Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Johnson, Willie
Drones invert the moral presumptiveness in favor of supporting the troops—the status quo generates a presumption against war—the 1AC is lacking a coherent explanation for: why drones
Kiel Brennan-Marquez is a Visiting Human Rights Fellow at Yale Law School. “A progressive defense of drones,” Salon, 5/24/13. http://www.salon.com/2013/05/24/a_progressive_defense_of_drones/

But there is another moral dimension to drone warfare, running in the opposite direction
AND
they cause. Transparency is a precondition of outrage – and of accountability.
OOO is incapable of understanding the social organization of commodities under productive forces – it is the enactment of labor that makes the commodity exist
Wolfe, 2012 Ross, University of Chicago, On Commodities and the False Liberation of the Object, June 19th, 2012, http://rosswolfe.wordpress.com/2011/06/19/on-commodities-and-the-false-liberation-of-the-object/

In other words, if I may draw some conceptual distinctions of my own,
AND
the other. Abstrakte Negation. No Glasnost for me, I’m afraid.
There is no such thing as a neutral investigation of the ontological substance of the object – bracketing Object Oriented speculations as absent their ideological correlates ignores the history of OOO’s appropriation by capitalist interests
Galloway, Alexander (2012) associate professor of media, culture, and communication at New York University. “The Poverty of Philosophy: Realism and Post-Fordism.” Critical Inquiry, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Winter 2013), pp. 347-366.

The point is not that math is unable to discourse about reality. Obviously it
AND
meaningless as every other (besides, the Atomists did it better).”25
Modern militarism must be situated in terms of its place within industrial capitalism – military expansion is inseparable from the capitalist political zeitgeist
Harry Magdoff, editor, and Fred Magdoff, Professor, Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, “Approaching Socialism,” MONTHLY REVIEW v. 57 n. 3, July-August 2005. Available from the World Wide Web at: www.monthlyreview.org/0705magdoffs1.htm, accessed 4/12/06.

Another part of the human condition over the past two and a half centuries of
AND
idea of the magnitude of the disaster that has fallen on that nation.
The material determinism of capital is responsible for the instrumentalization of all life—makes all oppression inevitable.  
Dyer-Witherford (professor of Library and Info. Sciences @ the Univ. of Western Ontarion) ‘99  Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism.

For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious. 

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humynize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression
Tumino (Prof. English @ Pitt) 01
Stephen, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critiqu

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Munday
unique link- courts avoiding detention controvery now- aff spurs circumvention and backlash- kills legitimacy and judicial strength
Devins, William and Mary government professor, 2010
(Neavl, “Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants”, 12 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 491, lexis, ldg)

In Part III of this Essay, I will argue that the Court's actions in
AND
as to protect its turf without risking national security or elected government backlash.

Loss of legitimacy undermines compliance with court decisions – turns case
Hansford 06 (Thomas Hansford, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of South Carolina and James Spriggs, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of California, Davis, “The Politics of Precedent on the U.S. Supreme Court,” p. 18-24)

Judges promote legitimacy because they recognize that it encourages acceptance of and compliance with their
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rests on its "prestige to persuade" (Ginsburg 2004, 199).

An effective court is key to sustainable development
Stein 5—Former Judge of the New South Wales Court of Appeal and the New South Wales Land and Environment Court Justice Paul Stein (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Specialist Group on the Judiciary), “Why judges are essential to the rule of law and environmental protection,” Judges and the Rule of Law: Creating the Links: Environment, Human Rights and Poverty, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 60, Edited by Thomas Greiber, 2006

The Johannesburg Principles state: “We emphasize that the fragile state of the global
AND
is, we must not shirk our duty.  Pg. 53-54

Sustainable development is key to prevent extinction
Barry 13—Political ecologist with expert proficiencies in old forest protection, climate change, and environmental sustainability policy  Dr. Glen Barry (Ph.D. in "Land Resources" and Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development” from the University of Wisconsin-Madison), “ECOLOGY SCIENCE: Terrestrial Ecosystem Loss and Biosphere Collapse,” Forests.org, February 4, 2013, pg. http://forests.org/blog/2013/02/ecology-science-terrestrial-ec.asp

Blunt, Biocentric Discussion on Avoiding Global Ecosystem Collapse and Achieving Global Ecological Sustainability Science
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across scales when enough life is lost beyond thresholds, living systems die.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Munday
Capture over drones now
David Corn, “Obama's Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?,” MOTHER JONES, 5—23—13,
http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties

So Obama's speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration's acknowledgment yesterday that
AND
dicey practice of indefinite detention or a conclusion to the fight against terrorism.

Plan spurs shift towards drones
Robert Chesney, Professor, Law, University of Texas, “Who May Be Held? Military Detention through the Habeas Lens,” BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW v. 52, 2011, LN.

The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might respond to the cross-
AND
substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.

Increasing drones causes blowback – risks instability and terrorism, kills US-Yemen relations, turns the effectiveness of drone operations
Smith 12 (Jordan Michael, U.S. foreign policy writer for Salon, 9/5/12, “Drone “blowback” is real”, http://www.salon.com/2012/09/05/drone_blowback_is_real/, zzx)

A new analysis questions that assumption. Published in the Middle East Policy Journal,
AND
the creation of local-emirate enclaves,” write the journal article’s authors.

Yemen instability collapses global trade lanes
Yuriditsky ’11 (Associate of the Institute for Gulf Affairs (Lev, “Yemen's Chaos - August 2011,” http://yuriditsky.blogspot.com/2011/09/yemens-chaos-august-2011.html, August 28, 2011)

Towards the end of July, the leader of AQAP, Nasir al Wuhayshi,
AND
world) with Al Shabaab’s reach can make for a particularly challenging situation.

