Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: UGA | Judge: Rob Mills

1NC Shell - Embodiment

The 1AC is a performance of presumed accessibility and able body privilege - any attempt to separate the and#34;contentand#34; of the 1AC from its and#34;formand#34; is a reason to vote negative –  and#34;whatand#34; they have and#34;saidand#34; is just as important as and#34;howand#34; they have made it intelligible to themselves, us and you

Boys 2008 (Jos, and#34;challenging the ’normal’: towards new conceptual frameworksand#34;, http://www.sowhatisnormal.co.uk/challenging)
This shifts the inquiry from representations (on the body, in the space)
AND
as it is the reception and construction of that difference. Davis 2002 p50

The liberal subject constituted both IN and BY the 1AC is necessarily able bodied

Breckenridge and Volger 2001 (Carol Appadurai and Candace A, and#34;The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticismand#34;, Public Culture, Volume 13, Number 3, Fall 2011)
Disability studies teaches that an assumed able body is crucial to the smooth operation of
AND
people unsettle ideals of social organization as freely chosen expressions of mutual desire.

Our argument is not just about physical access and disability identity – their forthcoming claims about education and fairness discount the benefit of disability consciousness by and for able bodied debaters

Breckenridge and Volger 2001 (Carol Appadurai and Candace A, and#34;The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticismand#34;, Public Culture, Volume 13, Number 3, Fall 2011)
No one is ever more than temporarily able-bodied. This fact frightens those
AND
a project that is likely to take longer than making public space accessible.

The body is a stock issue – it’s the both the source and method of all knowledge and meaning

Creal 1999 (Lee Davis, and#34;THE and#34;DISABILITY OF THINKINGand#34;
THE and#34;DISABLEDand#34; BODYand#34;, Course Paper for Ambiguous Bodies: Studies in Contemporary Sexuality, York University, http://www.broadreachtraining.com/advocacy/artcreal.htm)
In and#34;Lived Bodies: Phenomenology and the Flesh,and#34; Elizabeth Grosz cites the work
AND
being through a larger social/political Matrixand#34; (Davis: 14).

Even if you don’t believe that we have a link to the and#34;topicand#34; or and#34;planand#34; – we definitely have a link to what is happening in this room right now

Berube 2003 (Michael, and#34;Citizenship and Disability: Disability is a matter of civil rights, even if the Supreme Court doesn’t seem to agree.and#34;, http://www.alternet.org/story/15809/citizenship_and_disability)
Imagine a building in which political philosophers are debating, in the wake of the
AND
, which is to say, for the good of all of us.

Our alternative is not to take any specific action or reject any particular policy but rather to tell a specific and particular story, the story of disability in debate – this self-narration of the embodied experience of disability is a pre-requisite to accessible and meaningful debates

Creal 1999 (Lee Davis, and#34;THE and#34;DISABILITY OF THINKINGand#34;
THE and#34;DISABLEDand#34; BODYand#34;, Course Paper for Ambiguous Bodies: Studies in Contemporary Sexuality, York University, http://www.broadreachtraining.com/advocacy/artcreal.htm)
Lennard Davis’ statement is provocative and a direct challenge to theorists to include the and#34;
AND
have a chance for the future.and#34; (Haraway, 1991: 187)

PTX

Obama is pushing fast-track trade authority now – it’ll pass with bipartisan support.

Scott Flaherty 9/19/13 and#34;’Fast-Track’ Power Key To Finishing Trade Deals, Obama Saysand#34; http://www.law360.com/internationaltrade/articles/469554/-fast-track-power-key-to-finishing-trade-deals-obama-says
 President Barack Obama said Thursday that it’s critical for Congress to pass legislation granting
AND
Froman said, and#34;None of this can happen without trade promotion authority.and#34;

====Changes in drone policy cause fights between Congress and the White House.====
Plain Dealer 13
(The Plain Dealer staff and wire reports, and#34;Battle brewing over Obama administration’s use of deadly dronesand#34;, 2/6/13, http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2013/02/battle_brewing_over_obama_admi.html)**

As some in Congress are looking to limit America’s authority to kill suspected terrorists, the White House and Justice Department on Tuesday adamantly defended the administration’s authority to use unmanned drones following the release of a controversial memo on the program.¶ Fox News reports that President Obama’s advisers are also trying to tamp down concerns about the targeted killings ahead of the confirmation hearing Thursday for CIA director nominee John Brennan — the counterterrorism adviser and drone-program supporter who has come under criticism from Democrats.¶ The furor is heating up after a white paper, leaked on Monday night and dating from 2011, justifies the killing of United States citizens who hold senior positions in al-Qaida and pose an and#34;imminent threat of violent attackand#34; against America. ¶ The white paper provides some detail of the legal framework under United States and international law for the drones policy, including that the United States is at war with al-Qaida. But it has come under criticism from human rights groups for making too broad a case for killing, rather than capturing, suspected American and foreign terrorists. ¶ The report was shown to senators several weeks ago, but failed to allay their concerns.

