Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Dwyer
1nc

The United States federal judiciary should hold that
-the Bevins doctrine creates a cause of action, including supervisory liability, allowing civil suits against federal officials and their superiors, by those unlawfully injured by indefinite detention, their heirs, or their estates in security cleared legal proceedings, independent of any statutory cause of action
-the doctrines of political question, immunity, state secrets and other nonjusticiability doctrines are not applicable, and may not be applied, to bevins suits brought on these specific grounds
-the federal judiciary’s jurisdiction over bevins suits in this area is a part of the courts constitutionally mandated obligations and may not be terminated or limited by any statutory or executive action
Constitutional Torts solve exactly same as the aff – court can enforce without any additional statutes
Brown, 9
George D. Brown, Professor of Law, Boston College Law School, Southern Cal LR, July, 9

The war on terror cases will force the Supreme Court to confront several issues.
AND
over to the Bivens doctrine when the inevitable war on terror suits arise.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Tews

Case

Debating the law teaches us how to make it better and recover our agency – rejection is worse

Todd Hedrick, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, Sept 2012, Democratic Constitutionalism as Mediation: The Decline and Recovery of an Idea in Critical Social Theory, Constellations  Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 382–400
Habermas’ alleged abandonment of immanent critique, however, is belied by the role that
AND
, without the triumphalist pretension of ever being able to fully do so. 

The aff doesn’t influence legal decisionmaking and results in tyranny

Paul Passavant, Ph.D., Hobart and William Smith College Associate Professor of Political Science, December 2010, Yoo’s Law, Sovereignty, and Whatever, Constellations  Volume 17, Issue 4, pages 549–571
For some on the left, it has become conventional to celebrate, if not
AND
of unchecked presidential powers and torture can be the death knell of popular sovereignty

 dedicated to the purpose of opposing tyranny. Whatever being is not the enemy of any state or form of "sovereignty." It is the enemy of popular sovereignty. Whatever ruins democracy. If we want more than unchecked presidential power and torture, then we will have to dedicate ourselves to certain purposes, like resisting tyranny and recalling that this was the purpose of the U.S. Constitution.

Global democracy inevitable
Tow 10—Director of the Future Planet Research Centre (David,  Future Society- The Future of Democracy, 26 August 2010, http://www.australia.to/2010/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=4280:future-society-the-future-of-democracy26catid=76:david-tow26Itemid=230)

Democracy, as with all other processes engineered by human civilisation, is evolving at
AND
as those employed by the heavy carbon emitters in the global warming debate.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

Case

Adv 1

Innocents will be hurt inevitably in warfare—torture is key to stopping more innocents from dying

Harris, 05
(Sam, PhD in neuroscience from UCLA and Co-Founder and Chairman of Project Reason, "In Defense of Torture", Oct 17, www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html NL)
In modern warfare, "collateral damage"—the maiming and killing innocent noncombatants—
AND
found in how the suffering of the tortured or the collaterally damaged appears.

Adv 2

no risk of endless warfare

Gray 7
Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
an executive prerogative, in practice that authority is disciplined by public attitudes.

 Clausewitz made this point superbly with his designation of the passion, the sentiments
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Adv 3

War increase Racism and environmental destruction

The Environmental Justice Movement, 03
(March 31, "Environmental Justice Statement against the War in Iraq" http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=24-http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=24)
The US policy on war is an assault on civil liberties and civil rights, and is a policy that promotes environmental racism. Increased militarism means polluting weapons and military industrial production facilities and the disposal of its waste will end up disproportionately in our communities. 

The production and use of depleted-uranium weapons on uninformed communities and exposed soldiers
AND
we have seen in the attacks on Arabs, South Asians and Muslims.

Adv 4

War turns structural violence

Bulloch 8
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
 He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

Adv 1

"No value to life" doesn’t outweigh—-prioritize existence because value is subjective

Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, "Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing," online: http://people.su.se/~~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf
I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).

Status quo solves – conditions are now humanitarian

Pearlstein ’12
~Deb, assistant professor of international and constitutional law at Cardozo Law School in New York. She was part of the first group of human rights monitors granted access in 2004 to observe military commission proceedings at Guantánamo Bay, "The Situation Is Better Than It Was," NYT Room For Debate, 01.09.2012. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/01/09/guantanamo-10-years-later/guantanamo-better-than-it-was-http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/01/09/guantanamo-10-years-later/guantanamo-better-than-it-was, accessed 7/23/13wyo-hdm~
For all that remains deplorable about the continuing operation of the Guantánamo prison, it
AND
independent lawyers, among others, have met with most detainees many times.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

Case

Adv 1

Innocents will be hurt inevitably in warfare—torture is key to stopping more innocents from dying

Harris, 05
(Sam, PhD in neuroscience from UCLA and Co-Founder and Chairman of Project Reason, "In Defense of Torture", Oct 17, www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/in-defense-of-torture_b_8993.html NL)
In modern warfare, "collateral damage"—the maiming and killing innocent noncombatants—
AND
found in how the suffering of the tortured or the collaterally damaged appears.

Adv 2

no risk of endless warfare

Gray 7
Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)
7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
an executive prerogative, in practice that authority is disciplined by public attitudes.

 Clausewitz made this point superbly with his designation of the passion, the sentiments
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Adv 3

War increase Racism and environmental destruction

The Environmental Justice Movement, 03
(March 31, "Environmental Justice Statement against the War in Iraq" http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=24-http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=24)
The US policy on war is an assault on civil liberties and civil rights, and is a policy that promotes environmental racism. Increased militarism means polluting weapons and military industrial production facilities and the disposal of its waste will end up disproportionately in our communities. 

The production and use of depleted-uranium weapons on uninformed communities and exposed soldiers
AND
we have seen in the attacks on Arabs, South Asians and Muslims.

Adv 4

War turns structural violence

Bulloch 8
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
 He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

Adv 1

"No value to life" doesn’t outweigh—-prioritize existence because value is subjective

Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, "Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing," online: http://people.su.se/~~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf
I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).

Status quo solves – conditions are now humanitarian

Pearlstein ’12
~Deb, assistant professor of international and constitutional law at Cardozo Law School in New York. She was part of the first group of human rights monitors granted access in 2004 to observe military commission proceedings at Guantánamo Bay, "The Situation Is Better Than It Was," NYT Room For Debate, 01.09.2012. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/01/09/guantanamo-10-years-later/guantanamo-better-than-it-was-http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/01/09/guantanamo-10-years-later/guantanamo-better-than-it-was, accessed 7/23/13wyo-hdm~
For all that remains deplorable about the continuing operation of the Guantánamo prison, it
AND
independent lawyers, among others, have met with most detainees many times.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Ford-Glanzman | Judge: Harris

Making debate a space to confront privilege destroys the possibility for any actual political movement and reinforces the structures of oppression that you criticize and try to overcome.

