Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Lundeen

1. Their focus on a particular manifestation of oppression does not provide a specific explanation for the broader linking of struggles – inhibits the possibility for transformative politics.
   Heideman 12 ~Paul M. Heideman Rutgers University, Newark, pmheideman@gmail.com Historical Materialism Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 210- 221 Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics, Manning Marable, Second Edition, London: Verso, 2009~

This theorisation of transformative politics is further weakened by its failure to specify any agency
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movement agency deeply weakens whatever strengths Marable’s theory of transformative politics may possess.

2. The continued existence of capitalism forms the basis for all inequalities and oppressions. We do not deny that racialized violence happens and is important to address, but absent a rejection of the class system racism will continue to be deployed as a means to divide and rule the working class and to preserve increasingly wide material disparities.
Taylor 11 ~Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, doctoral candidate in the department of African-American studies at Northwestern University, Race, class and Marxism, January 4, 2011 http://socialistworker.org/2011/01/04/race-class-and-marxism~~

Marxists argue that capitalism is a system that is based on the exploitation of the
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In the United States, racism is the most important of those ideologies.

3. The unchecked spread of neoliberal capitalism necessitates extermination in the name of profit – ensures poverty and environmental and cultural destruction, culminating in eventual extinction.
Cole 11 ~Dr. Mike Cole is Emeritus Research Professor in Education and Equality at Bishop  Grosseteste University College Lincoln, Lincoln, UK. His most recent book is Racism  and Education in the U.K. and the U.S.: towards a socialist alternative (New York  and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 RACISM AND EDUCATION IN THE U.K. AND THE U.S.  Palgrave Macmillan (June 7, 2011), pgs. 180-182~

Neo-liberal capitalism, in being primarily about expanding opportunities for large multinational companies
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, the world has, so to speak, caught up with Marx."

4. The role of the ballot is to endorse the best political strategy for addressing all manifestations of exploitation and oppression. Debates about transforming society must center on the question of what constitutes the most appropriate political avenue and method for addressing the multiplicity of ongoing struggles happening not only around us, but also those which are rendered imperceptible by the violence of neoliberalism.
McGregor 13 ~Sheila McGregor Marxism and women’s oppression today International Socialism Issue: 138 Posted: 10 April 13 http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=88526issue=138~~

Revolutionary socialists take part in all struggles against exploitation and oppression, whether they are
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to take it forward. Struggles against sexism are no exception to this.

5. Only beginning with the premise of class relations can eliminate the ideological machinery which legitimizes and extends class domination and racist practices. Materialist critique of the historical relationship between the means of production and the process of racialization in the United States should mark the starting point of the transformation of exploitative class and market relations.
San Juan 8 ~E. San Juan, Jr., Filipino American literary academic, mentor, cultural reviewer, civic intellectual, activist, writer, essayist, video/film maker, editor, and poet whose works related to the Filipino Diaspora in English and Filipino languages have been translated into German, Russian, French, Italian, and Chinese.~2~ As an author of books on race and cultural studies,~3~ he was a "major influence on the academic world".~2~ He was the director of the Philippines Cultural Studies Center in Storrs, Connecticut in the United States.~1~ In 1999, San Juan, Jr. received the Centennial Award for Achievement in Literature from the Cultural Center of the Philippines because of his contributions to Filipino and Filipino American Studies.~2~  FROM RACE/RACISM TO CLASS STRUGGLE: On Critical Race Theory Posted on October 4, 2008 FROM RACE TO CLASS STRUGGLE: A RE-TURN OF CRITICAL RACE THEORY, THE PHILIPPINES MATRIX PROJECT http://philcsc.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/from-raceracism-to-class-struggle-on-critical-race-theory/~~

Given its composition, and the pervasive climate of reaction, the Forum could not
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itself but, despite its seeming autonomy, an instrumentality of class rule.

6. Centering class in our analysis does not deny individuals’ experiences of racism and violence. Instead, beginning from the question of class as primary antagonism enables more effective struggles against race and other manifestations of oppression.
Smith 6 ~Sharon Smith is also the author of Women and Socialism: Essays on Women’s Liberation (Haymarket Books, 2005). Her writings appear regularly in Socialist Worker newspaper and the ISR.  Race, class, and "whiteness theory" ISR Issue 46, March–April 2006 http://isreview.org/issues/46/whiteness.shtml~~

Meyerson counters this set of assumptions, proposing that Marx’s emphasis on the centrality of
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term the working class as a whole has nothing to gain from oppression. 

7. The noble intentions of the affirmative’s political approach do not absolve it of its sins of complicity with the violent project of capitalism. Any attempt to rectify the flaws of the 1AC as a rhetorical artifact are at best disingenuous and should be rejected.
Tomlinson 13 ~Barbara Tomlinson, Department of Feminist Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, To Tell the Truth and Not Get Trapped: Desire, Distance, and Intersectionality at the Scene of Argument, Signs, Vol. 38, No. 4, Summer 2013~

Structures of dominance are the conditions of possibility for antisubordination arguments. Feminists cannot escape
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that serve as traps to interfere with the ability to tell the truth.

Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism====
Phelan 96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded, documented, or otherwise participate in the circulation of representations of representations: once it does so, it becomes something other than performance. To the degree that performance attempts to enter the economy of reproduction it betrays and lessens the promise of its own ontology. Performance’s being, like the ontology of subjectivity proposed here, becomes itself through disappearance.
The pressures brought to bear on performance to succumb to the laws of the reproductive
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only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

Even if they win the historical question of ’what came first’, the question you should default to is: what system reproduces the violence they criticize? Capitalism is that system.
Ollman 89 (Bertell, 1989 Professor of Politics at NYU, "In Defense of Marxism," May, http://www.nyu.edu/projects/ollman/docs/marxism_defense.php)
First, and most important, Albert and Bookchin seriously misconstrue the nature of Marx’s
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united movement that is needed to achieve our—yes21—common goals.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Crowe

Data disproves blowback effect in Pakistan

Qazi 12
The Diplomat, Shehzad H. Qazi is a research associate at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Shoaib Jillani is a graduate student in the Wilf Family Department of Politics at New York University, "Four Myths about Drone Strikes", http://thediplomat.com/2012/06/09/four-myths-about-drone-strikes/2/ jchen
The second myth, promoted in Pakistan, is that drone strikes are counter-
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There’s no evidence to suggest that recruitment by militant groups has increased either.

Both military and ruling parties support strikes – opposition groups don’t matter

Qazi 12
The Diplomat, Shehzad H. Qazi is a research associate at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Shoaib Jillani is a graduate student in the Wilf Family Department of Politics at New York University, "Four Myths about Drone Strikes", http://thediplomat.com/2012/06/09/four-myths-about-drone-strikes/2/ jchen
The third myth is that the Pakistani government opposes the drone campaign. While there’s
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, and human intelligence support for the strikes continues to come from Pakistan.
Pakistan has not, of course, given the U.S. carte blanche
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, the military also asked that its authorization be sought for future strikes.

No Indo-Pak war.

Loudon 8 ~Bruce, The Australian, Doomsday dread, December 04, 2008, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24746635-25837,00.html~

THE doomsayers’ published assessments tell the grim story: upwards of 12 million people killed
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nuclear weapons, matched only by the intense secrecy that surrounds their arsenals.

Afzal says they won’t go radical – that proves no radical terror

Strikes still seen as sovereignty violation – aff doesn’t fix main reason for backlash

Foreign Affairs 12
Omar Bashir, Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, "Who Watches the Drones? The Case for Independent Oversight ", 9/24/12, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones jchen
Aside from enabling accountability at home, the oversight system could also help with foreign
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foreign leaders to overcome domestic opposition to security cooperation with the United States.

No bioterror – funding, technical barriers.

Musson 12 ~Gail C, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Title Smallpox as a Bioweapon Should We Be Concerned Publisher Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School Issue Date 2012-03, http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/bitstream/handle/10945/6839/12Mar_Musson.pdf?sequence=1~~

In spite of these seeming scientific advances, some reputable scientists remain  unconvinced.  A
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be more susceptible to discovery, which could  act as an additional deterrent. 

No Pakistan loose nukes.

Hundley 9/5 ~Tom, senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. This article for Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center’s Gateway project on nuclear security. SEPTEMBER 5, 2012 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=full~~

To outsiders, Pakistan appears to be permanently teetering on the brink of collapse.
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retired Pakistani lieutenant general, told me. "We keep them safe."

