Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake DL | Judge: Brian Rubaie
The affs prioritization of sexual difference becomes a vehicle for anthropocentric humanism
Emma R. JONES. 2007. doctoral candidate and teaching fellow in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon. In the Presence of the Living Cockroach:  The Moment of Aliveness and the Gendered Body in Agamben and Lispector . PhaenEx 2, no. 2 (fall/winter 2007): 24-41   
The only mention of gender in Agamben’s text comes in a quotation from Walter  Benjamin
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aliveness and to propel the destructive motion of the anthropological and andrological machine.
AND, this species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8
tarik and noam, queen’s university and bar llan university, “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal
Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
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“an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).
Alternative: the judge should vote negative to REJECT THE HUMAN/ANIMAL DIVIDE.
this rejection enables an understanding of the SPECIES-BEING. that SOLVES THE ETHICAL CONTRADICTION OF THEIR SPECIES-LEVEL RACISM.  
HUDSON 2K4
Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf
We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
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exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
Apocalyptic predictions make serial policy failure inevitable
Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight”, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf

Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political
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well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice. 

Maintaining the apocalyptic logic of the 1AC results in endless war and an ever-expanding presidency
Rana 2011 (Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law @ Cornell.  “Responses to the Ten Questions.” William Mitchell Law Review, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5099)

The only way ultimately to produce lasting reform is to shift American political identity away
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a will, there can be no substantive shift in our constitutional politics.

The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC

Even if the rational arguments in favor of the plan are logical, the representations of apocalypse colonize the debate towards pressure for fast invasion and warmongering
Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; and#34;The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginaryand#34;, Rhetoric and Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010)

Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy
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security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Scott Harris, Geoff Lundeen, Kurt Fifelski
Their role of the ballot calls upon us to confess our identity. This is a blackmail to confess your identity. This only serves as an operator of visibility, forcing us to bare our soul before the panel.
Baudrillard '01 (Jean, “Dust Breeding” Ctheory.)

Foucault used to refer to self-expression as the ultimate form of confession.
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ironic qualities, those which make language more important than what it conveys.
 The worst part of this obscene and indecent visibility is the forced enrollment,
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be better! Let’s all agree on it and practice it with enthusiasm!
 If everything ends with visibility (which, similar to the concept of heat
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humanity’s own destruction becomes a first rate aesthetic sensation" (Walter Benjamin).
The term “introduce” in their role of the ballot points to a problematic understanding of identity.  Any identity that can be introduced into politics must be fascistically sliced apart, discarding those components of our identities that do not fit neatly into prefabricated political discourse.  Their role of the ballot is violence against the untamed dissidence of wild identity that refuses to be categorized.
MacLure 2010 (Maggie MacLure, Manchester Metropolitan University, “Qualitative inquire: where are the ruins?” http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk/respapers/nzareRuins.pdf)
So I want to look at the relation of language and materiality, and particularly
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from, or attach itself to, an already formed,  phenomenological subject.
Our criticism is uniquely true for queer bodies.  The introduction of queer identity into the political results only in violence and destroys queer progressivism – gay marriage struggles prove
Yep 2003 (Gust A. Yep et al., Professor of Communications, Karen E. Lovaas, Associate Professor of Communications. John P. Elia, Associate Professor @ Department of Health Education all at San Francisco State University.
“A Critical Appraisal of Assimilationist and Radical Ideologies Underlying Same-Sex Marriage in LGBT Communities in the United States” Journal of Homosexuality, 45: 1, 45 — 64. 2003.)
The decision to place the right to marry at the front of efforts by gay
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the norms and standards associated with straight culture to the lives of queers.
In this section, three of the rationales offered in critique of the same-sex marriage movement are explored. These are: (1) That marriage is an inherently flawed, oppressive institution; (2) That should the pursuit of same-sex marriage succeed, the potential consequences are more negative than positive; and (3) That alternative relationship structures have significant advantages over marriage.
Michael Warner’s interrogation of the notion of same-sex marriage in The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life (1999) is perhaps the most extensive one to date. The work of several other lesbian and gay writers is also drawn from; however, this summary does not purport to be an exhaustive review of the literature.
Of course, arguments against the institution of marriage did not originate with the lesbian
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women in a particularly debilitating way” (1993, p. 191).
This is the same reasoning underlying the first argument against gays and lesbians struggling for
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to quote Emma Goldman’s contention that “S” (p. 193).
The second rationale for rejecting same-sex marriage is that there would be significant negative consequences in the wake of the legalizing of same-sex marriage. Queer writers such as Paula Ettelbrick point to two primary harmful outcomes. First, the greater degree of assimilation resulting from same-sex marriage is less likely to advance queer interests than it is to reinforce dominant social norms, defang queer movements, and increase queer invisibility. As Carmen Vasquez warns,
“We must stop pretending that that our assimilation into this culture will tame the
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and condolences formerly reserved for unmarried dubbed “old maids”? Or worse:
You tell mom that you’re just like her, that you’re married, that she doesn’t have to accept lesbians or lesbianism, but if she can just see herself in your pseudo-heterosexual, familial scenario, everything will be all right. That leaves the rest of us dykes to be seen as difficult, unacceptable, disease-spreading, sex-crazed, pathological, unstable, adolescent, unfocused, unsuccessful, slutty perverts. (Saalfield, 1993, p. 194)
The third rationale for rejecting same-sex marriage celebrates the advantages of other relational
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number of benefits accrue from being unencumbered by the norms of heterosexual society:
These include less restrictive gender roles; nonmonogamous intimate relationships and more freedom for sexual
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not exchange my sexuality for citizenship” (1999, p. 272).
Before embarking on an exploration of the implications of the assimilationist position on relationship construction
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lines to realize that an anti-sex theme runs throughout their arguments.
There is also the theme of containment and social control. One is reminded of
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from unbridled sexual expression and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
The ideology that undergirds the assimilationist position has a distinct impact on the way relationships are constructed and maintained. As outlined previously, it is clear that those who support the idea of same-sex marriage wish to reproduce the heterosexual marital experience. The idea is that gays and lesbians are no different than heterosexuals.
While this sounds appealing at first, a closer analysis reveals that it is myopic
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privileges as heterosexually married people means that many lifestyle options become officially foreclosed.
Another pitfall with same-sex marriage as proposed by the assimilationists is that it
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-sex marriage proponents want to imitate an institution that is often unworkable?
Same-sex marriage would perpetuate a brand of sexual and relationship hierarchy. According to some of the assimilationists–namely Rotello (1997) and Rauch (1997)–sexual expression, particularly among gay men, is dangerous, potentially “out of control,” and often seedy.
According to them, being married creates a sociomedical safe zone, which is respectable
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, and what they propose in terms of destabilizing gender and sexual categorization.
You should welcome the 1AC gesture of speaking their identity, refuse their role of the ballot.  Discerning the potential of their performance from the yardstick measurement of the role of the ballot is key to transformative politics
Hogeven 2006 (Bryan, Sociology at U of Alberta with Andrew Woolford Sociology at U of Manitoba “Critical Criminology and Possibility in the Neo-liberal Ethos” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 48.5)
Thus, it is first imperative that criminologists reflect on the powers of, and
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order to disrupt ontology and rethink the possibility of justice beyond what is.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Scott Harris, Geoff Lundeen, Kurt Fifelski
THE 1AC’S LYRICAL GLORIFICATION OF THE SO-CALLED “BUFFALO SOLDIERS,” AFRICAN-AMERICAN SOLDIERS WHO “SERVED” IN THE INDIAN WARS FROM THE 1860s to 1890s IS A GLORIFICATION AND AFFIRMATION OF IDENTITY WHICH IS DIRECTLY TIED TO NATIVE GENOCIDE. THIS IS RACIST, UNETHICAL, AND SHOULD BE REJECTED.
Melendez 12
steve, president of  the American Indian Genocide Museum and a member of the Paiute Nation of Pyramid Lake Tribe, sept 18, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/remember3A-there-was-genocide-in-the-united-states,-too-134534, a: today, cook

Why is there a need for the Jewish Holocaust Museum? Does it exist in
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as righteous and beneficial a deed as ever took place on the frontier.”
AND, THE BUFFALO SOLDIERS WERE NOT JUST FORMER SLAVES FIGHTING FOR THEIR FREEDOM – ORAL NATIVE HISTORY TELLS OF THEIR RAPE OF DAKOTA WOMEN.
Wizgriz 2k12
sept 18, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/remember3A-there-was-genocide-in-the-united-states,-too-134534, a: today, cook
This is a great article. The truth about the Buffalo soldiers is a long
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this story is well known throughout the Western Tribes. Great work. Wisgriz

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
Civil-military relations are strong, but could be de-railed
Ricks 9/12/13
Thomas, Ed. Of Best Defense blog at Foreign Policy, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo, mg

An additional consequence of the publicand#39;s growing distance from the armed forces is the belief
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these retired officers, sometimes discretion is the better part of valor. ¶
The military strongly supports Obama’s use of targeted killings; they oppose the plan
Johnson 12
Carrie, Feb 22, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/02/22/147264637/in-speech-top-pentagon-lawyer-defends-targeted-killing-program, mg

The top lawyer at the Pentagon offered a strong defense of the Obama administrationand#39;s targeted
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more information about how the federal government decides to target its own citizens.
An increase in transparency sparks massive backlash from the military
Russia Times 13
May 16, http://rt.com/usa/terror-al-qaeda-pentagon-war-397/, mg

Even after cutting off the head of al-Qaeda, the United States Department
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and DoD have continuously utilized strikes to weaken al-Qaeda substantially since.
Global nuclear war!
Cohen ’00 (Eliot A.-, Prof. @ Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies and director of the Strategic Studies department @ Johns Hopkins, worked for Dod, taught at the U.S. Naval War College, Fall, National Interest, “Why the Gap Matters - gap between military and civilian world”, http://www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Fall/ai_65576871/pg_4?pi=scl AGupta)

At the same time, the military exercises control, to a remarkable degree,
AND
, rather, deeper and more enduring changes in politics, society and technology

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
No Armenia-Azerbaijan war- lack of money and capability
Stratfor ‘11
Why Russia, Turkey Look Toward Armenia and Azerbaijan” http://www.stratfor.com/geopolitical_diary/20110331-why-russia-and-turkey-are-looking-towards-armenia-and-azerbaijan

Though simmering hostilities
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 over the occupied lands.

No regional escalation.

Maloney 7
(Suzanne, Senior Fellow – Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Steve Cook, Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, and Ray Takeyh, Fellow – Council for Foreign Relations, “Why the Iraq War Won’t Engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune, 6-28, http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/maloney20070629.htm)

Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, Syrians, and others are very
AND
Lebanese. The civil war in Lebanon was regarded as someone elseand#39;s fight.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
Drone arms race inevitable  
USA Today 13
(1/9, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/08/experts-drones-basis-for-new-global-arms-race/1819091/, “Experts: Drones basis for new global arms race”, AB)

The success of U.S. drones in Iraq and Afghanistan has triggered a
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used to target terrorist leaders with missiles that are fired from miles away.

Drone prolif now AND US restrictions don’t solve
Anderson 10 (Kenneth Anderson is a law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, April 10th 2010, “Acquiring UAV Technology”, http://www.volokh.com/2010/04/09/acquiring-uav-technology/, AB) 

I’ve noticed a number of posts and comments around the blogosphere on the spread of
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for many other reasons for many other parties, all on their own.

No impact to drone prolif – the US is the ONLY one that can effectively operate them
Roberts 3/22
(Kristin, news editor, National Journal, 3/22/2013, “When the Whole World Has Drones,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, accessed 7/12/2013, BS)

The United States is the indisputable leader in drone technology and long-range strike
AND
, they have neither the income nor the perceived need to do so.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko

1. American soft power is unworkable – nations don’t believe in benevolent hegemony enough to overwhelm their resentment and fear*
   Christopher Layne (Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University) 2007 “American Empire: A Debate” p 68
   Doubtless, American primacy has its dimension of benevolence, but a state as powerful
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   others of its benevolence is limited by the very enormity of its power.

1. American influence is unsustainable—3 reasons
   Christopher Layne is a Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute and Mary Julia and George R. Jordan Professorship of International Affairs at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, July 26th 2011, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09557571.2011.55849,  “The unipolar exit: beyond the Pax American”; hhs-ab

In this article I challenge Brooks and Wohlforth. I show that the unipolar era
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dramatic changes in international politics—the outlines of which already are visible. 

2. it doesn’t solve war
Benjamin H. Friedman, Research Fellow in Defense and Homeland Security Studies @ Cato Institute, July 20, 2010, http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-bf-07202010.html, “Military Restraint and Defense Savings”

Another argument for high military spending is that U.S. military hegemony underlies
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Our force deployments can also generate instability by prompting states to develop nuclear weapons  

4. Hegemony causes prolif, makes collapse and war inevitable.
Jervis 9 – Professor of international politics at Columbia University, Robert, World Politics, 61.1, Jan, MUSE
Failure would not mean that the system will soon cease being unipolar, however.
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interesting challenges to both scholars and national leaders. End Page 213

Nuclear prolif causes extinction
Victor A Utgoff, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis, Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90
In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
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a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

5.) Hegemony causes terrorism
Christopher Layne 06 Research Fellow @ the Independent Institute, Visiting Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies @ the Cato Institute (The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present, p. 190-1)
The events of 9/11 are another example of how hegemony makes the United
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hegernony-that makes the United States a lightning rod for Muslim anger.

6. Sustaining hegemony causes war with China
Christopher Layne 07 Research Fellow @ the Independent Institute, Visiting Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies @ the Cato Institute (American Empire: A Debate, p. 72-4)
The Bush II administration has not entirely abandoned engagement with Beijing, but—more
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its current primacy, however, Sino-American conflict is virtually certain. 

China War causes Extinction
Straits Times, 2k (6/25, “Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan,” lexis)

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
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cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.

