Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Tech JS | Judge: Chris Stone
Accountability

Accountability mechanisms that constrain the executive prevent drone overuse in Pakistan and Yemen—-that’s key to stability

Benjamin R. Farley 12, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, "Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?" Winter 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, lexis
Effective accountability mechanisms constrain policymakers’ freedom to choose to use force by increasing the costs
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to go to war is more likely to lead the nation into war. 

Judicial review is key to prevent mistakes – executive targeting decisions are inevitably flawed

Ahmad Chehab 12, Georgetown University Law Center, "RETRIEVING THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE TARGETED KILLINGS CONTEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW," March 30 2012, abstract available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
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choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

In particular, current broad definitions of imminent threat guarantee blowback and collateral damage

Amos N. Guiora 12, Prof of Law at S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Fall 2012, "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol 45 Issues 1 26 2, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
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on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Unaccountable drone strikes strengthen AQAP and destabilize Yemen

Jacqueline Manning 12, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9 2012, "Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen," http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450
Earlier this year White House counter-terrorism advisor, John Brennan, named al
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only acknowledge them, but also pay amends to families of the victims.

Strengthened AQAP undermines the Saudi regime

Colonel Hassan Abosaq 12, US Army War College, master of strategic studies degree candidate, 2012, "The Implications of Unstable on Saudi Arabia," Strategy Research Project, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA560581
AQAP has been vociferous in its opposition to the Saudi regime, and is likely
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growing anarchy and al-Qaeda presence could spill over into Saudi Arabia.

That destabilizes the Middle East

Anthony Cordesman 11, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, former director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, former adjunct prof of national security studies at Georgetown, PhD from London University, Feb 26 2011, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation," http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation
History scarcely means we can take Saudi stability for granted. Saudi Arabia is simply
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the Middle East depends on Saudi Arabia having a friendly and moderate regime.

Global nuke war

Primakov 9 ~September, Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs. This article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations"~  
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
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seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

Overuse of drones in Pakistan empowers militants and destabilizes the government

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
The escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan to its current tempo—one every few
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military, which has launched coups before, remains a popular force.77

That causes nuke war with India

Bruce Riedel 9, senior fellow and director of the Brookings Intelligence Project, senior fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, served as a senior advisor to the last four U.S. presidents on South Asia and the Middle East, served in the CIA for 29 years, "Armageddon in Islamabad," National Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, Issue 102, ebsco
The effects of an extremist takeover would not end at Pakistan’s borders. A worsening
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. The new militant regime in Pakistan would increase support for the insurgency.

Extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
A nuclear conflict in the subcontinent would have disastrous effects on the world as a
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lead to more drought, worldwide food shortages, and widespread political upheaval.
Norms

Global drone acquisition is inevitable—-demonstrating US compliance with strict legal limits is key to delegitimize abusive practices

Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis
Philip Alston 11, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2011, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, lexis
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime rules,
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acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.

Credible external oversight is key—-leads to international modeling and gives the US the leverage to prevent overuse

Omar S. Bashir 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones
Further, the U.S. counterterrorism chief John Brennan has noted that the
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oversight to their own drone campaigns would reveal their disregard for humanitarian concerns. 

Now is key to shape international norms and only the US can lead—-lack of rules undermines all other norms on violence

James Whibley 13, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, February 6th, 2013 "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
While drone advocates such as Max Boot argue that other countries are unlikely to follow
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, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Robust norms about the use of force prevent conflict escalation among great powers

John Vasquez 9, Thomas B. Mackie Scholar of International Relations and Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Poli Sci from Syracuse University, "Peace," Chapter 8 in The War Puzzle Revisited, p 298-299, google books
Wallensteen’s examination of the characteristics of particularist periods provides significant additional evidence that the steps
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war is by reducing, limiting, and managing disputes short of war.

Unrestrained drone use causes accidental drone wars globally—-US restraint is key to solve

Alan W. Dowd 13, senior fellow at the Sagamore Institute for Policy Research, the American Security Council Foundation and the Fraser Institute, adjunct professor at Butler University, "Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings," Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf
Given their record and growing capabilities, it seems unlikely that UCAVs will ever be
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or Poland or Georgia; China and any number of its wary neighbors.

It also erodes strategic stability among great powers—-causes spiraling escalation

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts
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powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them.