Official rhetoric is exaggerated – senior leaders actually support drone strikes

Williams 13
Brian Glyn Williams is Professor of Islamic History at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth and author of Predators: The CIA’s Drone War on Al Qaeda, "Private Approval, Public Condemnation: Drone Warfare’s Implications for Pakistani Sovereignty", Terrorism Monitor Volume: 11 Issue: 7, 4/4/13, Jamestown Foundation, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=126tx_ttnews~~tt_news~~=4069726tx_ttnews~~backPid~~=726cHash=88db476b68cd2df314ccc081b0c319ea~~23.Uiejg7yRYXx jchen
Subsequently, however, Zardari claimed that the drone strikes were "counter-productive
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were in their country’s best interests despite their public pronouncements to the contrary.

The U.S. is committed to counterterrorism – absent drones they would find alternatives

Wittes and Singh 12
Benjamin Wittes Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, where he is the Research Director in Public Law, and Co-Director of the Harvard Law School - Brookings Project on Law and Security, and Ritika Singh project coordinator at the Brookings Institution where she focuses on national security law and policy, 1/24/12, "The Droneless Counterfactual", http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/24/benjamin-wittes-ritika-singh/droneless-counterfactual jchen
Cortright’s example, the use of drones along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, is a case in point. He notes Defense Secretary Panetta’s argument that drones are the "only game in town" and explains why this is: They are more precise than conventional air strikes, and "Ground operations by commando units … would entail severe risks to our troops" (emphasis added). The result is that the availability of drones creates a military option where none would otherwise exist.
Just to be clear, I prefer that American troops be deployed with a minimum
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on both sides. It is a mistake that colors his entire argument.

The alternatives are bombs and cruise missiles – drastically increases civilian casualties

The News Tribune 13
The News Tribune, "Drones: Wise, maybe; constitutional, certainly", 2/17/13,  http://www.thenewstribune.com/2013/02/17/2478932/drones-wise-maybe-constitutional.html jchen
The realistic alternative to drone strikes include kidnapping – something many of the same critics condemn – and conventional air strikes.
Bombs and cruise missiles are far less humane than Predators, though, when targeting enemies who deliberately hide themselves among civilians. By all accounts, drones – which can linger in the air until the target is reasonably identified and isolated – have drastically reduced the deaths of innocent bystanders.

Case ¬– Norms

1. International norm against drones fail – states won’t give up tech advantage

Megret 13
Frédéric Mégret, Associate-Professor, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Research Chair in the Law of Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, "The Humanitarian Problem with Drones", March 5, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2228659 jchen
A good classic example of this is the invention of the crossbow which conferred a
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disproportionality from such regulation (the side that did not master the technology).
Both the attempts at regulating the crossbow and aerial bombardment were almost unmitigated catastrophes.
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that have such an edge would voluntarily limit, let alone relinquish it.

2. Even if they model, drone prolif is slow- no investment

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)
Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within
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will undertake the significant investment required for armed drones in the near term.

3. No Asian war

Acharya 12 ~Amitav Acharya is Professor of International Relations at American University, Washington, DC. This article is from East Asia Forum (www.eastasiaforum.org) at the Crawford School, ANU. China’s rise and security in the Asian century May 6th, 2012 Author: Amitav Acharya, AU http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/05/06/china-s-rise-and-security-in-the-asian-century/~~

The problem with these scenarios is that they ignore significant changes that have taken place
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itself to guarantee order, but together they create the conditions for stability.

4. Drone use won’t spread – limited strategic options

Time 12
"Betting Against a Drone Arms Race", Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/ jchen
This recent bout also illustrated a salient point regarding drone technology: most states maintain at least minimal air defenses that can quickly detect and take down drones, as the U.S. discovered when it employed drones at the onset of the Iraq invasion, while Saddam Hussein’s surface-to-air missiles were still active.
What the U.S. also learned, however, was that drones constitute an effective military tool in an extremely narrow strategic context. They are well-suited either in direct support of a broader military campaign, or to conduct targeted killing operations against a technologically unsophisticated enemy.
In a nutshell, then, the very contexts in which we have seen drones deployed. Northern Pakistan, along with a few other regions in the world, remain conducive to drone usage given a lack of air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley WS | Judge: Malsin

Obama’s ignoring human rights with China now – he doesn’t think he has the moral authority

Roth 10
Kenneth Roth, Foreign Affairs, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, "Empty Promises: Obama’s Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights", 89 Foreign Aff. 10 2010 jchen
Similarly, in China, Obama followed in the footsteps of successive U.S
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failed to confront China’s authoritarian rulers on questions of religious and political freedom.

Closing detention facilities restores credibility – causes resurgence of US international influence

Shattuck, 08, MA International Law Cambridge 26 CEO of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation, served as assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights and labor, and ambassador to the Czech Republic in the Clinton administration,
John, 8/2 "How US can get its groove back," http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles /2008/08/02/how_us_can_get_its_groove_back/) atw
One of the biggest challenges facing the next president is how to restore US credibility
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human rights and the rule of law. He should announce three initiatives.

Refocusing on human rights entrenches an ideological divide and reignites a cool war

Feldman 13
Noah Feldman, Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Salon, 5/19/13, "How Guantanamo affects China: Our human rights hypocrisies ", http://www.salon.com/2013/05/19/how_guantanamo_affects_china_our_human_rights_hypocrisies/ jchen
How Guantanamo affects China: Our human rights hypocrisies
In May 2012, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Treasury Timothy Geithner were poised to make a rare double visit to China for a high-level strategic and economic dialogue. The presence of both of these key cabinet officials at a delicate moment in the relationship between the two countries marked the importance of the issues. For once, economic interdependence and geopolitics were on the agenda at the same moment.
But on April 22, in the tiny village of Dongshigu in the eastern Shandong
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had escaped and demanding punishment for the local officials who had detained him.
In the days that followed, Chen’s future became an international incident of the highest
AND
worried for his family’s safety and wanted to come to the United States.
Chen’s predicament, featured for days on the front pages of the U.S
AND
of the visit were ignored, replaced by the subject of human rights.
The Chen Guangcheng episode hints at the hugely complicated and hugely important way that human
AND
the United States knowingly put human rights first in a highly public forum.
From the Chinese standpoint, the whole episode must have been frustrating and embarrassing. Enormous diplomatic resources went into discussing the fate of one previously little-known human rights activist. Instead of being treated respectfully as a rising global power, China was being scolded as a rights violator. The United States seemed to be using human rights to weaken China and give itself an edge in discussions between them.
The emerging historical moment is creating a new context for the rhetoric and practice of human rights. For the first time since the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States now has a major incentive to promote the international human rights agenda. So long as China continues to violate human rights, there may be no better ideological tool for the United States to gain advantage under cool war circumstances.

Causes US China War – ideology is comparatively more important than other interests

Feldman 13
Noah Feldman is Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Cool War", 2013 jchen
The Cold War was a battle of ideals. Communism and liberal de-mocracy each claimed the moral high ground, and each claimed to be superior in practice. As systems, they were mutually exclusive. Only one side could win.
Will the cool war be ideological in the same way? Today, is either
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Bush’s deputy secretary of state, optimisti¬cally put it in 2007.
This scenario of shared maintenance of the international order sounds appealing. For the United States, after all, being the sole superpower has had its drawbacks. The financial burden of main¬taining global stability has been high. Even more costly have been America’s unforced errors during two decades of unquestioned dominance. A strategic counterpart might help keep it honest. One reason that the United States invaded Iraq and Afghanistan was that it could.
But if cool war ideologies are sufficiently universal and mutually exclusive, they will pose
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our ideas—the product of what we believe our interests to be.
Of course, countries with very different political ideas and sys¬tems cooperate with
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at war with each other can reach limited agreements in narrow domains.1
But when political ideologies are opposed and aggressive, then any accommodation cannot be more than temporary—an opportunity for both sides to gather resources for the final battle between them. Cooperation strengthens the enemy and is therefore not to be undertaken except under limited, exceptional circumstances and to avoid disastrous breakdown, like the modest cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War.

Extinction.

White 11 ~Mr. Hugh White is professor of strategic studies at the Australian National University in Canberra and a visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute in Sydney. The Obama Doctrine WSJ, 11/25/11 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204452104577057660524758198.html~~
One risk is that escalating strategic competition will disrupt the vital economic relationship between the
AND
U.S.-China clash might be dangerously unclear and disastrously low.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley WS | Judge: Malsin
Democratic peace theory is a representational practice which make civilizing crusades inevitable, by fixing American identity in opposition to non-liberal states at an ontological level.
Grayson 2003 (Kyle, Dept. of Political Science @ York University, "Democratic Peace Theory as Practice: (Re)Reading the Significance of Liberal Representations of War and Peace", YCISS Working Paper no. 22, March, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/WP22-Grayson.pdf-http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/WP22-Grayson.pdf)
In Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War, Michael Shapiro tries to examine "
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practices and how warfare can also be directed towards the annihilation of culture.