The impact is global nuclear war
Panzner ‘8 (Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse”, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Drone shift turns case
Graham 06 STEPHEN GRAHAM, Centre for the Study of Cities and Regions, Department of Geography, University of Durham, Cities and the 'War on Terror'nWiley interscience International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Volume 30, Issue 2, Pages 255-276  

Crucially, however, this very integration of geographically distanced urban sites through military techno
AND
by computerized sensors to be 'targets', with little or no human supervision.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne State NW | Judge: Slattery
Open Source – MN ST

1NC

1NC

The United States federal government is the actor defined by the resolution, not individual debaters
US Gov Official Website 2009
http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml

U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions. View a complete diagram (.PDF) of the U.S. government's branches.

“Resolved” expresses intent to implement the plan
Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1996 http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=resolved, downloaded 07/20/03

“6. To change or convert by resolution or formal vote; -- used only reflexively; as, the house resolved itself into a committee of the whole.”

“Statutory restrictions” are enacted by congress
Mortenson 11 (Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, “Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524,” Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377)

At least two of Yoo's main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential
AND
(III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).
B. Violation—the affirmative does not defend the implementation of a topical plan.

C. Vote negative

A. Decision-making—having a limited topic with equitable ground is necessary to foster decision-making and clash
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp 45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion. 

B. Creativity—thinking “inside the box” forces teams to be creative about their positions and come up with innovative solutions. Absent constraints, debate becomes boring and stale—we link turn all of their offense.
Intrator 10 (Intrator, David, President of The Creative Organization and musical composer, October 22, 2010, “Thinking Inside The Box: A Professional Creative Dispels A Popular Myth”, Training, http://www.trainingmag.com/article/thinking-inside-box) FS

One of the most pernicious myths about creativity, one that seriously inhibits creative thinking
AND
to build your box and play by the rules of your own creation. 

1NC

SECOND – the war on terror is good

Mcinerney and Vallely, 2k4- (Thomas and Paul, Lt. General USAF (Retired) and Maj. General US Army (Retired), both analysts for Fox News, Endgame: The Blueprint for Victory in the War on Terror, p. 167-8)

After the axis powers declared war on the United States in December 1941, the
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that the rogue states of the Web of Terror have to live without.

THIRD, terrorists are evil and want to kill us

Peters, 2k4 - (Ralph, Retired Army Officer, “In Praise of Attrition,” Parameters, Summer)

Trust me. We don’t need discourses. We need plain talk, honest answers
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preemptive and retaliatory action, only encourages the terrorists and remaining Baathist gangsters.

FOURTH, Terrorism risks extinction

Harvey Gordon, Visiting Lecturer, Forensic Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, “The ‘Suicide’ Bomber: Is It a Psychiatric Phenomenon?” PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN v. 26, 2002, pp. 285-287. Available from the Wrold Wide Web at: http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/26/8/285

Although terrorism throughout human history has been tragic, until relatively recently it has been
AND
can be remedied by the mass destruction of life, including their own.

1NC
The 1AC participates in the myth of heteronormativity—heterosexism does not exist because culture is hom(m)o-normative—the privileging of sexual relations above social relations leaves intact the culture of a universal male subject—that destroys the possibility for the feminine    
Rachel Jones 2011. Irigaray: Towards a Sexuate Philosophy, Key Contemporary Thinkers, Polity, p 183-188)
lecturer in philosophy at the University of Dundee

Irigaray does sometimes make comments in her later writings which seem to give heterosexual relations
AND
one way in which sexuate subjects can relate to one another is in sexual

 (i.e. erotic) relations, the call for a culture
AND
order in which they are fully recognized as both desiring and political subjects.  
Takes out the revolutionary potential of the Aff—queer theory undermines efforts at material change and denies agency
Weedon 1999 Chris, (she's) the Chair of the Centre for Critical and Cultural Theory at Cardiff University, Feminism, theory, and the politics of difference, p.123-124

Butler's focus on gender as performance and citation has, however, provoked strong criticism
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invented label, will feel the same). (Hawthorne 1996: 496)
Suppression of sexual difference guarantees extinction and genocide
Irigaray, 1991, (Luce, Famous french scholar, The irigaray Reader, p.33)

Even a vaguely rigorous analysis of claims to equality shows that they are justified at
AND
stake is clearer today than it was when The Second Sex was written.
Our alternative is to reconceptualize Being starting with the fluidity of sexual difference as at least two
Starting with difference as at least two recognizes we can only encompass half of humanity at best—this disrupts the hegemony of the masculine economy while avoiding critiques of essentialism
Cohoon 11 (Christopher; Prof Philosophy @ Stony Brook University; “The Ecological Irigaray?” Ecocritical Theory)

Returning to and Reinterpreting Nature Given that women have traditionally been considered both inferior because
AND
basic activity of self-emergence'" and growth without any ultimate telos. 

or end." "Nature does not repeat." says Irigaray. for "she
AND
then, the cultural task of subjective becoming is simultaneously an ecological task. 

Contention 1

Imperialistic actions are inevitable — the only question is whether or not we embrace the new imperial moment to make our strategy effective.

Mallaby, 2002 (Sebastian, columnist for The Washington Post, "The Reluctant Imperialist" FOREIGN AFFAIRS, March/April 2002, Vol. 81. Issue 2, Academic Search Premier/Ebscohost)

Empires are not always planned. The original American colonies began as the unintended byproduct
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doing. Only if Washington acknowledges this task will its response be coherent.

US imperialism is comparatively better than the alternatives
Ferguson 4  niall, — By Nonna Gorilovskaya “Imperial Denial” MA, D.Phil., is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School http://motherjones.com/politics/2004/05/imperial-denial

The Oxford historian Niall Ferguson says the United States is in imperial denial. In
AND
burned in the bin by the Defense Department. I think that’s inexcusable.

