Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU RoYi | Judge: DeLong
Contention one is deterrence:
US targeted killing policy has triggered a global drones arms race – this will erode the deterrence norm which makes nuclear conflict inevitable
Boyle, La Salle University Assistant Political Science Professor, 2013
~~~Michael J., e was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow
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1Boyle.pdf, accessed: 7-4-13, SpS~~~
The race for drones
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration~’s embrace
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where it was shot down by the Israeli air force in October 2012.
A global arms race for drone technology is already under way. According to one
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that will fade as more suppliers offer drones that can match US capabilities.
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
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and sold by rival Great Powers whose interests do not mirror its own.
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
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powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.
Collapse of the nuclear deterrence norm guarantees extinction
Freedman, 2013
~~~Lawrence, is Professor of War Studies and Vice Principal at King~’s College in London, and a member of the TWQ editorial board, "Disarmament and Other Nuclear Norms," ncsis.org/files/publication/TWQ_13Spring_Freedman.pdf, accessed: 8-13-13, SpS~~~
Rhetoric that urges elimination on the assumption that the only alternative is Armageddon is not
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of the terrible capacity to self-/destruct found in the international system.
The norms of nuclear nonproliferation, non-/use, and deterrence can be shown
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of their relevance to new types of conflict involving new types of actors.
There is an inescapable logic in the assertion that if nuclear weapons did not exist
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and of non-/use, as in accepting the responsibility of restraint.
The impact is empirical – assumptions of rationality don~’t disprove deterrence theory – attempts to understand motivations for war reduce the risk of conflict
Payne 3, National Institute for Public Policy President, DOD Forces Policy Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (2002-2003), Missouri State Defense and Strategic Studies Grad. Dept. Head, Nuclear Strategy Forum Co-Chairman, Comparative Strategy Editor-In-Chief, 2003
~~~Keith, "The Fallacies of Cold War Deterrence and a New Direction," ~~http://www.unm.edu/~~~~gleasong/300/su2006/keith_payne_fallacies.pdf-http://www.unm.edu/~~gleasong/300/su2006/keith_payne_fallacies.pdf~~~~~~~~~~
There is no adequate alternative to the hard task of attempting to ascertain the particular
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the past—with the unprecedented additional threats posed by mass destruction weapons.
Accumulating pertinent information about a challenger will never be complete, and the relevant information
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informed by the opponents~’ various motivations and cost-benefit calculations.
50 years of nonwar validates the impact
Gray, 2003
~~~Colin S., is Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University
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pub211.pdf, accessed; 8-27-13, SpS~~~
It is difficult to argue with a historical record of more than 40 years~
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provided the ideas that kept Armageddon at bay for all those many years.
Conventional weapons lack risk enhancement, psychological symbolism, and the sanctuarizing effect necessary to effectively deter conflict
Forsyth et. al., 2010
~~~James Wood Forsyth Jr., PhD, currently serves as professor of national security
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AD=ADA514848, accessed: 8-24-13, SpS~~~
A key goal of any national security policy … thereby greatly enhance stability.
Empirically the U.S. can solve - American power is dynamic and can set norms that are respected and enforced
James Whibley – 2013. (M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand in 2012 and his research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," 2/6/2013, ~~http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/-http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/~~~~, Accessed 10/12/2013, WSH)
In a recent ~~article-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html~~~~, David Wood … possessing such a program would be terrifying.
Accidental drone wars spark conflicts in every global nuclear hotspot
Dowd, 2013
~~~Alan W., writes on national defense, foreign policy, and international security
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Vol43No1.pdf, accessed: 8-15-13, SpS~~~
Error War
If these geo-political consequences .danger for the United States and its allies.
Contention two is International Law:?
US permissive drone policy is modeled globally - collapses international law
Alston, 2011
~~~Philip, is the John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010. "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," Accessed: 8-14-13, SpS~~~
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
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in a wide range of potential situations in the not too distant future.