Our alternative is to demilitarize the public sphere - bottom up rejection of hegemonic politics allows us to move beyond an unsustainable system that leads to inevitable threat escalation
Lal, 2007
(Prerna P., Master of Arts in International Relations @ San Francisco State University, Senior Graduate Thesis, Critical Security Studies, "Deconstructing the National Security State: Towards a New Framework of Analysis," http://prernalal.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/css-deconstructing-the-nat-sec-state.pdf)

Throughout this paper, we have seen cases of how national security is an antonym
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, which can be utilized as a philosophical anchorage for tactical goal setting.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton CE | Judge: Nikolich

Our interpretation is that the affirmative’s advantages should stem from the implementation of a topical plan.

"USFG should" proscribes both a stable agent and mechanism

Ericson ’03
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

The Aff undermines the ability to have a limited and stable number of Affirmatives to prepare against. This is a reason to vote negative.

First is Decision-making

Increasing the abstraction of debates and undermining stasis hampers the decision-making benefits of debate

Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ’8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
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the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decision-making is the most important facet of education we could take away from debate – key to success in any future role

Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ’8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Next is substantive side bias

Surely the Aff will say the Neg can still debate them on the substance of their advocacy but not defending the clear actor and mechanism of the resolutional produces a substantive side bias.

Affirmatives that don’t defend the resolution make deploying other strategies against them inordinately Aff tilted. They have the ability to radically recontextualize link arguments, empathize different proscriptive claims of the 1AC while using traditional competition standards like perms to make being impossible inordinately difficult.

And we have an external impact to this net benefit

Sufficient research-based preparation and debates focused on detailed points of disagreement are crucial to transforming political culture

Gutting (professor of philosophy at the University of Notre Dame) 13
(Gary, Feb 19, A Great Debate,  http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/a-great-debate/?emc=eta1)

This is the year of what should be a decisive debate
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to be carefully prepared and open to considered responses.

And effective deliberative discourse is the lynchpin to solving all existential problems

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
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their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton CE | Judge: Nikolich

Limits are key to their movement – we can’t know the rightness or wrongness of their idea unless we have access to literature on both sides.  This undermines support for their advocacy

Underwood, Prof of Communication Studies, 2k1 (Psychology of Communication,
http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/psy/hovland3.html)
Whether or not you should include arguments for and against your case depends very much
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-sided argument tending to be more persuasive with the more intelligent audience.

The devil is in the details—the mechanism of statutory or judicial restrictions on war powers is the debate. Procedural requirements and their effectiveness determine whether we can or cannot curtail the military.

Dehn 11 John C. Dehn,  Assistant Professor, Department of Law, United States Military Academy      Temple Law Review   Spring, 2011   83 Temp. L. Rev. 599  ARTICLE: THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND THE NECESSITIES OF WAR: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
B. The Constitutional Design and Military Regulation There is little question that the Framers
AND
authority of the Commander-in-Chief and his subordinate commanders. n65-http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/frame.do?tokenKey=rsh-20.328472.682437742426target=results_DocumentContent26returnToKey=20_T1828962389426parent=docview26rand=138075473617526reloadEntirePage=true

Statutory restrictions are legislative

The Law Dictionary 13 "What is Statutory Restriction?, The Law Dictionary: Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Edition, Accessed 7-22-2013, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/
What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION?
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial means the courts

American Heritage Dictionary 2k, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/judicial
b. Decreed by or proceeding from a court of justice: a judicial decision.

Debate inevitably involves exclusions—-making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits and critical thinking—-this process outweighs the content of the aff

Anderson 6—prof of English at Johns Hopkins (Amanda, The Way We Argue Now, 25-8)
25¶ Whether such a procedural approach actually helps to yield any substantive normative guidance
AND
by the principles of recognition and respect that underpin democratic institutions and practices.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas Kilpatrick-Stransky | Judge: Koehle

Hacktivism gets misattributed – collapses norms

Citro, Martin, and Straf 9 Constance Citro, Margaret Martin, and Miron Straf, Editors; Computer Science and Telecommunications Board); Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences (DEPS); National Research Council, "Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities," http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1265126page=200
The discussion above should not be construed as advocating a change from today’s legal regime
AND
and the international community will react in the future remains to be seen.

US norms against preemptive cyberattacks reverses cyber weapons prolif
Goldsmith 10
Jack Goldsmith, teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of a 2009 National Academies committee, "Can we stop the cyber arms race?" February 01, 2010, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks-http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks, KB)

In a speech this month on "Internet freedom," Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
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it might clamp down on in exchange for reciprocal concessions by our adversaries.

Norms elicit positive responses from non-state actors- allows 3^rd parties to increase influence through compliance

Thomas ’2
~Daniel C. Thomas, University of Illinois at Chicago. "Boomerangs and Superpowers: International Norms, Transnational Networks and US Foreign Policy." Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 15, Number 1, 2002. ETB~

This evolution in international relations theory includes growing recognition that the creation of formal international
AND
networks capable of reshaping the conceptions of self-interest driving state behaviour.

Miscalc escalates to shooting wars

Clarke 2009
(Richard Clarke, special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush administration and chairman of Good Harbor Consulting, November/December 2009, "War from Cyberspace," The National Interest, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/zselden/coursereading2011/Clarkecyber.pdf-http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/zselden/coursereading2011/Clarkecyber.pdf)

As in the 1960s, the speed of war is rapidly accelerating. Then,
AND
. Thus, the nation attacked might well respond with "kinetic activity."

No threat construction

Dunlap 13 Retired Deputy Judge Advocate General for the US Air Force, Executive Director, Center on Law, ¶ Ethics, and National Security, Duke University School of Law, 6/29/13, "The Intersection of Law and Ethics in Cyberwar," http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=535726context=faculty_scholarship
The rule mentions candor. Again, this not something simply for attorneys, but
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highlights the dangers ¶ without falling victim to counterproductive and misleading hyping.63

Hacktivists can’t get in – intrusions detected and flexible systems

Hundman 8 ~Eric, Center for Defense Information Science Fellow, "Information Warfare: Relevance to Nuclear Weapons Security," http://www.cdi.org/pdfs/InformationWarfare.pdf~~
But while the economic costs of cyber-attacks are clear – on the order
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far-reaching effects from a cyber-attack are highly unlikely."30 

Dual systems and consultation mean hacktivists fail

Fritz 9 ~Jason, BS (St. Cloud), MIR (Bond), Hacking Nuclear Command and Control, International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, 7/7/2009, http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~

In terms of detecting and analysing a potential attack, that is, distinguishing a
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rapid message transmission needed for nuclear command and control" (Critchlow 2006). 

Equipment and expertise check.

Hundman 8 ~Eric, Center for Defense Information Science Fellow, "Information Warfare: Relevance to Nuclear Weapons Security," http://www.cdi.org/pdfs/InformationWarfare.pdf~~

However, all such attacks would require specialized equipment and expertise; they would probably
AND
to interpret the data they would receive, much less manipulate it.38 

4. No takeover – anti-tampering devices.

Slocombe 9 ~The Honorable Walter B. Slocombe, Caplin 26 Drysdale Attorneys; Former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, De-Alerting: Diagnoses, Prescriptions, and Side-Effects Discussion paper presented at the seminar on "Re-framing De-Alert: Decreasing the Operational Readiness of Nuclear Weapons Systems in the U.S.-Russia Context" in Yverdon, Switzerland, 21-23 June 2009, http://www.ewi.info/system/files/Slocombe.pdf~~

Turning next to Custody Failure – the same requirements for external orders and information that
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and diversion which, under current conditions are almost certainly more serious problems.

2NC

Draws in other actors and encourages Chinese/Russian hacking

The Economist 13, 8/10/13, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21583268-letting-companies-strike-back-computer-hackers-bad-idea-byte-byte
The discussion has been sparked by the rise of a new generation of hacker,
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, or their hired guns, retaliate against hackers would undermine that effort.

Impact – Cyberwar

Vatis 12 Michael, served as the founding director of the National Infrastructure Protection Center at the FBI, the government’s first organization dedicated to detecting and investigating cyberattacks. He also served as Associate Deputy Attorney General in the Department of Justice and Special Counsel at the Department of Defense, and was the first Director of the Institute for Security Technology Studies at Dartmouth and the founding Chairman of the Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection (I3P). Michael was a law clerk to Thurgood Marshall on the US Supreme Court and Ruth Bader Ginsburg when she was a judge on the DC Circuit. At Steptoe, Michael provides counsel on privacy, cybersecurity, counterterrorism, intelligence, and e-commerce issues, 6/22, http://www.steptoecyberblog.com/2012/06/22/taking-the-offense-to-defend-networks-another-perspective/
It’s not just that innocent bystanders get hurt. There are serious national security implications
AND

Russians, Iranians, Syrians…..~. Now you’ve really got a problem.