A drone arms race is coming in East Asia—-lack of norms causes territorial disputes to spiral out of control

Shawn Brimley 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, former Director for Strategic Planning on the National Security Council, PhD in War Studies from King’s College London; Ben FitGerald, Senior Fellow and the Program Director for the Technology and National Security Program at CNAS; and Ely Ratner, Deputy Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at CNAS, Ph.D. in Political Science from UC Berkeley, 9/17/13, The Drone War Comes to Asia, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full
Shawn Brimley 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, former Director for Strategic Planning on the National Security Council, PhD in War Studies from King’s College London; Ben FitGerald, Senior Fellow and the Program Director for the Technology and National Security Program at CNAS; and Ely Ratner, Deputy Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at CNAS, Ph.D. in Political Science from UC Berkeley, 9/17/13, The Drone War Comes to Asia, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia?page=full
But there’s a much bigger and more pernicious cycle in motion. The introduction of
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dearth of international norms, rules, and institutions from which to draw.

Causes US-Sino nuclear war

Max Fisher 11, foreign affairs writer and editor for the Atlantic, MA in security studies from Johns Hopkins, Oct 31 2011, "5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616
Neither the U.S. nor China has any interest in any kind of
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Soviet mishaps of the 1980s — is exactly what makes them so dangerous.
Plan

The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their next friend.

Solvency

The plan establishes legal norms and ensures compliance with the laws of war

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html
The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
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If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect that makes officials think twice about drones—-drawbacks of judicial review don’t apply

Stephen I. Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, Feb 27 2013, "DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S.TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
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laws of the United States, what does the government have to hide?

Ex post review creates a credible signal of compliance that restrains future executives

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
While some experts have argued for court oversight of drone strikes before they’re carried out
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more generally that our policies are in compliance with rule of law norms."

Only judicial oversight can credibly verify compliance with the laws of war

Avery Plaw 7, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists," Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, No. 114, War and Terror (December 2007), pp. 1-27
To summarize, the general policy of targeting terrorists appears to be defensible in principle
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robustly upheld, a role that could be effectively performed by a court.

Courts allow verification without the costs of full disclosure

Avery Plaw 8, Associate Prof of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, PhD in Political Science from McGill University, "The Legality of Targeted Killing as an Instrument of War: The Case of Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi," Prepared for the 5^th Global Conference on War, Virtual War and Human Security, Budapest 2008
However, the analysis suggests two further points. The first point is that there
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intended target of the attack, appears not to have even been present.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Tech JS | Judge: Chris Stone
Acct

Alt to drones is less force not more

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Finally, a number of experts have argued that drone strikes are not only effec
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alternatives, not against extreme examples from wartime like the firebombing of Dresden.

T—-Restriction/General

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
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there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
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. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
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dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
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, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

War powers authority is the President’s authority to wage war and conduct self defense

Manget 91 Fred F, Assistant General Counsel with the CIA, "Presidential War Powers", 1991, media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf
The President’s war powers authority is actually a national defense power that exists at all
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wage it, in the broadest sense. It operates at all times.
K

Norms disad

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
What is undeniable, however, is that we face a drone race, which
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policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

US intervention stems from a lack of clear strategy, not a desire for control—-the aff is key to re-politicize war

David Chandler 9, Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War’, Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243
Rethinking Global War¶ Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive character -
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desire for control fails to contextualize conflict in the social relations of today. 

Perm—-endorse the affirmative and the alt as two parallel political strategies

That solves best—-the plan provides a new avenue for promoting skepticism and opposition to executive targeted killing

Colm O’Cinneide 8, Senior Lecturer in Law at University College London, "Strapped to the Mast: The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat," Ch 15 in Fresh Perspectives on the ’War on Terror,’ ed. Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew, http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch15s11.html
It appears that, as Scheuerman has noted, it is too easy to assume
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policy, but can play some role in impeding its traditional bulldozing progress. 

Alt can’t mobilize opposition to drone warfare

Judah A. Druck 12, Editor of the Cornell Law Review, Nov 15 2012, "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf
The practical effects of this move toward a technology-driven, and therefore limited
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not conducive to the formation of a substantial check on presidential action.134 

That turns the K—-enables endless war

Andrew Bacevich 12, Prof of History and IR at Boston University, PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton, visiting fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, "The New American Way of War," http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2012/02/13/andrew-bacevich/the-new-american-way-of-war/
For a democracy, waging endless war poses a challenge. There are essentially two
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Obama has surpassed his predecessor in shedding any remaining restraints on waging war.

Alt can’t eliminate war—-it’s overly optimistic

Brian Orend 6, Director of International Studies, and a Professor of Philosophy, at the University of Waterloo in Canada, "The Morality of War", Broadview Press, Google Books, p. 263
Summary¶ The goal of this chapter was to discuss and evaluate the pacifist alternative
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prospects, in our rough- and-tumble world, seem promising.