C. Internal Link - Obama’s capital is critical to passing Trade promotion authority.

Politi, 5/20/13 James. Financial Times ~London (UK)~ 20 May 2013  Financial Times US economics and trade correspondent and#34;US business keen to promote ’fast track’ trade deals: Political debateand#34; Proquest

A campaign has been launched to ’educate’ legislators on the benefits involved, writes,
AND
though TPP is more contentious especially after the announcement that Japan would accede.

D. – Impact Passing TPA is critical to the future viability of the WTO – which will collapse now.

Jeffrey Schott 6/14/13 Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics Payoff from the World Trade Agenda
Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC
June 14, 2013  http://www.piie.com/publications/papers/transcript-20130614.pdf

Now, what are the prospects for Bali? Well, they’re not so good
AND
bigger WTO package that would be pulled together and accelerated negotiations post Bali.

E. The WTO is critical to prevent nuclear extinction.

Copley News Service 1999 ~December 1, 1999, lexis~
For decades, many children in America and other countries went to bed fearing annihilation
AND
increases demand for the goods we produce, the threat of hostility diminishes.

OLC CP

OLC can create and eliminate executive war powers

McGinnis 1993 (John, and#34;CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BY THE EXECUTIVE IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND WAR POWERS: A CONSEQUENCE OF RATIONAL CHOICE IN THE SEPARATION OF POWERSand#34;, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=421326context=lcp)
This article proceeds in two parts. First, it offers a model of institutional
AND
and to trade its powers for other, higher- valued, concessions.

Solves better and avoids the net benefit

McGinnis 1993 (John, and#34;CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BY THE EXECUTIVE IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND WAR POWERS: A CONSEQUENCE OF RATIONAL CHOICE IN THE SEPARATION OF POWERSand#34;, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=421326context=lcp)
These rational choices may result in explicit bargains, as when the president permits Congress
AND
properly accommodate religion, see infra notes 40-41 and accompanying text.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emory Karthikeyan-Morrow | Judge: Quigley

1NC Vagueness

George 2010 (Daniel, "That Is What We Said, but This Is What We Meant: Putting the Meaning Back into Use-of-Force Legislation", George Washington Law Review, June 2010 Vol. 78 No. 4)
It is important to note that this proposal would only apply to authorizations for the
AND
Note’s recommendation uniquely applicable to grants of authority to use military force.106

Off

The United States federal government should require consultation in every possible circumstance prior to the use of cyber operations by President of the United States and require a prompt and full account of every significant cyber operation by the President of the United States.

====Here’s the difference - The CP removes the offense/defence weapons framing. ====

====The term cyber weapon and offensive capabilities is a self-fulfilling prophecy – analytically meaningless and creates conflict.====

====Gotta change the language. The CP Solves .====
Scharf August 8, 2013 Post-grad history student, perpetual wanderer, guacamole enthusiast, and occasional blogger.  https://medium.com/editors-picks/9ba10c60a815

What strikes me as the most interesting take-away from the Economist debate is
AND
crime, and cyber-terrorism is not simply an issue of semantics.

The affirmative’s constitution of security as an ideal and benevolent condition utilizes human life as a tool to calculate safety with response to a discursive ideal, not a material condition

Dillon 08 (Dillon, professor of security @ Lancaster, 2008 (Michael, "Underwriting Security" Security Dialogue 32.3)

This essay enframes ’risk’ as a biopolitical security technology. It explains  how biopolitics
AND
biopolitics  of security exceed the liberal political thinking which rationalises and  legitimates them.  

Calculability results in the devaluation of human life

Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics and international relations at the University of Lancaster, April 1999, Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2, "Another Justice," p. 164-5)

Quite the reverse. The subject was never a firm foundation for justice, much
AND
, is integral to the lack constitutive of the human way of being.