Smith 2013
~Andrea Smith, 2013, The Problem with "Privilege", http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/-http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/, uwyoamp~
In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
AND
and the colonized/racialized subject as the occasion for self-reflexivity.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Dwyer
Adv 1
First, US-European Relations high despite foreign policy differences 

Goodenough ’12
~Patrick, overed government and politics in South Africa and the Middle East before joining CNSNews.com in 1999. Since then he has launched foreign bureaus for CNSNews.com in Jerusalem, London and the Pacific Rim. From October 2006 to July 2007, Patrick served as Managing Editor at the organization’s world headquarters in Alexandria, Va. Now back in the Pacific Rim, as International Editor he reports on politics, international relations, security, terrorism, ethics and religion, and oversees reporting by CNSNews.com’s roster of international stringers, "Polls Show Erosion of U.S. Image Abroad Over the Past Four Years," 12.18.2012.  http://cnsnews.com/news/article/polls-show-erosion-us-image-abroad-over-past-four-years-http://cnsnews.com/news/article/polls-show-erosion-us-image-abroad-over-past-four-years//wyo-hdm~~
The last four years have witnessed a decline in the image of the United States
AND
Service by GlobeScan and the University of Maryland’s Program on International Policy Attitudes. 

Second, Alt cause to US-European relations decline- Iran, Mali, Syria, and defense cuts  

Euronews ’13
~"Joe Biden balms US-European relations," 2.02.2013. http://www.euronews.com/2013/02/02/joe-biden-balms-us-european-relations/-http://www.euronews.com/2013/02/02/joe-biden-balms-us-european-relations///wyo-hdm~~
As US President Barak Obama begins his second term his number two Joe Biden has
AND
rule out further defence cuts if he is re-elected in 2015."
No impact to terrorism – too hard to pull off post 9/11, not enough personnel to carry out an attack, too much pressure because of security restrictions 

Schneier 10
(Bruce, a security technologist and author of "Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World.", "Opinion: Where Are All the Terrorist Attacks?", March 2010, http://www.aolnews.com/opinion/article/opinion-why-arent-there-more-times-square-style-terrorist-attacks/19463843-http://www.aolnews.com/opinion/article/opinion-why-arent-there-more-times-square-style-terrorist-attacks/19463843)
Hard to Pull Off Terrorism sounds easy, but the actual attack is the easiest
AND
terrorists, and they are far rarer than popular opinion would have it.

Adv 2
Deference is always in flux
BERGER 11 Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska ~Eric Berger, INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, JUDICIAL DEFERENCE, AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW NORMS IN CONSTITUTIONAL DECISION MAKING, December, 2011, Boston University Law Review, 91 B.U.L. Rev. 2029~

The theory presented here also has the advantage of taking account of the numerous and
AND
administrative action, given the great "variety among state administrative laws." n401
Moreover, to the extent that the Court already offers deference to government agencies in
AND
, would encourage courts to discuss more transparently what they already do anyway.
Data disproves hegemony impacts
Fettweis, 11
Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

No challengers
Kaplan, senior fellow – Center for a New American Security, and Kaplan, frmr. vice chairman – National Intelligence Council, ’11
(Robert D and Stephen S, "America Primed," The National Interest, March/April)

But in spite of the seemingly inevitable and rapid diminution of U.S.
AND
—but plodding competence, occasionally steely nerved and always free of illusion.

solvency
Courts are biased against foreigners—state secrets is a barrier
Murphy and Radsan – Their Author – 9 (Richard, AT26T Professor of Law – Texas Tech University School of Law, and Afsheen John, Professor – William Mitchell College of Law; Assistant General Counsel – Central Intelligence Agency, "Due Process and Targeted Killing of Terrorists," Cardozo Law Review, November, 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 405, Lexis)

As to legal hurdles, Boumediene itself poses a high one to lawsuits by non
AND
killing, that may mean cutting off non-citizens from American courts.
The state-secrets privilege poses another barrier to Bivens-style actions. This
AND
the government could prevent litigation from seriously compromising intelligence sources and methods.219
Prez will circumvent-
~1.~ invokes state secrets to avoid oversight
Posner and  Vermeule 2010 ~Eric A. , Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School and Editor of The Journal of Legal Studies; Adrian , Harvard Law Professor, The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford Press, p. 24wyo-sc~
Monitoring the executive requires expertise in the area being monitored. In many cases,
AND
a program cannot be discussed with Congress, because to do so would vitiate

 the very secrecy that makes the program possible and beneficial. In any particular case the claim might be right or wrong; legislators have no real way to judge, and they know that the claim might be made either by a wellmotivated executive or by an ill-motivated executive, albeit for very different reasons.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 4 | Opponent: Oklahoma Cherry-Baker | Judge: Green

Performance is not a mode of resistance – it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism

Peggy Phelan 96, chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies, Unmarked: the politics of performance, 146-9
146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded,
AND
become performative utterances, rather than, as Benveniste warned, constative utterances.

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production

Phelan ’96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005,
In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson
AND
reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.

Resistance via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkeley (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3)
For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
AND
and harmonious relationship with domination insofar as they locate an individual’s sense of worth 

and capacity in the register of individual feelings, a register implicitly located on some
AND
so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production

Phelan ’96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005,
In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson
AND
reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.

Resistance via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkeley (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3)
For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
AND
so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Hackett-Stevick | Judge: Martel

Solvency

Drone strikes are down all across the board—we have the resources, but Obama made a policy decision to limit them

Ackerman 12-31 ~Spencer Ackerman, national security reporter at the guardian, "Fewer deaths from drone strikes in 2013 after Obama policy change," 12-31-13, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/deaths-drone-strikes-obama-policy-change-http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/deaths-drone-strikes-obama-policy-change, wyo-sc~

While specific figures are difficult to narrow down and even harder to verify, the
AND
a policy decision, and I think they’ve been correct to emphasize that."¶ 

Adv 1

Drones crush terrorists and solve militant takeover in Pakistan – no anti-americanism in tribal areas now

Nadim 2012 (Hussain Nadim, visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, August 8, 2012, "How Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan," National Interest, nationalinterest.org/how-drones-changed-the-game-pakistan-7290)
Regardless of what the news agencies in Pakistan claim about the negative effects of drone
AND
at all as long as they get to burn a few American flags.

No Pakistan collapse and it doesn’t escalate

Dasgupta 13
Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four times — in 1986, 1990, 1999 and 2001–02. In each case, India responded in a manner that did not escalate the conflict. Any incursion into Pakistan was extremely limited. An Indian intervention in a civil war in Pakistan would be subject to the same limitations — at least so long as the Pakistani army maintains its integrity.
Given the new US–India ties, the most important factor in determining the
AND
some influence in Afghanistan, especially working with elements of the Northern Alliance.
India and Afghanistan already have a strategic partnership agreement in place that creates the framework for their bilateral relationship to grow, but the degree of actual cooperation will depend on how Pakistan and the Taliban react. If Indian interests in Afghanistan come under attack, New Delhi might have to pull back. The Indian government has been quite clear about not sending troops to Afghanistan.
If the United States shifts its policy to where it has to choose Kabul over Islamabad, in effect reviving the demand for an independent Pashtunistan, India is likely to be much more supportive of US and Afghan goals. The policy shift, however, carries the risk of a full-fledged proxy war with Pakistan in Afghanistan, but should not involve the prospect of a direct Indian intervention in Pakistan itself.
India is not likely to initiate an intervention that causes the Pakistani state to fail
AND
government or by the radicals — from taking control of the entire country.
Lieven’s analysis is more persuasive than the widespread view that Pakistan is about to fail
AND
out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Drones don’t cause blowback – in-depth interviews in Yemen show pragmatic acceptance of US drone strikes against AQAP and alternative causes for insurgent recruitment

Christopher Swift, fellow at the University of Virginia’s Center for National Security Law, "The Drone Blowback Fallacy": Strikes in Yemen Aren’t Pushing People into al-Qaeda, Foreign Affairs, July 1, 2012.
Recent revelations that the White House keeps a secret terrorist kill list, which it
AND
absolutely terrified of the drones … and that is why we need them."