In 2011 a senior official noted that while for the past two decades the United
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be ~’a messenger of death for enemies of mankind~’.577
To date, the United States has opted to maintain a relatively flexible and open
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such killings would under no circumstances be permitted within the United States.579
Thus when the United States argues that targeted killings are legitimate when used in response
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. It has also refused to cooperate with any investigation or prosecution.582
In 2006 the Russian Parliament passed a law permitting the Federal Security Service (FSB) to kill alleged terrorists overseas, if authorized to do so by the President.583 The law defines terrorism and terrorist activity extremely broadly, including "practices of influencing the decisions of government, local self-government or international organizations by terrorizing the population or through other forms of illegal violent action," and also any "ideology of violence."584
Under the law, there appears to be no restriction on the use of military
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and special forces outside the country~’s borders against external threats."587
China is another case in point. It has consistently characterized unrest among its Uighur
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unconvincing grounds of Pakistan~’s special relationship with the United States.589
A more realistic note was struck by Anne-Marie Slaughter after bin Laden~
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acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.
F. Conclusion
This Article has not sought to spell out the options open to the United States
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United States before long when invoked by other states with highly problematic agendas.
All their "I Law fails" cards are non-unique – I Law fails because America is not engaged – our policies on drones and the war on terror are uniquely capable of establishing real respect for international law – if we don~’t act now others will shape the international system against us
Brian Lowenberg – 2013. (J.D., University of Houston Law Center (2004); Duke University Law School Transnational Law Institute (Geneva, Switzerland) (2002); B.A., International Affairs, Trinity University (2001)). He is a Partnership-Track Associate practicing with McElroy, Deutsch, Mulvaney 26 Carpenter, L.L.P. in Philadelphia, PA where he represents international clients in products liability cases, premises liability actions, and commercial litigation. He is also a former Casenotes and Comments Editor of this Journal, "THE UNITED STATES AS A BENEVOLENT INTERNATIONAL LEVIATHAN* AND THE NEED FOR FRAMING A RESPONSE TO THE EMBASSY ATTACKS PURSUANT TO RECOGNIZABLE INTERNATIONAL LAW," 6/4/2013, ~~http://www.hjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Lowenberg-Final.pdf-http://www.hjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Lowenberg-Final.pdf~~~~, Accessed 12/3/2013, WSH)
International law, by nature of its very name, should conjure up images of
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War and Iraq~’s attempt to systematically exterminate the Kurdish Iraqis.38
There were other traces of American support for an ICTI between the Gulf War and
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where there is no authoritative structure to ensure the sanctity of international law.
This internal link to international law outweighs alternate causes – the status quo actively prompts other countries to violate I-LAW
Owen Bowcott - 2012. (Owen Bowcott is legal affairs correspondent. He was formerly the Guardian~’s ~~Ireland-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/ireland~~~~ correspondent and also worked on the foreign newsdesk, The Guardian News Paper, "Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur," 6/21/2012, ~~http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un~~~~, Accessed 7/25/2013, WSH)
QUOTE: The US policy of using aerial …relying on intelligence about specific al-Qaida activists.
Effective international law solves warming and multiple scenarios for nuclear war
Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 2
and the Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, Rule of Power or Rule of Law? An Assessment of U.S. Policies and Actions Regarding Security-Related Treaties, May, http://www.ieer.org/reports/treaties/execsumm.pdf
The evolution of international law since World War II is largely a response to the
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state has followed the U.S. example and opted out of compliance
Warming means extinction if nothing is done
Graciela Chichilnisky – 2013. (Professor of Economics and of Statistics Director, Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) Columbia University, 6th Annual Distinguished Lecture Chautauque Series on International StudiesKeynote Address for Women~’s History MonthEastern Kentucky University, "Avoiding Extinction," at least 2010, ~~http://www.chichilnisky.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Avoiding-Extinction-EKU-revised-Jan-23-2013.pdf-http://www.chichilnisky.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Avoiding-Extinction-EKU-revised-Jan-23-2013.pdf~~~~, Accessed 8/16/2013, WSH)
For the first time ever, humans dominate Planet Earth. We are changing the
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? Will humans survive? The issue now is how to avoid extinction.
Air pollution is rampant worldwide—we~’re specifically losing the battle against acid rain:
Joseph Masilamany, 2/15/2013 (staff writer, "Air-pocalypse in the making," ~~http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2013/02/15/air-pocalypse-in-the-making/-http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2013/02/15/air-pocalypse-in-the-making/~~~~, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
PETALING JAYA: The world is losing the battle for clean air. In spite
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of total production – more than US245 billion a year.
