Tournament: SFSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sacramento State Fletcher-Golsch | Judge: Laczko

Russia, Israel, and the US prove – a devastating cyberwar is inevitable. Attacks shut down the grid and defenders can’t solve

Baker 11, Denial of Service, BY STEWART BAKER, Stewart Baker is a former official at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Security Agency. He practices law at Steptoe and Johnson in Washington | SEPTEMBER 30, 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/30/denial_of_service?page=0,0

No one seriously denies that cyberwar is coming. Russia pioneered cyberattacks in its conflicts
AND
to cause the "irreparable" damage that electric-grid guardians fear.

OCOs key to deterrence and strengthen defensive capabilities – international agreements don’t solve – cheating states, non-state actors

NRC 9, National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, 2009 www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf

Recommendation 8: The United States should maintain and acquire effective cyberattack capabilities. Advances
AND
but rather one for information to help policy makers understand the overall effort.)

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sacramento State Fletcher-Golsch | Judge: Laczko

Text: The United States federal government should require the Executive to report its use of covert activities to the heads of Senate and House intelligence committees.

Key to upholding SOP and creating an effective legal framework for cyber operations

Lorber ’13 Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. Journal Of Constitutional Law 15.3 https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013. 

Should these statutes be adjusted (or new ones created) that give Congress additional
AND
and other nations develop and employ these capabilities with ever-greater frequency.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sacramento State Garcia-Hampton-Bruce | Judge: Lucas-Bolin
ERROR

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: UT San Antonio Calhoun-Morales | Judge: Diamond
ERROR

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory Jones-Sigalos | Judge: Roberts

1NC

Framework

Resolved is used to introduce a policy resolution—limited to the question of the resolution

Robert 15 General Henry M. Robert, US Army, 1915, http://www.bartleby.com/176/4.html-http://www.bartleby.com/176/4.html

A motion is a proposal that the assembly take certain action, or that it
AND
, where possible to avoid it, nor to the motives of members. 

USFG is a federal republic

Britannica Online Encyclopedia 06
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., http://www.britannica.com/search?query=Federal+Government26ct=
The government of the United States, established by the Constitution, is a federal
AND
United States accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations of the federal republic.

"Should" means duty or obligation

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 02
Merriam-Webster's Inc., Tenth Ed., http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
Usage Note: Like the rules governing the use of shall and will on which
AND
of by writers who have mistaken the source of the spoken contraction should've.

Restriction on war power authority must be a limit that controls the president

Fisher, 97 – (Louis, Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, "Presidential Independence and the Power of the Purse," U.C. Davis J. Int'l L. 26 Pol'y 107, Lexis)
A legal analysis by Walter Dellinger, at that time Assistant Attorney General for the
AND
the President both the authority and the means to take such initiatives." n131

Decision-making – only maintaining a limited topic of discussion and a clear stasis for both teams provides the necessary and requisite foundation for decision-making and advocacy skills – even if they are contestable, that is different from being valuably debatable

Steinberg 26 Freeley '8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Effective decision-making is the lynchpin to solve all social and political problems —- this is an impact to limits, role-playing and decision-making that turns case

Lundberg '10 – (Christian Lundberg, Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311)
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

Ground Spec

Failure to specify the grounds for the decision takes out solvency – the plan has no legal weight.  Vote negative on presumption.

Post, Professor of Law – UC-Berkeley, 2001 Robert, 85 Minn. L. Rev. 1267, May

So, for example, the editors of the American Law Review argued in 1886
AND
, 20 Am. L. Rev. 428, 429 (1886).

AND, Failure to specify undermines legitimacy of the Court and the decision

Caminker, Professor of Law – University of Michigan, 1999 Evan, 97 Mich. L. Rev. 2297, August

Adjudication as a Justificatory Practice. Many respectable jurisprudential paradigms hold that adjudication is,
AND
the doctrinal rules ultimately produced. Process, not result, is paramount.

K

The Supreme Courts occupies reactionary and marginal role in American politics — it produces ineffective constraints on the executive.