7. Hegemony causes nuclear war with Russia
Chomsky, 2003 (Noam. Institute Professor emeritus of linguistics and philosophy at MIT. “Failed States.” Pages 14-16)
The probability of “apocalypse soon” cannot be realistically estimated, but it is
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waiting to happen,” Blair writes; an accident that could be apocalyptic.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
No impact to meltdowns
Adams 12
Rod Adams 12, Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., “Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?”, May 2, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+AtomicInsights+28Atomic+Insights29

Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with
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and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Stanford LS | Judge: Chris Crowe
Oversight of targeting killings causes a shift to signature strikes.
Jens David Ohlin 13, Professor at Cornell Law School, http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html

One of the more interesting recent proposals for curing the "due process" deficit
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strike. I don't think that is what Congressional staffers have in mind.
Aff meets the definition of targeted killings
Alston 2011
Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders” Harvard National Security Journal, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283, Nexis

C. Defining "Targeted Killings" As with many terms that have entered the
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specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46

3. Util inevitable in determining which moral rules to follow
Ratner 84 – Professor of Law, USC (Leonard, 12 Hofstra L. Rev. 723, AG)
All systems of morality, however transcendental, rest ultimately on utilitarian self interest (
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in short, by the ultimate self interest -- of the individual. 223

4. Deontology framework assumes individuals
Harries 94 – Fellow, Lowy Institute for International Policy, Senior Fellow, Centre for Independent Studies (Owen, Power and civilization, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-15353301.html, AG)
Performance is the test. Asked directly by a Western interviewer, "In principle
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The cost of implementing and promoting them will always have to be considered.

5. Extinction justifies sacrificing the lesser number
Kateb 92 – Prof Politics, Princeton (George, The Inner Ocean, p 12)
The state (or some other agent) may kill some (or allow them
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the lesser number, when there is otherwise no hope for either group. 

6. Upholding life is the ultimate moral standard.
Uyl and Rasmussen, profs. of philosophy at Bellarmine College and St. John’s University, 1981 (Douglas Den and Douglas, “Reading Nozick”, p. 244)
Rand has spoken of the ultimate end as the standard by which all other ends
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-man's life qua man-that is the standard for moral evaluation.
Drones don’t desensitize humanity – pilots agree
Blackhurst 12
(ROB BLACKHURST, THE TELEGRAPH, “Drone Pilots Say Their Job Is Not Like A Video Game” SEP. 24, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/drone-pilots-say-their-job-is-not-like-playing-a-video-game-2012-9, KB)

These pilots talk up the similarities with manned aircraft. Although they don’t suffer the
AND
just happen to be 8,000 miles away from the plane.’

No video game mentality – pilots agree
Blackhurst 12
(ROB BLACKHURST, THE TELEGRAPH, “Drone Pilots Say Their Job Is Not Like A Video Game” SEP. 24, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/drone-pilots-say-their-job-is-not-like-playing-a-video-game-2012-9, KB)

These pilots talk up the similarities with manned aircraft. Although they don’t suffer the
AND
just happen to be 8,000 miles away from the plane.’

Video game phenomenon is flawed - drones don’t desensitize operators – they work the same as manned platforms, and operators make no firing decisions
Anderson 13
(Kenneth, is professor of law at Washington College of Law, American University; a visiting fellow of the Hoover Institution and member of its Task Force on National Security and Law; and a non-resident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution. He writes on international law, the laws of war, and national security, ”The case for drones,” 05/24/13, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548.html) RC

The most offensively foolish (though endlessly repeated) objection raised against drones was the
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the weapon in real time. The drone pilot is just a pilot.

Drone warfare isn’t unethical and doesn’t create a video-game-playing mentality
Dunlap ‘13
Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. Major General, USAF (Ret.), Executive Director, Center on Law, Ethics, and National Security, Duke University School of Law. The Intersection of Law and Ethics in Cyberwar:  Some Reflections. ETB

The reality is that not only is there nothing unethical about waging war from ¶
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and ¶ the psychological burdens those who conduct them are likely very great.
Drones make us accept the harsh realities of war and conflict escalation – it makes us more cautious when using force
Carpenter and Shaikhouni 11
Charli Carpenter (associate professor of international relations at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst) and Lina Shaikhouni June 7, 2011 “Don't Fear the Reaper” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/07/dont_fear_the_reaper?page=0,1 

Misconception No. 2: Drones Make War Easy and Game-Like, and
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to serve humanitarian outcomes -- by embedding war law programming into game designs.
Drones are the best option- keep military personnel safe and advantages outweigh consequences
Zenko 13
(Micah, Center for Preventive Action, Conflict prevention; U.S. national security policy; military planning and operations; nuclear weapons policy, ”Reforming US Drone Strike Policies,” 01/13, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=16andved=0CFEQFjAFOAoandurl=http3A2F2Fi.cfr.org2Fcontent2Fpublications2Fattachments2FDrones_CSR65.pdfandei=uX22Udb_CpO68wS-yYDoDAandusg=AFQjCNF06mGaJTJQ6D8IQtVMZuQlc95xgAandsig2=p80HrZ9ASqZu8tXwoONfrQandbvm=bv.47534661,d.eWUandcad=rja) RC

The combination of persistence and responsiveness, high-quality¶ intelligence infrastructures, and
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likely policy option compared to capturing¶ suspected militants or other nonmilitary options.
Drones are humane compared to alternatives- improved tech
Cohen 13
(Michael, s author of Live from the Campaign Trail: The Greatest Presidential Campaign Speeches of the 20th Century and How They Shaped Modern America. A regular columnist for the Guardian and Observer on US politics, he is also a fellow of the Century Foundation, “Give President Obama a chance: there is a role for drones,” 05/23/2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/may/23/obama-drone-speech-use-justified) RC

Christine Fair, a professor at Georgetown University has long maintained that civilian deaths from
AND
of drones against militants across the border from Pakistan has declined as well.
Alternative air power methods and terrorist attacks absent drones risk higher civilian casualties
Hayden et al 5/23
(White House Office of Press Secretary, “Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on the President's Speech on Counterterrorism,” 5/23/2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/background-briefing-senior-administration-officials-presidents-speech-co) RC

SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Sure, I’ll just say a couple of things. First
AND
you’ve seen far more Yemenis killed by AQAP than you have seen Americans.
Drones outweigh alternatives- lowest risk of civilian deaths
Anderson 13
(Kenneth, is professor of law at Washington College of Law, American University; a visiting fellow of the Hoover Institution and member of its Task Force on National Security and Law; and a non-resident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution. He writes on international law, the laws of war, and national security, “The case for drones,” 05/24/13, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548.html) RC

The strategy has worked far better than anyone expected. It is effective, and
AND
sitting in an air-conditioned room in Nevada—actually enables precision.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
Disregard their studies – their manipulated for political gain
Abbas 3/31
(Hassan, Asia Society Senior Advisor and professor at the College of International Security Affairs and National Defense University, 3/31/2013, The Atlantic, “Are Drone Strikes Killing Terrorists or Creating Them?” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/are-drone-strikes-killing-terrorists-or-creating-them/274499/, accessed 7/14/2013, BS)

To say that the use of drone strikes is a polarizing topic would be a
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists.

Drones take out key leaders and make recruiting impossible
Byman 13
(Daniel L., research director and senior fellow of foreign policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, July 2013, Brookings, “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice,” http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 7/14/2013, BS)

The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According
AND
forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders.

No nuclear terrorism –statistically insignificant cumulative probability
Mueller, 2010
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center, and is professor of Political Science, at Ohio State University) 2010 “Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al Qaeda” p, 187-190

Assigning a probability that terrorists will be able to overcome each barrier is, of
AND
secured than they were 10 or , .-s 15 years ago.19

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake DL | Judge: Brian Rubaie
They are fundamentally wrong—gendered binaries don’t organize the world
Hooper 1
 Charlotte (University of Bristol research associate in politics), Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics pp 45-46. 

Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993), in their discussion of  gendered dichotomies
AND
it as performing only an ideological or propagandistic role is also too simplistic.  
Conflating sexual difference and patriarchy ontologizes sexual difference, obscuring women’s complicity in gender violence
Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, 2005. PhD Interdisciplinary Women and Gender Studies, “Beyond Determinism: The Phenomenology of African Female Existence,” http://www.feministafrica.org/fa202/02-2003/bibi.html

Despite the contributions to understanding oppressive power relations made by theorists who focus emphatically on
AND
female genital mutilation, which is both defended and practised by many women.
This essentialism of sexual identity makes true resistance to patriarchy impossible
Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, 2005 ,PhD Interdisciplinary Women and Gender Studies, “Beyond Determinism: The Phenomenology of African Female Existence,” http://www.feministafrica.org/fa202/02-2003/bibi.html ACCESSED 8-3-07
An emphasis on crushing patriarchal dominance can also lead us to ignore women's power and
AND
fixed positions in inevitable hierarchies, but stresses transformation and productive forms of contesta
Gender is not the root cause of war—war causes gender oppression
Joshua S. Goldstein 2002. Professor Emeritus of International Relations, American University (Washington, DC) Research Scholar, University of Massachusetts and Nonresident Sadat Senior Fellow, CIDCM, University of Maryland, War and Gender , P. 412
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
The idea that patriarchy is the root cause of all impacts is reductionist – it ignores other forms of oppression and makes causal reasoning impossible
Crenshaw 2002 Carrie Crenshaw PhD, Former President of CEDA, “Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from Contemporary Argumentation and Debate” 2002 p. 119-126

Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate. Increasingly
AND
us to surrender our responsibility to evaluate rhetorical proof for complex causal relationships.
Feminist criticism is too insular and self-referential—its methodology is suspect because it excludes all perspectives not from the margins

Jarvis 2000, lecturer in the Department of Government and International Relations, Faculty at University of Sydney, (D.S.L, 

International relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, pg. 160-162) pont
Critical research agendas of this type, however, are not found easily in International
AND
, and dismissive of alternative perspectives as mainstream approaches are accused of being.
Western feminism discursively constructs women as a homogenous powerless group and results in the objectification of women in the third world – this must be rejected
Chandra Talpade Mohanty 1988. Associate Professor of Women's Studies at Hamilton College, New York, and Core Faculty at the Union Institute Graduate School, Cincinnati. “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial” Feminist Review, No. 30, Autumn.
By women as a category of analysis, I am referring to the crucial presupposition
AND
western feminism. They need to be continually challenged' (1984: 7).
Their description of society as constituted by male and female bodies reinforces a gaze of indifference that not only causes the impacts they try to avoid but is used to justify genocide
Oyeronke Oyewumi. 1997, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
The notion of society that emerges from this conception is that society is constituted by
AND
in Nazi Germany, certain kinds of bodies had to be eliminated.6

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State MK | Judge: Darren Elliot

1. Wars don’t have single causes – consensus of experts
   Cashman 2k Greg, Professor of Political Science at Salisbury State University “What Causes war?: An introduction to theories of international conflict” pg. 9

Two warnings need to be issued at this point. First, while we have
AND
, but also a certain element of randomness or chance in their occurrence.
2. And monocausal focus on root cause justifies violence and tyranny
Achterhuis 2. Hans, Professor of Philosophy @ Twente University, Peace Review, vol. 14, p. 158
At base, each person who has-or claims to have-a single
AND
be more than partial. Such answers are but pieces of a dialogue.

3. Moral tunnel vision is complicit with evil
Isaac 2 – Professor of Political Science, Indiana (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means and Politics,” Dissent 49.2, p 35-6, ebsco, AG)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

4. Util inevitable in determining which moral rules to follow
Ratner 84 – Professor of Law, USC (Leonard, 12 Hofstra L. Rev. 723, AG)
All systems of morality, however transcendental, rest ultimately on utilitarian self interest (
AND
in short, by the ultimate self interest -- of the individual. 223

5. Terrorists have religious motivations that make discourse and compromise meaningless. The only way to win the war we are in is to kill them before they kill us.
Peters 04- (Ralph, Retired Army Officer, “In Praise of Attrition,” Parameters, Summer)

Trust me. We don’t need discourses. We need plain talk, honest answers
AND
preemptive and retaliatory action, only encourages the terrorists and remaining Baathist gangsters.

6.  Terrorists are inherently evil—the most moral thing to do is to prevent civilians from dying
O’SULLIVAN 2001 (John, Editor-in-chief of United Press International, National Review Online, Sept 25, http://www.nationalreview.com/jos/josprint092501.html)

. Nor is this a hypothetical criticism. Much reporting of the conflicts in Northern
AND
sympathy they give him; it may even make them reconsider that support.
When Reuters decided not to call the perpetrators of the World Trade Center attack and#34;terrorists,and#34; it took a step towards making people feel less guilty about aiding or sympathizing with such evil. It was a small step, but an unnecessary one. And it should be retraced.
?
7. Turn- Fear of nuclear war is key to preventing it.
Futterman 94 (J. A. H., Physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Meditations on the Bomb,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html)
But the inhibitory effect of reliable nuclear weapons goes deeper than Shirerand#39;s deterrence of adventurer
AND
peace movement with a needed sense of urgency that it might otherwise lack.

8. Their representations of embracing the inevitability of threats locks us into pacifist discourse of inaction that allows for people like Hitler and nuclear weapons to arise
Futterman 94 (J. A. H., Physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Meditations on the Bomb,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html)AB
Still, it is worth noting that neither of the above encounters ended in violence
AND
sometimes help to make wars bigger and worse than they have to be.

9. Threats real—default to expert consensus
Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)

Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

10. Don’t let them say root cause- prefer our specific conceptualization of threats
Kurki 2007 (Milja, Lecturer, Department of Int’l Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth)  “Critical realism and causal analysis in international relations”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 34(5), accessed via Sage Journals Online)

While in some natural sciences laboratory experiments can be conducted to isolate individual causal forces
AND
actions of democratic states within global economic, political and cultural relations.41

1. 1. Good-Evil Dichotomies inev- Ego in resources 

Thayer 2004 – Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 77-78 adi

Humans make in-group/out-group distinctions for three reasons. First
AND
our families and extended in-groups such as the tribe or state.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity VY | Judge: Jamie Cheek
Opposition to targeting killings causes a shift to signature strikes
Ohlin, 13
Jens David Ohlin 13, Professor at Cornell Law School, http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html

One of the more interesting recent proposals for curing the "due process" deficit
AND
strike. I don't think that is what Congressional staffers have in mind.
No video game mentality – pilots agree
Blackhurst 12
(ROB BLACKHURST, THE TELEGRAPH, “Drone Pilots Say Their Job Is Not Like A Video Game” SEP. 24, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/drone-pilots-say-their-job-is-not-like-playing-a-video-game-2012-9, KB)

These pilots talk up the similarities with manned aircraft. Although they don’t suffer the
AND
just happen to be 8,000 miles away from the plane.’