CP

Legitimacy DA—-Judicial process key

Steven Clark 12, former Staff Sergeant in the US Army, BA in Poli Sci and Government from Campbell University, "Targeted Killings: Justified Acts of War or Too Much Power for One Government?" Global Security Studies, Summer 2012, Volume 3, Issue 3, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Clark20Targeted.pdf
Although Eric Holder was right when he distinguished between judicial process and due process,
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like this would also be able to act quickly in situations requiring immediate action

Exec fiat is a voting issue—-our authors take squo Prez policies as given which makes aff offense impossible—-and there’s no comparative lit

Richard H. Pildes 13, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, and Samuel Issacharoff, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, June 1st, 2013, "Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,"lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=140826context=nyu_plltwp
As with all use of lethal force, there must be procedures in place to
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constitutional law scholars who survey these issues from much higher levels of generality.

Perm—-do both—-shields the link because all branches acting in concert would avoid backlash here and abroad

Internal fixes aren’t credible

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war—
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, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

DOD shift is not seen as credible

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
The administration has floated the idea of "~shifting~ the CIA’s lethal targeting program
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CIA’s, and its congressional oversight is, if anything, less robust.
¶ A bigger problem with this proposed fix is that it contemplates executive branch reorganization
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, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

DOD shift reduces accountability

Deborah Pearlstein 13, Assistant Prof of Law at the Benjamin H Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, Mar 20 2013, "Getting the CIA Out of the Drone Business," http://opiniojuris.org/2013/03/20/getting-the-cia-out-of-the-drone-business/
All that said, the organizational shift, if it happens, won’t solve everything
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when, and under what legal authority – no institutional fix will work.

Drones trade off with other CIA ops

Jeremy Scahill 12, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine, Nov 14 2012, "The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?" http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia~~23
"I would not say that CIA has been taken over by the military,
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as their turf," he told me. "That’s the big danger." 

Key to cyber-defense

Kevin Coleman 13, senior fellow with the Technolytics Institute, former chief strategist at Netscape, and an adviser on cyber warfare and security, 8/1/13, "Digital Conflict," http://defensesystems.com/blogs/cyber-report/2013/08/cyber-intelligence.aspx
Cyber defense is gradually moving from a reactive to a proactive posture. Many observers
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aggression, we must increase the attention and resources devoted to cyber intelligence.

Nuke war

Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.
DA

No deference now

Deborah Pearlstein 11, Visiting Faculty Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, Associate Research Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affaires at Princeton, "After Deference: Formalizing the Judicial Power for Foreign Relations Law," University of Pennsylvania Law Review Vol 159:783, https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/lawreview/articles/volume159/issue3/Pearlstein159U.Pa.L.Rev.783(2011).pdf
Historically, most scholars have accepted with little question the notion that the Court will
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challenge, the Court’s recent behavior has made this account increasingly untenable.10

Oversight stops arbitrariness but not flex

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Concerted efforts to shirk and deflect responsibility, moreover, provide an illuminating context in
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way? And the answer to this second question is obviously "yes."

Judicial review enhances expert decision-making—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
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the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Drones trade off with countering rogue states

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
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and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Turns the DA

Robert P. Haffa Jr. 12, nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Ph.D. in Political Science from MIT, former Professor of Political Science at the US Air Force Academy, Oct 12 2012, "Full-Spectrum Air Power: Building the Air Force America Needs," http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/10/full-spectrum-air-power-building-the-air-force-america-needs
These force planning contingencies should not be taken lightly. While the military balance measured
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after their launch, but before they can strike regional bases and ports.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Weber State AH | Judge: Joel Lemuel
Acct

Strikes will not decrease

Johnthomas Didymus 8/4/13, reporter at AllVoices, "John Kerry gaffes, no end to US drone war in Pakistan,"
http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/15129851-john-kerry-gaffes-no-end-to-us-drone-war-in-pakistan
Hours after Kerry told the Pakistani people on Thursday that the US government has a
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going to unilaterally end drone strikes in Pakistan or Yemen for that matter."

Their epistemology claims are wrong—our authors are capable of making non-racist assumptions—they link to all of their knowledge production claims and re-entrench Orientalism

Joshua Teitelbaum 6 Senior Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv U. Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Middle Eastern History, Bar Ilan U.  PhD, Tel Aviv U—AND—Meir Litvak—Senior Research Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.  Associate Professor, Middle Eastern and African History, Tel Aviv U. PhD, Harvard, Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism, March 2006, http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/2493
The critics did not deny that Western culture and scholarship in the past has included
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of the world—would put an end to all serious academic research. 

It also neglects the fact that outside researchers may have certain advantages, since as
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might well be true of the past as well, despite Said’s critique. 