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not
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way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state.

Judicial review creates grey holes – they can't solve for future racist detentions

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
This approach by the lawmakers is not a matter of logic—despite Schmitt's conceptual
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judicial oversight will be retained, but the substance will be drained away.

Korematsu is part of America's Anti-Canon – the decisions that are broadly recognized as the worst decisions the Court has ever made.

Jamal Green, 11 (Associate Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, The Anticanon, The Harvard Law Review, Vol 125, No. 2, December)

It is a curious feature of American constitutional law that the project of identifying the
AND
thereby help to constitute that order: we are what we are not.

The existence of anti-canon makes the internal contradictions within the law immediately obvious – overruling Korematsu implies that proper constitutional argument would have always produced the proper result. This sustains an illusion to precludes reflection

Jamal Green, 11 (Associate Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, The Anticanon, The Harvard Law Review, Vol 125, No. 2, December)
To call Dred Scott, Plessy, Lochner, and Korematsu constitutional martyrs seems to
AND
that something vital would be lost were we willingly to let it die.

The Cultural Memory of Korematsu is a resource the public uses to protect Muslims even today – we have to learn from the lessons of our past and fight on the terrain of culture not the law

Volpp 10 (Leti, Robert D. and Leslie Kay Raven Professor of Law in Access to Justice at the University of California – Berkley School of Law receiving her J.D. from Colombia University in 1993, Excesses of Culture: On Asian American Citizenship and Identity, Asian American Law Journal, Volume 17, Issue 1, pgs. 63-82, accessed via HeinOnline, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/aslj1726div=626collection=journals26set_as_cursor=1626men_tab=srchresults26terms=korematsu26type=matchall, 2010, JKE)

Let me conclude by turning to our present circumstances, by examining, post-
AND
civilized and feminist, in stark contrast to Islam and to Muslims.78

Our alternative is a methodological rejection of the aff's legalism. We should prioritize building a culture of resiliency for extra legal resistance to executive power.

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
We do not yet live under a plebiscitary presidency. In such a system,
AND
better, despite the lack of a Madisonian separation of legislative and executive powers

CP

Text: The Supreme Court of the United States should clarify that except as to actions under civilly-declared martial law, the standard of judicial review of government restrictions of civil liberties of Americans is not altered or attenuated by the government's contention that "military necessity" or "national security" justifies the challenged restrictions.

The counterplan creates a clear constitutional principle that prevents racist internment while preserving executive flexibility. And it doesn't overrule Korematsu.

Eric Yamamoto '86 (Assistant Professor of Law, William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawaii at Manoa ,"Korematsu Revisited - Correcting the Injustice of Extraordinary Government Excess and Lax Judicial Review: Time for a Better Accommodation of National Security Concerns and Civil Liberties," Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 26, No. 1

As global tensions continue," a clear articulation of constitutional principles is needed. These
AND
clarity to the law without requiring direct overturning of well- settled doctrine.¶ 

The plan's restrictions inhibit decisive indefinite detention action—that's key to effective ops.

Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston,  J
AND
ON ENEMY DETENTION," 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1
Reading the tea leaves of judicial dicta may be fraught with difficulty, but one
AND
security concerns against the need to protect individuals from arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

The aff results in catastrophic terrorism—-releases terrorists and kills intel gathering

Jack Goldsmith 9, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, "Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf
These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

Terrorism causes extinction—-hard-line responses are key

Nathan Myhrvold 13, Phd in theoretical and mathematical physics from Princeton,  and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation , July 2013, "Stratgic Terrorism: A Call to Action," The Lawfare Research Paper Series No.2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf-http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf
Several powerful trends have aligned to profoundly change the way that the world works.
AND
us with our shortcomings by repeatedly attacking us or hectoring us for decades. 