Prez flexibility solves alliances, heg, indo-pak/china war- extinction
Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002. His latest book, Coup D’Etat, has just been released. “The disease of a weak president” Read more: http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/#ixzz2cqY7Y7e0

Unfortunately, President Obama’s weakness in his response to Israel and Iran is a cause
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Contention 2

SECOND, calculation is inevitable—all actions involve choice and an assessment of costs and benefits… any obligation to one other comes at the expense of an obligation to infinite others… our finitude as beings means we cannot always already be fore everything… we have evidence on this—their ethical stance recreates the worst atrocities

Jacques Derrida 92  “The Force of Law: The ‘Mystical Foundation of Authority’”, Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, ed: Cornell, Rosenfeld, and Carlson, p. 28-29

That justice exceeds law and calculation, that the unpresentable exceeds the determinable cannot and
AND
in progress, everywhere in the world, for men and for women.

THIRD, Every life is an end in and of itself – All lives are infinitely valuable, the only ethical option is to maximize the number saved

Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, “Kantian Consequentialism”, p. 131) 

Finally, even if one grants that saving two persons with dignity cannot outweigh and
AND
that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.8

FOURTH, calculation is key to ethics—is the only way we can fight injustice

Santilli 03
Paul C., Siena College, “Radical Evil, Subjection, and Alain Badiou’s Ethic of the Truth Event,” World Congress of the International Society for Universal Dialogue, May 18-22, www.isud.org/papers/pdfs/Santilli.pdf

From the standpoint of an ethics of subjection there is even something unnecessary or superfluous
AND
starts counting the cells, the graveyards, and bullet wounds.  Rational practical

1. You have to assess consequences—they outweigh intent:
   This moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize

Jeffrey Issac (professor of political science at Indiana University) 2002 Dissent, Spring, ebsco

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

2. In a nuclear world we have to weigh consequences.

Sissela Bok (Professor of Philosophy) 1998 Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and Fudlou Shehadi

The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative:
AND
even killing an innocent person, in order that the world not perish.

2NC

Terror DA

Terror Real

And terrorists are real – Al Quada takes credit for killing people

Lara Jakes et. All, 4/9/10, “Looking to spur civil war in Iraq, al-Qaida tries to reassert strength in Baghdad”, Associated Press, http://news.therecord.com/article/696029, umn-rks

BAGHDAD - An al-Qaida front group claimed Friday that it carried out triple
AND
are responsible for protecting the country while American forces begin to head home.
Link

Indefinite detention is necessary to prevent attacks—multiple scenarios
Walen 11(Alec, Professor of Law at Rutgers School of Law, June 22, "A Unified Theory of Detention, With Application to Preventitive Detention for Suspected Terrorists", Maryland Law Review, No. 4, V 70, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3466andcontext=mlr, Newton: NOTE: ST=Suspected Terrorist, LTPD=long-term preventive detention)

Because the jurisdictional limitations would not apply to most cases going forward, Waxman’s second
AND
—then there is good reason to consider using LTPD in those cases.

Killing in the short-term is necessary to win the war against terror. Softer solutions will embolden the enemy.

Peters, 2k4 - (Ralph, Retired Army Officer, “In Praise of Attrition,” Parameters, Summer)

It cannot be repeated often enough: Whatever else you aim to do in wartime
AND
fight, wars of attrition. And we are going to win them.
Impact

Our impact is about more than just body counts. Terrorism inflicts a toll on the spirit as well. In a world of terrorism, there can be no value to life.

Beres and Messing 02 - Louis Rene, Professor of International Law, Department of Political Science, Purdue University. Ph.D., Princeton University; Michael, a radiologist studying the medical effects of terrorism, “In Maiming Israeli Bodies, Bombers Maim the Soul,” Los Angeles Times May 21, 2002 L/N

What, exactly, does the Palestinian suicide bomber really seek? Above all,
AND
an abstract list of numbers that elicits barely a nodding sigh of concern.

Terrorism is highly probable and causes extinction

Rhodes 09 (Terrorism is highly probable- it will cause extinction Reducing the nuclear
AND
an affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.

The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
AND
nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message.

A2 Terror Rhet

The war on terrorism is not constructed, nor can it be deterred. Our criticisms of the government won’t deter those who are ready to strike us.
Jean Bethke Elshtain and Laura- Rockefeller Spelman (Professor of Social and Political Ethics, University of Chicago Divinity School) 03 “Just War Against Terrorism”

Certain critical events in the past remind us of this mordant fact. Looking back
AND
, but Islamist fundamentalism and the threat it poses would not be deterred.

Creation and identification of the “terrorist” enemy is key to prevent even more violent lash-outs
Kenneth Reinhard (professor at UCLA) 04 “Towards a Political Theology of the Neighbor” http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/jewishst/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf

If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
AND
ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable” (PF 83).
Terror discourse is key to an effective response to terrorism
Albrechtsen, 09 (Janet, writer @ The Australian, 7/9/9, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2009/07/29/language_police_terrorize_common_sense.html) 

Would someone kindly lock up these language police for crimes against the English language?
AND
of us must resort to meaningless generalities for fear of radicalising Muslim youth. 

Contention 1

Heg Good

Dissenting against American imperialism collapses current US hegemony

Robert Kagan (senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and is director of its U.S. Leadership Project) Spring 98 “The Benevolent Empire” http://fparchive.ceip.org/Ning/archive/archiv+++e/111/empire.pdf

Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and  multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
mind when they pop the champagne  corks in celebration of the next American humbling
 

No alternative to imperialism—history proves violence erupts in power vacuums

Ferguson 4  niall, — By Nonna Gorilovskaya “Imperial Denial” MA, D.Phil., is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School http://motherjones.com/politics/2004/05/imperial-denial

Those of my critics who say “empire is always bad, we should never
AND
repression, more hardship, especially for the people of the Middle East.