(—) Effective international law solves acid rain:
Mark L. Glode 26 Beverly Nelson Glode, 1993 (Master~’s in Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 26 J.D., University of Bridgeport School of Law, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, "TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION: ACID RAIN AND UNITED STATES-CANADIAN RELATIONS," Fall 1993, 20 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 1, Lexis, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
The Montreal Protocol affirmed the role of traditional international law in bringing about solutions to
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has delayed and complicated resolution of transboundary air pollution between the two countries.
(—) Extinction
John E. Carroll, 1989 (Environmental Conservation Program at the University of New Hampshire, October 1989, "The Acid Challenge to Security," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, accessed via google books, February 18, 2013, rwg)
The question is how long this will take, and how much damage will be
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and the ecosystem as a home for Homo sapiens hangs in the balance.
(—) New satellite date confirms the Earth is facing severe water shortages:
Daily Mail, 2/13/2013 ("Warnings of severe water shortages in the Middle East after satellites show freshwater reserves the size of the Dead Sea have dried up," ~~http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2278040/Nasa-warn-freshwater-shortages-Middle-East-study-shows-diminished-reserves.html-http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2278040/Nasa-warn-freshwater-shortages-Middle-East-study-shows-diminished-reserves.html~~~~, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
Vast freshwater reserves nearly equivalent in size to the Dead Sea have been lost in the Middle East in the last decade, according to a new Nasa study.¶ Scientists warn there could be severe water shortages in decades to come if water resources are not managed better in the region.¶ They say the precious water stocks have gone because of poor water management, increased demands for groundwater, and a major drought in 2007.
(—) International law is key to solve water shortages
Christopher L. Kukk 26 David A. Deese, 1996 (Ph.D. candidate in political science at Boston College 26 Director of International Studies at Boston College, UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, "AT THE WATER~’S EDGE: REGIONAL CONFLICT AND COOPERATION OVER FRESH WATER," 1 UCLA J. Int~’l L. 26 For. Aff. 21, Lexis, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
Although the "difficulties" of severe water shortages may be alleviated by new technologies
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not inevitable and that the water scarcity-conflict link can be broken.
(—) Extinction
Miriam C. Nagel, 2013 ("Water Shortages," ~~http://www.highbeam.com/topics/water-shortages-t25820-http://www.highbeam.com/topics/water-shortages-t25820~~~~, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
There is no shortage of water on Earth. However, there is a shortage
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they are needed and of handling wastewater, particularly in densely populated regions.
(—) International law is key to solving disease:
David P. Fidler, 2003 ("Emerging Trends in International Law Concerning Global Infectious Disease Control," ~~http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958540/-http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958540/~~~~, accessed 7/23/2013, rwg)
International cooperation has become critical in controlling infectious diseases. In this article, I
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disease control—embodied in the International Health Regulations—may be moribund.
(—) Diseases risk extinction:
The Scotsman, 9/11/1995 ("The mega death," Lexis)
Bullets and bombs may be the weapons of the present, but plagues, viruses
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ordained evolutionary programme," warns Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg in The Coming Plague.
Contention 3: Solvency
Despite international legal precedents, US federal courts have failed to meaningfully rule on targeted killing drone policy – only establishing a judicial legal basis for drones perceptually solves global legitimacy
Ramsden, 2013
~~~Michael, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, The Chinese University of Hong Kong., "Assessing U.S. Targeted Killings Under An International Human Rights Law Framework." Groninger Journal of International Law. Vol. 1, No. 1, www.grojil.org/01-Ramsden20-20Assessing20US20Targeted20Killings20UNder20an20International20HRL20Framework.pdf, accessed: 8-14-13, SpS~~~
A further requirement is that any … targeted killings only occur in accordance with law.
Judicial incorporation of customary international law will be perceived and modeled—this leads to the bolstering of international law:
Douglas Sylvester, 1994 professor of law at the Sandra Day O~’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University, Spring, 1994, 42 Buffalo L. Rev. 555, Lexis
3. Countervailing Arguments. The preceding sections have shown that historical and theoretical … more difficult for violations to occur.
Post hoc judicial review solves competency and secrecy and provides accountability
Vladeck, 2013
~~~Stephen, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship,
American University Washington College of Law, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR:
WHEN CAN THE U.S. TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?", accessed: 8-16-13, SpS~~~
At first blush, it may seem like…secrecy may be the only way to balance all of the relevant private, government, and legal interests at stake in such cases.
Thus: The United States Supreme Court should substantially increase judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by ruling that targeted killing involving drone strikes must comply with international law.