Off

The 1AC is a performance of presumed accessibility and able body privilege - any attempt to separate the "content" of the 1AC from its "form" is a reason to vote negative –  "what" they have "said" is just as important as "how" they have made it intelligible to themselves, us and you

Boys 2008 (Jos, "challenging the ’normal’: towards new conceptual frameworks", http://www.sowhatisnormal.co.uk/challenging)
This shifts the inquiry from representations (on the body, in the space)
AND
as it is the reception and construction of that difference. Davis 2002 p50

The liberal subject constituted both IN and BY the 1AC is necessarily able bodied

Breckenridge and Volger 2001 (Carol Appadurai and Candace A, "The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticism", Public Culture, Volume 13, Number 3, Fall 2011)
Disability studies teaches that an assumed able body is crucial to the smooth operation of
AND
people unsettle ideals of social organization as freely chosen expressions of mutual desire.

Our argument is not just about physical access and disability identity – their forthcoming claims about education and fairness discount the benefit of disability consciousness by and for able bodied debaters

Breckenridge and Volger 2001 (Carol Appadurai and Candace A, "The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticism", Public Culture, Volume 13, Number 3, Fall 2011)
No one is ever more than temporarily able-bodied. This fact frightens those
AND
a project that is likely to take longer than making public space accessible.

The body is a stock issue – it’s the both the source and method of all knowledge and meaning

Creal 1999 (Lee Davis, "THE "DISABILITY OF THINKING"
THE "DISABLED" BODY", Course Paper for Ambiguous Bodies: Studies in Contemporary Sexuality, York University, http://www.broadreachtraining.com/advocacy/artcreal.htm)
In "Lived Bodies: Phenomenology and the Flesh," Elizabeth Grosz cites the work
AND
being through a larger social/political Matrix" (Davis: 14).

The concept of "war" in the 1AC is disembodied

Burgoyne 2012 (Robert, "embodiment in the war film: paradise now and the hurt locker", Journal of War and Culture Studies, Volume 5, Number 1)
Of the many cinematic forms that can be described as body genres, the warfilm
AND
’grammars of violence’ that define the war film genre (McDonald 2012).

Even if you don’t believe that we have a link to the "topic" or "plan" – we definitely have a link to what is happening in this room right now

Berube 2003 (Michael, "Citizenship and Disability: Disability is a matter of civil rights, even if the Supreme Court doesn’t seem to agree.", http://www.alternet.org/story/15809/citizenship_and_disability)
Imagine a building in which political philosophers are debating, in the wake of the
AND
, which is to say, for the good of all of us.

Vote negative to reject the affirmative

Holmqvist 2012 (Caroline, "Automation and ’undoing’: (re)thinking materialities and virtualities of war", Paper presented at the Millennium Annual Conference on Materialism and World Politics)
Undoing contemporary war
In this final section, then, I would like to suggest a link between
AND
may allow us to explore transformations central to emerging configurations-of war.

Case

Preemption

No escalation

Media hype

Gartzke 2012(Erik, University of California, San Diego, December 7, "The Myth of Cyberwar: Bringing War on the Internet Back Down to Earth", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~egartzke/papers/cyberwar_12062012.pdf)

A blitz of media, punditry and public pronouncements inform interested observers and policy makers
AND
world affairs and for developed nations in particular as many seem to believe.

No incentive

Gartzke 2012(Erik, University of California, San Diego, December 7, "The Myth of Cyberwar: Bringing War on the Internet Back Down to Earth", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~egartzke/papers/cyberwar_12062012.pdf)

Even the most successful forms of cyberwar (such as cyber espionage) do not
AND
Harbor is much more likely to occur at Pearl Harbor than in cyberspace.
 

Law of Armed Conflict

1) No escalation -

A) Cyber attacks won’t start until war will already happen—and damage is temporary and minimal

Gartzke 2012(Erik, University of California, San Diego, December 7, "The Myth of Cyberwar: Bringing War on the Internet Back Down to Earth", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~egartzke/papers/cyberwar_12062012.pdf)

Beyond questions of means and motive, two basic features make cyber warfare different from
AND
follow-on attacks with traditional military force to permanently weaken an enemy. 

Cyberwar only augments traditional warfare—it doesn’t cause conflict

Gartzke 2012(Erik, University of California, San Diego, December 7, "The Myth of Cyberwar: Bringing War on the Internet Back Down to Earth", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~egartzke/papers/cyberwar_12062012.pdf)

There is no reason to believe that cyberwar will be any more useful as an
AND
form of conflict, cyberwar is basically tied to conventional forms of warfare.

