reference to excluded identity. This reinforces hegemonic structures of privilege as a speaking subject that is able to wear their vulnerability on their sleeve as a rhetorical object that can be exchanged for the reward of the ballot. This erases the subjectivity of those who cannot disclose their identity – for example, as an undocumented migrant, or secret homosexual – because public spaces have not yet become safe to do so. Their model of debate is disasterous for the folks in the debate community who are the most marginalized

Vila ’5, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 2005 ~Pablo, "Border Ethnographies," Ethnography at the Border, Ed. Pablo Vila, p. xxviii-xxxiii~
At the same time, some of the problems related to the intertwining of the
AND
positions (deviant or not) and can intertwine them with their ethnographies.

Refusal to focus on state apparatuses causes a market fill-in, which is worse.

Chomsky ’98 (Noam, Professor of Linguistics at MIT. The Common Good:  Noam Chomsky Interviewed by David Barsamian, p. 84-85)
So Argentina is "minimizing the state"—cutting down public expenditures, the way
AND
state, all the time recognizing that you ultimately want to eliminate it.  

The plan prevents constant state of emergency by preventing governmental threat creation

Jacobs 10 (Leslie Gielow, "Bush, Obama and Beyond: Observations on the Prospect of Fact Checking Executive Department Threat Claims before the Use of Force" 26 Const. Comment. 435 (2009-2010))
Threats are scary. When they are real we should, of course,¶ as
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thereby¶ bolster the contemporaneous accountability of use of force ad-¶ vocacy.

Pessimism towards progressivism inverts the error and makes racism worse

Jones 1999 (Richard Wyn Jones is at Cardiff University, where he is currently a Professor of Politics. Professor Wyn Jones is the former Director of the Institute of Welsh Politics and professor in critical security studies at Aberystwyth University.  Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory – 1999. Columbia International Affairs Online, September 1999)

An even more troubling feature of Adorno and Horkheimer’s analysis is the downplaying of individual
AND
around them in a progressive direction. Adorno and Horkheimer’s pessimism is unwarranted.

Their argument about the inevitability of the black subject position reinscribes victimization and is ultimately disempowering for black folks 

Robinson ’4 (Reginald Leamon, prof law @ Howard U, researcher on the relation between race and academic thought "Human Agency, Negated Subjectivity, and White Structural Oppression: An Analysis of Critical Race Practive/Praxis" American University Law Review 53, no.6 (August 2004): 1361-1419)
By vilifying the Nguyen family, by engaging in economic terror, and by disrupting
AND
ignore the role that blacks play in co-creating white structural oppression.

And they will argue that "our performance works for us as a liberation strategy" — that proves our point — black theorizing that centers subjective narratives of pain and injustice as the basis for politics are tools of antisubordination that only work within academic spaces, and come at the cost of developing strategies of liberation for non-academic folks folks

Robinson ’4 (Reginald Leamon, prof law @ Howard U, researcher on the relation between race and academic thought "Human Agency, Negated Subjectivity, and White Structural Oppression: An Analysis of Critical Race Practive/Praxis" American University Law Review 53, no.6 (August 2004): 1361-1419)
Within these antisubordination practices, structural forces dominate, prevailing over ordinary people.183
AND
conscience. I apply this point with equal vigor in the following section.

The notion that White subjectivity negates black agency is a harmful practice that reinsicribes social binary. Black folks do not need the 1nc performance — it is neither necessary nor sufficient to solve. The permutation allows ordinary people to address the problems of racism — they do not have an argument that is competitive with the 1ac plan

Robinson 2k4 (Reginald Leamon, prof law @ Howard U, researcher on the relation between race and academic thought "Human Agency, Negated Subjectivity, and White Structural Oppression: An Analysis of Critical Race Practive/Praxis" American University Law Review 53, no.6 (August 2004): 1361-1419)
By embracing a structuralist approach to antisubordination practice, Race Crits posit that the social
AND
without ordinary people. In effect, social reality is ordinary people.210

State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to end white supremacy – individual action and dialogue is insufficient

Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
~Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87~

I’m all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be
AND
in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life. 

Alt Defense

The focus on psychic violence is non-falsifiable and de-politicizing — it prevents their critique from changing any of the norms and structures they criticize
Anderson 6—prof of English at Johns Hopkins (Amanda, The Way We Argue Now, 37-9)
There remains yet another reason why the theory of communicative ethics cannot answer Butler’s theoretical
AND
about democratic procedure (might not she at least risk a contingent proceduralism?).

Subjective or personal knowledge deriving from unique life experiences is both useless and unfair for debate because it can’t be tested or challenged – default to information that is publicly available, and don’t assume that any background is uniquely epistemically privileged
Parrish ’11 Jesse, student commenter on Victor Reppert’s blog Dangerous Idea, devoted to exploring biases in argumentation, August http://dangerousidea.blogspot.com/2011/08/sltf.html

I think that whenever we are looking to calibrate the effect of evidence on probability
AND
special privileges - epistemic entitlements, if you prefer - over knowledgeable peers.

Wilderson’s argument is highly ethnocentric and politically debilitating for any social justice. It homogenizes the historical experiences of African slave culture and innacurately represents the meaning of historical violence in such a way that no solution can ever seem possible

Bâ ’11  (teaches film at Portsmouth University (UK). He researches ’race’, the ’postcolonial’,  diaspora,  the  transnational  and  film  ’genre’,  African  and  Caribbean cinemas  and film festivals)
(Saër Maty, The US Decentred, Cultural Studies Review, volume 17 number 2 September 2011)

A few pages into Red, White and Black, I feared that it would
AND
?  The  coffle   approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

Ontologization of blackness through afro-pessimist—the performance of the 1AC is not determined by the anti-blackness that they say infests everything—the aff works at the ontic level which disproves their ontology argument

Hudson 2013 (Peter, Political Science Professor at the University of Witwatersand "The State and the Colonial Unconscious" in Social Dynamics)
"Whiteness" as whiteness – the meaning of whiteness and that of "blackness
AND
of colonialism, of its constitutive axis, its "ontological" differential.

Cap

The anti-militarism agenda of the Aff with the K solves best.

Brian Martin 1, Tech 26 Society Prof – Wollongong, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/01nvc/nvcp13.pdf

The term "capitalism" can give the impression that capitalism is a yes or
AND
reform is less likely to undercut the potential for long-term change. 

Incremental changes are crucial for coalitions against capitalism – Alt alone won’t change mindsets.

Grossberg, ’92 (Speech Prof — Illinois, We gotta get out of this place, p. 389)

If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it has
AND
axiomatics of capitalism in particular local, regional, national and global contexts.