Norms

Threat con isn’t sufficient to cause war

Stuart J Kaufman 9, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, p. 433
Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
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and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

No impact to China threat discourse – bad reps don’t influence policies towards China and our advantage solves the impact

Wenxin 5—Zhang Jiye and Chen Wenxin, Xiandai Guoji Guanxi, Ocnus, September 20, 2005, p. http://www.ocnus.net/cgibin/exec/view.cgi?archive=7826num=20415-http://www.ocnus.net/cgibin/exec/view.cgi?archive=7826num=20415
Nevertheless, no matter the extent of playing up the "China military threat theory
AND
cannot extricate itself from the war against terrorism and will need China’s support.
S

Ex post ensures court enforcement

Paul Taylor 13, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research with a focus on national security policy, international relations, targeted killings, and drone operations, JD from Seton Hall University School of Law, "A FISC for Drones?" http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/02/a-fisc-for-drones/
Judges would likely be much more comfortable with ex post review. Ex post review
AND
of the operation, from the initial targeting decision to the final execution.

Prez would comply with the court

Stephen I. Vladeck 9, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3-1-2009, "The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox," http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=facsch_bkrev
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
AND
comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

T

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.
CP

Rejecting the term "targeted killing" makes solvency impossible

Nils Melzer 8, Legal Advisor for the International Committee of the Red Cross, "Targeted Killing in International Law", May 29, Oxford University Press, Google Books, p. 6-8
Depending on factors such as academic, political or military perspective, a wide variety
AND
, the notion of ’targeted killing’ will be preferred over alternative terms.

Discursive focus bad

Taft-Kaufman 95 (Jill, PF Speech—Central Michigan, "OTHER WAYS: POSTMODERNISM AND PERFORMATIVE PRAXIS", Southern Communication Journal v60n3 (Spring 1995) 225-6)
To the postmodernist, then, real objects have vanished. So, too,
AND
political agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.
K—-Buddhism

Ethical policymaking requires calculation of our impacts—refusing consequentialism allows atrocity in the name of ethical purity

Nikolas Gvosdev 5 (Nikolas, Exec Editor of The National Interest, The Value(s) of Realism, SAIS Review 25.1, Muse)
As the name implies, realists focus on promoting policies that are achievable and sustainable
AND
—and the one that had also been roundly condemned on moral grounds. 

Their deployment of Buddhims makes violence inevitable

Wickersham 9 (Bill, adjunct professor of peace studies at Missouri University, Confronting Nuclear Warfare: The Role of Education, Religion, and Community, http://confrontingnuclearwar.com/)
In a discussion of religion, Buddhism holds a unique position in that its leaders
AND
, their cry for an end to this terrible madness and destruction.100

Interventionist violence stems from a lack of clear strategy, not a desire for control—-the aff is key to re-politicize war

David Chandler 9, Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War’, Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243
Rethinking Global War¶ Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive character -
AND
desire for control fails to contextualize conflict in the social relations of today. 

Perm—-endorse the aff and non-competitive parts of the alternative—-the 2 approaches are consistent

Lama Yeshe 83 Tibetan Monk (Thubten, "Anxiety in the Nuclear Age" http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article26id=128)
Now, there’s no reason for us to hate each other, but anxiety breeds
AND
emotional fear. In that way, you will educate yourself and others.

Case turns the K—-drones are the new means by which policymakers will seek to impose order on the world through endless war—-lack of accountability means the alt can’t stop them

Andrew Bacevich 12, Prof of History and IR at Boston University, PhD in American Diplomatic History from Princeton, visiting fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, "The New American Way of War," http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2012/02/13/andrew-bacevich/the-new-american-way-of-war/
For a democracy, waging endless war poses a challenge. There are essentially two
AND
Obama has surpassed his predecessor in shedding any remaining restraints on waging war.

Only the plan can solve

Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, October 12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent
What is undeniable, however, is that we face a drone race, which
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting.

Seeking to change the world is a celebration of life not a negation—-turns their "hating life" arguments

Todd May 5, prof @ Clemson. "To change the world, to celebrate life," Philosophy 26 Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 nos 5–6 pp. 517–531
And that is why, in the end, there can be no such thing
AND
acknowledge the chiasm of body and world that is the wellspring of both.  

Death reps cause an empathic shift – solves the K

Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf-http://gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued to the television
AND
that we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Cat Duffy
Acct

Drones don’t solve terrorism—-scattering and new enemies outweigh the benefits

Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf
Yet the evidence that drones inhibit the operational latitude of terrorist groups and push them
AND
Camp Chapman in the Khost region of Afghanistan on 30 December 2009.66

No circumvention

Stephen I. Vladeck 9, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3-1-2009, "The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox," http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=facsch_bkrev
Moreover, even if one believes that suspensions are unreviewable, there is a critical
AND
comply with a Supreme Court decision. But perhaps I am naïve.184

S

Normal means waives sovereign immunity

Steve Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Supreme Court Fellow at the Constitution Project, and fellow at the Center on National Security at Fordham University School of Law, JD from Yale Law School, 3/18/13, "The Laws Governing Targeted Killing and Non-traditional Warfare," panel discussion at Fordham’s Center on National Security. Card begins at ~6:13. http://centeronnationalsecurity.org/node/539
So, I have the, I think, unenviable task of trying to tie
AND
is substituted as the defendant. So step three, US as defendant.