Drones make us accept the harsh realities of war and conflict escalation – it makes us more cautious when using force
Carpenter and Shaikhouni 11
Charli Carpenter (associate professor of international relations at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst) and Lina Shaikhouni June 7, 2011 “Don't Fear the Reaper” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/07/dont_fear_the_reaper?page=0,1 

Misconception No. 2: Drones Make War Easy and Game-Like, and
AND
to serve humanitarian outcomes -- by embedding war law programming into game designs.
The alternatives to drones are worse
The News Tribune 13
The News Tribune, “Drones: Wise, maybe; constitutional, certainly”, 2/17/13,  http://www.thenewstribune.com/2013/02/17/2478932/drones-wise-maybe-constitutional.html jchen

The realistic alternative to drone strikes include kidnapping – something many of the same critics condemn – and conventional air strikes. Bombs and cruise missiles are far less humane than Predators, though, when targeting enemies who deliberately hide themselves among civilians. By all accounts, drones – which can linger in the air until the target is reasonably identified and isolated – have drastically reduced the deaths of innocent bystanders.

The Affirmative’s criticism of American policy is dangerous – it contributes to isolationism and the eventual collapse of U.S. primacy
Robert Kagan, senior associate at the CE for International Peace and PhD in American History from American University, 1998, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=275, “The Benevolent Empire”

Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling. 

There is no alternative to hegemony—collapse goes nuclear
Ferguson 4—history and business, Harvard MA and D.Phil from Glasgow and Oxford (Niall, A World Without Power, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/afp/vac.htm, AMiles)

Critics of U.S. global dominance should pause and consider the alternative.
AND
powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder. 

No risk of endless warfare
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Moral tunnel vision is complicit with evil
Isaac 2 – Professor of Political Science, Indiana (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means and Politics,” Dissent 49.2, p 35-6, ebsco, AG)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Util inevitable in determining which moral rules to follow
Ratner 84 – Professor of Law, USC (Leonard, 12 Hofstra L. Rev. 723, AG)
All systems of morality, however transcendental, rest ultimately on utilitarian self interest (
AND
in short, by the ultimate self interest -- of the individual. 223

Drones key to kill terrorists
Byman 2013
(Daniel L., Research Director of Saban Center for Middle East Policy, “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman)

The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According
AND
forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders.
Constraining targeted killing’s role in the war on terror causes extinction
Beres 11
Louis Rene Beres 11, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, 2011, “After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 93

Even after the U.S. assassination of Osama bin Laden, we are
AND
that it could represent distinctly, even especially, law-enforcing behavior.
For this to be the case, a number of particular conditions would need to
AND
populations than would all of the alternative forms of anticipatory self-defense.
Such an argument may appear manipulative and dangerous; permitting states to engage in what
AND
, it could be followed, in certain circumstances, by unconventional attacks.

Terrorists are inherently evil—the most moral thing to do is to prevent civilians from dying
O’SULLIVAN 2001 (John, Editor-in-chief of United Press International, National Review Online, Sept 25, http://www.nationalreview.com/jos/josprint092501.html)

. Nor is this a hypothetical criticism. Much reporting of the conflicts in Northern
AND
sympathy they give him; it may even make them reconsider that support.
When Reuters decided not to call the perpetrators of the World Trade Center attack "terrorists," it took a step towards making people feel less guilty about aiding or sympathizing with such evil. It was a small step, but an unnecessary one. And it should be retraced.

Turn- Fear of nuclear war is key to preventing it.
Futterman 94 (J. A. H., Physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Meditations on the Bomb,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html)
But the inhibitory effect of reliable nuclear weapons goes deeper than Shirer's deterrence of adventurer
AND
peace movement with a needed sense of urgency that it might otherwise lack.
Threats real—default to expert consensus
Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)

Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

Don’t let them say root cause- prefer our specific conceptualization of threats
Kurki 2007 (Milja, Lecturer, Department of Int’l Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth)  “Critical realism and causal analysis in international relations”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 34(5), accessed via Sage Journals Online)

While in some natural sciences laboratory experiments can be conducted to isolate individual causal forces
AND
actions of democratic states within global economic, political and cultural relations.41 

Nuclear war must be prohibited absolutely
Kateb, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, ‘92 (George, “The Inner Ocean” p 111-112)
Schell's work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
as morally allowed, perhaps enjoined, to take the appropriate preserving steps.

Analyzing existential risks is essential for survival
Bostrom 02, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford University and Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, ’2 (Nick, March, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards” Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol 9, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)
9.6 Maxipok: a rule of thumb for moral action Previous sections have
AND
just might be a tomorrow, especially if we play our cards right.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Scott Harris, Geoff Lundeen, Kurt Fifelski
They take the position of the Maoist – the western intellectual who asserts her or his subalterity. We are all extremely privileged – we are college students, we can take a weekend off work to travel to a debate tournament, and so on – yet they assert their position alongside those victims of imperial war across the globe. This can only ensure oppression.
Chow 93
Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
Writing Diaspora, p. 12-15

In the 1980s and 1990s, however, the Maoist is disillusioned to watch the
AND
career. How do we intervene in the productivity of this overdetermined circuit?

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Stanford LS | Judge: Chris Crowe
We affirm the entire 1AC except for its demarcation of a so-called “community” that (quote) “has contributed to the creation of the Predator Empire”

The demarcation of community is an act of setting boundaries for exclusion—the maintenance of communities requires defense of borders keeping outsiders out while fascistically manipulating the identities of those within.
Calderwood, ’00  Patricia E. Calderwood, Assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Fairfield University. “When Community Fails to Transform: Raveling and Unraveling a “Community of Writers”” The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2000
The root of the term community (Williams, 1976) is the Latin word
AND
status within the community. • Competent membership within community must be learned.  

The symbolic construction of community requires for the elimination of difference—Moves toward assimilations are inherent in labels of community
Calderwood, ’00  Patricia E. Calderwood, Assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Fairfield University. “When Community Fails to Transform: Raveling and Unraveling a “Community of Writers”” The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2000
Because individuals within community are not perfectly alike in every aspect of their beings,
AND
another within social groups and will be invented if they are not discovered.   

Use of the term community implies inhospitality
Arrigo and Williams, ’00 Bruce A. Arrigo and Christopher R. Williams, California School of Professional Psychology The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the “Gift” of the Majority, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16 No. 3, August 2000, 321-343 ST
The conceptual underpinnings of hospitality and community were deliberately juxtaposed. If the notion of
AND
the impossibility of democratic justice through hospitality and the gift is our community.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
Text: The President of the United States should release the United States Department of Justice memoranda outlining the legal basis and justification for drone attacks.
Counterplan solves the aff – Executive action is comparatively better
Kuyers 13
(Josh Kuyers, Legal Extern at U.S. Department of State¶ Senior Research Associate at Public International Law and Policy Group¶ Research Associate at Public International Law and Policy Group, “CIA or DoD: Clarifying the Legal Framework Applicable to the Drone Authority Debate” Apr 4, 2013, http://nationalsecuritylawbrief.com/2013/04/04/cia-or-dod-clarifying-the-legal-framework-applicable-to-the-drone-authority-debate/, KB)

Ultimately, as many of the recent editorials note, any shift in the operational
AND
through regularly scheduled, voluntary briefings rather than shifting operational command and control.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Stanford LS | Judge: Chris Crowe
THEIR USE OF THE TERM FETISH IS INHERENTLY RACIST AND SHOULD BE REJECTED
Dr. Wexler 1
Anna, PhD., Harvard, Research in African Literatures 32.1 (2001) 83-97
Unable, by virtue of experience, to contain the power of these objects exclusively
AND
by the planters and colonial authorities were often burned alive (see Fick).
THEIR DESIRE TO LINK FETISHES TO DRONE STRIKES SERVES AS A MODE OF REPRESSING OTHERNESS ON THE OBSERVER WHICH TURNS CASE
WINOKUR 2K4
mark, technologies of race: special effects, fetish, film, and the 15th century, “genders”: 40
12 I use Ian’s account of the correlation between Marxian and Freudian fetishes to
AND
the fetish as fetish serves to repress the observer’s fear of cultural otherness.

REJECTING THE TERM FETISH IS CRITICAL TO COMBATING THE HISTORY OF COLOINIALISM SURROUNDING THE TERM.
Hauser-Renner, University of Zürich, 2008
(HEINZ, History in Africa, Volume 35 “Examining Text Sediments–Commending a Pioneer Historian as an “African Herodotus”: On the Making of the New Annotated Edition of C.C. Reindorf’s History of the Gold Coast and Asante”)
Following the suggestions and arguments of Fage in the 1950s, Grey in the 1960s
AND
style used in the nineteenth century is enjoined, depending on the contexts.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Stanford LS | Judge: Chris Crowe
Aff kills presidential flexibility
Vermeule 6
Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006,¶ “THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING¶ PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS,” Fordham Law Review, Nov., pp. LN.

The reason for the failure of statutory frameworks is plain. When an emergency or war or
crisis arises, the executive needs flexibility; because statutory limitations determined in¶ advance
AND
is far¶ more ambitious than the other ones - might fare differently.
Congressional restrictions on Executive War Powers spill over to other areas and to future Presidents--- causes extinction
Yoo 11
John, Reagan at 100, National Review Online, http://www.nationalreview.com/node/259034/print, mg

In the most recent scientific poll of political scientists, historians, and legal scholars
AND
and tomorrow are fortunate that we still live in the Age of Reagan.
A strong executive is key to protecting civil liberties
Mansfield 7, Harvey C. Mansfield, professor of government at Harvard University, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, and a member of its task force on virtue and liberty, The Claremont Institute, “The Case for the Strong Executive,” 4/27/2007, http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1335/article_detail.asp

The case for a strong executive begins from urgent necessity and extends to necessity in
AND
, of what they do in war in order to return to peace.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State MK | Judge: Darren Elliot

1. Interpretation: The role of the ballot is to determine if the enactment of a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive option. The 1ac must read and defend the implementation of such a topical plan.
   2. Violation:  
   A) “Resolved” implies a policy or legislative decision – means they must be resolved about a future federal government policy
   Parcher 1
   Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
very terms and#39;affirmativeand#39; and and#39;negativeand#39; support my view. One affirms a resolution.
B) USFG is the national government in DC
Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2k
(http://encarta.msn.com)

“The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC”
C) Should means there is a practical reason for action
WordNet in ‘97
Princeton University, 1.6

Should v 1 : be expected to: “Parties should be fun” 2 : expresses an emotional, practical, or other reason for doing something: “You had better put on warm clothes”; “You should call your mother-in-law”; “The State ought to repair bridges” syn: had better, ought
3. Vote Negative:
A) Decisionmaking - a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills
Steinberg and Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Switch-side is key - effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation – the impact is mass violence
Roberts-Miller 3
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas and#34;Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt and#39; s Agonistic Rhetoricand#34; JAC 22.2 2003

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State MK | Judge: Darren Elliot
The Affirmative’s criticism of American policy is dangerous – it contributes to isolationism and the eventual collapse of U.S. primacy
Robert Kagan, senior associate at the CE for International Peace and PhD in American History from American University, 1998, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=275, “The Benevolent Empire”

Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling. 

There is no alternative to hegemony—collapse goes nuclear
Ferguson 4—history and business, Harvard MA and D.Phil from Glasgow and Oxford (Niall, A World Without Power, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/afp/vac.htm, AMiles)

Critics of U.S. global dominance should pause and consider the alternative.
AND
powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State MK | Judge: Darren Elliot
1NC Identity PIC
(Anonymous) advocates a critical scholarly analysis of the President of the United Statesand#39; war powers authority to conduct offensive cyber operations.

The concept of identity inherent in the 1AC creates an “us” versus “them” mentality and ensures worldwide violence
Nikki Boudreau citing Amin Maalouf author of In the Name of Identity: Violence and the Need to Belong, 2000, http://www.csustan.edu/honors/documents/journals/entries/Boudreau.pdf, “Violence in the Name of Identity”; hhs-ab 

Ask anyone to define their identity and they will immediately rattle off a list of
AND
of whichever one of their allegiances is most under attack” (26). 

The 1ACs usage of identity locates politics in a representational manner and prevents imperceptible political activism -~-- turns case
Vassilis Tsianos, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University and Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales, 08 “Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century” Pluto Press

In this sense imperceptible politics does not necessarily differ from or oppose other prevalent forms
AND
this void into everyday politics that becomes the vital force for imperceptible politics.

The counterplans pseudonym of anonymous solves their affirmative -~-- web activism proves
Max Halupka, The Flinders University of South Australia Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences School of Social and Policy Studies Honours Program in Political Studies application for BA, 2011, http://www.academia.edu/1220969/The_Evolution_of_Anonymous_as_a_Political_Actor, “The Evolution of Anonymous as a Political Actor”; hhs-ab 

As a virtual community, Anonymous exists without traditional form or function, adhering only
AND
opponents through theemployment of online activist techniques, also known as cyber activism.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Scott Harris, Geoff Lundeen, Kurt Fifelski
Movements around the world are taking place challenging capitalism -- it is your intellectual responsibility to align yourself with a paradigm of anti-capitalism. The alternative is multiple scenarios for extinction and destruction of value to life
Lotta 13 (Raymond Lotta is a political economist, a writer for Revolution newspaper, “Vilifying Communism and Accommodating Imperialism The Sham and Shame of Slavoj Žižek’s “Honest Pessimism”, http://zizekstudies.org/index.php/ijzs/article/view/435/475, Volume Seven, Number Two of the International Journal of Zizek Studies, hhs-ab)

1. Real Stakes, Real Alternatives, and Real Responsibilities. The world is
   AND
   ,” and, ultimately, conciliation with this world with all its misery.
   and, the affirmative’s claim to performatively effect change against capitalism locates agency in rhetorical performances like the precious 1ac. this shuts down materialist coalitional anti-capitalist movements.
   GUNN AND CLOUD 2K10
   Joshua gunn and dana cloud, Phd Communicatoins, University of Texas Austin, Agentic Orientation as magical Voluntarism, Communication Theory
   Notably, Campbell’s statement on the status of agency does not attempt to reverse the posthumanist turn, but rather, sets out to reconcile the theoretical perspectives of Judith Butler and Michelle Balif with close textual reading practices that, until the crisis of agency, were assumed to have singular, self-transparent authors. Similarly,
   John Lucaites’ call to jettison agency as a concept and locate power, instead,
   AND
   is located in the tensions between a larger structure and the (collective)

The alt is to foster historical consciousness which must be the ideological starting point for social change. This requires rejection of the 1ac
Istvan Meszaros, Professor at the University of Sussex, “The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time.” 2008 P.35-36, 

No individual and no conceivable form of society today or in the future can avoid
AND
l), and should not be treated on the model of naturalistic determinations.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake DL | Judge: Brian Rubaie
The 1AC has no right to speak for me – I have not been duped, I have not been tricked, and I love policy debate.  I have not been physically beaten until I joined this activity, I did it of my own free will and volition.
Even if the affirmative debaters can speak for themselves, the language of the 1AC is universalized to all the women in the debate.  This is especially true for their Graham evidence which uses statistical evidence to somehow PROVE that women are psychologically dependent on men.  
Speaking for all the women in the debate community through the generalized language of the 1AC is essentialist and bad.  This is magnified by their claim to verifiable and objective statistical language which mystifies the subjective lived experiences of women.  Their attempt to universalize suffering is fascim that requires the obliteration of those who do not fit their predetermined script for what constitutes a woman.  The 1AC should have spoken only for themselves.
MacLure 2010 (Maggie MacLure, Manchester Metropolitan University, “Qualitative inquire: where are the ruins?” http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk/respapers/nzareRuins.pdf)
So I want to look at the relation of language and materiality, and particularly
AND
from, or attach itself to, an already formed,  phenomenological subject.