That causes nuclear miscalc due to hair-trigger response
Clark and Andreasen 13
(Richard A. Clarke, the chairman of Good Harbor Security Risk Management, was special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush administration. Steve Andreasen, a consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, was the National Security Council’s staff director for defense policy and arms control from 1993 to 2001, "Cyberwar’s threat does not justify a new policy of nuclear deterrence" June 14, 2013, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-14/opinions/39977598_1_nuclear-weapons-cyber-attack-cyberattacks-http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-14/opinions/39977598_1_nuclear-weapons-cyber-attack-cyberattacks, KB)

President Obama is expected to unveil a new nuclear policy initiative this week in Berlin
AND
lead to shared approaches to cybersecurity, including agreements related to limiting cyberwar.

Escalation is rapid and global

VOA News ’12
http://blogs.voanews.com/digital-frontiers/2012/03/20/the-coming-cyberwar-with-iran/-http://blogs.voanews.com/digital-frontiers/2012/03/20/the-coming-cyberwar-with-iran/ ETB

That said, the battles might actually begin small. Think online skirmishes between angry
AND
, says Lawson, is how quickly it could spread around the globe.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley WS | Judge: Malsin
Multipolarity’s inevitable – economic realities make hegemony unsustainable.
Layne 12 ~Christopher Layne is professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A 26 M University’s George H. W. Bush School of Government and Public Service. His next book, for Yale University Press, is After the Fall: International Politics, U.S. Grand Strategy, and the End of the Pax Americana. The (Almost) Triumph of Offshore Balancing January 27, 2012 http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405?page=1~~

The DSG is a response to two drivers. First, the United States is
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, perhaps, to provide the international economy with a new reserve currency.

Heg doesn’t solve conflict.
Fettweis 11 ~Christopher, Prof. of Political Science – Tulane, Dangerous Times?: The International Politics of Great Power Peace Page 73-6~

The primary attack on restraint, or justification for internationalism, posits that if the
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are less frightening than ever before, no matter which country is strongest.

Retrenchment solves war.
MacDonald and Parent 11 ~Paul K. MacDonald is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College. Joseph M. Parent is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami. The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Spring 2011), pp. 7–44~

Contrary to these predictions, our analysis suggests some grounds for opti- mism.
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exacerbate U.S. grand strategic problems and risk unnecessary clashes.101 

Hegemony spurs proliferation.
Monteiro 12 ~Nuno P., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University. Unrest Assured Why Unipolarity Is Not Peaceful, International Security Volume 36, Number 3, Winter 2011/12~

What, then, is the value of unipolarity for the unipole? What can
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unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint. ~End Page 40~

Prolif means small conflicts go nuclear.
Sokolski 9, executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, serves on the U.S. congressional Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism, (Henry, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, Policy Review June 26 July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)

At a minimum, such developments will be a departure from whatever stability existed during
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the proponents of nuclear abolition, nor their critics, would ever want.

Detention change uniquely causes court stripping – In other areas Congress seldom does anything; with detention, even procedural protections have been nullified by court stripping.  Backlash to the plan would be massive
Alexander 7   Janet Cooper Alexander, Frederick I. Richman Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.     California Law Review   Fall, 2007  95 Calif. L. Rev. 1193    ARTICLE: Jurisdiction-Stripping in a Time of Terror
Although the question of congressional power to limit the jurisdiction of the federal courts is
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as well as detainees at Guantanamo and other locations outside the United States.

Takes out aff solvency
Alexander 7   Janet Cooper Alexander, Frederick I. Richman Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.     California Law Review   Fall, 2007  95 Calif. L. Rev. 1193    ARTICLE: Jurisdiction-Stripping in a Time of Terror
The further effect of the jurisdiction-stripping provisions of the DTA and the MCA
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to a federal courts teacher, to be a very existential question indeed.
 

2nc

And primacy makes economic collapse inevitable – fuels bubbles.
Calleo 10 ~David P., Dean Acheson Professor and Director of the European Studies Department at the Johns Hopkins University’s Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS), American Decline Revisited, Survival, Volume 52, Issue 4 August 2010 , pages 215 - 227~

Evaluate their offense within the lens of sustainability – collapse is inevitable which means it’s only a question of safe retrenchment now or miscalculating later in an attempt to prolong primacy.
Layne 7 ~Christopher, Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute,"The Case Against the American Empire," American Empire: A Debate~

The United States has a hegemony problem because it wields hegemonic power. To reduce
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systems. Unilateral offshore balancing, indeed, is America’s next grand strategy.

3. Their list of vague impacts is academic junk – you should correct for cognitive bias.
Fettweis 11 ~Political Science – Tulane, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO~

Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments
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their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.

Retrenchment’s coming now –
New defense strategy proves.
Layne 12 ~Christopher Layne is professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A 26 M University’s George H. W. Bush School of Government and Public Service. His next book, for Yale University Press, is After the Fall: International Politics, U.S. Grand Strategy, and the End of the Pax Americana. The (Almost) Triumph of Offshore Balancing January 27, 2012 http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405?page=1~~

Although cloaked in the reassuring boilerplate about American military preeminence and global leadership, in
AND
Mearsheimer, Stephen Walt, Barry Posen, Christopher Preble and Robert Pape.

Burden-sharing on the rise disproves power vacuum arguments.
Miner 12 ~Michael Miner is a Teaching Fellow at Harvard University. He is a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies and a graduate of Dartmouth College.  Offshore Balancing in an Age of Austerity Michael Miner on Tuesday, 10 January 2012  http://isnblog.ethz.ch/government/offshore-balancing-in-an-age-of-austerity~~

Partial integration of British and French force structure is a sign of things to come
AND
but is pragmatically sound in application and concert with allies around the world.

Zero influence.
Quiggin 11 ~John, professor at the University of Queensland, The end of US decline, by John Quiggin on January 30, 2011, http://crookedtimber.org/2011/01/30/the-end-of-us-decline/~~

In geopolitical terms, the US spends a lot more on its military than anyone
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even to put paid to a bunch of pirates in the Indian Ocean.

Heg spurs war with Russia and China – extinction.
Roberts 10 ~Paul Craig Roberts, William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy, Center for Strategic and International Studies, was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy and associate editor of the Wall Street Journal. He was columnist for Business Week, Scripps Howard News Service, and Creators Syndicate. He has had many university appointments. The Road to Armageddon, Foreign Policy Journal, February 26, 2010 http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/02/26/the-road-to-armageddon~~

The U.S. has already encircled Iran with military bases. The U
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lies and deceptions of "their" government, are facilitating this outcome.

Multipolarity key to solve China-India war.
Malone and Mukherjee 10 ~David M. Malone is President of Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC). A former Canadian ambassador to the UN and High Commissioner to India, he is currently completing a book, "Does the Elephant Dance? Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy" for Oxford University Press. An occasional scholar of the UN Security Council and related issues of war and peace, he teaches at the NYU Law School and is an associate faculty  member of the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton, Rohan Mukherjee is a senior research specialist at the Institutions for Fragile States research program at Princeton University. He holds a Master’s in public affairs with a specialization in international development from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He has worked with the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, and the National Knowledge Commission, Government of India. His principal interests are in the international relations of emerging powers, the political economy of development, and service delivery in developing countries.  India and China: Conflict and Cooperation Survival, Volume 52, Issue 1 February 2010 , pages 137 - 158~

And yet, beyond the recognition of its status as a meaningful global power,
AND
pre-empt situations before they can develop into full-blown confrontation.

Causes extinction.
Kahn 9 ~Jeremy, independent journalist who writes about international affairs, politics, business, the environment and the arts. His work has recently appeared in Newsweek International, The New York Times, The Atlantic, Smithsonian, The Boston Globe, The New Republic, Slate, Foreign Policy, Fortune, and Inc., as well as other publications. He has also contributed to the public radio program "Marketplace."  Kahn was the managing editor at The New Republic from 2004 to 2006. October 19, 2009, "Why India Fears China," online: http://www.newsweek.com/id/217088~~

The implications for India’s security—and the world’s—are ominous. It turns
AND
of Taiwan, or as a mediator trying to separate the two sides.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown Fang-Kelley | Judge: McGrath

PTIX

Iran is top priority – Obama is spending capital to persuade Dems to hold off sanctions.
GSN 1/17 ~Stacy Kaper, Global Security Newswire, National Journal, U.S. Senate’s Iran Hawks Flounder Against Reid-Obama Coalition~

Fifty-nine senators — including 16 Democrats — have signed onto sanctions legislation from
AND
are pushing in the other direction, so we’ll see how they react."