No scenario for nuclear terror—-consensus of experts

Matt Fay ’13, PhD student in the history department at Temple University, has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, 7/18/13, "The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism", webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+26cd=126hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us26client=firefox-a
For over a decade now, one of the most oft-repeated threats raised
AND
terrorism hardly warrants the type of exertions many alarmist assessments indicate it should.

No impact to Warming- Mitigation and adaptation will solve

Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem that deserves attention, society’s immediate behavior has an extremely low probability of leading to catastrophic consequences. The science and economics of climate change is quite clear that emissions over the next few decades will lead to only mild consequences. The severe impacts predicted by alarmists require a century (or two 

in the case of Stern 2006) of no mitigation. Many of the predicted
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

Adv 2

SOP Now—Congressional oversight of Counterterrorism and Obama is being more transparent

Robert S. Taylor, Michael A. Sheehan, Michael K. Nagata,
AND
the prosecution of the conflict ¶ generally and specifically on each significant counterterrorism operation 

conducted¶ outside Afghanistan. ¶ We have also made significant efforts to increase transparency
AND
balance between ¶ transparency and protecting information from public disclosure for security reasons.

First, Global opinion of U.S. increasing now

Pew 13  
~The Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project conducts public opinion surveys around the world on a broad array of subjects ranging from people’s assessments of their own lives to their views about the current state of the world and important issues of the day. Over 330,000 interviews in 60 countries have been conducted as part of the project’s work. "America’s Global Image Remains More Positive than China’s" http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/americas-global-image-remains-more-positive-than-chinas///wyo-hdm~~**
However, China’s increasing power has not led to more positive ratings for the People’s
AND
to have strong ties with the U.S. than with China.

Second, Executive flexibility is critical to effective hegemony

Jamison 1993(Linda, deputy director of government relations at CSIS, Spring, "Executive-Legislative Relations After the Cold War", The Washington Quarterly, 16:2, 191-204)
The question of who controls the nation’s foreign policy is one that has often caused
AND
increasing his ability to respond to rapidly changing events (p. 171).

No challengers

Kaplan, senior fellow – Center for a New American Security, and Kaplan, frmr. vice chairman – National Intelligence Council, ’11
(Robert D and Stephen S, "America Primed," The National Interest, March/April)
But in spite of the seemingly inevitable and rapid diminution of U.S.
AND
ones, the United States can easily be the first among equals for decades 

hence. China, India and Russia are the only major Eurasian states prepared to
AND
—but plodding competence, occasionally steely nerved and always free of illusion.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Elliott

Text —— The United States Executive Branch should establish a declaratory policy that the United States will not introduce nuclear weapons first into hostilities.

The plan is action policy and the CP is declaratory policy. Under declaratory NFU, it’s possible that in the face of incontrovertible evidence that an adversary is about to launch a nuclear strike, the U.S. could use nuclear weapons first.

Tertrais 9 – Bruno Tertrais, Senior Research Fellow at the Paris-based Foundation for Strategic Research and Contributing Editor to Survival, October-November 2009, "The Trouble with No First Use," Survival, Vol. 51, No. 5, p. 26-27
The nuance is important. Declaratory policies (what states claim they would do)
AND
there is no evidence that the 2001 Nuclear Posture Review included this option.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Ford-Glanzman | Judge: Harris

a. Interpretation and violation—-the affirmative should defend the desirability of topical government action

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

"Resolved" is legislative

Jeff Parcher 1, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html
Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
AND
or ’no’ - which, of course, are answers to a question.   

"Should" requires defending federal action

Judge Henry Nieto 9, Colorado Court of Appeals, 8-20-2009 People v. Munoz, 240 P.3d 311 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009)
"Should" is "used . . . to express duty, obligation,
AND
be allocated for the purpose of parents’ federal tax exemption to be mandatory).

War powers is Defined by the Constitution

Black’s Law Dictionary, 1999
(7^th Edition, p. 1578-9)
"War Power" is defined as "~the constitutional authority of Congress to declare war and maintain armed forces (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cls. 11-14), and of the President to conduct war as commander-in-chief (U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1)." 

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—the resolution is key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims

Steinberg and Freely 08 
(David L., lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Austin J.,Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making" p. 45wyoccd)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Debate needs middle of the road constraints; unbridled affirmation destroys dialogue that are key to political discussion

Hanghoj 08
(Thorkild Hanghøj, Phd, DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. 2008 http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf//wyoccd)
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion opens up agency and recognizes difference

Morson 04
(Northwestern Professor, work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres incuding relation of literature to philosophy. 2004 http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331//wyoccd)
A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
AND
most important thing is the value of the open-ended process itself. 

b. Vote neg

1. Preparation and clash—changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making—-avoids cooption

Laura K. Donohue 13, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11, "National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations", http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

2nc

Institutional checks effectively limit war, are compatible with broader critique and are a pre-requisite to the alt

Grynaviski 13 – Eric Grynaviski, Professor of Political Science at The George Washington University, "The Bloodstained Spear: Public Reason and Declarations of War", International Theory, 5(2), Cambridge Journals

Conclusion
The burden of the argument, thus far, has been to show that no
AND
are fully responsible for the harms that wars inevitably do to the innocent.
One broader implication of the argument for declarations of war is to relate institutional solutions
AND
case is probably an important condition for any of these schemes to work.
The international system likely will not include robust, impartial international institutions that can make
AND
or inflict humanitarian causalities in wars declared for humanitarian reasons (Finnemore 2009).
A broader implication relates to public reason and just war thinking. Showing that poorly
AND
to rostra (the platform in the forum where speakers could be heard).
Cicero’s distinction between force and argument is central to his thinking about the conditions under
AND

he is falling and no longer has control over his actions.22
Modern discussions of ethics in war usually discount diplomatic solutions. In doing so,
AND
diplomacy does not loom large as a central component of just war reasoning.

Decisionmaking is the most portable skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy

Steinberg and Freely 08 
(David L., lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Austin J.,Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making" p. 9-10wyoccd)
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. 

Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 2 | Opponent: West Georgia Ard-Muhammad | Judge: Winfrey
This year’s resolution offers a crucial opportunity for political engagement —- policy relevant debate about war powers decision-making is critical to hold the government accountable for their hypocrisy —- only engaging specific proposals and learning the language of the war-machine solves
—we can use these categories to critique them; simulation does not undercut our potential for critique
—have to roll-play the enemy to know their language and learn their strategies
Mellor, European University Institute Graduate Student, 13
(Ewan E. Mellor, "Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs," Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, http://www.academia.edu/4175480/Why_policy_relevance_is_a_moral_necessity_Just_war_theory_impact_and_UAVs, accessed 10-20-13, CMM)

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State FF | Judge: Max Archer
Interpretation— the affirmative must defend a politics that concludes that The United States Federal Government substantially increasing statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in one or more of the topic areas.
The resolution requires them to defend enactment of a topical USFG policy.
Ericson 3 Jon, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making—-avoids cooption  
Laura K. Donohue 13, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11, "National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations", http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Bounded knowledge is good – debate should be maintained as a disciplinary space- key to unlocking critically pedagogies potential for social justice. The resolution allows a key point of stasis, a fair division of ground, and negative access to topic generics
McArthur 10
(Department of Higher 26 Community Education, University of Edinburgh, Paterson’s Land,
Holyrood Road, Edinburgh EH8 8AQ, UK Studies in Higher Education Vol. 35, No. 3, May 2010 ebsco DA: 5-24-13wyoccd)
Giroux’s critical pedagogy rests upon a commitment to public spaces for learning, where diverse
AND
contested nature is part of what students must learn to navigate’ (68).