Case

Overruling Korematsu doesn't fix the information asymmetry between courts and the executive – this is the reason the Court got Korematsu wrong to begin with

Eric Mueller, 2010 (Dan K. Moore Distinguished Professor in Jurisprudence and Ethics, University of North Carolina School of Law. Hirabayashi and the Invasion of Evasion, North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 88)

Judge Patel's decision granting Korematsu's Petition was based upon the manifest injustice to Korematsu resulting
AND
Supreme Court when it argued that military necessity justified the mass evacuation. "

The AFF is looking for answers in the wrong place –the Korematsu decision wasn't based on legal principles, but practical considerations about the relationship between the Court and the executive

Eric Mueller, 2010 (Dan K. Moore Distinguished Professor in Jurisprudence and Ethics, University of North Carolina School of Law. Hirabayashi and the Invasion of Evasion, North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 88)

Why did the Court adopt an extremely deferential posture and also fail to address squarely
AND
pro quo involved in building a majority vote to uphold the government's actions."

Executive lawyers will teach the Executive how to blow off the plan

Shane 12  *Peter M. Jacob E. Davis and Jacob E. Davis II Chair in Law, The Ohio State University Moritz School of Law. From 1978 to 1981, served in the Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. Department of Justice. Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, 5 J. Nat'l Security L. 26 Pol'y 507
Yet, the ideological prism of presidentialism can bend the light of the law so
AND
to see the Justice Department's legal analysis of what NSA was doing." 8

Courts always defer to the executive

Driesen 9  * David M. University Professor, Syracuse University; Fordham Law Review, October, 78 Fordham L. Rev. 71
The executive branch often interprets the vast body of law it administers unilaterally. In
AND
executive toward secret policy making of his own largely unrestrained by law. 221

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno State Ahmed-Caffrey-Casiano | Judge: Kephart III

Our interpretation is that the aff must defend an advocacy in the direction of the topic, which is an increase in statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President.

Increase means to make greater

Dictionary.com No Date Given http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increase?s=ts increase - Show IPA verb, in·creased, in·creas·ing, noun verb (used with object)
to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to: “to increase taxes.”

Restriction on war power authority must be a limit that controls the president

Fisher, 97 – (Louis, Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, “Presidential Independence and the Power of the Purse,” U.C. Davis J. Int'l L. and Pol'y 107, Lexis) 

A legal analysis by Walter Dellinger, at that time Assistant Attorney General for the
AND
the President both the authority and the means to take such initiatives." n131

First is Limits – resolutional limits encourage aff innovation, predictive research on a designated topic, and clash—a precursor to productive education. The inherent value of arguments within limits is greater, which link turns education arguments

Second is Fair ground – the resolution is the only neutral site of stasis for controversy – changing this allows them to define the debate in ways that make it impossible for us to compete and really easy for them to win

Third is decision-making – only maintaining a limited topic of discussion and a clear stasis for both teams provides the necessary and requisite foundation for decision-making and advocacy skills – even if they are contestable, that is different from being valuably debatable

Steinberg and Freeley ‘8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Effective decision-making is the lynchpin to solve all social and political problems -~-- this is an impact to limits, role-playing and decision-making that turns case

Lundberg ‘10 – (Christian Lundberg, Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311)

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

Discussions of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development – we control uniqueness: students already have dogmatic notions about the world – government policy discussions is vital to force engagement with competing perspective to improve social outcomes and break down pre-conceived barriers of what is right – this turns case

Esberg and Sagan 12 – *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Prefer our evidence because it is more specific to the debate context. Game spaces like debate are distinct from other forms of education and public speaking.  There has to be a balance of ground or else one side claims the moral high ground and creates a de facto monologue

Hanghoj ‘8 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sacramento State Fletcher-Golsch | Judge: Laczko

American polity is Schmittian—congress and courts occupy reactionary and marginal roles and produce ineffective constraints on the executive.

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011

Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not
AND
way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state.

The aff cedes cyber security to experts--ensuring abdication of public deliberation.