More ev human nature—psychology proves

 Will Wilkinson, Jan/Feb 2005.  Policy Analyst, Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/research/articles/wilkinson-050201.html

We are Hierarchical Like many animals and all primates, humans form hierarchies of dominance
AND
to preserve our freedom. We can, of course, do better.  
Prez Powers

Specifically external criticism and oversight cause the link
Etzioni, Professor of Sociology at Columbia University, ‘13
Amitai, “The Great Drone Debate”, Military Review, March-April 2013, RSR
Indeed, others have argued that such an ¶ approach jeopardizes counterterrorism efforts ¶ and
AND
senior national ¶ security advisors adjudicating cases argued by ¶ expert lawyers.37

Nuke winter is real and causes extinction
Starr 12  Steven Starr - Director of the Clinical Laboratory Science Program at the University of Missouri-Columbia,  Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, has been published by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, his writings appear on the websites of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies, Scientists for Global Responsibility, and the International Network of Scientists Against Proliferation, “What is nuclear darkness?,” http://www.nucleardarkness.org/web/whatisnucleardarkness/ 

In a nuclear war, burning cities would create millions of tons of thick,
AND
animals living at the top of the food chains - including human beings. 

Contention 2

Util

And, utilitarianism is inevitable even in deontological frameworks

Green 02 – Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Harvard University (Joshua, November 2002 "The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Truth About Morality And What To Do About It", 314)

Some people who talk of balancing rights may think there is an algorithm for deciding
AND
represents is either dogmatic in an esoteric sort of way or covertly consequentialist.

1NR

FW

FW: Limits—Decision-Making 2NC

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Lundberg 10 - Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.  

FW: Limits—Creativity 2NC

Constraints comparatively inspire greater creativity—rules create specific challenges that must be overcome, improving the overall feat
Mayer 6 – Marissa Ann Mayer, vice-president for search products and user experience at Google, February 13, 2006, “Creativity Loves Constraints,” http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl

When people think about creativity, they think about artistic work -- unbridled, unguided
AND
be a clock) or constrained possibilities (a canvas that is marked). 

Restrictions are enabling, not inhibiting—they create the possibility for interactions that cannot be completely predicted in advance
Armstrong 2K (Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

The contradictory combination of restriction and openness in how play deploys power is evident in
AND
discovery and self-expansion are enhanced by the limits shaping their interactions.

FW: SSD Good—Activism 2NC

Empirically proven—the best advocates learned to debate both sides first
Dybvig and Iverson 2K (Kristin and Joel, Arizona State U., “Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy”, http://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html)

Not all debate research appears to generate personal advocacy and challenge peoples' assumptions. Debaters
AND
of various policy proposals helps debaters to strengthen their own stance on issues.

FW: Topic Good – Policy 2NC
Policy relevance is key and turns their impacts—engaging the state is key
Gunning 7 (Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, Pages 363 - 393  Published Online: 21 Jun 2007   A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?1 Jeroen Gunning.  

The notion of emancipation also crystallizes the need for policy engagement. For, unless
AND
'critical', nor can it be uncritically universalist without betraying its 'critical' commitment.

Focus on a policy option is best for decision-making skills and is a prerequisite to education
Strait and Wallace 7
(Strait, L. Paul, George Mason University and Wallace, Brett, George Washington University, “The Scope of Negative Fiat and the Logic of Decision Making”, Policy Cures? Health Assistance to Africa, Debaters Research Guide)FS

Negative claims that excluding critical alternatives is detrimental to education fail to be persuasive when
AND
alternatives are legitimate responses, a vital teaching opportunity will have been lost.  

FW: State Good

Using coercive power of the state key to solve collective action problems and demands on the state are necessary
Mansbridge 11 - Jane is the Charles Adams Professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, “On the Importance of Getting Things Done,” http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=2FPSC2FPSC45_012FS104909651100165Xa.pdfandcode=61d04501e14285b50244640216120c97

Let me suggestanother approach, based on two premises. First,¶ we need coercion
AND
soon as is humanly possible, for the sake of unborn¶ generations.

Focus on institutional power is the only method that can develop true emancipatory change
Lawrence Grossburg, University of Illinois, We Gotta Get Outta This Place, 92, p. 391-393

The Left needs institutions which can operate within the systems of governance, understanding that
AND
and oppositional agency. It strives to organize minorities into a new majority.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory CL | Judge: Harrigan
R1, MN ST, Open Source

1NC

1
Interpretation: restriction means a prohibition – this is distinct from reporting requirements
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

“Statutory restrictions” means congress
Mortenson 11 (Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, “Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524,” Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377)

At least two of Yoo's main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential
AND
(III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).

Violation: the plan is an affirmative obligation, not a restriction.
David J. Barron and Martin S. Lederman, Harvard Law Review, February 2008. “THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF AT THE LOWEST EBB — A CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY,” http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/barron_lederman2.pdf
This compromise did not address Browning’s separation of powers ¶ concern. But it did
AND
Act ¶ unconstitutionally interfered with the President’s constitutional war ¶ authority.292    

Vote neg 

1. limits – they make the mechanism of the topic limitless - the Aff doesn’t have to actually decrease the presidents authority for war, they just add obligations to the authority, any form of notification becomes topical

2. ground – they pike out of links to prez powers –
Limits are key tos clash and education – we can’t prepare without a predictable focus for the debate

2

Limit will be raised now—Boehner will hold a vote but political capital is key
USA Today, 10/4 (Aamer Madhani, “Obama hammers Boehner on shutdown, debt ceiling”, 10/4/2013http:www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/03/obama-boehner-shutdown-debt-limit/2918545/)

In perhaps a small sign of progress in the impasse, Boehner signaled on Thursday
AND
and congressional Democrats would eventually bow to negotiations if Republicans hold the line.