Ex post solves court deference

Paul Taylor 13, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy 26 Research with a focus on national security policy, international relations, targeted killings, and drone operations, JD from Seton Hall University School of Law, "A FISC for Drones?" http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/02/a-fisc-for-drones/
Judges would likely be much more comfortable with ex post review. Ex post review
AND
of the operation, from the initial targeting decision to the final execution.

T TK

Targeted killing includes signature strikes

Rosa Brooks 13, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, 4/22/2013, "Drones and the New Way of War," Panel discussion at the Cato Institute, moderated by Malou Innocent, Foreign Policy analyst for Cato. Card begins at ~30:00. http://www.cato.org/events/drones-new-way-war
And that’s the reason that we have seen a significant expansion of the use of
AND
unknown foreign militants suspected of being affiliated with an affiliate of an affiliate. 

No distinction – we target individuals and add them to kill/capture lists using signatures

Derek Gregory 12, Prof of Geography and Peter Wall Distinguished Professor at the University of British Columbia, PhD from the University of Cambridge, "Targeted killings and signature strikes," Nov 6 2012, http://geographicalimaginations.com/2012/11/06/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/
Garrett’s discussion clearly refers to ’personality strikes’, but – second – the distinction
AND
list, the individual is likely to be added to the list.’
T Restr

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.
CP

Cause of action requires congressional authorization—-prez can’t do it

Eric A. Posner 7, the Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School; and Adrian Vermuele, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2007, "The Credible Executive," https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/sites/lawreview.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/74.3/74_3_Posner_Vermeule.pdf
For completeness, we mention that the well-motivated executive might in principle subject
AND
not perceive the connection between governmental action and subsequent payouts in any event.

Exec fiat is a voting issue—-our authors take squo Prez policies as given which makes aff offense impossible—-and there’s no comparative lit

Richard H. Pildes 13, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, and Samuel Issacharoff, J.D. candidate at NYU school of law, June 1st, 2013, "Drones and the Dilemma of Modern Warfare,"lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=140826context=nyu_plltwp
As with all use of lethal force, there must be procedures in place to
AND
constitutional law scholars who survey these issues from much higher levels of generality.

Internal fixes aren’t credible

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, May 1 2013, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war—
AND
, even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct.

Prez circumvents the CP – external oversight is key

Ilya Somin 11, Professor of Law at George Mason University School of Law, June 21 2011, "Obama, the OLC, and the Libya Intervention," http://www.volokh.com/2011/06/21/obama-the-olc-and-the-libya-intervention/
But I am more skeptical than Balkin that illegal presidential action can be constrained through
AND
to be seen whether President Obama will suffer any political damage over Libya.
DA—-Flex

Oversight stops arbitrariness but not flex

Stephen Holmes 9, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, "The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror", April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
Concerted efforts to shirk and deflect responsibility, moreover, provide an illuminating context in
AND
way? And the answer to this second question is obviously "yes."

Judicial review enhances expert decision-making—-game theory proves

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
AND
the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.
DA—-TK Good

Plan solves kick-out

Micah Zenko 13, CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, PhD in Political Science from Brandeis University, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," CFR Special Report 65, January 2013
The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone use and sacrificing freedom
AND
if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Chance of acquiring one is 1 in 3.5 billion

Schneidmiller 9 (Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, 13 January 2009, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php)
There is an "almost vanishingly small" likelihood that terrorists would ever be able
AND
be difficult to build a weapon or use one that has been stolen.

DA—-Iran Rd 5

PC not key—-Reid can delay sanctions

AP 11/15—http:abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/health-care-dispute-delay-iran-sanctions-20901920
Four Republican senators — New Hampshire’s Kelly Ayotte, Florida’s Marco Rubio, Texas’ John
AND
, new penalties on Iran just as negotiators are sitting down in Switzerland.

No arms race

James A. Russell 6/27/13, PhD in War Studies from the University of London and associate Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at Naval Postgraduate School, where he is teaching courses on Middle East security affairs, terrorism, and national security strategy, 6/27/13, "NUCLEAR REDUCTIONS AND MIDDLE EAST STABILITY: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF A SMALLER US NUCLEAR ARSENAL," The Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 20 No.2
*GCC= Gulf Cooperation Council
Neither Saudi Arabia nor the rest of the GCC states could realistically build their own
AND
remains a good deal politically, economically, and militarily for the GCC.