Shane 12 (Peter M. Shane, Jacob E. Davis and Jacob E. Davis II Chair in Law, Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Cybersecurity Policy as if and#34;Ordinary Citizensand#34; Mattered: The Case for Public Participation in Cyber Policy Making, I/S: A JOURNAL OF LAW AND POLICY, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2012, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/is/files/2012/02/9.Shane_.pdf)

Were Gallup to poll the American people on the question, and#34;What is cybersecurity
AND
model for how to deepen the meaning of citizenship in the digital age.

The language of law legitimates and naturalizes injustices and blindness to root causes.

Lobel 7 Orly, Assistant Professor of Law, University of San Diego, Harvard Law Review, 120 Harv. L. Rev. 937

Psychological cooptation is produced by the law precisely because law promises more than it can
AND
rights; and, finally, that realization is tantamount to meaningful change.and#34; 

Legal restraints are riddled with grey holes that maintain the facade of rule of law, deflecting criticism and precluding cultural restraints.

Osborn 8 Timothy Kaufman is the Baker Ferguson Professor of Politics and Leadership at Whitman College; from 2002-06 as president of the American Civil Liberties of Washington; and he recently completed a term on the Executive Council of the American Political Science Association. Theory and Event  Volume 11, Issue 2

The examples cited in this section suggest not the formation of an utterly lawless regime
AND
, renders recognition of the problematic character of its exercise ever less likely.

Our alternative is a methodological rejection of the affand#39;s legalism in favor of building a culture of resiliency for extra legal resistance to executive power.

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011

We do not yet live under a plebiscitary presidency. In such a system,
AND
better, despite the lack of a Madisonian separation of legislative and executive powers

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sacramento State Fletcher-Golsch | Judge: Laczko

DC will pass now – Obama strong arming the GOP – PC key

Easley 9/18
Jason, Political Correspondent Politicus USA, “Obama’s Genius Labeling of GOP Demands Extortion Has Already Won The Debt Ceiling Fight” Sep. 18th, 2013 http://www.politicususa.com/2013/09/18/obamas-genius-labeling-gop-demands-extortion-won-debt-ceiling-fight.html

President Obama effectively ended any Republican hopes of getting a political victory on the debt
AND
Republicans posture on Obamacare, Obama is routing them on the debt ceiling.

Plan tanks capital and derails the agenda – empirics prove

Kriner ’10 Douglas L. Kriner, assistant professor of political science at Boston University, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69

While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Default will trigger the largest financial disaster in history

Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html

Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the worldand#39;s financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Indiana Murphy-Patel | Judge: Gliniecki

off

War powers authority means the warrant to exercise those powers, not simply the ability to do so

Zimmerman 09  Fellow, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress
Adam, "The Politics Economics Make." March 22, 2009, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2009/Colgate_Zimmerman.pdf
Skowronek distinguishes between presidential power and authority. Power is the formal and informal resources
AND
expands; the ability of the president to exercise those powers has narrowed.

Violation – They're appropriations, which is a form of oversight and does not restrict authority.

Kaiser 11 – (Frederick, Specialist in American National Government, "CRS Report for Congress
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
Congressional Oversight Manual," http://www.wise-intern.org/orientation/documents/RL30240.pdf-http://www.wise-intern.org/orientation/documents/RL30240.pdf)
The Constitution grants Congress extensive authority to oversee and investigate executive branch¶ activities.
AND
¶ spent, adjust funding levels, and prohibit expenditures for certain purposes.

Vote neg— They underlimit by allowing ANY barrier to the use of presidential power. There's an infinite number of functional restrictions that have no lit base and kill clash.

off

High-skilled visa reform will pass

Rubin 11-14. ~Jennifer, WaPo blogger, "Immigration reform outlook" Washington Post —¶ http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/~~

There were some theatrics on Wednesday from liberal immigration reform advocates, claiming the speaker
AND
continues to limp along just has it has for the last few months.

Plan tanks capital and derails agenda

Kriner '10 Douglas L. Kriner, assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69
While congressional support leaves the president's reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Capital key – pressure ensures votes.