Plan dooms Obama.

Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
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affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic.

Ensures Israel strikes.

Perr 12/24/13 – B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

Strikes escalate – global nuclear war.

Trabanco  9 ~José Miguel Alonso Trabanco, Degree in international relations @ Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies, Mexico City 26 frequent contributor to Global Research, "The Middle Eastern Powder Keg Can Explode at Anytime," Global Research, January 13, 2009, pg. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va26aid=11762~~

Israel fears a nuclear Iran would mean the end of the Israeli monopoly over nuclear
AND
to be playing with fire right in the middle of a powder keg.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: George Washington Stasaski-Arsht | Judge: Kurr

Top of the agenda and a toss-up vote is coming soon.

Sargent 1/14 ~Greg, Washington Post, Morning Plum http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/14/morning-plum-obamacare-derangement-fades-among-republicans-a-bit/~~

• PRESSURE MOUNTS ON HARRY REID OVER IRAN: The New York Times reports on
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  Yet a vote — and a subsequent veto override — remain real possibilities.

Obama spent all week pushing back.

Reuters 1/13 ~PATRICIA ZENGERLE AND TIMOTHY GARDNER, Iran deal progress dampens push for new U.S. sanctions bill, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/us-iran-nuclear-congress-idUSBREA0D02T20140114~~

The Obama administration has been pushing U.S. lawmakers hard not to support
AND
for us to allow the diplomats and technical experts to do their work."

And the threshold is low, but all the remaining undecided Dems matter.

Sargent 1/13 ~Greg, The Plum Line, Washington Post An odd silence among Senate Dems on Iran, online~

The White House has invited the entire Senate Democratic caucus to meet privately with the
AND
Dems are being about the domestic politics of negotiating with Iran right now.

A. Obama can only hold the line if he maintains his capital – optimistic ev about the state of the veto threat doesn’t assume the monkey wrench the plan throws into political calculations.

ABC 1/17 ~With Iran Sanctions Bill on Hold, Republicans Seek Pre-Scheduled Vote for July 3:35PM Friday January 17, 2014~

 (WASHINGTON) — The White House appears to be holding the line against
AND
it ~the meeting with Sherman~ did build momentum towards those sanctions." 

B. AIPAC and Republicans smell blood – they’ll keep after vulnerable Dems.

Rosenberg 1/17 ~MJ, Huffington Post,  Tikkun, Washington Spectator Obama Starts To Turn Tide Against Lobby’s Sanctions Bill Posted: 01/17/2014 9:44 pm~

It’s the weekend and the tide may have turned President Obama’s way in his battle
AND
, to keep bringing the bill up and forcing Reid to block it.

Obama receives blame for controversial court decisions like the aff

Mr. Mirengoff 10 is an attorney in Washington, D.C. A.B., Dartmouth College J.D., Stanford Law School, June 23 The Federalist Society Online Debate Series, http://www.fed-soc.org/debates/dbtid.41/default.asp
The other thing I found interesting was the degree to which Democrats used the hearings
AND
president at that time, he likely will receive some of the blame.

Implementation of court decision ensures link to politics

Canon and Johnson 99 (Bradley Canon, professor of political science at the University of Kentucky, and Charles Johnson, professor of political science and head of the Department of Political Science at Texas A26M University, Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact, 1999, p. 1)
President Andrew Jackson, unhappy with a Supreme Court decision, is said to have
AND
issues are essentially political, and the actors are subject to political pressures.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: CUNY Ayaz-Singh | Judge: Spiker

1NC

~John and I~ will defend the current liberal international system. We do not endorse the Islamaphobic justifications offered by some policy planners, but we believe U.S. involvement in international affairs has value for people everywhere compared to the possible alternatives.

First is uniqueness

War is at its lowest level in history because of it—-best statistical studies prove heg solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient and globalization sustainable—-it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war

Owen 11
(John M. Owen, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong. 

Both absolute poverty and war deaths are at their lowest levels because of US hegemony – shocks to the international system have historically produced the worst violence

Barnett 11
(Thomas P.M. Barnett, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads,
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
term instability even as it builds the basis for longer-term stability. 

Second are the impacts 

Cooperation – bandwagoning and trade encourage it, not competition

Zhang 11
(Yuhan Zhang, a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C, January 2011, East Asia Forum, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy. 

And Global economic liberalism solves great power wars

Griswold, Associated Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the CATO Institute in Washington, 02 (Daniel, "seven Moral Arguments for Free Trade," The Insider, 01 May, http://www.insideronline.org/feature.cfm?id=106)
In an 1845 speech in the British House of Commons, Richard Cobden called free trade "that advance which is calculated to knit nations more together in the bonds of peace by means of commercial intercourse." Free trade does not guarantee peace, but it does strengthen peace by raising the cost of war to governments and their citizens. As nations become more integrated through expanding markets, they have more to lose should trade be disrupted.
In recent years, the twin trends of globalization and democratization have produced their own
AND
foreign investment. Not one of them belongs to the World Trade Organization.
During the 1930s, the industrialized nations waged trade wars against each other. They
AND
trade agreements was aimed at promoting peace as much as it was prosperity.

Prefer our studies—only authors use a testable empirical method

Weede, 04 – professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany, In Winter 1986-87, he was Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Bologna Center of The Johns Hopkins University. (Erich, "BALANCE OF POWER, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CAPITALIST PEACE," http://www.fnf.org.ph/downloadables/Balance20of20Power,20Globalization20and20Capitalist20Peace.pdf)

If one does research or summarize the research of others – of course, most
AND
hodgepodge of ambiguous hunches, contradictory thinking, and unsystematically evaluated empirical evidence.

And Transition Wars

Goldstein 7 Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania "Power transitions, institutions, and China’s rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence," Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 26 5 August 2007, pages 639 – 682
Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for
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realize the transition to a new international order whose contours it will define.

Regulated capitalism is greatest eradicator of poverty in history

Klein 12    Joe Klein Dec. 03, 2012  Time Magazine   Campaign 2012: The Report Card
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2129804,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2129804,00.html
I checked the dictionary. And socialism languishes there, just as it always has
AND
know they’ll be blamed by a voting majority of Americans for any impasse.¶

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown Fang-Kelley | Judge: McGrath

K

U.S. legal leadership enables a neocolonial agenda of global neoliberal domination—-this link is specific to their mechanism of boosting the prestige of U.S. legitimacy in order to export legal norms and practices

Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law 26 University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, "GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW," online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers-http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers

There is a clear pattern of continuity, not of rupture, between the current
AND
local complexities and suggests radical and universal transplantation of Western notions and institutions.

Framing targeted killing as a juridical problem misunderstands agency and conflates the law and politics—the correct response cannot be to respond to legal discourse, but to disrupt it

Krasmann 12. Susanne Krasmann, prof. Dr, Institute for Criminological Research, University of Hamburg, "Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship," Leiden Journal of International Law (2012), 25, pg. 678

The legal debate on targeted killing, particularly that referring to the US practice,
AND
threats and security, and in the dispute about targeted killing operations’ legality.

Ongoing imperialism ensures structural violence – outweighs case

Kovel 2
(Joel, "The United States Military Machine", http://www.joelkovel.org/americanmilitary.htm; Jacob)
I want to talk to you this evening about war - not the immediate threat
AND
military machine is about to plunge, dragging us all down with it.

Questioning the affirmatives ontology is a prior question to the advantages; the form of social relations their advocacy embodies rests on faulty epistemology and makes extinction inevitable—-vote negative as a form of noncooperation with their political economy

Willson 13 (Brain, is a Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University, "Developing Nonviolent Bioregional Revolutionary Strategies," http://www.brianwillson.com/developing-nonviolent-bioregional-revolutionary-strategies/)
I. Industrial civilization is on a collision course with life itself. Facilitating its
AND
locally reliant communities patterned on instructive models of historic Indigenous and Neolithic villages. 

2NC

Compromising is intolerable—- an ethic of peace requires our relationship to the other to be a condition of human existence prior to any community or state that is founded on interrelationship rather a subject that purchases its security from the insecurity of others.  If the foundations for their advocacy are wrong, it will inevitably cause intolerable violence, which is a reason to vote negative, letting the ends justify the means is the entire system we are criticizing—-deontology first

Burke 4 (Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations @ University of New South Wales, "Just War or Ethical Peace? Moral Discourses of Strategic Violence after 9/11," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/Blanket20File20Import/inta_386.pdf)
The formal rigidity of just war theory, which allows it to tolerate the killing
AND
future in which justice, strategy and war will be for ever strangers.