2) No impact to China

A) interdependence checks cyber war

Austin and Gady 2012(Greg, professorial fellow at the EastWest Institute and senior visiting fellow in the department of War Studies at King’s College London, and Franz-Stefan, associate and foreign policy analyst at the EastWest Institute, "Cyber Detente Between the united States and China: Shaping the Agenda", http://www.ewi.info/system/files/detente.pdf)

That said, the two countries’ economies, though very different in many respects,
AND
gradual infiltration of strategically significant economic ICT systems by hackers on both sides.

B) No cross-domain escalation

Sanders 7/6 (Doug Sanders, author and journalist, "Our Computers Are Not Going to Kill Us: Cyber War is Military Fiction," http://dougsaunders.net/2013/07/our-computers-are-not-going-to-kill-us-cyber-war-is-military-fiction/)
We tend to believe them. To those of us who grew up in the
AND
using bombs to do so (and bombs would be quicker and easier).

C) China NFU now

Yunzhu 13 (Major General Yao Yunzhu is the director of China-America Defense Relations, Academy of Military Science, China US Focus, " China Will Not Change Its Nuclear Policy", http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/china-will-not-change-its-no-first-use-policy/, April 22, 2013)

First, unlike previous editions which all have the title "China’s National Defense",
AND
a policy it has wisely adopted and persistently upheld for half a century.¶ 

No major war—

Deterrence and economics prevent

Mandelbaum ’99 (Michael, American Foreign Policy Professor in the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, 2-25, Council on Foreign Relations Great Debate Series, "Is Major War Obsolete?" http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/)
Good points. First, it is the case that I’m arguing for obsolescence and
AND
division of labor or, as it’s sometimes called, the world market.

Economic interdependence and democratic values prevent

Nye ’4 (Joseph, Kennedy School of Government Dean and Professor of International Relations at Harvard, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, p. 20)
However, in a global economy even the United States must consider how the use
AND
cooperate with friends and allies may also gain competitive advantages against rivals." 33

Lack of physical capability and political will prevent

Xintian ’4 (Yu, President of the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, International Review, http://www.siis.org.cn/en/index.aspx)
The future trends of war and peace can be judged as follows. Firstly,
AND
at the same time, the threats of today are indeed more dispersed. 

Desire for peace and development prevent

Pan ’3 (Research fellow at the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, SIIS Journal No. 3, http://www.siis.org.cn/en/index.aspx)
Based on scientific estimation of the current world situation and international system, China explicitly
AND
of peace and development, and in the process of peace and development. 

( ) Great power peace

Zakaria ’9 (Fareed, PhD Poli Sci @ Harvard, Editor of Newsweek,  12/12/09, "The Secrets of Stability," Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425)
Beyond all this, though, I believe there’s a fundamental reason why we have
AND
Center-right parties have instead prospered in recent elections throughout the West. 

Sovlecny

Aff can’t solve – patriotic hackers make crisis management impossible

Owens et al 9
(William A. Owens, as an Admiral in the United States Navy and later Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Kenneth W. Dam, served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 2001 to 2003, where he specialized in international economic development, Herbert S. Lin, Senior Scientist and Study, "Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities" 4/27/2009, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf, KB)

Past experience strongly indicates that conflict or increased tension ¶ between two nations will result
AND
, even if there ¶ were in fact no patriotic hackers doing anything.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 8 | Opponent: Missouri State Bess-Rumbaugh | Judge: Atchison

1NC

Introduction of US Armed Forces into hostilities – is not combat systems must be boots on the ground – they don’t meet and it’s a voting issue because its not precise and explodes limits to include any potential weapons system – that destroys core negative ground and topic coherence

Lorber 13 – JD Candidate @ Duke and PhD Candidate @ Penn
(Eric, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?," 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961)
As is evident from a textual analysis, 177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

1NC

The 1AC is a performance of presumed accessibility and able body privilege - any attempt to separate the "content" of the 1AC from its "form" is a reason to vote negative –  "what" they have "said" is just as important as "how" they have made it intelligible to themselves, us and you

Boys 2008 (Jos, "challenging the ’normal’: towards new conceptual frameworks", http://www.sowhatisnormal.co.uk/challenging)
This shifts the inquiry from representations (on the body, in the space)
AND
as it is the reception and construction of that difference. Davis 2002 p50

The liberal subject constituted both IN and BY the 1AC is necessarily able bodied

Breckenridge and Volger 2001 (Carol Appadurai and Candace A, "The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticism", Public Culture, Volume 13, Number 3, Fall 2011)
Disability studies teaches that an assumed able body is crucial to the smooth operation of
AND
people unsettle ideals of social organization as freely chosen expressions of mutual desire.