Sanders 10-19. ~Bob, columnist, "There's no better time for Obama to push for immigration reform" Star-Telegram — www.star-telegram.com/2013/10/19/5258963/theres-no-better-time-for-obama.html~

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

High-skilled visa reform solves multiple internals to the economy

Beadle 12,
Amanda Peterson Beadle, Reporter/Blogger at ThinkProgress.org. She received her B.A. in journalism and Spanish from the University of Alabama, where she was editor-in-chief of the campus newspaper The Crimson White and graduated with honors. Before joining ThinkProgress, she worked as a legislative aide in the Maryland House of Delegates. "Top 10 Reasons Why The U.S. Needs Comprehensive Immigration Reform" http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/12/10/1307561/top-10-reasons-why-the-us-needs-comprehensive-immigration-reform-that-includes-a-path-to-citizenship/
The nation needs a comprehensive immigration plan, and it is clear from a recent
AND
U.S. university, 2.62 American jobs are created.

Economic collapse causes nuclear conflicts

Burrows and Harris 9 Mathew J. Burrows counselor in the National Intelligence Council and Jennifer Harris a member of the NIC's Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" The Washington Quarterly 32:2 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq09aprilburrowsharris.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
AND
and between states in a more¶ dog-eat-dog world.¶ 

off

The President should issue an executive order directing that U.S. drone strikes be conducted as DOD Title 10 operations except in the instance of immediate threats to the US homeland or diplomatic outposts. Each Title 50 targeted killing operation should require prior presidential authorization. The President of the United States should not authorize any future Title 50 targeted killing operations.

It solves the entire case and avoids the link to politics

Micah Zenko, April 2013 (Douglas Dillon Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, "Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon," Policy Innovation Memorandum No. 31, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)

In 2004, the 9/11 Commission recommended that the "lead responsibility for
AND
decision would enhance U.S. national security in the following ways:
Improve the transparency and legitimacy of targeted killings, including what methods are used to prevent civilian harm.
Focus the finite resources of the CIA on its original core missions of intelligence collection
AND
Obama administration claims can have a normative influence on how others use drones.

off

Politics is schmittian—-trying to fight the executive on their own battlefield is naïve—-the aff is just a liberal knee-jerk reaction that swells executive power

Kinniburgh, 5/27 – (Colin, Dissent, 5-27, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/partial-readings-the-rule-of-law-http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/partial-readings-the-rule-of-law) 

The shamelessness of the endeavor is impressive—a far cry, in many ways
AND
laws of war, meeting them on their terms is a dangerous game.

Legality is what feeds a new form of muscular liberalism where these illusions cannot see how much they sustain it which legitimizes wars for democracies and doctrines of pre-emption

Motha 8 *Stewart, Senior Lecturer, Kent Law School, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, Journal of Law, Culture, and Humanities Forthcoming 2008, Liberal Cults, Suicide Bombers, and other Theological Dilemmas

A universalist liberal ideology has been re-asserted. It is not only neo
AND
the crucible on which the new alignment of the liberal left is forged.

The alternative is to reject the 1ac in favor of reconceptualizing where authority emanates from—-we need to take a step outside the legal realm and build a culture of resilience against executive power

Connolly, 13 – (William E, Pf – John Hopkins U, The Contemporary Condition, 5-20)

Nonetheless, the logic of the media-electoral-corporate system does spawn a
AND
, corporations, churches, universities and unions from inside and outside simultaneously.

SOLVO

CIA drug secret trafficking money funds covert forms of insurgency—history proves they're not accountable.

Grim 11, (Ryan Grim, Ron Paul Had Accurate Conspiracy Theory: CIA Was Tied To Drug Traffickers, 12/30/2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/30/ron-paul-conspiracy-theory-cia-drug-traffickers_n_1176103.html)

Drug trafficking is "a gold mine for people who want to raise money in
AND
been used by other violent, stateless actors whom the United States befriended.

Obama would issue a signing statement to circumvent the aff.