We Spill Over

Theory shapes practice – kritik is the starting point to reorienting policy and scholarship in more equitable and just ways.

Buger 12 ~Christian, European University Institute and Institute for Development and Peace  From Epistemology to Practice: A Sociology of Science for International Relations. Journal of International Relations and Development, 15 (1):forthcoming. http://bueger.info/documents/Bueger20201020-20From20Epistemology20to20Practice.pdf~~

IR as a constitutive element of global politics  Firstly, in the light of the
AND
and what (objects, things, practices) become excluded  or marginalized.

Structural Violence 1^st

Turns war

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois (Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
 ’4
 (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Magnitude: Western civilization and modernity have caused more deaths than all wars combined causing their impacts to become inevitable

Eckhardt 1990 (William, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory of St. Louis, JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, February 1990, p. 15-16)
Modern Western Civilization used war as well as peace to gain the whole world as
AND
challenge is very urgent indeed. Life itself may depend upon our choice.

AT: Perm

Links swamp the permutation—-it instrumentalizes the alternative which only masks the plan’s violent governmentality—-internal contradictions means it inevitably fails

Laura Sjoberg 13, Department of Political Science, University of Florida , Gainesville The paradox of security cosmopolitanism?, Critical Studies on Security, 1:1, 29-34
Particularly, Burke suggests that security cosmopolitanism ’rejects a procedural faith in strongly post
AND
, as it seductively appears to solve a problem it does not solve.

Terrorism discourse is wrong and leads to war

Cortright 8 ~David, President of the Fourth Freedom Forum and research fellow for the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, 2008 ("Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas." Pg. 125~

In recent years terrorism has replaced communism as the new frame of dehumanization. It
AND
the cold war the fight against communism provided the justification for the unthinkable.

They are epistemologically bankrupt, only the alt solves the root cause

Greenwald 8/15 ~ Glenn, was named by The Atlantic as one of the 25 most influential political commentators in the nation. He is the recipient of the first annual I.F. Stone Award for Independent Journalism, and is the winner of the 2010 Online Journalism Association Award for his investigative work on the arrest and oppressive detention of Bradley Manningformer Constitutional and civil rights litigator and is the author of three New York Times Bestselling books, Salon AUG 15, 2012 http://www.salon.com/2012/08/15/the_sham_terrorism_expert_industry/~~

In a recently published journal article in International Security, entitled "The Terrorism Delusion
AND
to mean: something that cannot be the subject of legitimate "expertise."

norms also legitimate ongoing violence

Vasko 13 (Timothy, Johns Hopkins University PhD candidate,  received his B.
AND
and Death," Affinities Vol. 7, No. 1, 2013)
With this in mind, we can begin to understand how and why, since
AND
historical forebears in the administration of colonies throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Crowe

Comprehensive reform will pass now – Obama’s going all-in to work with moderates.

Daily Mail 10/17 ~"Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats," http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html~~23ixzz2i182BrcS~~
The White House has shifted gears and put its policy team in immigration overdrive,
AND
, that’s just good politics in addition to doing the right thing.’

Disagreements over authority trigger constitutional showdowns – even if the executive wants the plan – it’s about who decides, not the decision itself

Posner 10 and Vermeule - *professor of law at the University of Chicago AND professor of law at Harvard (Eric and Adrian, The Executive Unbound, p. 75-77)
Showdowns occur when the location of constitutional authority for making an important policy decision is
AND
resolving the question of authority. We focus on this case for now.

Immigration is critical to the growth – every day its delayed is a linear risk for long-term competitiveness

Garfield 13 ~Dean Garfield, president and CEO of the Information Technology Industry Council, Mercury News, 02/12/2013, "Dean Garfield: Immigration reform means a stronger Silicon Valley and U.S. economy," http://www.mercurynews.com/opinion/ci_22570060/dean-garfield-immigration-reform-means-stronger-silicon-valley~~
The recent jobs report and the decline in fourth-quarter GDP growth reinforce that
AND
turn away from old, misguided stereotypes and toward a stronger American future.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11
 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States
AND
World?’, Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Crowe
Statistics go neg
Brock Blomberg, Professor of Economics at Wellesley College, Gregory Hess, Professor of Economics at Oberlin College, February 2002, "The Temporal Links between Conflict and Economic Activity," Journal of Conflict Resolution
To begin this temporal "causal" investigation, we first need to develop a
AND
, that there is compelling evidence of a conditional poverty-conflict trap.

Immigrations key to the economy – failure to reform crushes growth
Mead 13 ~Walter Russell Mead, The American Interest, Feb. 13, 2013, "We Need To Make It Easier For Skilled Immigrants To Work In America" http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2013/02/13/the-immigration-reform-america-needs/~~23ixzz2Koq5WoBQ~~

You’d be forgiven for missing the key sentence on immigration reform in President Obama’s State
AND
is high and so they don’t have the same negative effect on wages.

Nope—all experts and data go neg – solves econ
Farrell 12
Chris Farrell, BusinessWeek, December 13, 2012, "Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform" http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform
The economic return from attracting skilled immigrants to the U.S. is well
AND
legality offers Washington a rare twofer: a just move that’s economically efficient. 

1. This argument is just racist.  You should reject them to disincentivize reading blatantly racist arguments.

That’s key to US-India relations

LA Times 12
1/9/2012, cites B. Lindsay Lowell, director of policy studies for the Institute for the Study of International Migration at Georgetown University "Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform" http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

Ties Prevent A South Asian Nuclear War
Dugger 02, (Celia W., journalist, "Wider Military Ties with India Offer U.S. Diplomatic Leverage," THE NEW YORK TIMES, June 10, 2002, p. A1, LN)
Military cooperation between India and the United States has remarkably quickened since Sept. 11
AND
Joint Chiefs of Staff, said upon arriving in New Delhi in February.
1

Will pass – their snapshot ev ignores trends and growing momentum.

MacGillis 10/24 ~Alec, New Republic, Seven Reasons To Stop Being Fatalistic About Immigration Reform  http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115341/immigration-reform-may-actually-pass~~

But the natural optimist in me thinks that the odds for some sort of serious
AND
. And it sure beats spending the next year talking about chained CPI.

House proposals prove immigration is still in play – Obama needs to keep the press on.

Buckhout 10/23 ~Immigration Reform: Alive, Not Dead, in the House Submitted by Emma Buckhout on 10/23/13, New Democrat Network, http://ndn.org/blog/2013/10/immigration-reform-alive-not-dead-house~~

A surprising number of recent media reports declare once again that immigration reform is dead
AND
moving on meaningful pieces of legislation, immigration reform is very much alive.

Fighting to defend war powers saps Obama’s capital – tanks his agenda.
Kriner 10 ~Douglas, assistant professor of political science at Boston University, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69~

While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Obama can’t regenerate capital in his second term

Walsh 12
Ken Walsh, covers the White House and politics for U.S. News, 2012/12/20, "Setting Clear Priorities Will Be Key for Obama" http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2012/12/20/setting-clear-priorities-will-be-key-for-obama
And there is an axiom in Washington: Congress, the bureaucracy, the media
AND
that would limit his power and credibility for the remainder of his presidency.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Crowe

Lack of US resolve is a rallying point for terrorism – makes us seem defeatable

Dennis and Shannon 7 – Michael Dennis, Ph.D. Candidate in Government at the University of Texas-Austin, and Vaughn P. Shannon, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Northern Iowa and Director of UNI’s Center for International Peace and Security Studies, April 2007, "Militant Islam and the Futile Fight for Reputation," Security Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 287-317
Being motivated to see an adversary as weak leads to a tendency to make analogies
AND
adversary’s withdrawal from battle confirms the reputation formed, blending events and preconceptions.
In analogical terms (AX:BX::AY:BY, where A resembles
AND
,D) will result in the withdrawal of infidel superpowers as well.
The infidel superpower garners a reputation for irresolution when withdrawing from such battles with militant Islam. The militants take credit for the desirable outcomes, but there is a link to the character of the opponent in the analogical story. The superpowers are paper tigers, the type of state that flees in the face of jihad.
What we have presented is a psychologically based alternative to the Mercer thesis that enemies do not generate reputations for their adversaries desired behavior. In our formulation, audience preconceptions and biases matter, as do the actions that either fuel preconceptions or deny such images ammunition. Superpower withdrawals after terrorist actions allow terrorists to believe and perpetrate the paper tiger reputation, confirming a lesson to be applied in future similar arenas.

Obama cred key to South Asia stability.

Coes 11 ~Ben, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 and author, "The disease of a weak president", The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/~~
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Shutdown doesn’t affect resolve

Drezner 10/3 ~Daniel W. Drezner is professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Chuck Hagel and The Credibility Fairy, October 3, 2013 http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/03/chuck_hagel_and_the_credibility_fairy~~

This is not the first time that Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel has.... let’s
AND
and even there, the scope of the credibility issue seems remarkably constrained.