The body is a stock issue – it’s the both the source and method of all knowledge and meaning

Creal 1999 (Lee Davis, "THE "DISABILITY OF THINKING"
THE "DISABLED" BODY", Course Paper for Ambiguous Bodies: Studies in Contemporary Sexuality, York University, http://www.broadreachtraining.com/advocacy/artcreal.htm)
In "Lived Bodies: Phenomenology and the Flesh," Elizabeth Grosz cites the work
AND
being through a larger social/political Matrix" (Davis: 14).

The concept of "war" in the 1AC is disembodied

Burgoyne 2012 (Robert, "embodiment in the war film: paradise now and the hurt locker", Journal of War and Culture Studies, Volume 5, Number 1)
Of the many cinematic forms that can be described as body genres, the warfilm
AND
’grammars of violence’ that define the war film genre (McDonald 2012).

Vote negative to reject the affirmative

Breckenridge and Volger 2001 (Carol Appadurai and Candace A, "The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticism", Public Culture, Volume 13, Number 3, Fall 2011)
No one is ever more than temporarily able-bodied. This fact frightens those
AND
a project that is likely to take longer than making public space accessible.

1NC

Unique Link - PGS won’t survive the current budgetary climate without a new mission requirement – the aff provides this by taking nuclear options off the table

Acton 9/3 (James M. Acton is a senior associate in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment, "Silver Bullet? Asking the Right Questions About Conventional Prompt Global Strike," 9/3/13 http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/09/03/silver-bullet-asking-right-questions-about-conventional-prompt-global-strike/gkmp )

While the term "Conventional Prompt Global Strike," coined during the administration¶ of
AND
is unlikely that such a program could survive the¶ present budgetary environment.

PGS Causes misclac and escalation to nuclear war – causes destination, target, and warhead ambiguity, crisis instability, won’t have necessary supporting tech, and the DoD systematically underestimates the negatives

Grossman 9/3 Elaine M. Grossman, Global Security Newswire¶ September 3, 2013, "Global-Strike Arms Pose Little-Recognized Stability Risks: Report" http://www.nationaljournal.com/global-security-newswire/global-strike-arms-pose-little-recognized-stability-risks-report-20130903

A new report warns that future U.S. nonnuclear rapid-strike arms
AND
a comparison of whether non-prompt alternatives might be more cost effective."

1NC

Text: The United States federal judiciary should restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to launch a nuclear first strike into hostilities without Congressional approval.

The CP solves the aff even if it reserves some power to the executive – and Congress will still be able to constrain excess presidential authority. Their author

Hemesath 2000 (Paul A. Hemesath, J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, August 2000, "Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era," Georgetown Law Journal, lexis) 

A decision before the Supreme Court would provide acceptable clarity in any of the three
AND
appropriations mechanisms or more credibly threatening impeachment in times of controversial military action.

Banning second strike bad – Kills  Crisis stability causes escalation.

Michael S. GERSON 2009 Research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, a federally funded research and development center in Alexandria, Virginia CONCEPTS OF DETERRENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: SOME THINGS OLD, SOME THINGS NEW NATO DEFENSE COLLEGE COLLEGE DE DEFENSE DE L’OTAN Research Division Division Recherche NATO AND 21 st CENTURY DETERRENCE
In the current international security environment, the global balance of military power greatly favors
AND
analyze future deterrence strategies, especially in the context of NATO’s military superiority.

Damage limitation doesn’t inspire first strike – opponents can’t gain superiority.

Keith B. Payne 2008 The Great American Gamble: Deterrence Theory and Practice from the Cold War to the Twenty First Century National Institute for Public Policy Department of Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University p. 253
If the logic of deterrence actually functions as envisaged in balance of terror tenets,
AND
U.S. damage-limitation capabilities is incoherent against contemporary foes.

Command and control key.

Defense Science Board (DSB) 2006. The DSB is a Federal Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of Defense  Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics    December 2006 Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Nuclear Capabilities Report Summary

There is also concern in U.S. nuclear command and control capabilities.
AND
by current national policy. Investment will be required to ensure adequate capability.