Reject any other role of the ballots because they are self serving. 

2nc

Fw

2NC- Topical Version of the Aff Solves

A limited topic over war powers authority is key to solving the harms of the 1AC – it allows for an engaged public that can expose the hypocrisy of the federal government – only focus on specific policy questions can actualize change by making it relevant to policy-makers – the aff is more likely to cause disengagement and moral quietude than actual change
Mellor 13
The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations,
"Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs," European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
terms of being able to discuss it and judge it in moral terms  

Kelsay’s description of just war thinking as a social practice is similar to Walzer’s more
AND
the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52

A topical version of the aff would solve most of their offense—it’s capable of radical change
Orly Lobel, University of San Diego Assistant Professor of Law, 2007, The Paradox of Extralegal Activism: Critical Legal Consciousness and Transformative Politics," 120 HARV. L. REV. 937, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf

V. RESTORING CRITICAL OPTIMISM IN THE LEGAL FIELD
"La critique est aisée; l’art difficile."
A critique of cooptation often takes an uneasy path. Critique has always been and
AND
constantly redefining the boundaries of legal reform and making visible law’s broad reach. 

Trade off

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative "wins," it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment
Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Ford-Glanzman | Judge: Harris

2

The affirmatives efforts at equality and justice are a clever ruse of the majority – this form of narcissistic hegemony guarantees the continuation of discrimination – the extension of the gift only strengthens the powers that be

Arrigo and Williams ’2K
~Arrigo, Bruce and Williams, Christopher, California School of Professional Psychology), 2K "PHILOSOPHY OF THE GIFT AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ADVOCACY: CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTION." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 2000. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v083155n8l118j06/fulltext.pdf-http://www.springerlink.com/content/v083155n8l118j06/fulltext.pdf//wyo-hdm~~
The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national paralysis
AND
context of alterity, undecidability, cultural plurality, and affirmative postmodern thought. 

Discussion of community building only further alienates those around us- by prescribing the enclosure of a common group someone is left out further inscribing the us/them dichotomy

Arrigo and Williams ’2K
~Arrigo, Bruce and Williams, Christopher, California School of Professional Psychology), 2K "PHILOSOPHY OF THE GIFT AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ADVOCACY: CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTION." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 2000. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v083155n8l118j06/fulltext.pdf-http://www.springerlink.com/content/v083155n8l118j06/fulltext.pdf//wyo-hdm~~
Society and its institutions are analogical to Derrida’s notion of community. Derrida, however
AND
that is, the demos (the people) representing a democratic society.   

Oppression and the logic of inferiority causes self-inflicted violence and discrimination

Khan 94 (Ali Khan, Law Professor 3at Washburn University school of Law, "Lessons from Malcolm X: Freedom by Any Means Necessary," 38, Howard Law Journal 81, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/howlj3826id=8926type=text26collection=journals)
The second aspect of oppression is a systematic assault on the inherent human dignity of
AND
enduring marks of inferiority and degradation eliminate the dignity of the entire group.

The alt is to reject the false benevolence of the affirmative- rejection is key to inquiry about the unconscious influences behind their methodology

Arrigo and Williams ’2K
~Arrigo, Bruce and Williams, Christopher, California School of Professional Psychology, 2K "PHILOSOPHY OF THE GIFT AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ADVOCACY: CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTION." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 2000. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v083155n8l118j06/fulltext.pdf-http://www.springerlink.com/content/v083155n8l118j06/fulltext.pdf//wyo-hdm~~
CONCLUSION: PURIFYING THE GIFT OF ADVOCACY?¶ Psychological egoism – the inevitability of acting
AND
This is a challenge that awaits if psychiatric justice is to be realized.

1nr

Link O/V

3^rd, gifts only reaffirm the system of differences between the giver and the receiver—the act of giving relies on the inferiority of the poor, the starving, and the powerless

R. L. Stirrat, an anthropologist who teaches at the University of Sussex, and Heiko Henkel studied history in Hamburg and anthropology-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=fcfba9797652cee8146a6e6e1a9537fc26csvc=le26cform=byCitation26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVzk-zSkAW26_md5=cdb814f025a380ae15e750654fbad657 in Copenhagen and Sussex, currently working on the anthropology of development, especially on genealogies of the concept of participation in Western development discourse, November 1997, "THE ROLE OF NGOs: CHARITY AND EMPOWERMENT: The Development Gift: The Problem of Reciprocity in the NGO World", 554 Annals 66, http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=fcfba9797652cee8146a6e6e1a9537fc26csvc=le26cform=byCitation26_fmtstr=FULL26docnum=126_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVzk-zSkAW26_md5=cdb814f025a380ae15e750654fbad657
Yet it is difficult to argue that relationships founded on and materialized through gifts can
AND
, exchange, and distribution that produces the poor who receive these gifts. 

4^th, transference – the affirmative acts as a façade for further discrimination against other minority populations which is why the gift is so pervasive, because it justifies control and domination on levels external to the plan – only our alternative can solve

Delgado, Professor of Law at Pitt, 2003 (Richard, Texas Law Review, November l/n gjm)
By the same token, Brown v. Board of Education n109 ended official school
AND
are not the cause of that frustration but who are safer to attack.   

Impact O/V

2^nd, The gift reinforces oppression and prevents case solvency

Arrigo and Williams, 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, "The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ’Gift’ of the Majority," Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343 GBN SK Article on Sage Publications, http://ccj.sagepub.com/content/16/3/321)

Reciprocation on your part is impossible. Even if one day you are able
AND
, relegitimating the privi¬leged, and fueling the voracious conceit of the advantaged. 

3rd, The ruse of the gift turns case

Arrigo and Williams 2k
(Bruce A., Christopher R., professor of @ the University of North Carolina, associate professor of criminology @ the University of West Georgia, Possibility of Democratic Justice and the "Gift" of the Majority : On Derrida, Deconstruction, and the Search for Equality Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice)
This is the relationship between the gift and justice. Justice cannot appear as such
AND
thing to be transacted, eliminates its prospects as something to be given. 

Alternative:

The alternative is a pre-requisite to understanding identity and overcoming narcissism

Arrigo and Williams, of the California School of Professional Psychology, 2K (Bruce and Christopher, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, August page First Search)
To emancipate both agency and structure, an affirmative postmodern perspective would require that subjects
AND
culture of difference would, more likely, be positionally and provisionally realized.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Ford-Glanzman | Judge: Harris

1nc

The silence of the aff on the question of how colonialism produced and conditioned politics condemns their project to reifying colonialism- the call to come before decolonization bases the aff’s moral system on the continued benefit of genocidal occupation AND it’s a sequencing question- identity must FIRST be informed by the historical, material, and fixed realities of the Native subject

Morgensen 2010
~Morgensen, Scott, 2k10, GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 16, Number 1-2, "Settler Homonationalism: Theorizing Settler Colonialism within Queer Modernities, 2010.~

Denaturalizing settler colonialism will mark it as not a fait accompli but a process open
AND
terrorizing violence while basing their moral systems on continuing to benefit from them. 