No Israel war

Schramm 11 Madison Schramm is a program associate at the Council on Foreign Relations. "Hey America, Iran still isn’t threat No. 1" Oct 12 www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/1012/Hey-America-Iran-still-isn-t-threat-No.-1/(page)/3
Iran and Israel have never directly engaged in combat. Although Iran does sponsor Hezbollah and Hamas, Tehran is not directly calling the shots within those organizations. Israel actually provided Iran with weapons during the Iran-Iraq War. Tehran’s condemnation of Israel vis-à-vis the Palestinians is primarily a political platform for Iranian influence in the region. Iran happily accepted Israeli aid when it served Tehran’s more immediate interests.
Additionally, the Middle East at large isn’t interested in Iran’s brand of Islam. Iran, as a Persian Shiite state, is the minority in an Arab Sunni region. The Iran doctrine is well contained. But by continuing to label an intractable country as "evil," policymakers in Washington have turned a red herring into a Goliath.

Obama won’t fight the plan

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
AND
— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

Plan’s key to counter rogue states

Audrey Cronin 13, Distinguished Service Professor at the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, DPhil in IR from Oxford, "Why Drones Fail," Foreign Affairs Vol 92 Issue 4, July/Aug 2013, ebsco
In this environment, it is understandable that Americans and the politicians they elect are
AND
and drones start to look not much more cost effective than conventional aircraft.

Solves the DA

Robert P. Haffa Jr. 12, nonresident Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Ph.D. in Political Science from MIT, former Professor of Political Science at the US Air Force Academy, Oct 12 2012, "Full-Spectrum Air Power: Building the Air Force America Needs," http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/10/full-spectrum-air-power-building-the-air-force-america-needs
These force planning contingencies should not be taken lightly. While the military balance measured
AND
after their launch, but before they can strike regional bases and ports.

Independently solves extinction

Peter Hayes 11, Prof of IR at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Ph.D. in energy and resources from UC Berkeley, and Michael Hamel-Green, Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development at Victoria University, Melbourne,
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
AND
the stratosphere would cause a huge reduction in the Earth’s protective ozone.4

Health care and laundry list pound the DA

Michael D. Shear 11/14/13, The New York Times, "Health Law Rollout’s Stumbles Draw Parallels to Bush’s Hurricane Response," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/parallels-to-bush-in-toxic-political-mix-threatening-obama.html?hpw26rref=us26_r=0
WASHINGTON — Barack Obama won the presidency by exploiting a political environment that devoured George
AND
the health care law could bleed into their 2014 re-election campaigns.

Sanctions will pass

Max Fisher 11/14/13, Washington Post foreign affairs blogger, master’s degree in security studies from Johns Hopkins, "Obama’s approaching an Iran deal. Here’s why Congress might stop it," http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/11/14/obamas-approaching-an-iran-deal-heres-why-congress-might-stop-it/
Here’s where Congress comes in: If the United States does strike some kind of
AND
succeed, all the political credit would likely go to the Obama administration.

Obama waivers solve

Eric Auner 11/15/13, a senior analyst at Guardian Six Consulting, "In Congress, Obama Administration Faces Uphill Battle on Iran Sanctions," World Politics Review,http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/13386/in-congress-obama-administration-faces-uphill-battle-on-iran-sanctions
Whether or not the Obama administration can convince Congress to hold off on new sanctions
AND
," said Ali Vaez of the International Crisis Group in an email interview.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: David Heidt

T

We meet—-plan restricts Presidential authority to construe the legal limits on targeted killing—-assassination ban proves

Jonathan Ulrich 5, associate in the International Arbitration Group of White 26 Case, LLP, JD from the University of Virginia School of Law, "NOTE: The Gloves Were Never On: Defining the President’s Authority to Order Targeted Killing in the War Against Terrorism," 45 Va. J. Int’l L. 1029, lexis
The discretionary authority to construe the limits of the assassination ban remains in the hands
AND
there have been some efforts in Congress to lift the ban entirely. n27

The authority to authorize without judicial permission is a war powers authority—-we restrict it—-FISA proves

John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional 26 Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, "Be Very Wary of Restricting President’s Power," Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp~~
Prof. Epstein challenges the president’s claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.

Restriction means a limit or qualification—-it includes conditions

CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P11 The dictionary definition of "restriction" is "~a~ limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term "restriction" includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

Restrictions can happen after the fact

ECHR 91,European Court of Human Rights, Decision in Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1991/29.html
The main question in issue concerns Article 11 (art. 11), which provides
AND
, Series A no. 133, p. 19, § 28).

Ex ante doesn’t solve ground

Jameel Jaffer 13, Director of the ACLU’s Center for Democracy, "Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185 (2013), http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php
Since 9/11, the CIA and Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
AND
program, with its elision of the imminence requirement, than narrow it. 