Plan destroys Obama’s credibility – makes it impossible for him to get anything through Congress
Seeking Alpha 9-10, 9-10-2013, “Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight,” http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight

Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public's perception of another Middle-Eastern
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to fund the government at sequester levels while passing a $1 trillion stand

Political capital is finite and key --- the plan trades off
Moore, 9/10 --- Guardian's US finance and economics editor (Heidi, 9/10/2013, “Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America's economic security,” http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester))

Before President Obama speaks to the nation about Syria tonight, take a look at
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better. As it is, he should now judge his actions better.

Failure to raise the debt ceiling causes global economic collapse
Popper 10/3 (Nathaniel, NYT, 10/3/13, “How a Debt Ceiling Crisis Could Do More Harm Than the Shutdown”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/us/politics/how-debt-ceiling-could-do-more-harm-than-the-impasse-in-congress.html?_r=0#h, zzx)

The impasse in Congress this week has overshadowed the fact that the government is fast
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500-stock index had its worst day in more than a month.
Nuclear war.
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and
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Post-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

3

The AFF posits a world in which individuals have no responsibility – this fails to understand the way that the individual shapes war and everyday violence
Kappeler 95(Susanne, Associate Professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The politics of personal behavior, Pg.10-11)

Yet our insight that indeed we are not responsible for the decisions of a Serbian
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our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence.  

We are the violence. Individuals are the impetus for exploitation and racism, and only this theory explains the truth behind violence
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, Associate Professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The politics of personal behavior, Pg.9) 

war does not suddenly break out in a peaceful society; sexual violence is not
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peacetime’, for we make them possible and we permit them to happen.

The Alternative is to reject the affirmatives representations and reconcieve of violence as an issue of personal choice made by individuals.
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, Associate Professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The politics of personal behavior, Pg.5-6)

A politics aiming at a change in people’s behavior would require political work that is
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of the other agent, that is, the violator’s envisaged victim.  

4

TEXT: The US Congress and US Executive should cooperate to develop guidelines for the use of offensive cyber operations. The US Congress should require that ex-post notification including full account of the use of cyber weapons be part of these guidelines.
Congress should create guidelines with the president, not restrict
Stephen Dycus—1AC Author—10, Professor, Vermont Law School, 8/11/10, “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf

Congress obviously cannot act alone to develop a cyber warfare policy for the United States
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branch actions that seem – as a matter of policy – particularly unwise.
Notification kills effective cyber responses
Stephen Dycus—1AC Author—10, Professor, Vermont Law School, 8/11/10, “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf

Cyber weapons bear a striking resemblance to nuclear weapons in some important ways. An
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before launching a counterstrike, if that were U.S. policy. 

Deterrence: 1NC 

1. Established cyber deterrent now
   Eric Talbot Jensen, ‘12 (Associate Professor, Brigham Young University Law School. , “CYBER DETERRENCE”, Emory law Journal)

Among the most worrisome of hacking incidents are those focused on critical national infrastructure.
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of deterrence and also some innovative and progressive ways of viewing deterrence.23

2. Offensive capabilities are key to deterrence – without offensive policy flexibility the US will be vulnerable to attack
Jarno Limnéll October 9 2012 “Offensive Cyber Capabilities Need to be Built and Exposed Because of Deterrence”, http://www.infosecisland.com/blogview/22534-Offensive-Cyber-Capabilities-Need-to-be-Built-and-Exposed-Because-of-Deterrence.html

Within the next couple of years the world will experience more intentionally executed and demonstrated
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important than having the actual capability is the perception of having that capability. 

3. Executive flexibility is key to deterrence
Bradbury 11 (Steven – partner @ Dechert, LLP, “The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and Offensive Cyber Operations” March 2011, Cybersecurity: Law, Privacy, and Warfare in a Digital World, Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 2)

Conclusion. So here’s my thesis: To my view, the lack of clarity
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norms. I think that’s the way we should want it to work.

4. Independently undermines deterrence and turns the aff – ambiguity is the only way to maintain cyber dominance
Lieutenant Colonel Mowchan is a member of the staff and faculty at the Center for Strategic Leadership, U. S. Army War College, where he teaches cyber warfare and national intelligence. He is a career Army intelligence officer and holds a master’s degree in strategic intelligence from the National Intelligence University. He has served for 20 years in a variety of tactical, theater, and strategic intelligence positions and is a member of the U.S. Naval Institute’s Editorial Board, 11 Don’t Draw the (Red) Line,” Proceedings Magazine - October 2011 Vol 137, no 10/1304, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2011-10/dont-draw-red-line

In a strategic environment that has become more volatile, complex, and uncertain,
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actions and could undermine credibility and the power to effectively deter our adversaries.

5. Your attribution argument takes out the adv—for others to perceive the US as a deterrent, they have to attribute the attack to the US
6. Plan is unnecessary  
Brecher, 2012. (Aaron, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations, 111 Michigan Law Review, No 3, p 423, L/N)

Significantly more modest statutory interventions have also been proposed; however, statutory clarification may
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merely encourages findings and reporting when there is doubt about the appropriate framework.

7. Nuclear war outweighs
Jason Healey, 3-30-2013, “No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War,” US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us 

America does not face an existential cyberthreat today, despite recent warnings. Our cybervulnerabilities
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Smart Grid, will be the best ways to avoid future existential attacks.
8. Cyber war infeasible
Clark, MA candidate – Intelligence Studies @ American Military University, senior analyst – Chenega Federal Systems, 4/28/’12 (Paul, “The Risk of Disruption or Destruction of Critical U.S. Infrastructure by an Offensive Cyber Attack,” American Military University)

The Department of Homeland Security worries that our critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR
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establish robust security guidelines and cyber security measures (Gohn and Wheelock 2010).
9. Cyberattacks impossible – empirics and defenses solve
Rid 12 (Thomas Rid, reader in war studies at King's College London, is author of "Cyber War Will Not Take Place" and co-author of "Cyber-Weapons.", March/April 2012, “Think Again: Cyberwar”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/27/cyberwar?page=full) 

"Cyberwar Is Already Upon Us." No way. "Cyberwar is coming!"
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made reprogramming highly specific installations on legacy systems more complex, not less.

