Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Barron-Evans | Judge: Osborn
Their absolutist refusal to evaluate the plan causes paradigm wars, not change.
Wendt ‘98, 3rd Most Influential Scholar of IR in the World According to Survey of 1084 IR Scholars, ‘98
(“On Constitution and Causation in International Relations,” British International Studies Association) 

And our form of imagination is good for resisting the hyper-reality of the government.  It’s a resistance against expertism
Kulynych, '97 JESSICA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AT WINTHROP UNIVERSITY, “PERFORMING POLITICS," POLITY, WINTER, V.XXX, N.2, PAGES 336-346; FULL TEXT ON BACK

Representational violence DOESN’T preclude the need for concrete action
Richard Rorty, Professor of Humanities, University of Virginia, Truth, Politics, and Postmodernism, Spinoza Lectures, 97, p. 51-2

Scenario planning is possible in a catastrophe-ridden world—it’s vital to make predictions about the future.
Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).  

Their Criticism is an excuse to Ignore the Material Realities of Nuclear Conflict - Level Headed Political Engagement is Required to Prevent Use
Christopher Norris, Prof. @ Univ. of Wales, ’94 Prose 17.2, “Nuclear Criticism Ten years on,” p. 135-6

The Negative is Reductionist - Risk, Calculation, and Politics are part of Positive and Deliberative Approach to Nuclear Weapons
Bryan Hubbard, MA in Political Science @ ASU, ’97 Rhetorical Analysisis of Two Contemporary Atomic Campaigns, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA327948

Discourse of nuclear weapons prevent use – deterrence
Rajaraman, 2 – Professor of Theoretical Physics at JNU (R., “Ban battlefield nuclear weapons,” 4/22/2, The Hindu, http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/04/22/stories/2002042200431000.htm)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Barron-Evans | Judge: Osborn
McChrystal going public destroyed CMR and counterinsurgencies mean tensions are inevitable.
Desch, Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, 10-27-‘9 (Michael C. “Obama and His General: Should McChystal Solute and Obey?” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65635/michael-c-desch/obama-and-his-general)

Military opposes using nuclear threats—fear of breaking the taboo.
Hirsch 6
Jorge Hirsch, analyst, 2006. Antiwar.com, Nuclear Strike on Iran Is Still on the Agenda, What will Congress do?, http://www.antiwar.com/hirsch/?articleid=9868

CMR’s tanked – 4 reasons.
King 9 Will King, Fort Leavenworth Lamp, Panel discusses civil-military relations at Fort Leavenworth, Mar 27,
http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/03/27/18852-panel-discusses-civil-military-relations-at-fort-leavenworth/

Military now has an institutional bias against nuclear weapons – they’ve been pushing reductions in their role.
Ritchie 9
Nick Ritchie, Ph.D., post doctoral research fellow at the Dept of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford, 2009. US Nuclear Weapons Policy after the Cold War: Russians, 'rogues' and domestic division, p. 132-3

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 9 | Opponent: Georgetown Burdette-Louvis | Judge: Hardy, Buntin, Muholland
Only removing the military threat is critical to changing Iranian perception of the US
Glaser 09/23 (John Glaser is Editor of Antiwar.com. His articles have been published at The American Conservative Magazine, “Why diplomacy with Iran is doomed” Opinion, September http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/09/2013923112820696548.html)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Barron-Evans | Judge: Osborn
Can’t fiat enforcement – courts will not enforce the precedent.
Howell and Pevehouse, 07 (Willam G. Howell, Prof @ U Chicago, Jon C. Pevehouse, Prof @ U Chicago. While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers. xvi)

Deference is necessary to stop citizen environmental suits against the DOD
Latham 2k
Latham, Editor at the Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 2K (Joshua, “The Military Munitions Rule and Environmental Regulation of Munitions,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 27 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 467)

Forcing more environmental pressure on the DOD undermines training and combat readiness
Montalvo ‘02
Montalvo, of the Temple Environmental Law and Technology Journal, 2K2 (Eric, “Operational Encroachment: Woodpeckers and their Congressman,” Temple Environmental Law and Technology Journal, Spring, 20 Temp. Envtl. L. and Tech. J. 219)