Authority is what the president may do not what the president can do

Ellen Taylor 96, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online
The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

T2

We meet—-war powers authority is the basis for CIA targeted killing

John C. Dehn 13, Senior Fellow at the West Point Center for the Rule of Law at the US Military Academy, former Assistant Prof of Law at the US Military Academy, JD from the University of Oklahoma and LLM from Columbia University, comment on "Is the CIA in the Drone Kill Chain? (Answer: Likely.)," http://opiniojuris.org/2013/03/17/is-the-cia-in-the-drone-kill-chain-answer-likely/
The very text of the AUMF authorizes the President to use military force, interpreted
AND
the Court found with regard to detention despite a general federal criminal prohibition.

We meet—-the Air Force does the killing, so we only restrict them

Marc Ambinder 13, editor-at-large of The Week and contributing editor at The Atlantic; former White House correspondent for National Journal, chief political consultant for CBS News, and politics editor at The Atlantic, Mar 13 2013, "5 truths about the drone war," http://theweek.com/article/index/241363/5-truths-about-the-drone-war
2. The CIA does not "fly" drones. It "owns"
AND
" RPVs, but it uses them in the contiguous battlefield of Afghanistan. 

War powers authority is the President’s authority to wage war and conduct self defense

Manget 91 Fred F, Assistant General Counsel with the CIA, "Presidential War Powers", 1991, media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf
The President’s war powers authority is actually a national defense power that exists at all
AND
wage it, in the broadest sense. It operates at all times. 

We meet that

Lawfare no date, Lawfare Document Library, "Legality of U.S. Government’s Targeted Killing Program under Domestic Law," http://www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/legality-of-targeted-killing-program-under-u-s-domestic-law/
The U.S. Government (via Eric Holder and Harold Koh) itself
AND
the existence of an armed conflict with al-Qa’ida under international law."

CP—-Concurrent Resolution

Counterplan does not have the force of law

American Heritage Dictionary 2k http://www.thefreedictionary.com/concurrent+resolution
A resolution adopted by both houses of a bicameral legislature that does not have the force of law and does not require the signature of the chief executive.

Must be statutory—-the court won’t infer a cause of action and immunity blocks

Steven Vladeck 13, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, "D RONES AND THE W AR ON T ERROR : W HEN C AN THE U.S. T ARGET A LLEGE D A MERICAN T ERRORISTS O VERSEAS ?" http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2013_hr/022713vladeck.pdf
As I mentioned before, there would still be a host of legal doctrines that
AND
the proper defendant in any suit arising out of such an operation. 27

Low link threshold—-court defers on immunity unless Congress codifies a different approach

Tony West 12,  Assistant Attorney General, and Vincent M. Garvey, Deputy Branch Director, "SUGGESTION OF IMMUNITY SUBMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," Brief submitted to the DC District Court, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/211934.pdf
4. As the Supreme Court recently explained, however, Congress has not similarly
AND
, 489 F.2d 614, 619 (5th Cir. 1974).

The courts will only rule that there’s a cause of action if that was clearly Congressional intent

Thurgood Marshall 88, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, writing the majority opinion in Thompson v. Thompson, https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/484/484.US.174.86-964.html
In determining whether to infer a private cause of action from a federal statute,
AND
PKPA all point sharply away from the remedy petitioner urges us to infer.

A concurrent resolution passed after the AUMF won’t prove intent

Jacob Gersen 8, Professor of Law @ Harvard, and Eric Posner, "Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice," Stanford Law Review, 61, http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/sites/default/files/articles/Gersen-Posner.pdf
However, it would be unusual for Congress to issue a resolution expressing its understanding
AND
. be entitled to most respectful consideration by the courts . . . .").

CP

Accountability DA and turn—-they allow continued executive use of targeted killing through special ops which turns the Pakistan advantage by wrecking sovereignty etc—-also turns terrorism because the hydra effect outweighs

Gabriella Blum 10, Assistant Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Philip Heymann, the James Barr Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, June 27, 2010, "Law and Policy of Targeted Killing," Harvard National Security Journal, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol-1_Blum-Heymann_Final.pdf
An immediate consequence of eliminating leaders of terrorist organizations will sometimes be what may be
AND
than protracted legal battles over detention, trial, extradition, and release.

Judicial review makes CT effective

Tiberiu Dragu 13, Assistant Prof in the Dept of Politics at NYU, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford University, and Oliver Board, associate in the Corporate Department of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen 26 Katz, former Assistant Prof of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford, J.D. from NYU School  of Law, "On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System," June 3 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf
Our analysis has relevance for existing debates on the scope of judicial review in the
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the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.