1. 1. Status quo redundancy checks space impacts
      Forden, 8 - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Geoffrey, Astropolitics, 6:138–153, “VIEWPOINT: CHINA AND SPACE WAR,” Ebsco Political Science)
      Four days prior to the attack, China would launch the first of its Long
      AND
      pad and subject them to possible retaliatory bombing by the U.S.
      If all goes as planned, China would have launched between 12 and 16 ASATs
      AND
      the least vulnerable, because of the tremendous redundancy of its space assets.

LOAC: 1NC 

1. No modeling - strategic incentive to maintain legal ambiguity
   Waxman 11
   Matthew C. Waxman, Associate Professor, Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations; Member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, Yale Journal of International Law, March 16, 2011, “Cyber-Attacks and the Use of Force: Back to the Future of Article 2(4)," vol 36, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1674565

B. Technology, Power Shifts, and the Strategic Logic of Legal Interpretation With
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on a different set of objectives, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and constraints.
2. International law doesn’t change state action
Posner 12 (Eric, law prof, Slate, “Obama’s Drone Dilemma”, Oct. 8, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2012/10/obama_s_drone_war_is_probably_illegal_will_it_stop_.single.html)

The Wall Street Journal recently reported on debates within the Obama administration about the legality
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to use, whether you are a Republican president or a Democratic one.
3. Legal limitations on war powers not key and a laundry list of military invasions thump their internal link.
Posner 13 (Eric, law prof, “The U.S. Has No Legal Basis to Intervene in Syria”, Aug. 28, 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/08/the_u_s_has_no_legal_basis_for_its_action_in_syria_but_that_won_t_stop_us.html)

Inter arma enim silent leges, said the Romans—in times of war,
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they invoke the law, they don’t actually believe what they are saying.

5. Consultation won’t be genuine – the president will just lie to get what he wants
Grimmett 8 Grimmett; 24 April 2008; “WAR POWERS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH PERSPECTIVE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL  ORGANIZATIONS, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND OVERSIGHT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS”; House of Representatives (110th Congress), Second Session; Serial No. 110-168; Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs; http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg41989/pdf/CHRG-110hhrg41989.pdf

Mr. GRIMMETT. I would just add one thing. We are talking about
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, based on new experiences, that we are not fully aware of.

9. No War
a) Economic interdependence
Greg Austin Senior visiting fellow in the department of War Studies at King’s College London and Franz-Stefan Gady, adjunct research assistant at the Institute for National Strategies Studies of the National Defense University, 2012 (CYBER DEtEntE BEtWEEn tHE UnItED StAtES AnD CHInA: SHAPING THE AGENDA, EastWest Institute, http://www.ewi.info/system/files/detente.pdf)

The cost to global economic stability would likely be very high if there were a
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from resorting to cyber war. Cyberspace only amplifies traditional interdependence in trade.
b) Different goals
Brandon Valeriano and Ryan Maness, 2012 (In Derek S. Reveron, 2012 (Cyberspace and National Security: Threats, Opportunities, and Power in a Virtual World, Georgetown University Press, accessed via Project Muse, Chapter 9)

Along with offensive cyber capabilities comparable to those of the United States, the Chinese
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and there is little chance it will be able to compete militarily or economically 

with the United States in the near future.24 If the two main heavyweights often thought to be likely to fight in the near future are not rivals and are thus unlikely to fight, what danger is there from their immense cyber capabilities?

2NC

T
Emory OCO T: Overview 2NC

Bidirectionality – Absent prohibition they can create conditions that functionally increase authority
Posner 12 (Eric, University of Chicago Law, “Deference to the Executive in the United States After September 11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel”, http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE20TO20THE20EXECUTIVE.pdf)
To see why, consider an example in which the President must choose an action
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their power. If it did not, people would not enter contracts.

Broad interpretations cause unmanageable research burdens
Taylor III, now a JD from William and Mary, 2005
(Jarred, “Searching for a More Perfect Union,” https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)
It would take even the most seasoned scholar years of research and hundreds of pages to adequately analyze the development of any presidential power over the course of American history; war power is certainly no exception.  Every President since George Washington has interpreted the martial prerogatives of his office in different ways, and most have set some sort of precedent for succeeding officeholders.  Nevertheless, some of the major changes in executive military power bear highlighting.

DETERR

Deterrence: Ext 1/U Strong Deterrent Now
US cyber deterrence is strong now
Goldsmith, prof of law @ Harvard, 12 Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor @ Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws, served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, 10/15, “The Significance of Panetta’s Cyber Speech and the Persistent Difficulty of Deterring Cyberattacks,” Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/the-significance-of-panettas-cyber-speech-and-the-persistent-difficulty-of-deterring-cyberattacks/

Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta’s speech last week on cyber is more significant than has
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it says it needs to, its threats to act are not credible.

Deterrence: Ext 2-4/Links
No time to consult congress – attack too fast – deterrent capabilities requires fast action
Stephen Dycus (Proffesor at Vermont Law School) August 11 2010 “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf

In other ways, cyber weapons are critically different from their nuclear ¶ counterparts.
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before launching a counterstrike, if ¶ that were U.S. policy
Rapid response key to deterrence
Defense News March 24 2012
http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120324/DEFREG02/303240001/U-S-Military-Goes-Cyber-Offensive

The offensive cyber weapons that have long been wielded by centralized authorities, but whose
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action, and the pairing of traditional kinetic attacks with newly developed cyber capabilities
No link turns—US threat of use causes defensive buildup, not offensive
Libicki 2012(Martin, Senior Management Scientist at the RAND Corporation, "Crisis and Escalation in Cyberspace", http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1215.pdf)

Nevertheless, the logic that states have to develop offensive cyber-weapons because their
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of such people well before they run out of money paying them.   
The link takes out solvency—perception of credible deterrent is key to deter cheating
Stewart Baker, 9/30/11 (Denial of Service, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/30/denial_of_service) 

American lawyers' attempts to limit the scope of cyberwar are just as certain to fail
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We should not wait for our own Prince of Wales moment in cyberspace. 