The difference between conservative and liberal positions on settlement often breaks between whether non-
AND
, as steps toward shifting non-Native queer politics in decolonizing directions. 

Rejecting Identity is based on western conceptions of individual freedom that ignore the way that Indigenous peoples form their identity ties with the land, causes same forms of colonial domination

Sandy Grande. "American Indian Geographies of Power: At the Crossroads of Indigena and Mestizaje." Harvard Educational Review, 70:4. Winter 2000.

In addition, the undercurrent of fluidity and sense of displacedness that permeates, if
AND
sovereignty and land has been the source of numerous injustices in Indian country. 

For instance, I believe there was little understanding on the part of government officials
AND
- is conceived of as inherently rightsbased as opposed to land-based.

Lack of decolonization results in ongoing genocide, assimilation and annihilation of indigenous peoples and culture- k2 solve all major impacts

Churchill 96 (Ward, Prof. of Ethnic Studies @ U. of Colorado, Boulder BA and MA in Communications from Sangamon State, "From a Native Son",mb)

I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want to
AND
not only without their consent,?but through an adamant disregard for their rights 

to the land. Hence, all it means is that the immigrant or?
AND
, sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians.
 

Our first priority is to give back the land.

Decolonization must be our ethical first priority, any form of liberation that perpetuates the occupation of Indigenous territory is only colonialism in another form. The demand to end the occupation of First American lands is a necessary prerequisite to solving other forms of oppression and any form of positive social change

Churchill 96 (Ward, Prof. of Ethnic Studies @ U. of Colorado, Boulder BA and MA in Communications from Sangamon State, "From a Native Son",mb)

The question which inevitably arises with regard to indigenous land claims, especially in the
AND
"impossible realism," isn’t it time we all worked on attaining it? 

2nc

2NC Impact Calc

Ow/s the aff- violence committed against Native people must be understood as qualitatively different than the marginalizations that occur to other minority groups- key to recognizing the colonialist privilege these groups seek to attain on stolen land

Sandy Grande. "American Indian Geographies of Power: At the Crossroads of Indigena and Mestizaje." Harvard Educational Review, 70:4. Winter 2000.

In this article, Sandy Marie Anglas Grande outlines the tensions between American Indian epistemology
AND
a sovereign and tribal people within the geopolitical confines of the United States. 

Link- Discourse

Shifting identity, destroys the possibility for material change

Teuton, 2001 (Sean, "Placing Ancestor’s postmodernism, realism and American Indian identity in James’s Welch’s winter in the blood" AIQ Vol 25, ~234, 2001, project must, mb)

Paula Moya, a Chicana feminist who utilizes realism to support a Third World feminism
AND
and other realist scholars find identity a philosophically defensible basis for political resistance.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State FF | Judge: Max Archer
Getting veterans involved can be devastating, they will either not support the war and stop interventionist strategies OR if we do intervene they support use of unrest
Khazan 13
~Olga Kahazan, associate editor at The Atlantic, "What Are the Big Factors Determining Whether Americans Support War?", SEP 4 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-are-the-big-factors-determining-whether-americans-support-war/279290/-http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-are-the-big-factors-determining-whether-americans-support-war/279290/,
wyo-bb~
Veterans are less likely to support intervention than are non-veterans. Among other
AND
in other countries, or the desire to alter a state’s domestic regime."

That lowering of public opinion would significantly limit our ability to go to war, Americans don’t want another Vietnam.
Cohen 84
~Eliot A. Cohen, Assistant Professor of Government and Allston Burr Senior Tutor in Quincy House at
Harvard University, "Constraints on America’s Conduct of Small Wars", International Security, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Fall, 1984), pp. 151-181,
wyo-bb~
We can distinguish three types of political constraints on the waging of small wars,
AND
they must the likely consequences for their chances of future success and reputation. 

Hegemony solves great power war—HOWEVER we need interventions to do this
Jervis 9
~Robert, a professor of international politics at Columbia University, World Politics, "Unipolarity: A structural perspective", January 2009, p. asp~
With unipolarity, world war is less of a problem and more obviously separated from
AND
a role here, it would at most be an enabling one.12

Tournament: UNT | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Carroll-Demmig | Judge: Stanley

Adv 2

Multipolarity will arrive in two decades, transition to OSB now key to avoid unending cycles of warfare

Layne 9
~Christopher, Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M, Review of International Studies, "America’s Middle East grand strategy after Iraq: the moment for offshore balancing has arrived", 2009, p. asp~
Some primacists believe that the US is immune to being counter-balanced because,
AND
– new great powers inevitably will emerge in the next decade or two.

HEGEMONY IS UNSUSTAINABLE: RE-BALANCING OF POWER, STRATEGIC OVERSTRETCH AND FINANCIAL BURDENS

Layne in 6
~Christopher, Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present, Cornell University Press (Ithica), p. 148 wyo-tjc~
Viewed properly, the real debate about the future of American hegemony has been miscast
AND
states will be emboldened to engage in hard balancing against the United States.

HEGEMONY CAUSES EXTENDED DETERRENCE BREAK DOWNS AND NUCLEAR WAR

Layne in 6
~Christopher, Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present, Cornell University Press (Ithica), p. 169 wyo-tjc~
Proponents of U.S. hegemony like to say that America’s military commitments in
AND
from the danger of being entrapped in Eurasian conflicts by its alliance commitments.

Conflict with China is inevitable unless we accept retrenchment

Layne 12
~Chris, Professor of IR and Political Science at Texas A26M, "This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana", p. online wyo-tjc~
Revealingly, Ikenberry makes clear this expectation when he says that the deal the United
AND
and Southeast) Asia, Washington and Beijing are on a collision course.

WAR WITH CHINA LEADS TO DETERRENCE BREAKDOWNS AND NUCLEAR HOLOCAUST

Johnson in 1
~Chalmers, "Time to Bring the Troops Home", The Nation, May 14, p. lexis  wyo-tjc~

China is another matter. No sane figure in the Pentagon wants a war with
AND
forward-deployed US forces on China’s borders have virtually no deterrent effect. 

AMERICAN PRESENCE IN THE CASPIAN SPARKS A RUSSIAN FIRST-STRIKE, CHAIN-GANGING THE US INTO A NUCLEAR WAR

Blank in 2k
~Stephen, MacArthur Professor of Research at the Strategic Studies Institute, "American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region" World Affairs, Fall, p. asp wyo-tjc~
Russia’s warnings about U.S. efforts to obtain military-political-economic
AND
failure here will trigger a reversion to the phenomena we seek to avoid.