The 1AC has double turned themselves by using objective data to explain subjective experience.
Vote negative to DISCERN this implicit double turn. If they have potential, send them back to write a more ruinous 1AC.
Hogeven 2006 (Bryan, Sociology at U of Alberta with Andrew Woolford Sociology at U of Manitoba “Critical Criminology and Possibility in the Neo-liberal Ethos” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 48.5)
Thus, it is first imperative that criminologists reflect on the powers of, and
AND
order to disrupt ontology and rethink the possibility of justice beyond what is.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
Obama will inevitably use secret drone strikes regardless of oversight
CNN 13
(Eliott McLaughlin, Jamie Crawford and Joe Sterling, 05/23/13, “Obama: U.S. will keep deploying drones -- when they are only option”, http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/23/politics/obama-terror-speech, AB)

Washington (CNN) -- Drone strikes are a necessary evil, but one that
AND
should be used against American citizens who are suspected terrorists in foreign countries.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
A. Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so
Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4
The crisis is most precisely about  
AND
 the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress
Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Statutory Restriction-
AND
its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions are court enforced interpretations of statutory restrictions
Barron ‘08
David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Martin S. Lederman,
Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, “THE
COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND
ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING,” Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court
AND
preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: Bill Smelko
Tea Party influence low now BECAUSE of the disagreement about foreign policy - the plan reverses this
Castillo 9/5 (Dava Castillo, Sep 05th 2013, http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/15460384-political-party-schisms-a-house-divided-turns-into-a-condominium, “Political party schisms: A house divided turns into a condominium”, AB) 

But then the entire question on whether to engage in Syria is unsettling for many
AND
Splits in major political parties are uncommon, but it has happened before.
Plan is a win for the Tea Party
Metzler 13
Rebekah Metzler 13 is a political writer for U.S. News and World Report. “Marco Rubio, Rand Paul Strike Out to Re-Brand Their Party: Fresh takes on foreign, domestic policies aim to shake up GOP,” February 6, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/02/06/marco-rubio-rand-paul-strike-out-to-re-brand-their-party, DOA: 8-1-13, y2k

Paul, delivering a foreign policy speech at the conservative Heritage Foundation Wednesday, struck
AND
questions the bipartisan consensus is immediately castigated, rebuked and their patriotism challenged.and#34;
Tea Party wins snowball -~-- saves their influence in Congress
Cillizza 12
(Chris Cillizza, December 4, 2012, “Is the tea party dead? Or just resting?,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/04/whither-the-tea-party/)

And Jon Lerner, a Republican consultant who works closely with the Club For Growth
AND
coming legislative fights in Congress could lead to a renaissance in the movement.
Strong Tea Party wrecks budget compromises
Montgomery 11
(Lori, and#34;House Republicans divided on spending cuts; for some, itand#39;s $100 billion or bust,and#34; Feb 11, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/10/AR2011021007091.html)

An already wobbly week for House Republicans turned chaotic Thursday as their unruly new majority
AND
criticized GOP leaders for their first offer to cut spending and demanded more.
Destroys the economy -~-- consumer confidence, dollar strength, credit rating
Brown 13
(Abram, 1/4, and#34;GOPand#39;s Threat to Shutdown the Government is a Dangerous Strategy,and#34; www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2013/01/04/the-gop-is-already-threatneing-to-shutdown-the-government-to-win-spending-cuts/)

That Republicans are already warning the country that they will turn off the lights in
AND
, though, that the consequences of a shutdown would be much different.
Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts
Burrows and Harris 9
Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
AND
and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.¶

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State MK | Judge: Darren Elliot
The affirmative purports to stand against war, but they do so in the name of humanity, security, rights and justice - They betray a universalism which can only result in imperialism and more war, turning the aff.
Rasch 2000 (William. and#34;Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics.and#34; Theory Culture Society 17.1)

Schmitt would recognize these as the right questions to ask, would recognize them,
AND
was an unjust war, except of course that waged by the enemy?and#34;

Our alternative is to recognize the necessity of the opposition. Sovereignty necessarily functions in exception to the law. This exception is necessary to avoid the universal violence of the Law and the affirmative.
Rasch 2000 (William. and#34;Conflict as a Vocation: Carl Schmitt and the Possibility of Politics.and#34; Theory Culture Society 17.1)

It is not difficult to see that the polemical elevation of sovereignty over the rule
AND
Politics exists, in other words, because the just society does not.

This requires the unchecked authority of the executive to respond to the exception.
Nagan and Haddad 12 (Winston and Aitza, and#34;Sovereignty in Theory and Practice.and#34; San Diego International Law Journal 13)

Although Schmitt was German, his ideas about sovereignty, and the political exception have
AND
for theorists who seek to enlarge executive power on the unitary presidency theory.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dartmouth BP | Judge: Martin Osbourne

T- Authority

A. Authority is the legal right to take action, power is the ability to do so

Forsythe and Hendrickson 96
~David P. Forsythe, Professor and Chair of Political Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ryan C. Hendrickson, Ph.D. Candidate University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "U.S. Use of Force Abroad: What Law for the President?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4~
The crisis is most precisely about authority, not power. Authority, in the legal sense, concerns the right to do something. Power refers to the capability to do something. Part of the problems ¶ in the U.S. constitutional crisis over use of force abroad is that the president has the power to ¶ make war, and to obtain congressional deference most of the time, whatever the proper under ¶ standing of authority. 

"In the area" means all of the activities

United Nations 13
(United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm)
PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1
Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

No authority to attack Iran now

Buchanan 9-17-13
http://original.antiwar.com/buchanan/2013/09/16/lindseys-plan-for-war-on-iran/

This summer produced a triumph of American patriotism.¶ A grassroots coalition arose to demand
AND
he thus concedes Obama does not now have the authority to attack Iran.

Authority cannot be implied, it must be made explicit – WPR says so

Raven-Hansen 89
~Peter, Professor of Law, George Washington University National Law Center. "SPECIAL ISSUE: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION IN ITS THIRD CENTURY: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: DISTRIBUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY: NUCLEAR WAR POWERS" American Journal of International Law, 83 A.J.I.L. 786, Nexis~

The statutory argument against delegation rests on the War Powers Resolution. Section 8(
AND
to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of this joint resolution. n35  

Debt Ceiling DA

Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will cave

Dovere, 10/1
(Edward, Politico, "Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3)

President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway
AND
"They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this."

The plan causes an inter-branch fight that derails Obama’s agenda

Kriner 10
Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69

Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena

That consumes his capital and causes a default

Lillis, 9/7
(Mike, The Hill, "Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote" 

The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide
AND
through this fiscal thicket. These are going to be very difficult votes."

Collapses the global economy

Davidson 9-10
Adam Davidson 9/10/13, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, "Our Debt to Society," NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Harris and Burrows 9 
Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
AND
and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.

Apocalyptic Rhetoric K

Fiat double bind – Either the harms to the 1AC are true and they cannot solve for extinction before they control the levers of power OR their harms are constructed for the purpose of alarmism which makes them symbolic terrorists - that makes serial policy failure inevitable

Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf-http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa Articles/Constellations Article.pdf

Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political
AND
well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice. 

The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.
If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite

Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232)
The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to  "calculate
AND
prevail than in situations where  security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.

The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC

Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; "The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginary", Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010)

Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy
AND
security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.

Warfighting DA

Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms

Posner 9/3
(Eric, Law Prof at University of Chicago, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

The plan destroys causes countries to doubt the credibility of our threats – collapses security guarantees and deterrence – causes nuclear war

Zeisberg 4
(MARIAH ZEISBERG, Research Fellow, The Political Theory Project, Department of Political Science, "INTERBRANCH CONFLICT AND CONSTITUTIONAL MAINTENANCE: THE CASE OF WAR POWERS" SEPTEMBER 22, 2004, KB)

The first significant argument of pro-Presidency insularists is that flexibility is a prime
AND
do seemed to me to outweigh the little good that might ultimately accrue." 

CMR DA

U.S. civil-military relations are on the brink; new restrictions that go against military opinion will collapse CMR

Zenko 9/29/13
~Micah, Sr. Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130929/EDIT05/309299977/1147/EDIT07-http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130929/EDIT05/309299977/1147/EDIT07, mg~

Washington has found itself in a crisis over the proper relationship between senior civilian and
AND
their conflicts play out in public more prominently and immediately than ever before. 

Congressional cause military backlash

Durden 11
~Tyler, sw, Zero Hedge, http://www.zerohedge.com/article/pentagon-warns-mad-should-war-powers-act-be-enacted-and-us-withdraw-its-troops-libya-http://www.zerohedge.com/article/pentagon-warns-mad-should-war-powers-act-be-enacted-and-us-withdraw-its-troops-libya, June 6, mg~

Who says Mutual Assured Destruction is to be used only by bankers: our military
AND
being involved in military actions for more than 60 days without congressional authorization.

Nuclear war

Cohen ’00 (Eliot A.-, Prof. @ Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies 26 director of the Strategic Studies department @ Johns Hopkins, worked for Dod, taught at the U.S. Naval War College, Fall, National Interest, "Why the Gap Matters - gap between military and civilian world", http://www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Fall/ai_65576871/pg_4?pi=scl AGupta)

At the same time, the military exercises control, to a remarkable degree,
AND
rather, deeper and more enduring changes in politics, society and technology.

Appellate CP

An appropriate appellate court should submit a writ of certification to the Supreme Court of the United States asking to clarify Presidential authority to introduce armed forces into hostilities. The Supreme Court should rule that the President of the United States is precluded from participating in military conflict with the Islamic Republic of Iran that is initiated by the United States or others.

CP solves

O’Brien ’11
(David M. Orsquo;Brien is Leone Reaves and George W. Spicer
AND
in American Politics W W Norton 26 Company Incorporated, 2011, TSW)

Although most cases now come as certiorari petitions, Congress provides that appellate courts may
AND
their constitutional rights have been violated and that they are unlawfully¶ imprisoned.

Court can effectively reign in the president – Bush era proves

Johnsen ’12
(Dawn Elizabeth Johnsen is an American lawyer and professor of Constitutional law, who is currently on the faculty at Maurer School of Law at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. "SYMPOSIUM: "THE ESSENCE OF A FREE SOCIETY": THE EXECUTIVE POWERS LEGACY OF JUSTICE STEVENS AND THE FUTURE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS DEFERENCE" Northwestern University Law Review¶ Spring, 2012¶ Northwestern University Law Review¶ 106 Nw. U.L. Rev. 467 Lexis, TSW)

Conclusion¶ ¶ Viewed together and in context, the Supreme Court’s 9/11
AND
commitment to these principles and earned posterity’s recognition for a job well done.

Strikes Advantage

No strikes now - most recent evidence

Mousavian 9-18
(Hossein, The Guardian, 9-18-13, "US-Iran talks are an opportunity for reconciliation that must not be wasted," Lexis, accessed 10-4-13, BS)

The recent exchange of letters between Iranian and American presidents, coupled with positive statements
AND
, a MIT PhD graduate and the Iranian atomic energy chief, said.

Strikes don’t escalate

1. Government chaos
   2. Military  = weak and disorganized
   3. Economy is destroyed
   4. Irans proxy not eager to attack Israel
   5. US less vulnerable with Iraq withdrawal
   6. Iran’s only ally, Assad is busy with a civil war
   Michael Hirsh is chief correspondent for National Journal and former editor/ diplomatic correspondent for Newsweek, 2/12/12, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/02/why-israel-might-believe-attacking-iran-is-worthwhile/252921/, "Why Israel Might Believe Attacking Iran Is Worthwhile"; we reject the use of ableist language in this evidence - hhs-ab 

Western powers had thought that a preemptive strike on oil-rich Iran could have
AND
U.S. attack on Iran as "the least bad option."
?

Err Neg – their authors exaggerate

Luttwak 7 
Edward, Senior Associate – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "The Middle of Nowhere", Prospect Magazine, May, http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=9302-http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=9302)

Why are middle east experts so unfailingly wrong? The lesson of history is that
AND
about as many as are killed in a season of conflict in Darfur.   

No Israel/Iran war — not in Israel’s interest

Dreyfuss 12 (Robert Dreyfuss is an independent, investigative journalist writing an article for the Diplomat, August 22, 2012, "Why Israel Won’t Attack Iran", http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/22/why-israel-wont-attack-iran/?all=true-http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/22/why-israel-wont-attack-iran/?all=true, AB)

What kind of coercion is it when the guy with the gun says: "
AND
to forever change the U.S.-Israeli relationship for the worse.

Newest developments prove no war — relations increasing now

Mathews 13 (Owen Matthews, contributing editor, June 22^nd 2013, "China: the Middle East’s new power broker", http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/8940201/china-the-middle-easts-new-power-broker/, AB)

It’s exactly ten years since Iranian dissidents first blew the cover of a secret uranium
AND
reconvene at a more private location with both Iranian and US representatives present.

Proxy Wars Advantage

SANCTIONS are driving uncertainty of the Rouhani regime and proxy wars – their 1AC evidence

Pesaran, 9/17 (Hashem Pesaran is the John Elliot Distinguished Chair in Economics at the University of Southern California. Iran sanctions: now is the time to negotiate. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/17/world-powers-negotiate-nuclear-iran-http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/17/world-powers-negotiate-nuclear-iran)

It is well documented that economic sanctions on their own have not generally been effective
AND
the US House of Representatives in favour of further punishing sanctions against Iran.