Readiness is critical to global conflict prevention
Spencer 2k
Spencer, Defense and National Security Analyst at the Heritage Foundation, 9-15-2K (Jack, “THE FACTS ABOUT MILITARY READINESS,” Heritage Foundation Reports, N. 1394, P. 1)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Barron-Evans | Judge: Osborn
Credibility/ Resolve low now.
Barnes, 13 (Fred, Executive editor of the weekly standard. Hesitation, Delay, and Unreliability. http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/hesitation-delay-and-unreliability_752788.html)

First strike is a bluff—undermines credibility
Riedel and O'Hanlon 10 Bruce Riedel, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Michael E. O'Hanlon, Director of Research and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, 3-16-10, “The Case Against Threatening Iran,” Politico

Credibility not hurt by the plan.
Balkin, 13 ( JACK M. BALKIN is Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale Law School, and the founder and director of Yale's Information Society Project, an interdisciplinary center that studies law and new information technologies. What Congressional Approval Won't Do: Trim Obama's Power or Make War Legal. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-congressional-approval-wont-do-trim-obamas-power-or-make-war-legal/279298/)

Unwillingness to escalate to take out the link and impact
Dianne R. Pfundstein PhD Candidate, Columbia University Paper prepared for the ISA Annual Convention 3-19-2011 Compelling Compliance with the International Order: The United States, the Threat of Force, and Resolve in the Era of Unipolarity

Heg doesn’t solve conflict.
Fettweis 11 Christopher, Prof. of Political Science – Tulane, Dangerous Times?: The International Politics of Great Power Peace Page 73-6

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Barron-Evans | Judge: Osborn
Plan doesn’t cause a tradeoff. Negotiations would occur within the republic caucus and republicans would be lockstep in support of limiting Obama’s power.
Sargent 9/12 Greg, Washington Post, The Morning Plum: Senate conservatives stick the knife in House GOP leaders
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/09/12/the-morning-plum-senate-conservatives-stick-the-knife-in-house-gop-leaders/

Economic decline doesn’t cause war.
Jervis 11 Robert, Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics in the Department of Political  Science, and a Member of the Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia  University. Force in Our Times  Saltzman Working Paper No. 15  July 2011 http://www.siwps.com/news.attachment/saltzmanworkingpaper15-842/SaltzmanWorkingPaper15.PDF

Empirically doesn’t collapse the economy.
Tanner 11 Michael Tanner 11, National Review, “No Surrender on Debt Ceiling”, Jan 19, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/257433/no-surrender-debt-ceiling-michael-tanner

Winners win – Plan lets the Obama sweep through gridlock and raise the debt ceiling more quickly.
Hirsch, 13 (Michael, Chief correspondent for the National Journal. There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest Lopez-McCabe | Judge: Van Luvanee
Desecuritization fails in practice – strategic planning to prevent crisis escalation is the only way out of the security dilemma.
PH Liotta, Pell Center for IR and Public Policy, ‘5 Security Dialogue 36.1, “Through the Looking Glass: Creeping Vulnerabilities and the Reordering of Security,” p. 65-6

Anti-proliferation is good. We should try to get rid of as many nuclear weapons as possible.
Paul Schulte, Director of Prolif and Arms Control - Ministry of Defense @ UK, ‘7 International Affairs 83.3, “Universal vision or bounded rationality?” p. Blackwell

Perm do the plan and reject the logic of security – key to prevent conflict miscalculation from proliferation – stopping horizontal spread is a pre-requisite to ending nuclear apartheid.   
David S. Yost, Phd-Prof. @ Naval Postgraduate School, ‘7 International Affairs 83.3, “Analysing international nuclear order,” p. Blackwell

Infinite number of non-falsifiable ‘root causes’ mean empirics and incentive theory are the only adequate methods to understand war
Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law @ University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential appointee, and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, John Norton Moore, pages 41-2.