2nc

sust

Economically unsustainable—federal deficits, entitlement crises, debt-to-gdp ratio all ensure the loss of the dollar’s reserve currency status

Layne 12
~Chris, Professor of IR and Political Science at Texas A26M, "This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana", p. online wyo-tjc~
Following the Great Recession, it has become increasingly apparent that unless dramatic measures to
AND
and to maintain the dollar’s position as the international economic system’s reserve currency.

china

SECOND, DISENGAGING COMPARATIVELY BETTER—RISK OF CONFLICT IS EQUALLY AS GREAT WHETHER OR NOT WE’RE INVOLVED AND JOINING THE FIGHT LATER IS FAR MORE ADVANTAGEOUS

Mearshiemer in 1
~John J., Professor of Poli Sci at University of Chicago , "The Future of the American Pacifier", Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct, p. aspwyo-tjc~
One might counter that if the United States stays put in Europe and Northeast Asia
AND
end to win the peace and shape the postwar world to its advantage.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Tews

1nc

The aff fuels a culture of criticism that changes nothing—it produces a reactionary cynicism that stifles any form of social change

Bryant, 2012
~Levi, professor of philosophy at Collin College and author of Difference and Givenness: Deleuze’s Transcendental Empiricism and the Ontology of Immanence, co-editor of the forthcoming The Speculative Turn with Nick Srnicek and Graham Harman, and author of a number of articles on Deleuze, Badiou, Zizek, Lacan, and political theory, On cynicism, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/on-cynicism/~~ /Wyo-MB
I’ve expressed this thought elsewhere and before, but what we need more than ever
AND
intoxication with epistemology, will we be able to move beyond this paralysis.

The impact is multiple scenarios for extinction

Ketels, 1996
~Violet, associate professor of English at Temple University, where she formerly directed the Intellectual Heritage Program, THE HOLOCAUST: REMEMBERING FOR THE FUTURE: "Havel to the Castle21" The Power of the Word, The American Academy of Political and Social Science, November, 1996, 548 Annals 45, Lexis~ /Wyo-MB
Even though, as Americans, we have not experienced "by fire, hunger
AND
of the human mind and spirit, human responsibility, human reason." n26

The alternative is to reject the 1ac in favor of utopian hope

Hope is a better alternative to the aff—only the aff breeds apathy through cynicism, the alternative fuels progressive engagement and rethinking of power relations, and spurs possibilities for future change
Giroux, 2004
~Henry, When Hope is Subversive, Tikkun Vol. 19, No. 6, http://www.henryagiroux.com/online_articles/Tikkun20piece.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
Is it possible to imagine hope for justice and humanity after the torture of Iraqi
AND
and justice ?ourish as part of the ongoing struggle for a global democracy.

1nr

Their moralistic politics that abandons legal suggestions denies responsibility and undermines political change

Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Spring 2002, Dissent, Vol. 49, No. 2
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

They fear to get their hands dirty—fuels disengagement and political change

Issac ’2 (Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Spring, Vol. 49 No. 2)

Politics is about ends and means—about the values that we pursue and the methods by which we pursue them. In a perfect world, there would be a perfect congruence between ends and means: our ends would always be achievable through means that were fully consistent with them; the tension between ends and means would not exist. But then there would be no need to pursue just ends, for these would already be realized. Such a world of absolute justice lies beyond politics. The left has historically been burdened by the image of such a world. Marx’s vision of the "riddle of history solved" and Engels’s vision of the "withering away of the state" were two canonical expressions of the belief in an end-state in which perfect justice could be achieved once and for all. But the left has also developed a concurrent tradition of serious strategic thinking about politics. Centered around but not reducible to classical Marxism, this tradition has focused on such questions as the relations of class, party, and state; the consequences of parliamentary versus revolutionary strategies of social change; the problem of hegemony and the limits of mass politics; the role of violence in class struggle; and the relationship between class struggle and war. These questions preoccupied Karl Kautsky, V.I. Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg, Georg Lukàcs, and Antonio Gramsci—and also John Dewey, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, George Orwell, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus. The history of left political thought in the twentieth century is a history of serious arguments about ends and means in politics, arguments about how to pursue the difficult work of achieving social justice in an unjust world. Many of these arguments were foolish, many of their conclusions were specious, and many of the actions followed from them were barbaric. The problem of ends and means in politics was often handled poorly, but it was nonetheless taken seriously, even if so many on the left failed to think clearly about the proper relationship between their perfectionist visions and their often Machiavellian strategies. What is striking about much of the political discussion on the left today is its failure to engage this earlier tradition of argument. The left, particularly the campus left—by which I mean "progressive" faculty and student groups, often centered around labor solidarity organizations and campus Green affiliates—has become moralistic rather than politically serious. Some of its moralizing—about Chiapas, Palestine, and Iraq—continues the third worldism that plagued the New Left in its waning years. Some of it—about globalization and sweat-shops—is new and in some ways promising (see my "Thinking About the Antisweatshop Movement," Dissent, Fall 2001). But what characterizes much campus left discourse is a substitution of moral rhetoric about evil policies or institutions for a sober consideration of what might improve or replace them, how the improvement might be achieved, and what the likely costs, as well as the benefits, are of any reasonable strategy. One consequence of this tendency is a failure to worry about methods of securing political support through democratic means or to recognize the distinctive value of democracy itself. It is not that conspiratorial or antidemocratic means are promoted. On the contrary, the means employed tend to be preeminently democratic—petitions, demonstrations, marches, boycotts, corporate campaigns, vigorous public criticism. And it is not that political democracy is derided. Projects such as the Green Party engage with electoral politics, locally and nationally, in order to win public office and achieve political objectives. But what is absent is a sober reckoning with the preoccupations and opinions of the vast majority of Americans, who are not drawn to vocal denunciations of the International Monetary Fund and World Trade OrganIZATION and who do not believe that the discourse of "anti-imperialism" speaks to their lives. Equally absent is critical thinking about why citizens of liberal democratic states—including most workers and the poor—value liberal democracy and subscribe to what Jürgen Habermas has called "constitutional patriotism": a patriotic identification with the democratic state because of the civil, political, and social rights it defends. Vicarious identifications with Subcommandante Marcos or starving Iraqi children allow left activists to express a genuine solidarity with the oppressed elsewhere that is surely legitimate in a globalizing age. But these symbolic avowals are not an effective way of contending for political influence or power in the society in which these activists live. The ease with which the campus left responded to September 11 by rehearsing an all too- familiar narrative of American militarism and imperialism is not simply disturbing. It is a sign of this left’s alienation from the society in which it operates (the worst examples of this are statements of the Student Peace Action Coalition Network, which declare that "the United States Government is the world’s greatest terror organization," and suggest that "homicidal psychopaths of the United States Government" engineered the World Trade Center attacks as a pretext for imperialist aggression. See http://www.gospan.org). Many left activists seem more able to identify with (idealized versions of) Iraqi or Afghan civilians than with American citizens, whether these are the people who perished in the Twin Towers or the rest of us who legitimately fear that we might be next. This is not because of any "disloyalty." Charges like that lack intellectual or political merit. It is because of a debilitating moralism; because it is easier to denounce wrong than to take real responsibility for correcting it, easier to locate and to oppose a remote evil than to address a proximate difficulty. The campus left says what it thinks. But it exhibits little interest in how and why so many Americans think differently.   The "peace" demonstrations organized across the country within a few days of the September 11 attacks—in which local Green Party activists often played a crucial role—were, whatever else they were, a sign of their organizers’ lack of judgment and common sense. Although they often expressed genuine horror about the terrorism, they focused their energy not on the legitimate fear and outrage of American citizens but rather on the evils of the American government and its widely supported response to the terror. Hardly anyone was paying attention, but they alienated anyone who was. This was utterly predictable. And that is my point. The predictable consequences did not matter. What mattered was simply the expression of righteous indignation about what is wrong with the United States, as if September 11 hadn’t really happened. Whatever one thinks about America’s deficiencies, it must be acknowledged that a political praxis preoccupation with this is foolish and self-defeating.   The other, more serious consequence of this moralizing tendency is the failure to think seriously about global politics. The campus left is rightly interested in the ills of global capitalism. But politically it seems limited to two options: expressions of "solidarity" with certain oppressed groups—Palestinians but not Syrians, Afghan civilians (though not those who welcome liberation from the Taliban), but not Bosnians or Kosovars or Rwandans—and automatic opposition to American foreign policy in the name of anti-imperialism. The economic discourse of the campus left is a universalist discourse of human needs and workers rights; but it is accompanied by a refusal to think in political terms about the realities of states, international institutions, violence, and power. This refusal is linked to a peculiar strain of pacifism, according to which any use of military force by the United States is viewed as aggression or militarism.  A case in point is a petition circulated on the campus of Indiana University within days of September 11. Drafted by the Bloomington Peace Coalition, it opposed what was then an imminent war in Afghanistan against al-Qaeda, and called for peace. It declared: "Retaliation will not lead to healing; rather it will harm innocent people and further the cycle of violence. Rather than engage in military aggression, those in authority should apprehend and charge those individuals believed to be directly responsible for the attacks and try them in a court of law in accordance with due process of international law." This declaration was hardly unique. Similar statements were issued on college campuses across the country, by local student or faculty coalitions, the national Campus Greens, 9- 11peace.org, and the National Youth and Student Peace Coalition. As Global Exchange declared in its antiwar statement of September 11: "vengeance offers no relief. . . retaliation can never guarantee healing. . . and to meet violence with violence breeds more rage and more senseless deaths. Only love leads to peace with justice, while hate takes us toward war and injustice." On this view military action of any kind is figured as "aggression" or "vengeance"; harm to innocents, whether substantial or marginal, intended or unintended, is absolutely proscribed; legality is treated as having its own force, independent of any means of enforcement; and, most revealingly, "healing" is treated as the principal goal of any legitimate response.   None of these points withstands serious scrutiny. A military response to terrorist aggression is not in any obvious sense an act of aggression, unless any military response—or at least any U.S. military response—is simply defined as aggression. While any justifiable military response should certainly be governed by just-war principles, the criterion of absolute harm avoidance would rule out the possibility of any military response. It is virtually impossible either to "apprehend" and prosecute terrorists or to put an end to terrorist networks without the use of military force, for the "criminals" in question are not law-abiding citizens but mass murderers, and there are no police to "arrest" them. And, finally, while "healing" is surely a legitimate moral goal, it is not clear that it is a political goal. Justice, however, most assuredly is a political goal. The most notable thing about the Bloomington statement is its avoidance of political justice. Like many antiwar texts, it calls for "social justice abroad." It supports redistributing wealth. But criminal and retributive justice, protection against terrorist violence, or the political enforcement of the minimal conditions of global civility—these are unmentioned.   They are unmentioned because to broach them is to enter a terrain that the campus left is unwilling to enter—the terrain of violence, a realm of complex choices and dirty hands. This aversion to violence is understandable and in some ways laudable. America’s use of violence has caused much harm in the world, from Southeast Asia to Central and Latin America to Africa. The so-called "Vietnam Syndrome" was the product of a real learning experience that should not be forgotten. In addition, the destructive capacities of modern warfare— which jeopardize the civilian/combatant distinction, and introduce the possibility of enormous ecological devastation—make war under any circumstances something to be feared. No civilized person should approach the topic of war with anything other than great trepidation.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Dwyer
1nc