Iran Proliferation Advantage

Officials confirm no Iran nukes

Press TV 13 (July 6^th 2013, http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/07/06/312468/no-proof-iran-is-after-nweapon-straw/-http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/07/06/312468/no-proof-iran-is-after-nweapon-straw/, "No evidence Iran is seeking to build nuclear weapon: Jack Straw", AB)

Former British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw has rejected the baseless allegation that there may be
AND
the rhetorical question to the defiant panelist, "Where is the evidence?21"

Iranian nukes aren’t a threat - they just accelerate the reason they are being developed

Zizek ’5 (Slavoj, Solvenian Philosopher 26 senior researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities @ Essen (Germany), "Give Iranian Nukes A Chance," 11 August 2005,http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2280)

But are nuclear arms in the hands of Iran’s rulers really a threat
AND
States now plans to continue Saddam’s work of toppling the Iranian government.?

Iran prolif impossible

Alon Ben-Meir, a professor of International Relations and Middle Eastern Studies at The New School and at New York University, 11/23/10 ~"Difficult Road Ahead", http://www.iranian.com/main/2010/nov/difficult-road-ahead-http://www.iranian.com/main/2010/nov/difficult-road-ahead~~

 Finally, there are those who counsel patience. They argue that Iran is
AND
the sanctions increasingly more effective, indeed crippling. to reach an agreement. 

Iranian prolif would not cause an arms race

Posen 06 (Barry Posen, Ford International Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 3-30-2006, "We Can Live With a Nuclear Iran" AlterNet, http://www.alternet.org/audits/34219/-http://www.alternet.org/audits/34219/)

A Middle Eastern arms race is a frightening thought, but it is improbable.
AND
obvious reason to presume that American guarantees would seem insufficient relative to Iran.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Brendon Bankey

1NC

T – Restriction

"Restriction on war powers authority" must limit presidential discretion

Lobel, 8 -  Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School (Jules, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War" 392 OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 69:391, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf-http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf) 

So  too, the congressional power to declare or authorize war has been long held
AND
decisively ejected from Kuwait, a limitation recognized by President Bush himself.64

"Authority" is the ex-ante allocation of decision rights

Garfagnini, ITAM School of Business, 10/15/2012
(Umberto, italics emphasis in original, "The Dynamics of Authority in Innovating Organizations," https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=MWETFall201226paper_id=62)
Why do organizations change their internal allocation of authority over time? We propose a
AND
optimally delegate authority to a division manager initially and then later centralize authority.

Deference DA

Deference now

Bazzle, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, ’12
~Timothy, "SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS:¶ INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART¶ JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR", Civil Rights Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012,~

The war on terror has led to an increased use of the state secrets¶
AND
allege a credible claim of government wrongdoing retain¶ their due process rights. 

A drones ruling would break deference based upon the political question doctrine

Rosen 2011
(Richard D. Rosen, Professor of Law and Director, Center for Military Law and Policy, Texas Tech University School of Law. Colonel, U.S. Army (retired), "Drones and the U.S. Courts," http://repository.law.ttu.edu/handle/10601/1918-http://repository.law.ttu.edu/handle/10601/1918)

Even if a plaintiff establishes standing to sue, the political question doctrine will almost
AND
effective means of reaching al Qaeda and the Taliban in their Pakistani sanctuaries.

impact is DOD contracting

Isenberg 10 (David, Research Fellow – Independent Institute, "Contractor Legal Immunity and the ’Political Questions’ Doctrine," CATO Institute, 1-19, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/contractor-legal-immunity-political-questions-doctrine-http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/contractor-legal-immunity-political-questions-doctrine)

One can easily see why most defense contractors, including private military and security firms
AND
would want to preventing such suits from being filed in the first place.
As I am not a lawyer the following is derived from Maj. Carter’s article.
Traditionally, the reason given for this is that such cases may involve "political questions" that the Judicial Branch is ill-equipped to decide. Thus defense contractor advocates claim these actions must be dismissed, else there be grim consequences for Government contingency contracting.
But according to Maj. Carter, "the recent developments in political question doctrine
AND
on the battlefield. Such predictions are nothing more than "bellowing bungle."
Carter wrote:
What is the political question doctrine? According to Chief Justice John Marshall, "~
AND
said to be ’nonjusticiable,’ or ’political questions.’"
What this means is that traditionally courts have deferred to the political branches in matters
AND
" are "subject always" to the control of the political branches.
Tort suits that challenge the internal operations of these areas of the military are likely
AND
prohibits judicial action merely because an issue involves the military in some fashion.
Where plaintiffs seek only damages and not injunctive relief, such cases are "particularly judicially manageable." When such a damages-only lawsuit concerns only a defense contractor (as opposed to the Federal Government), courts have held that such actions do not involve "overseeing the conduct of foreign policy or the use and disposition of military power." Thus, those actions are less likely to raise political questions than suits against the Government, suits seeking injunctive relief, or both.
Given the enormous amount of money involved in Government contingency contracting and the correspondingly large
AND
case centered around the tragic events at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.
In Ibrahim v. Titan Corp., Iraqi plaintiffs alleged they were tortured, raped
AND
for full factual development of a case prior to an assessment of justiciability.
One particularly interesting point in Carter’s article is this:
Judges and scholars openly speculate about the possible consequences of defense contractor tort liability on the federal procurement process. In Boyle, the Supreme Court warned that "~t~he financial burden of judgments against ~~ contractors would ultimately be passed through, substantially if not totally, to the United States itself, since defense contractors will predictably raise their prices to cover, or to insure against, contingent liability … ."
Since private military contracting advocates claim that their firms are more cost effective than the government one might reasonably believe that they can be so only by preventing tort suits against them. If the cost of such suits were factored in, the presumed cost effectiveness could conceivably be significantly less, or perhaps not exist at all.
Carter asks "is the situation really this dire? Are contractors at a point where, because of increased litigation risks, they will be forced to charge the Government more for their services or elect to not provide services altogether?"
The answers may not be far away. In November 2008, Joshua Eller filed
AND
of several suits currently pending that relate to similar KBR activities in Iraq.
The political question doctrine will be a major factor in this coming storm of litigation. With the large number of potential plaintiffs compounded by the seriousness of the conduct and injuries alleged, these suits have the potential to dwarf the damages awards previously sought in earlier GWOT cases. Undoubtedly, KBR will seek to raise the political question doctrine as an absolute bar to these and any similar suits.
Defense contractor advocates warn of "deleterious effects" to the mission and the contractor
AND
a fear of being sued, refuse to follow the military’s instructions altogether.

Key to contain Afghan instability

Schwartz 9 (Moshe, Specialist in Defense Acquisition – Congressional Research Service, "Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis," Congressional Research Service, 8-23, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/128824.pdf)

The Department of Defense (DOD) increasingly relies upon contractors to support operations in
AND
likely has undermined U.S. counterinsurgency efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan.
DOD officials have stated that the military’s experience in Iraq and Afghanistan, coupled with
AND
still in progress and could take three years or more to effectively implement. 

Extinction

Morgan 7 (Stephen J., Political Writer and Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, "Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan21?", 9-23, http://www.freearticlesarchive.com/article/_Better_another_Taliban_Afghanistan__than_a_Taliban_NUCLEAR_Pakistan___/99961/0/)

As the war intensifies, he has no guarantees that the current autonomy may yet
AND
in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.

CSAPR DA

CSAPR gets upheld in the SQUO: EPA v EME Homer City

Jaffe 6/25/13  
(Seth Jaffe Foley Hoag LLP – Environmental law "The Supreme Court Agrees to Review the CSAPR Decision: Might EPA Avoid Version 3 of the Transport Rule?" 6/25/2013 http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-supreme-court-agrees-to-review-the-c-73907/-http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-supreme-court-agrees-to-review-the-c-73907/, TSW)

On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in EPA v.
AND
seems inconsistent with traditional rules of statutory construction and deference to agency implementation.

Controversial decisions burn capital – justices need to pick their fights.

Grosskopf and Mondak, ’98
~Anke (Assistant Prof of Political Science @ Long Island University) and Jeffrey (Professor of Political Science @ U of Illinois), 1998, "Do attitudes toward specific supreme court decisions matter? The impact of Webster and Texas v Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court" Political Research Quarterly, vol. 51 no 3 633-54~

The existence of a strong link between basic values and diffuse support does not necessarily
AND
to Supreme Court decisions affects institutional support may shape what answer we find.

Massive backlash to judicial oversight for targeted killing – would harm national security.

Bazzle, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, ’12
~Timothy, "SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS:¶ INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART¶ JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR", Civil Rights Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012,~
The war on terror has created new opportunities for the Executive to expand the reach
AND
, substantive reform to the use and scope of the¶ privilege is necessary

Homer City decision key to cooperative federalism

Hartman ’12
(Barry M. Hartman, Ankur K. Tohan, and Christine Jochim Boote "D.C. Circuit Calls Strike Two on EPA’s
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule" August 24, 2012 http://www.klgates.com/files/Publication/aa0dbc12-0116-4e22-a5bf-4006d39f371c/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/2035d837-df7b-4953-b656-f828be89a4c4/Environmental_Alert_08242012.pdf, TSW)

The Homer City Dissent ¶ The dissent, however, argues that the Court did
AND
decision may influence future challenges to agency rulemakings and similar ¶ administrative proceedings. 

Solves warming

Osofsky 11
(Hari M., Associate Professor, University of Minnesota Law School; Associate Director of Law, Geography 26 Environment, Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment 26 the Life Sciences and Affiliated Faculty, Geography and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota; 2011, "Diagonal Federalism and Climate Change Implications for the Obama Administration," 62 Ala. L. Rev. 237 - Kurr)

Cooperative federalism’s greatest advantage as a basis for climate change regulation is its ability to
AND
governance approaches allows for innovative structures that encompass the multidimensionality of these problems.

Causes extinction

Speth 2008
~James, dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Currently he serves the school as the Carl W. Knobloch, Jr. Dean and Sara Shallenberger Brown Professor in the Practice of Environmental Policy, The Bridge @ the Edge of the World, pg. 26~

The possibility of abrupt climate change is linked to what may be the most problematic
AND
and the trip will exterminate a large fraction of species on the planet.

Courts CP

Text: The United States Congress should instruct the federal judiciary to subject United States’ targeted killing operations to judicial ex post review by allowing a cause of action for damages arising directly out of the constitutional provision allegedly offended, on the basis that special factors do not preclude a right of action.

CP solves better than the court – Constitutional authority

Bellia 2002
(Patricia Bellia, Professor of Law and Notre Dame Presidential Fellow, Spring 2002, "Executive Power in Youngstown’s Shadows," Constitutional Commentary, Lexis)

We can in fact detect the seeds of this reluctance to give content to the
AND
political question can create "disruption among the three coequal branches of government."

Apocalyptic Rhetoric K

Fiat double bind – Either the harms to the 1AC are true and they cannot solve for extinction before they control the levers of power OR their harms are constructed for the purpose of alarmism which makes them symbolic terrorists - that makes serial policy failure inevitable

Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf-http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa Articles/Constellations Article.pdf

Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political
AND
well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice. 

====Maintaining the apocalyptic logic of the 1AC results in endless war and an ever-expanding presidency====
Rana 2011 (Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law @ Cornell.  "Responses to the Ten Questions." William Mitchell Law Review, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5099)

The only way ultimately to produce lasting reform is to shift American political identity away
AND
a will, there can be no substantive shift in our constitutional politics.

The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.
If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite

Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232)
The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to  "calculate
AND
prevail than in situations where  security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.

The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC

Even if the rational arguments in favor of the plan are logical, the representations of apocalypse colonize the debate towards pressure for fast invasion and warmongering

Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; "The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginary", Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010)

Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy
AND
security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.

Bivens Advantage

No spillover — court categorically rejects the use of Bivens remedies in military case – especially true for sexual assault

CELENTINO 13 (Joseph, Court Rejects Suit From Military Rape Victims, COurthose News Service, 7-25, http://www.courthousenews.com/2013/07/25/59694.htm-http://www.courthousenews.com/2013/07/25/59694.htm)

Survivors of rape in the military cannot sue the former Defense Department secretaries for contributing
AND
Bivens-type remedy against their superior officers,’" Appel wrote.

Squo solves sexual assault

McVeigh 13 (Karen, "Hagel announces new measures to try to stamp out sex assaults in the military," Guardian, 8-15, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/15/chuck-hagel-memo-sexual-assault-military-http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/15/chuck-hagel-memo-sexual-assault-military)

The Pentagon has unveiled a range of initiatives to curb sexual assault in the ranks and tackle what military leaders have described as a "crisis" of confidence which prevents victims coming forward.
The new initiatives, to be implemented immediately, include greater protections of victims, including the expansion of an air force initiative to provide victims with a legal advocacy programme. Other changes include ensuring that pretrial investigations are conducted by judge advocate generals and improved tracking and follow-up of sexual assault cases.
In a memo to staff, Chuck Hagel, the defence secretary, described sexual assault as "a stain on the honor of our men and women who honorably serve our country, as well as a threat to the discipline and the cohesion of our force."
He said the measures would "improve victim support, strengthen pretrial investigations, enhance oversight, and make prevention and response efforts more consistent across the military services".
But the moves fell short of the overhaul in the system victims advocates and some lawmakers say is needed. Military critics say that to address the breakdown of trust in its handling of such cases, the responsibility for prosecuting sexual assault has to be removed from the chain of command.
Such dramatic changes to the chain of command are vehemently opposed by military leaders, who say removing investigations from commanders would adversely affect good order and discipline in the forces.
Hagel’s announcement follows fierce debate among lawmakers and the military around the growing problem. The number of military personnel reporting unwanted sexual contact has grown from 19,000 cases in 2010 to 26,000 in 2012, according to a Pentagon survey.
The measures announced by the Pentagon on Thursday include provisions to allow commanders to reassign
AND
and requires new, standardised rules prohibiting inappropriate behaviour between recruiters and recruits.
The initiatives were given a lukewarm reception by lawmakers and victims’ groups.
Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, a member of the Senate armed services committee, who has been gathering support for her bill to remove sexual assault cases from the chain of command and give them to an independent body, said Hagel’s measures were a "good thing" but that they were "not the leap forward required to solve the problem."
Gillibrand said: "As we have heard over and over again from the victims, and the top military leadership themselves, there is a lack of trust in the system that has a chilling effect on reporting. Three hundred and two prosecutions out of an estimated 26,000 cases just isn’t good enough under any metric.
"It is time for Congress to seize the opportunity, listen to the victims and create an independent, objective and non-biased military justice system worthy of our brave men and women’s service."
Democratic congresswoman Jackie Speier said the military have missed the opportunity to make the sweeping changes needed and said she was "underwhelmed by the military baby steps on this issue".
However, senator Claire McCaskill, a former senior prosecutor on the armed services committee, whose approach to the issue opposes that of Gillibrand and victims groups, welcomed the measures.
McCaskill said: "I think it’s wise for our military leaders to get on this train rather than get run over by it. The Pentagon can and should be a partner in preventing these terrible crimes, protecting and empowering survivors, and locking up perpetrators. And I welcome any steps they take with those goals in mind."
At a Pentagon press conference, where he was asked about Gillibrand’s comments, army lieutenant general Curtis Scaparrotti, director of the joint staff that oversees the services, said they were also looking at legislative initiatives.
Scaparrotti said: "We’re looking at every possible idea practice that’s out there that might help us."
"If we believe that we can make a difference," the Pentagon will "look strongly" at other initiatives "that perhaps aren’t in this group here today," he said.
Protect Our Defenders, an advocacy group for victims, welcomed the measures to roll out the air force’s initiative of giving legal representation to victims throughout the legal process, but described the package of measures as "mostly small tweaks to a broken system."
Taryn Meeks, a former navy officer and the head of POD, said the Pentagon order "falls short of reform that would protect victims from the outset – by keeping the decision to prosecute within the chain of command."
"Prosecutors – and not commanders – must be given the authority to decide whether to proceed to trial," Meeks said. "This change would constitute a fundamental and necessary step toward creating an independent and impartial military justice system" and would offer a starting point "to end this national disgrace."