Extension 1NC 5 attribution 

Lack of attribution makes cyber law ineffective
Moss 4/19/13 – 1AC Author (Trefor, covers Asian politics, defence and security, and was Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly until 2009 The Diplomat- - “Is Cyber War the New Cold War?”, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/19/is-cyber-war-the-new-cold-war/3/, zzx)  

However, cyber complicates the application of the existing law in two ways. The
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as they would do in cases of IP theft or breaches of sovereignty.

Extension 1NC 6 Congress Not Key 

And, Dycus is wrong—Congress not needed
Brecher, 2012. (Aaron, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations, 111 Michigan Law Review, No 3, p 423, L/N)

Some scholars have proposed a contrary view. On this view, the speed with
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implementing changes that encourage the executive branch to comply with existing requirements. n165

Extension 1NC 8-10 Cyberwar Infeasbale 

We don’t have to prove that a cyber attack is impossible, just that high costs will cause enemies to seek alternatives
Rid, reader in war studies – King's College London, and McBurney, professor – Agents and Intelligent Systems Group – Department of Informatics @ King's College, ‘12 (Thomas and Peter, “Cyber-Weapons,” The RUSI Journal Volume 157, Issue 1, p. 6-13)

A thorough conceptual analysis and a detailed examination of the empirical record corroborates our hypothesis
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commercially available, but probably not pre-programmed warheads of smart missiles.
That’s a key framing issue—probability (not magnitude) is key for cyberwar
Cavelty, October 22, 2012 (Myriam Dunn, The Militarisation of Cyber Security as a Source of Global Tension, http://isn.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?lng=enandid=153888andtabid=1453349960andcontextid774=153888andcontextid775=153887 ) 

Since the potentially devastating effects of cyber attacks are so scary, the temptation is
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, nor strategically and certainly not when applying a cost-benefit logic.

Extension 1NC 11 No Space War

Redundancy checks
Forden, 7 – writer for Arms Control Today (Geoffrey, “After China's Test: Time For a Limited Ban on Anti-Satellite Weapons. Arms Control Today, April 2007, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007_04/Forden)
On the other hand, an attacker would have to destroy a considerable number of
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, although important in the long term, are not as time critical.
LOAC

LOAC: Ext 1/No Modeling 

Plan doesn't solve norms – 2 reasons

1. Unclear retaliation policy
   Harris 7/15/13
   Shane Harris, Senior Writer, Foreign Policy magazine; Author of The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State, Foreign Policy, July 15, 2013, "Meet the Air Force's Top Cyberwarrior", http://killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/01/air_forces_cyber_chief_for_frank_discussion_about_rules_of_network_war

The general who oversees the Air Force's online warriors says there needs to be a
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might take but still stop short of a full exchange of nuclear weapons.
2. No definitions
Kaminski 10
Ryan T. Kaminski, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs, “ESCAPING THE CYBER STATE OF NATURE: CYBER DETERRENCE AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS,” NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Center of Excellence, published 2010, http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/2010proceedings/Kaminski20-20Escaping20the20Cyber20State20of20Nature20Cyber20deterrence20and20International20Institutions.pdf

2.1 LACK OF A UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CYBERWARFARE LEXICON Anyone reading lay articles,
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members like China and Russia are relying upon an entirely different cyber language. 

Other countries say no
a) perception of strategic value to weapons
James Andrew Lewis, senior fellow and Program Director at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2011 (Confidence-building and international agreement in cybersecurity, disarmament forum, http://citizenlab.org/cybernorms2012/Lewis2011.pdf) 

The immense utility of cyber action will shape any international agreement on cybersecurity. States
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It is unlikely that any state will renounce the use of cyber attacks.
Norms fail—cheating and miscalc
Stewart Baker 12, former official at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the National Security Agency, 5/1/12, “What Is the Role of Lawyers in Cyberwarfare?,” http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/what_is_the_role_of_lawyers_in_cyberwarfare/
Former Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin summed up Britain’s strategic position in 1932 with a candor
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world we live in, not the world we’d like to live in.

LOAC 1NC 7-8 China
No offense here--Even Chinese sources agree agree
Greg Austin Senior visiting fellow in the department of War Studies at King’s College London and Franz-Stefan Gady, adjunct research assistant at the Institute for National Strategies Studies of the National Defense University, 2012 (CYBER DEtEntE BEtWEEn tHE UnItED StAtES AnD CHInA: SHAPING THE AGENDA, EastWest Institute, http://www.ewi.info/system/files/detente.pdf)

China sees itself as lagging well behind in technology. It knows how difficult it is for a country to achieve a level of technological preparedness in its armed forces that is significantly different from the technological foundations of the society as a whole (talent base, research and development climate, investment levels). A number of Chinese and international studies have consistently given China fairly low grades in terms of advanced information technology.28

No China threat
Moss 4/19/13 – 1AC Author (Trefor, covers Asian politics, defence and security, and was Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly until 2009 The Diplomat- - “Is Cyber War the New Cold War?”, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/19/is-cyber-war-the-new-cold-war/3/, zzx)  

Cyberspace is anarchic, and incidents there span a hazy spectrum from acts of protest
AND
now, seeing it as an irritant rather than as anything more provocative.