Immigration reform will pass – PC is key
Lopez 1/1/14 (Oscar, Latin Times, "New Year 2014: 4 Reasons Immigration Reform Will Pass In 2014," http://www.latintimes.com/new-year-2014-4-reasons-immigration-reform-will-pass-2014-141778)

Immigration reform is set to be the key issue of 2014. Following Mitt Romney’s
AND
, comprehensive legislation is one thing we can be sure of in 2014.

Fighting to defend his war power will sap Obama’s capital, trading off with rest of agenda
Kriner, 10 —- assistant professor of political science at Boston University
(Douglas L. Kriner, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Reform key to biotech leadership
Schuster 13
(Dr. Sheldon – President @ Keck Graduate Institute, "Immigration Reform Could Lead to Great Things, Including Better Science and Better Science Education" 02/17/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-sheldon-schuster/immigration-reform-could-_b_2706832.html)
These students and young researchers not only do amazing things while they’re here but their
AND
. and its academic institutions at the center of such discovery and innovation.

Biotech key to solve bioterror attacks
Bailey 1 ~Ronald, award-winning science correspondent for Reason magazine and Reason.com, where he writes a weekly science and technology column. Bailey is the author of the book Liberation Biology: The Moral and Scientific Case for the Biotech Revolution (Prometheus, 2005), and his work was featured in The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2004. In 2006, Bailey was shortlisted by the editors of Nature Biotechnology as one of the personalities who have made the "most significant contributions" to biotechnology in the last 10 years. 11/7/1, "The Best Biodefense," Reason, http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/07/the-best-biodefense-http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/07/the-best-biodefense~~

But Cipro and other antibiotics are just a small part of the arsenal that could
AND
, America’s best biodefense is a vital and profitable pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. 

Extinction
Steinbrenner 97
John Steinbrenner, Senior Fellow – Brookings, Foreign Policy, 12-22-
AND
for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

2nc
2NC- Bioterror=Extinction
Impending bioterror attacks cause extinction 

Mhyrvold 13
Nathan, Began college at age 14, BS and Masters from UCLA, Masters and PhD, Princeton "Strategic Terrorism: A Call to Action," Working Draft, The Lawfare Research Paper Series
Research paper NO . 2 – 2013
As horrible as this would be, such a pandemic is by no means the
AND
be available to anybody with a solid background in biology, terrorists included.

None of their impact defense applies-newest developments take out all impact defense
Jordans, 2011
~Frank, Associated Press, 12-7-11, Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45584359/ns/~~23.UkkMV2T72Ik~~ /Wyo-MB
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
AND
nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab’s activities.

2NC- CIR Turns Heg

Reform’s key to heg
Nye 12. ~Joseph S., a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University. "Immigration and American Power," December 10, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye~
CAMBRIDGE – The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.
2NC-Will Pass
Immigration reform is passing now but it is close- Republican support is building because of pressure from Obama, but its close. Lopez 1-1
Passage of immigration reform is likely, both sides agree it is a top priority and congress is willing to cooperate
Clifford, 12/30 (Mike, 12/30/2013, "Immigration Reform Supporters: "Positive Signs" Headed into 2014," http://www.publicnewsservice.org/2013-12-30/immigrant-issues/immigration-reform-supporters-positive-signs-headed-into-2014/a36538-1)-http://www.publicnewsservice.org/2013-12-30/immigrant-issues/immigration-reform-supporters-positive-signs-headed-into-2014/a36538-1))
NEW YORK - Supporters of comprehensive immigration reform fell short of their goal in 2013
AND
Speaker Boehner has said he won’t bring that version up for a vote.

top of the docket and will pass
Walsh 12/31/13 (Kenneth T., US News and World report, "Muscues of 2013 Loom over 2014 for Obama")
As he prepares for the political battles of 2014, President Obama is taking a
AND
entered the United States illegally the chance to gain legal residency or citizenship.