Chance of acquiring one is 1 in 3.5 billion

Schneidmiller 9 (Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, 13 January 2009, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php)
There is an "almost vanishingly small" likelihood that terrorists would ever be able
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be difficult to build a weapon or use one that has been stolen.

DA—-Iran Rd 7

Sanctions now—-this is THEIR uniqueness ev

Landler and Sanger 11/14 , Mark and David, New York Times, Obama Calls for Patience in Iran Talks, 11/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/obama-iran.html?_r=0
Nader Karimi Joni, a political analyst close to the Rouhani administration, said,
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But there was little evidence that the senators were persuaded to delay action.

Deterrence solves aggression

Joshi 12—associate fellow at the Royal United Services Institute. Doctoral student at Harvard (Shashank, Nuclear alarmism over Iran is backing us into a corner, 2/21/12, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/feb/21/nuclear-alarmism-iran)’
The first argument, that Iran is too crazy to be deterred, is historically
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wipe Israel off the map are gestures as empty as Mao’s nuclear posturing.

No US strike

Anne Applebaum 10, Washington Post, "Prepare for war with Iran — in case Israel strikes", 2-23, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/22/AR2010022203528.html
Let’s be serious for a moment: Barack Obama will not bomb Iran. This is not because he is a liberal, or because he is a peacenik, or because he doesn’t have the guts to try and "save his presidency" in this time-honored manner, as Daniel Pipes has urged and Sarah Palin said she would like him to do.
The president will not bomb Iran’s nuclear installations for precisely the same reasons that George
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and no American president could expect public support for more than a nanosecond.

No arms race

Procida 9—National Intelligence Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Frank, Why an Iranian Nuclear Bomb Is Not the End of the World, 9 June 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65127/frank-procida/overblown)
Since the advent of the nuclear age, scientists, activists, academics, and
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be foolish to expect a rash of nuclear successes in the near future.

Negotiations will fail

Lee H. Hamilton 11/15/13, Professor of Practice, Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs; Distinguished Scholar, IU School of Global and International Studies; Director, Center on Congress at Indiana University, "Iran Nuclear Talks Are Bound to Get Tougher," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lee-h-hamilton/iran-nuclear-talks-are-bo_b_4269412.html
¶ So now what?¶ ¶ That’s the big question following last weekend’s talks in
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of the options before us for curtailing Iran’s nuclear program contained significant disadvantages.

Health care and laundry list pound the DA

Michael D. Shear 11/14/13, The New York Times, "Health Law Rollout’s Stumbles Draw Parallels to Bush’s Hurricane Response," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/parallels-to-bush-in-toxic-political-mix-threatening-obama.html?hpw26rref=us26_r=0
WASHINGTON — Barack Obama won the presidency by exploiting a political environment that devoured George
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the health care law could bleed into their 2014 re-election campaigns.

Obama won’t fight the plan

Kwame Holman 13, congressional correspondent for PBS NewsHour; citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former senior advisor at the US Dept of State, "Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy," http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html
In an October 2012 interview, Mr. Obama said of the drone program,
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— would be more responsible and careful about who it strikes and why.

No veto

Dave Boyer 12, Washington Times, "For Obama, veto isn’t overriding concern," http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/dec/25/record-shows-obamas-veto-threats-carry-little-weig/?page=all
Lawmakers don’t expect Mr. Obama to veto the bill, and there is good
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little attention, but said he didn’t agree with everything in the bill.

No signing statement

Kevin Evans 13, Assistant Professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Florida International University "Why the Obama Administration Has Issued Fewer Signing Statements," http://millercenter.org/ridingthetiger/obama-administration-signing-statements-evans
 The Obama administration has only issued 22 statements during his first term.  While these statements are chock-full of constitutional challenges (Obama’s most recent NDAA signing statement challenges more than 20 sections of law on constitutional grounds), the lack of frequency with which the administration issues them leaves Obama nowhere close to Bush in terms of the number of provisions challenged over a similar timeframe.

Obama waivers solve

Eric Auner 11/15/13, a senior analyst at Guardian Six Consulting, "In Congress, Obama Administration Faces Uphill Battle on Iran Sanctions," World Politics Review,http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/13386/in-congress-obama-administration-faces-uphill-battle-on-iran-sanctions
Whether or not the Obama administration can convince Congress to hold off on new sanctions
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," said Ali Vaez of the International Crisis Group in an email interview. 

Sanctions will pass

Max Fisher 11/14/13, Washington Post foreign affairs blogger, master’s degree in security studies from Johns Hopkins, "Obama’s approaching an Iran deal. Here’s why Congress might stop it," http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/11/14/obamas-approaching-an-iran-deal-heres-why-congress-might-stop-it/
Here’s where Congress comes in: If the United States does strike some kind of
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succeed, all the political credit would likely go to the Obama administration.