Discourse doesn’t create security, it’s a response to real and material concerns – prefer our threat-specific internal links
Glover 11 – University of Bradford, UK
Nicholas, “Does Security exist outside of the speech act?,” http://www.e-ir.info/2011/10/09/does-security-exist-outside-of-the-speech-act/

Methodology is not a priori even incomplete knowledge is sufficient – specificity is key
Kratochwil 8 – professor of international relations – European University Institute
Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

No root cause of war.
Gat, Political Science at Tel Aviv, 9 Azar, Chair of the Department of Political Science at Tel Aviv University,  So Why Do People Fight? Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of War, European Journal of International Relations, 2009, Vol. 15(4): 571–599, http://ejt.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/571

Their absolutist refusal to evaluate the plan causes paradigm wars, not change.
Wendt ‘98, 3rd Most Influential Scholar of IR in the World According to Survey of 1084 IR Scholars, ‘98
(“On Constitution and Causation in International Relations,” British International Studies Association)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Barron-Evans | Judge: Osborn
Authority is power to influence or command
Goodman 93  OPINION BY: BY THE COURT; JAMES A. GOODMAN, judge   In re: JANICE T. BOURQUE, Debtor  Case No. 91-10570 Chapter 13 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS 153 B.R. 87; 1993 Bankr. LEXIS 563; 93-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) P50,327; 71 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 1626  April 12, 1993, Decided   lexis

Discretion is limited to the range of authority  ----   topical action must limit the authority, not discretion within authority
Luna, 2k  Erik Luna, Associate Professor, University of Utah College of Law   Iowa Law Review    May, 2000
85 Iowa L. Rev. 1107   ARTICLE: Transparent Policing

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas Bhattacharjee-Jones | Judge: Harrigan
US Armed Forces are all the service branches collectively
DOD 13  DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms 08 November 2010, as amended through 16 July 2013. http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/u/7829.html

Forces includes weapons and equipment
DOD 13    DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms 08 November 2010, as amended through 16 July 2013.
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/u/11318.html

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Missouri State Hackett-Rabbitt | Judge: Miller
Doesn’t solve Israel – the strongest support for Iran strikes is coming from congress.
Times of Israel, 13 (Senate backs Israel in event of strike on Iran nuclear weapon program. http://www.timesofisrael.com/senate-votes-to-back-possible-strike-on-iran-nuclear-weapon-program/)

The next president could repeal an xo and it would be ignored while Obama is in office.
Pope 11 Robert S. Pope, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Former Research Fellow, Belfer International Security Program, 2009–2010  Interagency Task Forces The Right Tools for the Job Strategic Studies Quarterly ? Summer 2011

Statute makes congress a stakeholder -- key to permanence and stability.
Lederman 9 Gordon, National Security Reform for the Twenty-first Century:  A New National Security Act and Reflections on  Legislation’s Role in Organizational Change, headed the Project on National Security Reform’s Legal  Working Group from 2007 to 2009. Currently a Congressional staffer, he served on the  staff of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (the “9/11  Commission”) from May 2003 to July 2004. This article is based on an address delivered to  the National Security Law Section at the Association of American Law Schools’ annual  meeting in 2009. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY Vol. 3:363 2009 LEGISLATION’S ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE 367

Israel doesn’t trust the president acting alone.
Kalb, 13 (Marvin, James Clark Welling Fellow at The George Washington University and a member of Atlantic Community Advisory Board, and a Guest Scholar in Foreign Policy at The Brookings Institution. The Road to War
Presidential Commitments Honored and Betrayed. http://www.brookings.edu/research/books/2013/the-road-to-war)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 9 | Opponent: Georgetown Burdette-Louvis | Judge: Hardy, Buntin, Muholland
Counterplan links to politics.
Hallowell 13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/

Since Congress can’t directly backlash against an XO, it’ll tank Obama’s other issues.
Risen 10 Clay Risen, assistant editor of The New Republic, 8/4/10 http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=rootandname=ViewPrintandarticleId=8140