Norms on torture fail –

1) Authoritarian states don’t follow norms — their "US justifies others" arg is naive

John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law. Ilya Somin Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
nations can decide to adopt our good norms and avoid our bad ones.
The only noteworthy counterargument is the claim that U.S. norms will have
AND
political processes to screen out American norms that might cause harm if copied.
Of course, many nations remain authoritarian. n270 But our norms are not likely
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

2) This is especially true for torture – statistics prove

Gilligan and Nesbitt 7 (Michael J., and Nathaniel, Department of Politics New York University, "Do Norms Reduce Torture?," http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2601/NormsvsTorture.pdf-http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2601/NormsvsTorture.pdf)

One of the most important developments in international political and legal theory over the last
AND
has lead to any reduction in torture according to a variety of measures. 

China’s regime is resilient – history proves

Ford ’9
Lindsey Ford is currently employed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Her chapter was written when she was a Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security. China’s Arrival: A Strategic Framework for a Global Relationship. September 2009. Online.
Of course, it is important to note that China’s "bureaucratic fissures" do
AND
discipline") that suggests these factions can find ways to accommodate each other.

No collapse

Dickson ’5
Bruce, Professor of Political Science @ GW, Populist Authoritarianism: The Future of the Chinese Communist Party, Carnegie Endowment for Int’l Peace, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Dickson.pdf-http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Dickson.pdf
Despite this conventional wisdom, the CCP has been more adaptable and more resilient than
AND
flare-up do not pose an imminent threat to the incumbent regime.

CMR Advantage

Alt Cause - Hagel

Owens 13
Mackubin Owens, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute Program on National Security, "Obama Dumps a Smart, Independently Minded General," 1/22/13, http://m.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-dumps-smart-independently-minded-general_697440.html?page=1-http://m.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-dumps-smart-independently-minded-general_697440.html?page=1 SJE

We should all be worried. The combination of President Obama’s nomination of Chuck Hagel
AND
message for the health of U.S. civil-military relations.

Alt Cause - Unconstrained cyber war, DOD growth, Al-Qaeda

Shulman 12
Mark Shulman, Assistant Dean for Graduate Programs and International Affairs and an Adjunct Professor at Pace Law School, Strategic Studies Institute, "Lead Me, Follow Me, Or Get Out Of My Way: Rethinking And Refining The Civil-Military Relationship," September 2012, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1124-http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1124 SJE

First, since the end of the Cold War released state and nonstate actors from
AND
, then it will not be repaired with the demise of al Qaeda.

The military strongly supports Obama’s use of targeted killings; they oppose the plan

Johnson 12
~Carrie, Feb 22, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/02/22/147264637/in-speech-top-pentagon-lawyer-defends-targeted-killing-program-http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/02/22/147264637/in-speech-top-pentagon-lawyer-defends-targeted-killing-program, mg~

The top lawyer at the Pentagon offered a strong defense of the Obama administration’s targeted
AND
more information about how the federal government decides to target its own citizens.

Military just gained full operational control over ’targeted killings’—- they would resist the plan

Klaidman 13
~Daniel, March 19, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, mg~

At a time when controversy over the Obama administration’s drone program seems to be cresting
AND
on a reasonably fast track," says one U.S. official.

Civil-military fights are inevitable and CMR theory is bunk

Chuter 09
(David Chuter, has a BA and a Ph.D from London University and a civil servant for the UK Ministry of Defense for thirty-odd years. Published November 2009 in the Journal of Security Center Management. Accessed 7-14-2010. http://www.ssronline.org/jofssm/issues/jofssm_0702_chuter.pdf?CFID=243164126CFTOKEN=66039426)

But of course civil-military relations extend to the whole set of interactions between
AND
, seeking to describe and resolve a problem that does not really exist. 

No Latin America prolif

Trinkunas 9-1-2011 ~Harold A. Trinkunas - Associate Professor and Deputy Director for Academic Affairs @ Naval Post-Graduate School; "Latin America: Nuclear Capabilities, Intentions and Threat Perceptions"; http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=104026context=whemsac~~ RahulNambiar

The developing security community in the Southern Cone, taking the form of UNASUR in
AND
Argentina and Brazil are committed to sophisticated nuclear safeguards through the ABACC. 4

Latin America prolif would take decades

Donald Schulz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, March 2000, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, online: http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA37519726Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf, accessed February 20, 2007

While we are in a speculative mode, it may be useful to raise the
AND
well assume a more commanding political and military role in the decades ahead. 

Heg Advantage

No impact to legitimacy

Empirics

Fettweis 8
~Christopher, professor of political science at Tulane, Credibility and the War on Terror, Winter 2008, Political Science Quarterly, Ingenta.~

There is actually scant evidence that other states ever learn the right lessons. ColdWar
AND
to a coherent test; when it was, it almost inevitably failed.

Data proves it’s not the root cause

MacDonald and Parent 11
~*Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami (Paul and Joseph, International Security, 35.4, "Graceful decline? The surprising success of great power retrenchment", http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf, WEA~

These arguments have a number of limitations. First, opponents of retrenchment exaggerate the
AND
of relative decline rarely justifies inviting the hazards of war in the present. 

Cred failure is not through lack of upholding promises but the disparity in military capability- Aff can’t resolve major reason for interstate intransience

Monteiro 12-29
~Nuno, assistant professor of political science at Yale University, 12-29-2011, "Why we (keep) fighting," Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/why_we_keep_fighting-http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/why_we_keep_fighting~~

Both these views are wrong. The war in Afghanistan does not prevent the United
AND
no surprise. It follows from the unparalleled power of the United States. 

1. Hegemony unsustainable—3 reasons

Christopher Layne is a Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute and Mary Julia and George R. Jordan Professorship of International Affairs at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University, July 26^th 2011, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09557571.2011.55849,  "The unipolar exit: beyond the Pax American"; hhs-ab

In this article I challenge Brooks and Wohlforth. I show that the unipolar era
AND
dramatic changes in international politics—the outlines of which already are visible. 

2. Heg doesn’t solve war

Benjamin H. Friedman, Research Fellow in Defense and Homeland Security Studies @ Cato Institute, July 20, 2010, http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-bf-07202010.html, "Military Restraint and Defense Savings"

Another argument for high military spending is that U.S. military hegemony underlies
AND
Our force deployments can also generate instability by prompting states to develop nuclear weapons

No transition wars

MacDonald and Parent 11 – Asst Prof. of PoliSci @ Williams College and Parent, Asst Prof. PoliSci @ U of Miami, Paul and Joseph, "Graceful Decline?" International Security, 35.4, Project MUSE
Implications for Sino-U.S. Relations Our findings are directly relevant to
AND
political factors loom too large in discussions of power transitions and hegemonic change.

2NC

kritik

====The modern liberal state utilizes the threat of nuclear weapons to justify invasion in the interim to prevent catastrophe.  Their representations are more likely to lead to preemption than passivity.  ====
Massumi 07 (Brian, Communication Department of the Université de Montréal , "Potential Politics and the Primacy of Preemption") 

Fear is always a good reason to go politically conditional. Fear is the palpable
AND
and going kinetic was "contained" to the status of local anomaly. 

The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.
If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite

Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232)
The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to  "calculate
AND
prevail than in situations where  security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.

====This paves over clashes of context and assumptions, transforming 1AC research into vacuous mush.====
Berube 2000 (David M, Associate Professor of Speech Communication and Director of Debate at the University of South Carolina. Contemporary Argumentation and Debate 21: 53-73 http://www.cedadebate.org/CAD/index.php/CAD/article/viewFile/248/232)
The dead ends checked the authenticity of the extended claims by debunking especially fanciful hypotheses
AND
, and all political acts need to be scrutinized with a critical lens.

====The method of evidence selection used by the 1AC makes effective debate impossible====
Stevens 2007 (Alex Stevens, Senior Researcher-European Institute of Social Services, School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, Keynes College, University of Kent, "Survival of the Ideas that Fit: An Evolutionary Analogy for the Use of Evidence in Policy" Social Policy and Society 6:1, 25–35)
The proposed evolutionary analogy goes beyond the political/tactical model by also helping to
AND
it less likely that superior explanations and solutions will be put into practice.

====This critical praxis is a prerequisite to effective policy solutions====
Bruce 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

Ontology comes first – the state of pure war is an internalized dread which manifests itself in populations conditioned by the dramatization of catastrophic events.  This invisible, psychic, violence comes first because it occurs at the individual level and makes material war and violence possible.

Borg 2003 (Mark; PhD in psychoanalysis, practicing psychoanalyst and community/organizational consultant working in New York City. He is a graduate of the William Alanson White Institute’s psychoanalytic certification program and continues his candidacy in their organizational dynamics program. He is co-founder and executive director of the Community Consulting Group, "Psychoanalytic Pure War: Interactions with the Post-Apocalyptic Unconscious": JPCS: Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture 26 Society, Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2003, MUSE)

Paul Virilio and Sylvere Lotringer’s concept of "pure war" refers to the potential
AND
preparation for absolute destruction and for personal, social, and cultural death.

This worst case storytelling causes social paralysis and serial policy failure.

Furedi 10 – Professor of sociology at the University of Kent, Frank, "This shutdown is about more than volcanic ash", Spiked, 4/19, http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/8607/
Whatever the risks posed by the eruption of a volcano in Iceland, it seems
AND
reluctance to engage with uncertainty that represents the real threat to our future.

A Pure War culture leaves us forever tied to the atrocities of the past, preventing psychic wholeness

Borg 2003 (Mark; PhD in psychoanalysis, practicing psychoanalyst and community/organizational consultant working in New York City. He is a graduate of the William Alanson White Institute’s psychoanalytic certification program and continues his candidacy in their organizational dynamics program. He is co-founder and executive director of the Community Consulting Group, "Psychoanalytic Pure War: Interactions with the Post-Apocalyptic Unconscious": JPCS: Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture 26 Society, Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2003, MUSE)

A precursor to the notion of pure war can be seen in a comment made
AND
we cannot anticipate it without its being already there, forming our horizon.

====The rhetoric of the 1AC turns the case – ensures overstretch, blowback, and rollback of the plan====
Rana 2011 (Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law @ Cornell.  "Responses to the Ten Questions." William Mitchell Law Review, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5099)

Many of today’s defenders of this national security constitution-imagined by Herring and given
AND
on the successful projection of power into the internal affairs of foreign states.

====Their strategy of maintaining hegemony exaggerates threats and mandates continuous intervention.  Means no risk of the case impacts, alt solves hegemonic conflict and the kritik turns the case====
Layne 97 (Christopher Layne is Visiting Associate Professor at Naval Postgraduate school, "From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing: America’s Future Grand Strategy", International Security, Vol.22 Issue. 1 Summer 1997)
The security/interdependence nexus results in the exaggeration of threats to American strategic interests
AND
to the strategy of preponderance’s concern with maintaining U.S. credibility.

====Existential threats to hegemony and the theory of power vacuums are constructed rhetorical tools used to justify US power abroad. ====
Lind 2009 ( JD and guest lecturer @ Harvard Sr. Fellow @ the New America Foundation, The End of the Pax Americana?, New American Foundation, 9-29, http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2009/the_end_of_the_pax_americana_13515-http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2009/the_end_of_the_pax_americana_13515)

The Pax Americana strategy requires its supporters to exaggerate the power and malevolence of
AND
pursued since the Berlin Wall fell. But there are some encouraging signs. 

Counterplan

Congress key – courts can’t rule on targeted killing effectively

Hutchinson ’12
(Chester H.L. Hutchinson J.D., Saint Louis University School of Law, May 2011; B.A., Covenant College, May 2003. "AL-BIHANI v. OBAMA 26 CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY ON TARGETED KILLINGS: EVALUATING CUSTOM AS A SOURCE OF LAW IN THE WAR ON TERROR" 2012¶ Saint Louis University Public Law Review¶ 31 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 579¶ Lexis, TSW)

Congress Should Not Silently Acquiesce in the War on Terror¶ ¶ In Al-
AND
of detention and targeted killings. One hopes Congress will not remain silent.

Congress is key – Courts can’t be effective because of lack of legislation

Banks and Hansen, 2003
~William C. Banks (Laura J. and L. Douglas Meredith Professor of Law, Syracuse University of Law) and Peter Raven-Hansen (Glen Earl Weston Professor of Law, George Washington Law School) "Targeted Killing and Assassination: The US Legal Framework," University of Richmond Law Review, https://www.law.upenn.edu/institutes/cerl/conferences/targetedkilling/papers/BanksRavenHansenLegalFramework.pdf-https://www.law.upenn.edu/institutes/cerl/conferences/targetedkilling/papers/BanksRavenHansenLegalFramework.pdf~~

Our conclusion so far, then, is that the Constitution does not¶ prohibit
AND
in¶ the extreme case of an otherwise unavoidable catastrophic at-¶ tack.