McLeod 8 Jason Mcleod, Masters in Science in Nature, Science and Environmental Policy at Oxford's School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, JD from the Seattle University School of Law in May 2012 specializing in Critical Race Theory along with Environmental, international, and IP law, The Law of Displacement, 3/14/08, http://www.jasondmacleod.com/legal-articles-2/law-displacement/
Another tool of the Executive branch, which subordinates constitutional and international law, is
AND
moved above the other branches because the President believes he has the power.

Statutes are dead letters and grey holes.

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
If the constitutional framework of liberal legalism is too rickety to con¬tain executive power,
AND
would confine presidential emergency powers in the aftermath of a terrorist attack.2
These efforts all fall short of the aspirations of liberal legalism, in greater or
AND
more conspicuous, while giving the latter a misleading appearance of constraining force.
The secret of the APAs "success"—its ability to endure in a nominal
AND
to the rule of law, is far less suc¬cessful than it appears.

Congress will defer—Self-fulfilling crises of authority.

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
Finally, we mention a dynamic that further tightens the political constraints on legislatures and
AND
so in world-record time. The House quickly fell into line.
In this way, measures urged by the executive to cope with a crisis of
AND
to executive demands, at least where a crisis is even plausibly alleged.
Critics of executive power contend that the executive exploits its focal role during crises in
AND
chair who, acting in tandem, did not once express disagreement publicly.

Legislative monitoring and checks fail.

Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
American government in the period 2001 to 2008 bears little resemblance to the constitutional framework
AND
constraints on executive government, but formal constitutional procedures are not their source.

Hezbollah

Political criticism in Lebanon dooms Hezbollah's effectiveness.

Khouri 11/16, Rami G. Khouri, The Daily Star, Lebanon, Hezbollah's strengths create weaknesses, November 16, 2013, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Columnist/2013/Nov-16/237975-hezbollahs-strengths-create-weaknesses.ashx~~23axzz2kp0F7M96)

This strength, however, may also be its weakness, because it has generated
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it generates inside Lebanon accusing it of being mainly an agent of Iran.

Hezbollah's strength is fading

Harel 11/16, Amos Harel, Hezbollah threat wanes, but rising new players in Lebanon present Israel with new challenge, Nov. 16, 2013, http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/1.558237)

Two visits to the Lebanon border within a week reveal a new reality. Concern
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the arena new players with whom Israel has not previously had to cope.

Deterrence solves – Hezbollah doesn't want war

Saab, Center for Nonprolif Studies, '11 (Bilal, August, "The Next War: How Another Conflict between Hizballah and Israel Could Look and How Both Sides are Preparing for It" Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2011/08_hizballah_israel/08_hizballah_israel.pdf)
The war preparations notwithstanding, Hizballah does not seek nor want another conflict with Israel
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community, the crushing majority of which does not want war with Israel.

No risk of terrorism – threat overblown

Mueller, Professor PolSci Ohio State, and Stewart, Professor Infrastructure Performance at U of Newcastle, '12 (John- Senior Research Scientist Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Mark- Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, Summer, "The Terrorism Delusion: America's Overwrought Response to September 11" International Security, Vol 37 No 1, ProjectMuse)
On November 22, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, a deluded little man with
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anxieties about terrorism persist despite exceedingly limited evidence that much fear is justified.

No risk of nuclear terrorism – technically impossible*

Michael, Professor Nuclear Counterprolif and Deterrence at Air Force Counterprolif Center, '12 (George, March, "Strategic Nuclear Terrorism and the Risk of State Decapitation" Defence Studies, Vol 12 Issue 1, p 67-105, T26F Online)
Despite the alarming prospect of nuclear terrorism, the obstacles to obtaining such capabilities are
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there are still many nuclear weapons that could fall into the wrong hands.

DRONE MODEL

No drone arms race – multiple checks

Singh 12 (Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race," http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/)
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
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of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

U.S. drone use doesn't cause prolif – no international precedent.