Empirically no impact.

Drezner 10/3 ~Daniel W. Drezner is professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Chuck Hagel and The Credibility Fairy, October 3, 2013 http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/03/chuck_hagel_and_the_credibility_fairy~~

The second issue is whether America’s foreign policy credibility is really affected by a government
AND
Slobodan Milosevic’s spine was stiffened because Newt Gingrich and Bill Clinton couldn’t agree.

Strongly enforced restrictions make the President less likely to make threats and exert influence – this is AFTER their cutting

Waxman 8/25 ~Matthew Waxman 8/25/13, Professor of Law – Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy – CFR, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War," Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN~
Even if Congress already wields informal political influence over threatened force, more potent and
AND
misrepresent preferences about war and peace, and therefore reduce opportunities for bluffing.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton CE | Judge: Nikolich

We ARE AT WAR21 A necessary part of war is dealing with our enemies once we capture them, prisons are the best means of dealing with this issue. The aff would prefer you imagine a world of ever expanding friendships, where we all get along and sing Kumbaya around the campfire while making s’mores. This delusion produces a new more violent invisible war against an outside the aff doesn’t think exists.

RASCH 05 (LINES OF ENEMITY)
There is a song by Leonard Cohen called ’’There Is a War.’’
AND
that this imperfection manifests itself as violence and the guilt associated with it.

This ideology of inclusion creates a never ending cycle of violence against those deviants who "create conflict" justifying extermination.

Rasch 4 (William, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana U, Sovereignty and its Discontents, Birkbeck Law Press, pg. 15) my
What could be wrong with such a vision? Certainly it is neither verifiable nor
AND
solved, once and for all, the nihilistic problem of the political? 

Our alternative is to draw a line in the sand to separate friend from enemy. War is a fundamental part of what constructs our identity, we can only know who we are by the opposition between that what we are not. The arbitary and clear nature of this decision however is essential for a recognition to the validity of the right for enemies to exist.

Rasch 2005 (Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle
South Atlantic Quarterly Spring 2005 104(2): 253-262; doi:10.1215/00382876-104-2-253)
Schmitt, then, starts from the premise of imperfection and acknowledges an ontological priority
AND
opponent, not a Lyon or Tyger or other Sav- age Beast.
For it is not that exclusions are miraculously made absent once distinc- tions are
AND
and the ’’forms of power and domination be- come visible.’’7

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton CE | Judge: Nikolich

Failure to assign Us/Them dichotomies explodes into violent conflict because we wage warfare strictly on moral grounds

Rasch 5 (William, Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at India University,  South Atlantic Quarterly, 104:2, AD: 6/21/10) jl
For it is not that exclusions are miraculously made absent once distinctions are not formally
AND
all states against all states in a second-order state of nature.

Rejection of universal system of ethics is a genuine gesture of accepting alterity
Secomb 00 (Linnell, Prof of Philosoophy and Gender Studies at the G of Sydney,   Hypatia, Vol. 15, No. 2, Going Australian: Reconfiguring Feminism and Philosophy (Spring, 2000), pp. 133-150,  AD: 6/21/10)
This community of singular beings, who are exposed to each other in the sharing
AND
limit and finitude replaces community understood as a communion or union of individuals. 

Framing politics with an ethical theology destroys the political – the alternative must stand alone
Rasch 04 (William, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana U, Sovereignty and its Discontents, Birkbeck Law Press, pg. 3-4)
In opposition to the near universal pressure to abolish the pesky complexity of the political
AND
detailed examinations of the structure of the political in the chapters that follow.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Bacon-Boor | Judge: Munday

The reasons for doing a policy are key to that policy

Thomas E. Hill, Jr., Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina, 1991 ("The Message of Affirmative Action," The Affirmative Action Debate (1995), edited by Steven M. Cahn, Published by Routledge, Reprinted from Social Philosophy 26 Policy, p. 169-170)
Actions, as the saying goes, often speak louder than words.  There are
AND
we want to give and the messages that are likely to be received. 

Their divorce of personal and political kills agency and turns the aff

Kappeler 95 (Susanne is an associate professor at al-akhawayn university, "the will to violence: the politics of personal behavior", pg. 10-11)
                 
Which is why many of those not yet entirely disillusioned with politics tend to engage
AND
our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence.

India and Pakistan Nuclear Danger is Constructed - It’s a Product manipulated Represenations, Not Material Threat 

Haider Nizamani, Lecturer in Political Science at the University of British Columbia, 2k ~The roots of rhetoric: politics of nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan, p. 11-2~

I conceptualize security discourses as a framework through which the constant articulation of external dangers
AND
maintenance of their national identities by invoking the themes of threats and dangers.

Chinese threat mentality is racist and causes serial policy failure and war
Wei (Master’s at Dartmouth College) 12
(Li Juan, THE AMERICAN CHINA THREAT MENTALITY, Master’s Thesis in Liberal Studies, March 2012, pg. 77-79)

The American China threat mentality has become an effective tool that
AND
of American politics, which will only perpetuate actual conflicts or even wars.

Their calculations are not objective – there is no mechanism to predict or prepare for terrorism – reject all of their claims to knowledge
Kessler Sociology at Beilefeld 26 Daase Poli  Sci at U of Munich 2008 Oliver 26 Christopher Alternatives p EBSCOhost
The objective is to develop means and methods to deal with uncertainty and reduce it
AND
the framework of the security dilemma fails to capture the basic uncertainties.

This means only the alt can ever solve terrorism.

Butler 4 (Judith, Professor of Rhetoric and Comparitive Literature @ the University of California, Berkley, "Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence", pg 15-18)
So, is there a way, in Roy’s terms, to understand bin Laden
AND
that restrain us from thinking and acting radically and well about global options.

Owen votes neg, interrogating the discursive backdrops they make their truth claims on is key

Owen 2 ~David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3~
The first dimension concerns the relationship between positivist IR theory and postmodernist IR ’theory’
AND
Shapiro and Rob Walker is to prevent us from becoming too readily bewitched.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baylor Bacon-Boor | Judge: Munday
Interpretation "restriction" is a method of prohibiting authority
P.A. Mohammed, J. Sri Chithira Aero And Adventure ... vs The Director General Of Civil ... on 24 January, 1997¶ Equivalent citations: AIR 1997 Ker 121¶ Sri Chithira Aero And Adventure ... vs The Director General Of Civil ... on 24 January, 1997. http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/255504/?type=print
10. Microlight aircrafts or hang gliders shall not be flown over an assembly of
AND
P4 and P5 are purely measures regulating the use and operation of aircrafts.
Increase means to become greater
Increase:
in•crease verb \in-?kr?s, ?in-?\
intransitive verb
1: to become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity)
2: to multiply by the production of young
That’s Merriam-Webster 12, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/increase?show=026t=1348112715

Executive authority stems from the constitution or statutory delegation.
Gaziano, 2001  
(Todd, senior fellow in Legal Studies and Director of the Center for Legal Judicial Studies at the Heritage Foundation, 5 Texas Review of Law 26 Politics 267, Spring, lexis)
Although President Washington’s Thanksgiving Proclamation was hortatory, other proclamations or orders that communicate presidential
AND
State, Chief Law Enforcement Officer, and Head of the Executive Branch.

Violation – The Aff increases presidents war powers authority – It doesn’t prohibit the president from doing anything
Coronogue 12 – 1AC Author (Graham, JD at duke, "A NEW AUMF: DEFINING COMBATANTS IN THE WAR ON TERROR", http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil, zzx)

This congressional authorization gave the president the authority to use force against those involved in
AND
the current reality of conflict and guide the President’s prosecution of this war.

The aff is extra-topical – AUMF applies to things outside the resolution -  
Justice.gov 2006 (January 27, "THE NSA PROGRAM TO DETECT AND PREVENT TERRORIST ATTACKS
MYTH V. REALITY" http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/nsa_myth_v_reality.pdf-http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/nsa_myth_v_reality.pdf)

Myth: The NSA program is illegal. Reality: The President’s authority to authorize
AND
of the enemy is a fundamental incident to the use of military force. 

2NC

The AUMF is a grant of authority – expanding the AUMF expands the presidents war powers authority
Taeb and Levey 13, Government Relations manager at the Arab American Institute, and Levey is Arab American Institute Legal Fellow on the AUMF
(6/13, Yasmine and Isaac, Time to fix the AUMF, thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/305349-time-to-fix-the-aumf-)
During the past decade, the United States has taken extraordinary measures in fighting terrorism
AND
," because it is Congress, not the president, that declares war.