Congressional passage of implementing legislation will substantially boost compliance with international law

Strossen, 92—professor of law at New York Law School (Nadine, "UNITED STATES RATIFICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF RIGHTS: A FITTING CELEBRATION OF THE BICENTENNIAL OF THE U.S. BILL OF RIGHTS", 24 U. Tol. L. Rev. 203, lexis)

Of overriding importance, the U.S. ratification was subject to a declaration
AND
only to expand, and not to curtail, Americans’ human rights. n8-http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/us/lnacademic/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true26rand=126015973488326returnToKey=20_T808661064026parent=docview26target=results_DocumentContent26tokenKey=rsh-20.388558.16817797825

Judicial deference to congress on military issues key to democracy and constitutionality

Yoshino 11
(Kenji, a professor at N.Y.U. School of Law, The Military in the Constitution, June 28, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/10/13/the-future-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/the-military-in-the-constitution-http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/10/13/the-future-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/the-military-in-the-constitution)

I have a general and a specific reason for favoring legislative action over judicial action
AND
and support armies and make rules and regulations for their governance is challenged."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Brian Box

1NC

T - Restriction

a. On is exclusively targeted

Dictionary.com No Date http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/on?s=t
"ON":16. (used to indicate a source or a person or thing that serves as a source or agent): a duty on imported goods; She depends on her friends for encouragement.

WPR is the agent of restriction

Ians ’11
Hi India July 7, 2011
US lawmakers have repeatedly expressed their dissatisfaction with Obama’s violation of the War Powers Resolution, a Vietnam- era law that restricts the presidential power of unleashing war without Congress’s permission. However, the White House said it did not need the approval of Congress since the US had not been involved in hostilities in Libya, but only funded the operation.

2. Real world education: Imprecise language means law gets voided

Stevens ’03 (LtCol USMC (Ret.) Assistant Professor of Criminology California State University Fresno)
Stevens  http://faculty.ncwc.edu/mstevens/293/293lect02.htm
Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine — This requires that legislatures use clear and precise
AND
considered. A modern example would be the "racial profiling" controversy.

Debt Ceiling DA

Obama’s pressuring the GOP with a strong display of Presidential strength and staying on message – the GOP will cave

Dovere, 10/1
(Edward, Politico, "Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3)

President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway
AND
"They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this."

Reducing Obama’s war powers causes republicans to put up a more concerted fight on the debt ceiling which would wreck the markets

Seeking Alpha 9-10
~"Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight" http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight~~

Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public’s perception of another Middle-Eastern
AND
to fund the government at sequester levels while passing a 241 trillion stand
-alone debt ceiling increase. However, the right wing of Boehner’s caucus has
AND
U.S. obligations unless another last minute deal can be struck.

Collapses the global economy

Davidson 9-10
Adam Davidson 9/10/13, economy columnist for The New York Times, co-founder of Planet Money, NPR’s team of economics reporters, "Our Debt to Society," NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
AND
and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.

CMR DA

Civil-military relations are strong, but could be de-railed

Ricks 9/12/13
~Thomas, Ed. Of Best Defense blog at Foreign Policy, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo-http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/12/gen_scales_needs_to_learn_that_discretion_is_the_better_part_of_civil_military_valo, mg~

An additional consequence of the public’s growing distance from the armed forces is the belief
AND
these retired officers, sometimes discretion is the better part of valor. ¶ 

Congressional restrictions cause military backlash

Durden 11
~Tyler, sw, Zero Hedge, http://www.zerohedge.com/article/pentagon-warns-mad-should-war-powers-act-be-enacted-and-us-withdraw-its-troops-libya-http://www.zerohedge.com/article/pentagon-warns-mad-should-war-powers-act-be-enacted-and-us-withdraw-its-troops-libya, June 6, mg~

Who says Mutual Assured Destruction is to be used only by bankers: our military
AND
being involved in military actions for more than 60 days without congressional authorization.

Nuclear war

Cohen ’00 (Eliot A.-, Prof. @ Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies 26 director of the Strategic Studies department @ Johns Hopkins, worked for Dod, taught at the U.S. Naval War College, Fall, National Interest, "Why the Gap Matters - gap between military and civilian world", http://www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Fall/ai_65576871/pg_4?pi=scl AGupta)
At the same time, the military exercises control, to a remarkable degree,
AND
rather, deeper and more enduring changes in politics, society and technology.

Court CP

An appropriate appellate court should submit a writ of certification to the Supreme Court of the United States asking to clarify Presidential authority and its relationship to the War Powers Resolution, in response the Supreme Court of the United States should increase judicial restrictions on the War Powers Resolution by requiring congressional approval for preemptive use of military force.

Writ of certification allows a ruling

O’Brien ’11
(David M. Orsquo;Brien is Leone Reaves and George W. Spicer
AND
in American Politics W W Norton 26 Company Incorporated, 2011, TSW)

Although most cases now come as certiorari petitions, Congress provides that appellate courts may
AND
their constitutional rights have been violated and that they are unlawfully¶ imprisoned.

CP solves –courts can empirically restrict

Fisher 2005
(Louis Fisher, senior specialist in separation of Powers with the Congressional Research Service, September 2005, "Judicial Review of the War Power," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 35, No 3, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf) 

The terrorist attacks of 9/11, followed by the creation of a military
AND
many times, they have curbed presidential military actions in time of war.

Courts don’t link to politics- avoids political fallout

Whittington ’05 
(Keith E., Professor of Politics - Princeton University, "Interpose Your Friendly Hand: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court", The American Political Science Review-http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdweb?RQT=31826pmid=2860026TS=124586206726clientId=1782226VInst=PROD26VName=PQD26VType=PQD, Nov., (99)4, p. 583)

There are some issues that politicians cannot easily handle. For individual legislators, their
AND
action that political leaders want taken, as illustrated in the following case.

Apocalyptic Rhetoric K

Fiat double bind – Either

A. the harms to the 1AC are true and they cannot solve for extinction before they control the levers of power

OR

B. their harms are constructed for the purpose of alarmism which makes them symbolic terrorists - that makes serial policy failure inevitable

Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf-http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa Articles/Constellations Article.pdf

Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political
AND
well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice. 

The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.
If impact is calculated by multiplying probability and magnitude, any probability of an infinite impact irrationally registers as infinite

Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232)
The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to  "calculate
AND
prevail than in situations where  security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.

The alternative is to reject the apocalyptic frames of the 1AC

Even if the rational arguments in favor of the plan are logical, the representations of apocalypse colonize the debate towards pressure for fast invasion and warmongering

Goodnight 2010 (G. Thomas Goodnight is Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, the University of Southern California in Los Angeles; "The Metapolitics of the 2002 Iraq Debate: Public Policy and the Network Imaginary", Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2010)

Opponents of the Democratic Party argued the risks of war, but their pragmatic policy
AND
security spread and interlock to haunt twenty-first-century network imaginaries.

1NC Solvency

WPR is already dead- Obama will ignore any further restrictions

Lowry 11, Rich Lowry, writer for National Review Online, "Obama Kills the War Powers Act," National Review Online, June 7, 2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/268973/obama-kills-war-powers-act-rich-lowry-http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/268973/obama-kills-war-powers-act-rich-lowry, FM

Somewhere, Richard Nixon is smiling. In 1973, he vetoed the War Powers
AND
doubt, Nixon wouldn’t just relish the result, but appreciate the irony.

1NC Cred

Presidents bypass constitutional barriers all the time

Zasloff, Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law, 2004 (Jonathan, "Taking Politics Seriously: A Theory of California’s Separation of Powers" 51 UCLA L. Rev. 1079, Copyright (c) 2004 The Regents of the University of California)
Presidents break legislative impasses by "solving" pressing problems with unilateral decrees that often
AND
concern. And thus, it should not be cause for judicial concern.

No threshold to their impacts

Elizabeth Magill, Law Professor, Virginia, 2000 (VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW, September, p. 1198) 

The challenges for advocates of the balance-of-power conception are also substantial
AND
be able to assess whether an arrangement would dangerously dilute tension and competition. 

Zero data supports the their cooperation impacts

Jonathan Mercer 13, associate professor of political science at the University of Washington in Seattle and a Fellow at the Center for International Studies at the London School of Economics, 5/13/13, "Bad Reputation," http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136577/jonathan-mercer/bad-reputation-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136577/jonathan-mercer/bad-reputation
Since then, the debate about what to do in Syria has been sidetracked by discussions of how central reputation is to deterrence, and whether protecting it is worth going to war.
There are two ways to answer those questions: through evidence and through logic.
AND
did indeed worry about their reputations. But their worries were often mistaken.
For example, when North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950, U.S
AND
that the Americans intended to destroy his revolution, perhaps with nuclear weapons.
Similarly, Ted Hopf, a professor of political science at the National University of
AND
these threats seriously. As the record shows, reputations do not matter.

Warming doesn’t cause extinction

Mendelsohn 9,
(Robert O. the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of¶ Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and¶ Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/¶ gcwp060web.pdf

The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses. 

No impact to disease

Posner 05
(Richard A, judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter. "Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them." http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_3_11/ai_n29167514/pg_2?tag=content;col1)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.

1NC SOP

Heg can’t solve war - empirics

Fettweis, 10 Christopher J. Fettweis (Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College) 2010 "Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy," Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2 April 2010 , pages 59 – 82
One potential explanation for the growth of global peace can be dismissed fairly quickly:
AND
to reach the conclusion that world peace and US military expenditure are unrelated.

Constraints on hegemony will force peaceful drawdown of commitments – solves great power wars.

MacDonald and Parent 11 – Asst Prof. of PoliSci @ Williams College and Parent, Asst Prof. PoliSci @ U of Miami, Paul and Joseph, "Graceful Decline?" International Security, 35.4, Project MUSE
Implications for Sino-U.S. Relations Our findings are directly relevant to
AND
political factors loom too large in discussions of power transitions and hegemonic change.

Retrenchment prevents extended deterrence breakdowns and nuclear war with Russia.

Bandow 2009 -  Senior Fellow @ Cato Institute and Former Special Adviser to Reagan, Doug, "More Friends, More War", Cato Institute, July 13, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10348
Today, however, Washington hands out security guarantees the way hotels provide chocolates:
AND
a crisis, the odds would have to be on the United States.

Hegemony destroys effective institutions global public goods.

Ikenberry et al 9 - G. John Ikenberry is a professor of politics and international affairs at Princeton University, Michael Mastanduno is a professor of government and associate dean for social sciences at Dartmouth College, William C. Wohlforth is a professor of government at Dartmouth College, "Unipolarity, State Behavior, and Systemic Consequences", World Politics, 61.1, Jan, MUSE
Unipolarity and Revisionism: Is the Unipole a Satisfied State? The stability of any
AND
powerful states as hypocritical attempts to mask the actual pursuit of private goods.

Extinction.

DC 4 – Magazine for Development and Cooperation, funded by Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Where Markets Fail, March, http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/content/archive-eng/03-2004/edit_art1.html
There are also public goods at the global level. They include the control of
AND
with individual bilateral projects – no matter how successful they might turn out.

Hegemony causes prolif, makes collapse and war inevitable.

Jervis 9 – Professor of international politics at Columbia University, Robert, World Politics, 61.1, Jan, MUSE
Failure would not mean that the system will soon cease being unipolar, however.
AND
interesting challenges to both scholars and national leaders. ~End Page 213~

1NR

Debt Ceiling

We control global impact uniqueness – the status quo solves their impacts but decline undermines crucial forms of restraint

Griswold 5
Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Daniel, "Peace on earth? Try free trade among men," 12-29-2005, http://www.freetrade.org/node/282) 

Buried beneath the daily stories about car bombs and insurgents is an underappreciated but comforting
AND
few decades indicates that free trade also comes with its own peace dividend.

Timeframe – the US only has till October 17^th – we’re on the brink - default immediately destroys confidence and causes financial volatility throughout the economy – default to timeframe – you can only die once

CCTV 10-1
(CCTV, "U.S. gov’t shutdown, debt default threaten to weigh on economy: expert" 10-01-2013, http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml-http://english.cntv.cn/20131002/100740.shtml, KB)

The ongoing partial federal government shutdown and fiscal uncertainties are dampening American economic recovery,
AND
a debt default crisis, he said in answering questions posed by Xinhua.

Literally turns the entire aff - Congress will give Obama unfettered power in the event of an emergency

Brooks 13
(Rosa Brooks, "Mission Creep in the War on Terror" March 14, 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/14/mission_creep_in_the_war_on_terror, KB)

AUMF or no AUMF, if the United States finds credible evidence of an imminent
AND
tradition: reserving the use of exceptional authorities for rare and exceptional circumstances.

Yes collapse —-

1) Business confidence – default wrecks it

Davis, 9/23
(Susan, USA Today, "Clock ticking on shutdown, with ’Obamacare’ center stage;
GOP ties health care law to two budget deadlines" lexis)

However the stopgap spending bill is resolved, soon after it lurks a fiscal fight
AND
fall significantly in value, borrowing costs for businesses and households will rise."

2) Stock Market – default collapses it, causing a global financial crisis – economists agree

Lowrey 9-30
(ANNIE LOWREY, covers economic policy for the Washington bureau of The New York Times, "How a Debt-Ceiling Crisis Could Become a Financial Crisis" September 30, 2013, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/how-a-debt-ceiling-crisis-could-become-a-financial-crisis/-http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/how-a-debt-ceiling-crisis-could-become-a-financial-crisis/, KB)

Come mid-October, the United States will have only 2430 billion of
AND
it could to make sure bondholders were made whole. But then what?

3) Sectors - every key sector will implode – takes out resiliency

McAuliff 9/18
Michael McAuliff, HuffPo, 9/18/13, Debt Limit Showdown Could Be Catastrophic For Economy: Analysts , www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/18/debt-limit-showdown_n_3950890.html

The House Republican plan to have showdowns over both funding the government and raising the
AND
and I don’t see how we get out of it," he added.

Decline and war are linked – default to the best studies

Royal 10
Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Best international studies go neg

Laitman ’8
(Michael, Prof of Ontology and the Theory of Knowledge, PhD in philosophy, MS in biocybernetics, Founder and Dir for the Bnei Baruch World Center for Kabbalah Studies, "The Financial Crisis May Trigger a World War," 12-7, http://www.laitman.com/2008/12/the-financial-crisis-may-trigger-a-world-war/) 

As the crisis develops, scientists are trying to predict whether a third World War
AND
commerce, to write off debts and reduce toxic emissions into the atmosphere.

Yes passage —-

1) Momentum – the shutdown created it which gives Obama the edge over the GOP

Klein 9-28
Ezra Klein 9/28/13, writer @ the Washington Post, "The House GOP’s shutdown plan is great news," Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great-news/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great-news/

House Republicans plan to attach a one-year delay of Obamacare to the continuing
AND
begin exerting real political pressure to force a resolution before a default happens.