Etzioni 13, Professor of International Relations @ George Washington University (Aimtai Etzioni, adviser to the Carter administration, "The Great Drone Debate  ", Military Review, 4/2013, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf)
Other critics contend that by the United States ¶ using drones, it leads other
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In such circumstances, the role ¶ of norms is much more limited.

No reverse casual modeling internal link —- we can't reverse the precedent that has already been set

Boot 11 (Max Boot, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, leading military historian and foreign-policy analyst, "We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes," Commentary Magazine, October 9, 2011, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/)
The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone arms race. Scott Shane notes correctly other nations such as China are building their own drones and in the future U.S. forces could be attacked by them–our forces will not have a monopoly on their use forever. Fair enough, but he goes further, suggesting our current use of drones to target terrorists will backfire:
If China, for instance, sends killer drones into Kazakhstan to hunt minority Uighur Muslims it accuses of plotting terrorism, what will the United States say? What if India uses remotely controlled craft to hit terrorism suspects in Kashmir, or Russia sends drones after militants in the Caucasus? American officials who protest will likely find their own example thrown back at them.
"The problem is that we're creating an international norm" — asserting the right to strike preemptively against those we suspect of planning attacks, argues Dennis M. Gormley, a senior research fellow at the University of Pittsburgh and author of Missile Contagion, who has called for tougher export controls on American drone technology. "The copycatting is what I worry about most."
This is a familiar trope of liberal critics who are always claiming we should forego
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and cut down our own arsenal–to encourage similar restraint from Iran.
The argument falls apart rather quickly because it is founded on a false premise:
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is unilateral disarmament–which is what the New York Times implicitly suggests.
Imagine if we did refrain from drone strikes against al-Qaeda–what would
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. What's the difference between sending a hit team and sending a drone?
While a decision on our part to stop drone strikes would be unlikely to alter
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the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno State Ahmed-Caffrey-Casiano | Judge: Kephart III

There is an intrinsic antagonism in debate – on one side, debate is always shaped by strategy, winning, and debate theory. The other side is the desire to influence a larger public. The aff’s desire to change the debate community is always shaped by the norms of debate. Your aff will never be receptive to the larger public. We should view outside of the academy as more important than our debate spaces

Welsh 12 Scott Department of Communication Appalachian State University (“Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, Jstor) 

Giroux’s concluding words, in which scholars reclaim the promises of a truly global democratic
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outside the academy that there can be immediate, material, political consequences.

Using debate for political purposes tradeoffs with producing tools useful for the public.

Welsh 12 Scott Department of Communication Appalachian State University (“Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, Jstor) 

What does it mean to say rhetoric scholarship should be relevant to democratic practice?
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no less of an impediment to the production of democratically consequential rhetoric scholarship.

Reject the affirmative because of their use of debate as a conception of political agency. We should keep competing elements of the antagonism in view to understand the limits of debate as political agency in itself.

Welsh 12 Scott Department of Communication Appalachian State University (“Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, Jstor) 

In light of Žižek’s account of antagonism, one should not be surprised, however
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of what Žižek calls supplemental ideological fantasies or ready explanations for the gap. 

Our goal as rhetorical scholars should be the exploration and production of inventional resources suitable for the larger public, otherwise we get lost in TOO-EASY ASSURANCES that what we are doing here – in the debate space – is necessary and sufficient

Welsh 12 Scott Department of Communication Appalachian State University (“Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, Jstor) 

The challenge is to resist synthetically resolving these antagonisms, whether in confirming or disconfirming
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of practical wisdom in democratic publics without absolving scholars of responsibility to them.

The question of institutional support is key to expanding wider base for change and caring for other communities – radical exposures fail

Ruggero 9 E. Colin, The New School for Social Research in New York, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, Radical Green Populism: Climate Change, Social Change and the Power of Everyday Practices, 11-11, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/e-colin-ruggero-radical-green-populism-climate-change-social-change-and-the-power-of-everyday-p

Radicals must carefully deliberate the development of alternative social institutions and intellectual resources for subversion
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broadening the cultural-social unity of a wide social base for change.