AT - Hegemony

1 Heg not solve war –

A. No threats require primacy and other factors ensure security.

Friedman and Preble 10 (Benjamin Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies at the Cato Institute, Christopher Preble is director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, Budgetary Savings from Military Restraint, September 22, 2010 Cato Policy Analysis No. 667 September 23, 2010 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/PA667.pdf
The United States confuses what it wants from its military, which is global primacy
AND
resentment. Global military primacy is a game not worth the candle.56

B. No war – States have an incentive to avoid it.

Zakaria 08 (Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International, 2008, The Post-American World,  p. 244)
In certain areas – the South China Sea, for example – U.S
AND
futile and unnecessary.  Small work-arounds might be just as effective.

2 Heg inevitable.

Goldberg 11 ( January 28 2011 "America’s China Syndrome" AEIPPR American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research http://www.aei.org/article/103022)
It’s true that from the early 1990s until around now, America has been essentially
AND
In that sense, the new normal looks a lot like the old normal

3 Aging crisis solves heg.

Haas 7 (Mark L Haas, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Duquesne University, "A Geriatric Peace? The Future of U.S. Power in a World of Aging Populations" International Security, Vol. 32, No. 1, Summer, p 112-147 (EBSCO)) SV
Global population aging will influence U.S. foreign policies in five major ways
AND
aging and its economic and military effects make such an outcome unlikely.6

AT - Accidents

1. Risk of backlash prevents accidental war

Waltz 95 (Kenneth, Prof of Poli Sci @ Berkely, Ph.D in Poli Sci from Columbia U, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A debate, pp. 111)
Deterrence is also a considerable guarantee against accidents, since it causes countries to take
AND
may begin accidentally, when less frightening conventional wars have rarely done so.

2 Nuclear accidents wouldn’t escalate

Waltz 95 (Kenneth, Prof of Poli Sci @ Berkely, Ph.D in Poli Sci from Columbia U, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A debate, pp. 93-94)
 "Love is like war," the chaplain says in Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage
AND
optimism, bearing in mind that nothing in this world is ever certain.

3. No theft and no impact

Gray 9—Associate Note and Comment Editor, Arizona State Law Journal. J.D. Candidate, Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University, 2009; B.S. Political Science, Arizona State University, 2005 (John, Comment: Choosing the Nuclear Option: The Case for a Strong Regulatory Response to Encourage Nuclear Energy Development, Spring 2009, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 315, Lexis)
 Nuclear power’s opponents also warn that nuclear energy may be a terrorist target,
AND
group of individuals would have difficulty simply picking up or hijacking the material. 

Not only does the material’s ~*335~ radioactivity prevent theft, but also its
AND
attack from stolen radiation would not be as dangerous as some fear. 122

4. Threat of international response deters nuclear terror

Umana 11 – Felipe Umana is a contributor to Foreign Policy In Focus, from the Institute for Policy Studies. August 17, 2011, "Loose Nukes: Real Threat?" http://www.fpif.org/articles/loose_nukes_real_threat
The threat of military, political, and economic repercussions from foreign actors provides another
AND
a long history of economic sanctions, partly because of its nuclear program.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas Khatri-Schile | Judge: Russell

The body is always already a prior question – voting negative destabilizes the disembodied understanding of debate

Cliford 2012

(Stacy, and#34;making disability public in deliberative democracyand#34;, Contemporary Political Thoery (2012) 11, 211-228. Doi:10.1057/cpt.2011.11)

Haller’s experience reveals the pervasive…

AND

… debates and instills increased attentiveness. 

====Voting negative tells a different story====
Linton 98
(simi, and#34;climing Disability: Knowledge 26 Identity)
Literary criticism has not done a very good….

AND 

… the means to redress these faults.

This is a story about Norman

Creal 1999 (Lee Davis, and#34;THE and#34;DISABILITY OF THINKINGand#34;
THE and#34;DISABLEDand#34; BODYand#34;, Course Paper for Ambiguous Bodies: Studies in Contemporary Sexuality, York University, http://www.broadreachtraining.com/advocacy/artcreal.htm)
I should begin by saying that Norman ….

AND 

… sleep with an iron brace on his leg.

Norm is part of the story that is the topic

Berube 2003 (Michael, and#34;Citizenship and Disability: Disability is a matter of civil rights, even if the Supreme Court doesn’t seem to agree.and#34;, http://www.alternet.org/story/15809/citizenship_and_disability)
Imagine a building in which political philosophers…

AND 

…is to say, for the good of all of us.

The 1AC’s absence of and#34;researchand#34; on and by disability erases the lived experience of disabled subjects

Linton 98
(simi, claiming Disability: Knowledge 26 Identity, 72-723)
Research whether aimed at disability…

AND

… the data rarely acknowledges this omission.