2) Status quo gains - Obama is ahead and the GOP will cave, but PC is key

Foster 10-1
(Peter Foster, the Telegraph’s US Editor based in Washington DC, "US government shutdown: Barack Obama likely to come out on top" 01 Oct 2013, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10346071/US-government-shutdown-Barack-Obama-likely-to-come-out-on-top.html-http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10346071/US-government-shutdown-Barack-Obama-likely-to-come-out-on-top.html, KB)

"One faction, of one party, in one house of Congress, in
AND
credibility of the government of the United States – have already been determined.

3) Holding the line – it gives Obama leverage over the GOP

Epstein 10-1
(Reid Epstein, writer for POLITICO, "Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line," 10-1-13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=l4, KB)

President Barack Obama started September in an agonizing, extended display of how little sway
AND
"They don’t suddenly start going the other way as people rethink this."

They said Obama refuses to negotiate now but that’s uniqueness evidence for the neg - guarantees the GOP caves

Tobin 10-2
(Jonathan S. Tobin, Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/10/02/is-john-boehners-endgame-a-debt-deal-government-shutdown/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/10/02/is-john-boehners-endgame-a-debt-deal-government-shutdown/, KB)

It’s day two of the government shutdown and, contrary to the expectations of optimists
AND
approach may enable Boehner to hold on for longer than many thought possible.

Defending against Congress costs political capital and trades off with domestic priorities

O’Neil 7
(David, Adjunct Associate Professor of Law – Fordham Law School, "The Political Safeguards of Executive Privilege", Vanderbilt Law Review, 60 Vand. L. Rev. 1079, Lexis)

The first such assumption is belied both by first-hand accounts of information battles
AND
Shane observes, non-judicial resolution "becomes vastly more difficult." n187

Ceiling will be raised now but the plan delays it – causes a default

Hirsh 10-1
Michael is Chief Correspondent at National Journal, "We Negotiate with Terrorists, so Why not the GOP," http://www.nationaljournal.com/white-house/we-negotiate-with-terrorists-so-why-not-with-the-gop-20131001?mrefid=LeadStoryTiles_normal-http://www.nationaljournal.com/white-house/we-negotiate-with-terrorists-so-why-not-with-the-gop-20131001?mrefid=LeadStoryTiles_normal

As the shutdown drags on, the most popular meme among Democrats is to portray
AND
U.S. risks an economic disaster by defaulting on its debt.

Infighting created by the plan causes Boehner to push harder on the debt ceiling - triggers the impact

Kapur 9-6
~Sahil, Writer for the Talking Points Memo, "Could Syria Lead To Fiscal Armageddon Back Home?" http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/09/syria-government-shutdown-cr-default-debt-limit.php-http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/09/syria-government-shutdown-cr-default-debt-limit.php~~

In the less favorable scenario, the Syria debate drags on, and complicates the
AND
not only imperil his job, it could send chills through the economy.

That outweighs their turn

Sargent 9-12
~Greg, Writer for Washington Post, "The Morning Plum: Senate conservatives stick the knife in House GOP leaders" Factiva~

All of this underscores a basic fact about this fall’s fiscal fights: Far and
AND
if it even could sink any lower — is utterly irrelevant to that question

T-bond crisis causes food price spikes

Min 10
Associate Director for Financial Markets Policy, Center for American Progress (David, "The Big Freeze", 10/28, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/10/big_freeze.html)-http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/10/big_freeze.html)

A freeze on the debt ceiling could erode confidence in U.S. Treasury
AND
while potentially triggering greater global instability—¶ perhaps even a global economic depression.

Global war

Brown 7
Director, Earth Policy Institute, (Lester R., 3-21, http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/senateepw07-http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/senateepw07)

Urban food protests in response to rising food prices in low and middle income countries
AND
falling off as rising food prices drop their consumption below the survival level.

Protectionism unleashes multiple scenarios for global nuclear war – destroys institutions
Panzner ’9

(Michael Panzner, Prof. at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, 2009, p. 136-138) 

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Idaho State DI | Judge: Mike Shooter Weitz

1NC

Framework

A) "Resolved" implies a policy or legislative decision – means they must be resolved about a future federal government policy

Parcher 1
Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
very terms ’affirmative’ and ’negative’ support my view. One affirms a resolution. 

B) USFG is the national government in DC

Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2k 
(http://encarta.msn.com)

"The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC"

C) Should means there is a practical reason for action

WordNet in ’97 
Princeton University, 1.6

Should v 1 : be expected to: "Parties should be fun" 2 : expresses an emotional, practical, or other reason for doing something: "You had better put on warm clothes"; "You should call your mother-in-law"; "The State ought to repair bridges" ~syn: had better, ought~

A) Decisionmaking - a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to decision-making and advocacy skills

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decision-making outweighs – it’s the most portable skill - key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8
*Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Debate Accessibility K

The affirmatives primacy on the systematic operations of the debate event overshadow the potentialities of its practice – this creates a vacuum of content that makes the activity itself weak, and fails to sustain a community of scholars strong enough to ward off a future generation of higher education technocrats and rape apologists

Standish 2002 (Paul Standish, Institute for Education and Lifelong Learning, University of Dundee, Disciplining the Profession: subjects subject to procedure.  Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2002)

Unfortunately, the rhetoric of access and lifelong learning, admirable though the underlying aims
AND
have a generation of higher education managers who are themselves none the wiser.
In resistance to the kind of weakening of institutions that is advocated by Fryer,
AND
. This is, in Michael Oakeshott’s phrase, the conversation of mankind.

This results in the most banal form of nihilism securing our ultimate faith in those technological procedures of efficiency and the very tenets of educational normalization that the affirmative seeks to stray.  It is only by making the conduct of agonistic intellectual warfare possible via exclusion of the affirmative that we can ever challenge those frames of debate criticized in the 1AC, and maintain both the greatness and value of debate itself

Standish 2002 (Paul Standish, Institute for Education and Lifelong Learning, University of Dundee, Disciplining the Profession: subjects subject to procedure.  Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2002)

Normalisation connecting as it does with faith in procedures and the stance of neutrality
AND
to respond to the questioning of its purpose from outside, MacIntyre writes:
The beginning of any worthwhile answers to such questions, posed by some external critic
AND
a rationally defensible way. (Maclntyre, 1990, p. 222)
Such an endeavour, Maclntyre argues, is only possible where the university makes possible the conduct of intellectual and moral warfare between rival and antagonistic views. Of course there is debate within particular frameworks for thought and this is the stuff of everyday academic activity but it is the larger dialectic between frameworks of thinking that, in Maclntyre’s view, is lacking:
It is precisely because universities have not been such places and have in fact organized enquiry through institutions and genres well designed to prevent them and to protect them from being such places that the official responses of both the appointed leaders and the working members of university communities to their recent external critics have been so lamen¬table. (Maclntyre, 1990, p. 222)
In the pre liberal university, according to Maclntyre, there was a homogeneity
AND
that those propounding irreconcilable points of view must be marginalised or otherwise excluded.
We should, of course, be reminded here of institutions such as Wheaton College, and of what may be the refreshing challenge that they can pose to a secular liberal orthodoxy. But we should also be prompted to think of the kind of community of dissensus that is desirable for the health of academic disciplines. This is not then, it should be clear, a nostalgia for more comfortable times.

PIC

We endorse the affirmative, but we will PIC out of their role of the ballot.

By framing their argument in terms of debate and democracy, the affirmative’s intervention ensures that democracy and debate itself, holds the only possibility for its self-same utopian escape. This internalized form disinterested inquiry coopts their advocacy by instrumentalizing the other and disengaging from the current socio-political occasion

Dean 2009 (JODI DEAN, Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Erasmus Professor of the Humanities in the Faculty of Philosophy at Erasmus University. DEMOCRACY AND OTHER NEOLIBERAL FANTASIES: Communicative Capitalism 26 Left Politics.  DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS : DURHAM 26 LONDON, 2009.  Pages p 78-80)

Theories of deliberative democracy tend to focus on the justification of democratic principles and practices
AND
6, the changed conditions of credibility wherein such authority has already collapsed.

Positioning the role of the critic as gatekeeper comodifes educational subjects, threating a vacuum of content liable to extinguish the potentiality of debate itself

Standish 2002 (Paul Standish, Institute for Education and Lifelong Learning, University of Dundee, Disciplining the Profession: subjects subject to procedure.  Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2002)
Unfortunately, the rhetoric of access and lifelong learning, admirable though the underlying aims
AND
have a generation of higher education managers who are themselves none the wiser.

This allows for neoliberal expansion on all fronts.

Dean 2009 (JODI DEAN, Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Erasmus Professor of the Humanities in the Faculty of Philosophy at Erasmus University. DEMOCRACY AND OTHER NEOLIBERAL FANTASIES: Communicative Capitalism 26 Left Politics.  DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS : DURHAM 26 LONDON, 2009.  Pages 123-124)

As conservatives have resolved to fight any and all opponents .l"1..
AND
a casualty of friendly fire, a result that contributes to neoliberalism’s advance.

Within this space of debate we must remain particularly skeptical of the affirmatives spatial positioning and co-constitutive advocacy from a center elsewhere, that which enables them see themselves through the eyes of the oppressed is what simultaneously obscures the other from their sight – reproducing fiction as humanity vanquished.

Spanos 2011
WVS: The reason I asked you that question is because I’ve always thought that
AND
finality -and victory. They invariably turn out to be murderous brutes.

Case

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative "wins," it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
Professor Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too."

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism

Phelan 96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded,
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only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production

Phelan ’96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005,
In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson
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reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.

Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism .

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)

Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
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, rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.

Resistance/empowerment via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
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so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

1NR

Framework

2) Makes the debate into an echo-chamber – destroys fairness, education, and turns the aff

Talisse 5
Professor of Philosophy @Vandy¶ Robert, Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, Deliberativist responses to activist challenges, 31(4) p. 429-431

The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness
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pursuitof justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.

Framework isn’t itself forceful oppression—-it’s simply an advocacy on behalf of certain decision making practices—-it’s no different than any other argument in debate

Anderson 6 
Amanda Anderson 6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290 

Lets first examine the claim that my book is "unwittingly" inviting a resurrection
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is clearly, and indeed necessarily, significant room for further elaboration here.

the research divide Debate is self-reflexive and self-correcting —- it allows the very terms and shortfalls of debate itself to be scrutinized —- your debate bad arguments prove why debate is good

Stannard 6 
STANNARD, PF COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM, 6¶ ~MATT, "DELIBERATION, DEMOCRACY AND DEBATE", legalcommunication.blogspot.com/2006/08/deliberation-debate-and-democracy-in.html

Sometimes this means conducting deliberative polls or favoring the referendum process. Other times it
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-reflective and at least has the potential to be self-correcting.

Our framework can access the methods of exclusion they discuss - Discussing the state is distinct from the roleplaying they criticize – we don’t require an acceptance of an oppressive institution

Harris 13
("Scott Harris NDT Final Round Ballot" April 5, 2013 http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.msg10255~~23msg10255-http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.msg10255, KB)

While this ballot has meandered off on a tangent I’ll take this opportunity to comment
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debate that is foreign to what I think happens in a debate round.

The state can be redeemed21

Brubaker 4
Rogers Brubaker, Department of Sociology, UCLA, 2004, In the Name of the Nation: Reflectionson Nationalism and Patriotism, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, www.sailorstraining.eu/admin/download/b28.pdf-http://www.sailorstraining.eu/admin/download/b28.pdf 

This, then, is the basic work done by the category ’nation’ in
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commitments can furnish the energies and passions that motivate and sustain civic engagement. 

The premise of their response to framework is that issues of identity/race/culture should be protected from exposure to reason-giving debate—-this impedes the culture of democratic debate that’s key to effective decisionmaking in a pluralistic society—-it’s also simply wrong to claim that framework oppresses identity or alternate styles—-our argument is style-neutral—-it simply asks that narrative/experience/etc be used to support a policy conclusion which solves their offense as well as ours

Anderson 6 
Amanda Anderson 6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290 

MY RECENT BOOK, The Way We Argue Now, has in a sense two
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communicated and also can be used to justify political positions and legislative agendas.

This debate doesn’t change anything about the practices they kritik —- skill development through debate is a prerequisite to transformative politics

Anderson 6
prof of English at Johns Hopkins (Amanda, The Way We Argue Now, 33-6)

In some ways, this is understandable as utopian writing, with recognizable antecedents throughout
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project and leaves herself no recourse but to issue dogmatic condemnations and approvals.

Fairness is key to effective dialogue—-monopolizing strategy makes discussion one-sided and subverts inclusion of the neg—- turns their inclusion arguments

Galloway 7
Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)

Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
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substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Limits o/w Independent of governmental politics, the aff’s view of debate destroys limits which spills over into all facets of life which means framework outweighs and turns the aff

Harris 13
("Scott Harris NDT Final Round Ballot" April 5, 2013 http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.msg10255~~23msg10255-http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.msg10255, KB)

I understand that there has been some criticism of Northwestern’s strategy in this debate round
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are a real impact because I feel their impact in my everyday existence.  

Democratic agonism can only successfully operate in a limited forum - this kind of energetic contest is crucial to politics

Glover 10
(Robert W., Prof of Poli Sci @ UConn "Games without Frontiers?: Democratic Engagement, Agonistic Pluralism, and the Question of Exclusion" Philosophy and Social Criticism Vol. 36)

Recent democratic theory has devoted significant attention to the question of how to revitalize citizen
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while retaining the recognition that democratic discourse must operate with limits and frontiers.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity VY | Judge: Jamie Cheek
Statutory restrictions are limits on authority by congress
Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial restrictions are court enforced interpretations of statutory restrictions
Barron ‘08
David J. Barron, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Martin S. Lederman,
Visiting Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 2008, “THE
COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB - FRAMING THE PROBLEM, DOCTRINE, AND
ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING,” Harvard Law Review, January, pp. LN.
4. Judicial Enforcement of Implied Statutory Restrictions. - The way the Supreme Court
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preclusive executive powers a more likely occurrence than war powers scholarship typically assumes.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity VY | Judge: Jamie Cheek
Interpretation - Targeted killings are directed at specific persons
Alston 2011
Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. “ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders” Harvard National Security Journal, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283, Nexis
In a targeted killing, the specific goal of the operation is to use lethal
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specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46
B. Violation: The plan restricts all drones strikes which include signature strikes.
C. Standards

Ground. Our interp allows all parts of targeted killings to be restricted, while reserving assassinations, summary executions, and signature strikes as CP ground.
Precision – it’s key to topic education
Anderson 2011
Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University; and Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution. “Inside Executive Branch Policy-Making on Drone Strikes” The Volokh Conspiracy, Nexis

A crucial distinction - one first made public, so far as I know,
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senior official said. "There are just more people in the car."