The groups expands authority to groups who aren’t currently authorized

Coronogue 12 – 1AC Author (Graham, JD at duke, "A NEW AUMF: DEFINING COMBATANTS IN THE WAR ON TERROR", http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil, zzx)

America’s chief security threats used to come from the Taliban and al-Qaeda.
AND
9/11 attacks, these groups are necessarily outside of Congress’s authorization.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: CUNY Ayaz-Singh | Judge: Spiker

Drones in Yemen now – key to prevent AQAP resurgence and Yemen instability

Terrill 13
Andrew Terrill, Research Professor of National Security Affairs, Strategic Studies Institute Middle East Specialist, "Op-Ed: Drones Are Making A Difference In Yemen", http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13-http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13
At least in the case of Yemen, drones appear to have been stunningly successful
AND
be kept open to avoid the need for much more frightening choices later.

Impact is WMD terror, Iran-Israel war, and Iran-Saudi war.

Berger et al 2012 (May, Lars Berger, Lecturer in politics and contemporary history of the middle east at the university of salford/Manchester, Maurice Doring, MA in political science, international law and philosophy from the University of Bonn, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, research fellow at Geothe University, Ahmed Salf, Exeutive Director of the Sheba Center for Strategic Studies, Ahmed Al-Wahishi, Executive Secretary of the Yemeni International Affairs Center, "Yemen and the Middle East Conference The Challenge of Failing States and Transnational Terrorism", http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf-http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
 While in a geographical and political sense Yemen is far from being a central
AND
which the region’s state actors might contemplate as part of the envisioned MEC.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Crowe

CP avoids the link to politics – no need for political capital expenditure.

Sovacool and Sovacool 9 ~Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool 2009 is a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization., Kelly E. Sovacool is a Senior Research Associate at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of SingaporeArticle: Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 2009 34 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 333~
Executive Orders also save time in a second sense. The President does not have
AND
change law without having to wait for congressional action or agency regulatory rulemaking.

EOs aren’t politically controversial – Obama’s been issuing them, and more are coming.

Sink 9/15 ~Justin, The Hill, Obama looks to fill fall scorecard with regulations, going small-bore, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/322237-obama-looks-to-fill-fall-scorecard-with-regs-going-small-bore~~
President Obama hopes to fill his 2012 campaign scorecard this fall by focusing on executive
AND
technology, allowing Obama to deliver on a campaign promise to environmental supporters.

2. Resolve DA – Congressional interference devastates perception of Obama’s resolve – sends the signal to global rivals that we don’t have the political will for warfighting.

Newton 12 ~Michael, Prof. of Law – Vanderbilt, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW•VOL. 45, Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution~
The corollary to this modern reality, and the second of three inadvertent implications of
AND
asymmetric enemy can in theory erode our political will even before it solidifies.

1. Statute can’t constrain Presidents – get reinterpreted or ignored

Pildes 12 ~Richard H., Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law, NYU School of Law and Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security. 2/27/12 BOOK REVIEWS  LAW AND THE PRESIDENT  THE EXECUTIVE UNBOUND: AFTER THE MADISONIAN REPUBLIC. By Eric  A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.  2010. Pp. 249. 2429.95. New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers~
The general outlines of this history are familiar. But in a bracing new  book
AND
time, these other institutions will be unable or unwilling to do so.

2. President will disregard prohibitions or find another justification.

Goldsmith 9/3 ~Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Before coming to Harvard, Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003. Professor Goldsmith is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. Full bio » It is Hard to Write an AUMF http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/it-is-hard-to-write-an-aumf/~~
First, Congress needs to pay attention to the distinction between an authorization and a
AND
.  Writing an AUMF that adequately empowers and constraints the President is hard.

Presidential mandate solves – establishes oversight, increases transparency, and sets international precedent

Zenko 13
Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, April 2013"Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon", http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434-http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434 jchen
Consolidating Executive Authority
In 2004, the 9/11 Commission recommended that the "lead responsibility for
AND

"The CIA should not be doing traditional military activities and operations."
The main objection to consolidating lead executive authority in DOD is that it would eliminate
AND
then it would not be held responsible for airstrikes conducted by other countries.
The CIA should, however, retain the ability it has had since 9/11 to conduct lethal covert actions in extremely rare circumstances, such as against immediate threats to the U.S. homeland or diplomatic outposts. Each would require a separate presidential finding, and should be fully and currently informed to the intelligence committees. Of the roughly 420 nonbattlefield targeted killings that the United States has conducted, very few would have met this criteria.
The president should direct that U.S. drone strikes be conducted as DOD Title 10 operations. That decision would enhance U.S. national security in the following ways:
    Improve the transparency and legitimacy of targeted killings, including what methods are used to prevent civilian harm.
    Focus the finite resources of the CIA on its original core missions of intelligence collection, analysis, and early warning. (There is no reason for the CIA to maintain a redundant fleet of armed drones, or to conduct military operations that are inherently better suited to JSOC, the premier specialized military organization. As "traditional military activities" under U.S. law, these belong under Title 10 operations.)
    Place all drone strikes under a single international legal framework, which would be clearly delineated for military operations and can therefore be articulated publicly.
    Unify congressional oversight of specific operations under the armed services committee, which would end the current situation whereby there is confusion over who has oversight responsibility.
    Allow U.S. government officials to counter myths and misinformation about targeted killings at home and abroad by acknowledging responsibility for its own strikes.
    Increase pressure on other states to be more transparent in their own conduct of military and paramilitary operations in nonbattlefield settings by establishing the precedent that the Obama administration claims can have a normative influence on how others use drones.

EOs have the force of law – as good as statute.

Mayer 1 ~Kenneth, Professor of Political Science @ University of Wisconsin – Madison, With the Stroke of a Pen~
These chronicles of presidential decisiveness and unilateral action are at odds with the prevailing scholarly
AND
lawmaking role is substantial, persistent, and in many cases disturbing."8 

Presidential action is perceived globally.

Sunstein 95 ~Cass, Karl N. Llewellyn Professor of Jurisprudence, University of Chicago Law School and Department of Political Science, "An Eighteenth Century Presidency in a Twenty-First Century World" Arkansas Law Review, 48 Ark. L. Rev. 1, Lexis~

With the emergence of the United States as a world power, the President’s foreign
AND
or during an interview, can have enormous consequences for the international community.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Crowe

Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order mandating that jus ad bellum and jus in bello are used to restrict the President’s war powers authority to conduct targeted killings.

Executive can restrain itself —- it is subject to internal separation of powers

Sales, 12 —- Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law (7/3/2012, Nathan Alexander Sales, Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, "Self-Restraint and National Security," 6 J. Nat’l Security L. 26 Pol’y 227, Lexis))
III. Self-Restraint as Cost-Benefit Asymmetry
As we’ve seen, certain officials within military and intelligence agencies - general counsels,
AND
building by officials who review operations for compliance with domestic and international law.

DA

Congressional restrictions cause adversaries to doubt the resolve of U.S. deterrence – causes crisis escalation.

Waxman 8/25 ~Matthew Waxman 8/25/13, Professor of Law – Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy – CFR, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War," Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN~
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war
AND
to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179

Credible conventional deterrence checks nuclear aggression

Gerson 09
MICHAEL S. GERSON, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, Policy Fellow with the ONE Campaign, a visiting fellow with the Center for Public Justice, and a former senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations,"Conventional Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age", Strategic Studies Institute, Autumn 2009 jchen
Although implicit or explicit nuclear threats may lack credibili- ty against non-WMD regimes, many potential adversaries believe that the United States will use conventional firepower, especially because America has conventional superiority and a demonstrated willingness to use it. Consequently, when dealing with non-WMD-related threats, conventional deterrence will be the most likely mechanism for deterring hostile actions.
According to Admiral Michael Mullen, the current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "A big part of credibility, of course, lies in our convention- al capability. The capability to project power globally and conduct effective theater-level operations . . . remains essential to deterrence effectiveness."14
Conventional deterrence also plays an important role in preventing nonnuclear aggression by nuclear-armed
AND
and perhaps coali- tion partners) would choose not to get involved.
In this context, conventional deterrence can be an important mech- anism to limit
AND
regimes from believing that nuclear possession provides opportunities for conventional aggression and coercion.

Foreign policy resolve’s key to prevent a host of impacts—-now’s key

Chapin and Hanson 9 – Bernard Chapin- interviewer, and Victor Davis Hanson, the Martin and Illie Anderson senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 7, 2009, "Change, weakness, disaster," online: http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/change-weakness-disaster-obama-answers-from-victor-davis-hanson/
BC: Are we currently sending a message of weakness to our foes and allies
AND
tiger and now no one quite knows whom it will bite or when.