1NR
o/v impact stuff
collapse by November if we don’t raise the debt ceiling
Sahadi 9/10 Jeanne, “Debt ceiling 'X date' could hit Oct. 18”, http://money.cnn.com/2013/09/10/news/economy/debt-ceiling-bills-coming-due/index.html, MCR

A new analysis by a think tank shows that Washington's drop-dead deadline for
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.1 trillion to $17.8 trillion. To top of page

C. Controlling impact --- only economic collapse can make major war fashionable again.
Donald Kagan, Senior Associate @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Summer 1999 “Is Major War obsolete? An Exchange," Survival

There is yet another more critical factor that cannot be taken for granted: the
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considerable effort, especially by the US, to keep it at bay. 

uq
Tentative breakthrough on debt limit—Boehner stresses importance of bipartisan negotiations
Fox News, 10/4, (Tom Cohen. Deirdre Walsh and Ed Payne, “Hope for debt limit deal rises while shutdown standoff remains mired”, 10/4/2013, http://fox13now.com/2013/10/04/hope-for-debt-limit-deal-rises-while-shutdown-standoff-remains-mired/)

House Speaker John Boehner and fellow GOP lawmakers meet to discuss the government shutdown Friday
AND
any and all budgetary matters, but only after the government is reopened.
*Debt limit will be raised now—Bipartisan deal key  
CNN, 10/3, (Tom Cohen, Deirdre Walsh and Greg Botelho, “GOP legislator: Boehner won't let government default on its debt”, 10/30/2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/03/politics/government-shutdown-main/index.html)

The federal government may not be hit with a double whammy on top of the
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resolution on the debt ceiling, the government shutdown is another matter entirely. 

Cyber lx

Cyber ops get drawn into larger jurisdictional battles – causes massive fights
John W. Brennan, Lieutenant Colonel – United States Army, 3-15-2012, “United States Counter Terrorism Cyber Law and Policy, Enabling or Disabling?” http://nsfp.web.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Brennan_UNITED-STATES-COUNTER-TERRORISM-CYBER-LAW-AND-POLICY.pdf
As a matter of current U. S. policy, the decision to label
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, …”complexity of the global information network.”51(Wall 2011101)
Obama will fight

Obama will fight to defend offensive cyber operations – empirically proven
Walker 8/2/13 (Richard, “OBAMA EXPANDS WAR POWERS; CAN UNLEASH CYBERWAR ANY TIME”, http://americanfreepress.net/?p=11966#sthash.hVcGGduE.dpuf, CMR) 

The very moment United States President Barack Obama authorized the “dropping” of an
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should concern his allies as much as the American people,” he warned.

Pc key
Political capital is finite and drives decisionmaking
Schier 9, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton, (Steven, "Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10) 

 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
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Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.

Presidents perceive their capital as finite – our theory is true in practice
Marshall and Prins 11,  BRYAN W. MARSHALL Miami University BRANDON C. PRINS University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy  Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force  Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3 (September) 2011

We argue that the more important effect of Congress occurs because presidents anticipate how the
AND
). Therefore, presidents seek to build and protect their relationship with Congress.

No xo

Obama will not use an XO
New York Times, 10/3, (Jackie Calmes, “Obama Will Not Unilaterally Raise Debt Limit”, 10/3/2013, http://www.nytimes.com/news/fiscal-crisis/2013/10/03/obama-will-not-unilaterally-raise-debt-limit/)

President Obama will not invoke a constitutional amendment to unilaterally increase the nation’s debt limit
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buyers would participate for fear that the bonds ultimately would be deemed illegal.
Winners don’t win

Obama believes the link
Robert Kuttner, senior fellow, Demos, “Obama Has Amassed Enormous Political Capital, But He Doesn’t Know What to Do with It,” Alternet, 4—28—09, www.alternet.org/economy/138641/obama_has_amassed_enormous_political_capital,_but_he_doesn27t_know_what_to_do_with_it/

We got a small taste of what a more radical break might feel like when
AND
a little of both, but he defaults to the politics of accommodation.
Wins only build long-term capital
Purdum 10, Columnist for Vanity Fair, (Todd, “Obama Is Suffering Because of His Achievements, Not Despite Them,” 12-20 www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2010/12/obama-is-suffering-because-of-his-achievements-not-despite-them.html) 

 With this weekend’s decisive Senate repeal of the military’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t
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that even the military itself had come to see as unnecessary and unfair.
So why isn’t his political standing higher?
Precisely because of the raft of legislative victories he’s achieved. Obama has pushed through
AND
could to explain them, sensibly and simply, to the American public.
But Obama is nowhere near so politically maladroit as his frustrated liberal supporters—or
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debating points in an argument he knew he had no chance of winning.
Moreover, as The Washington Post’s conservative columnist Charles Krauthammer bitterly noted, Obama’s agreement to the tax deal amounted to a second economic stimulus measure—one that he could never otherwise have persuaded Congressional Republicans to support. Krauthammer denounced it as the “swindle of the year,” and suggested that only Democrats could possibly be self-defeating enough to reject it. In the end, of course, they did not.
Obama knows better than most people that politics is the art of the possible (
AND
a price for everything in politics, and Obama knows that, too.
Yes vote switch

Vote switching happens—even on unrelated legislation
Dmitri Simes, Executive Director, Nixon Center and Paul Saunders, “START of a Pyrrhic Victory,” NATIONAL INTEREST, 2010, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/start-pyrrhic-victory-4626, accessed 10-2-11.

Had the lame-duck session not already been so contentious, this need not
AND
and attempts to shift the blame for the low vote count onto Republicans.
Debt k2 econ

This will destroy the U.S. and global economy
Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money” 9/10/2013, “Our Debt to Society,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0))

This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Munday
Rohan and I advocate that the President of the United States should no longer detain indefinitely and should release current detainees.

CP solves- can create accountability
Michaels 11 (Jon, Professor, UCLA School of Law, “The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond,” Virginia Law Review, http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/97/801.pdf)

These are revealing case studies, weighty in their own right and interesting complements to
AND
itself serves as testament to the durability and primacy of the dominant understanding.