Immigration reform will pass now – momentum is building and the GOP is on board
Best 12/30/13 (Tony, "Immigration Reform Logjam on Capitol Hill Can End Early in New Year" AERO)
There may be some light at the end of the long stalled comprehensive immigration reform
AND
party would consider a deal in order to get the immigration bill moving.

thump
Obama is not pushing-Senate democrats are doing the heavy lifting and will get the blame for fights

Lewis and Rushe 1-2
(Paul Lewis in Washington and Dominic Rushe in New York, both writers for the Guardian. "Senate Democrats plan fast-track fix to reinstate lost unemployment benefits" 1-2-14 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/02/senate-democrats-bill-reinstate-unemployment-benefits//wyoccd)
Democratic leaders in the Senate are planning to fast-track legislation to extend unemployment
AND
a job anything like the one I had when I was laid off."
Won’t Thump – Focus
The Root 1/3/14 ~David Swerdlick, associate editor, "Obama’s Last Year Wasn’t as Bad as They Say", http://www.theroot.com/articles/politics/2014/01/five_things_obama_got_right_last_year.html-http://www.theroot.com/articles/politics/2014/01/five_things_obama_got_right_last_year.html~~

Unless you opted for your own news blackout during the holiday season, by now
AND
. In time, politically, that might wind up being a win.

Schiliro is saving Obama PC by smoothing over the political impact

Brown and Allen 1-3
(CARRIE BUDOFF BROWN and JONATHAN ALLEN, reporters for Politico. "The Obamacare fixer" 1-3-14 http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/the-obamacare-fixer-101737.html?hp=f1//wyoccd)
Phil Schiliro’s work on Obamacare has come full circle.¶ As President Barack Obama’s legislative
AND
done and is moving on track and each task has 100 percent completion."

2NC Link
Reducing war powers will end Obama’s credibility with Congress – it causes stronger GOP pushback
Seeking Alpha, 9/10/13 ("Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight", http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight-http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight)
Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public’s perception of another Middle-Eastern
AND
U.S. obligations unless another last minute deal can be struck.
President has to spend political capital defending war powers
Samples, 1 —- director of the Center for Representative Government at CATO
(10/27/2011, John, "Congress Surrenders the War Powers: Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution," http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf-http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf))
But political representation has other fac-ets. It has given voice to public
AND
short of constitutional propriety, congressional voice can matter in war-making. 

Obama is fighting hard for detention powers—defeat in courts or congress wrecks his agenda.

Kelley 12
~Michael, Military and defense reporter, "Why Losing Indefinite Detention Powers Would Be a Disaster for Obama," Business Insider, 10/24, http://www.businessinsider.com/why-losing-indefinite-detention-powers-would-be-a-disaster-for-obama-2012-10- ~~
There’s a big story by Greg Miller-http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/greg-miller in the Washington Post-http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/washington-post on how the Obama
AND
who have been cleared for years. It’s an incredible headache for him."

2NC—A/T Wins General
Third, Wins don’t overwhelm the link—takes time for the win to manifest itself and damage will have already been done—Obamacare proves.

Porter, Slant staff writer, 2009
~Ethan, "Obama’s political capital problem," Slant, 9/25/09, http://trueslant.com/ethanporter/2009/09/22/obamas-political-capital-problem/-http://trueslant.com/ethanporter/2009/09/22/obamas-political-capital-problem/ ~
I had assumed that, following health care’s passage, the rest of the progressive
AND
. And that’s not the kind of thing that’s easy to get back.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Hackett-Stevick | Judge: Martel

4

Will pass now; Obama and Boehner on board, but Obama’s PC key

Kuhnhenn, 1-7
~JIM KUHNHENN, Associated Press, "For Obama, Congress, a Last Grasp at Immigration," abcnews.com, January 7, 2014, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/obama-congress-grasp-immigration-21444316-http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/obama-congress-grasp-immigration-21444316 uwyo-baj~
His agenda tattered by last year’s confrontations and missteps, President Barack Obama begins 2014
AND
party pressure, bluntly brushing back their criticism of December’s modest budget agreement.

Fighting to defend his war power will sap Obama’s capital, trading off with rest of agenda

Kriner, 10 —- assistant professor of political science at Boston University
(Douglas L. Kriner, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Immigration reform is key to generate jobs and attract high skilled workers that solves for competitiveness and the econ

Johnson 13
(Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, is the Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at the M.I.T. Sloan School of Management and co-author of "White House Burning: The Founding Fathers, Our National Debt, and Why It Matters to You." "How Immigration Reform Would Help the Economy" 6-20-13 http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/how-immigration-reform-would-help-the-economy//wyoccd)
The assessment is positive. This precise immigration proposal would improve the budget picture (
AND
least potentially, help ensure the world stays more prosperous and more stable.
Nuclear war and turns terror heg and coop
Harris and Burrows ’9
(Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

2nc

Ptx

2NC- Econ 21 O/V

CIR is key to provide skilled workers that innovate the US economy, while also creating business, providing capital, and boosting investor confidence, this outweighs

The timeframe for econ decline wars is fast

Turpin 8 (Craig, Executive editor of New Jersey newspapers, 10/14, "Critical Mass: Economic leadership or dictatorship," http://www.nj.com/cranford/index.ssf/2008/10/critical_mass_economic_leaders.html)
A global economic collapse will also increase the chance of global conflict. As economic
AND
world affairs move; the world could devolve to that point very quickly. 

Probability: Statistical analysis proves global economic crisis makes conflict likely—-small conflicts escalate to global war
Michael T Klare 9, Professor of Peace and World Security Studies at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts, The Morung Express, 2-28-09, http://www.morungexpress.com/express_review/15698.html
For the most part, such upheavals, even when violent, are likely to
AND
, military takeovers, civil conflicts, even economically fueled wars between states.
Every outbreak of violence has its own distinctive origins and characteristics. All, however
AND
others in far-off places, linked only in a virtual sense.
~continues…24 paragraphs later~
Some sense of this new reality appears to have percolated up to the highest reaches
AND
year period" - certain to be the case in the present situation.
Blair did not specify which countries he had in mind when he spoke of "
AND
terms of instability as the future darkens on a planet at the brink.

2NC- Econ Turns Terrorism

Turns terrorism and Pakistan—-increases recruitment because of backlash
Lipin 8 - Michael Lipin, VOA News, 11-21, 2008, "Analysts: Al-Qaida Seeks to Capitalize on Global Financial Crisis," online: http://voanews.com/english/2008-11-21-voa3.cfm
The world’s financial crisis appears to have energized Islamic militants and their supporters.¶ Groups
AND
that al-Qaida is using the financial crisis as a propaganda tool.
Reform’s key to heg
Nye 12. ~Joseph S., a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University. "Immigration and American Power," December 10, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye~
CAMBRIDGE – The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Healthcare thumper

Schilirio solves ACA drama—he’s been connecting with congress and smoothing problems over

Miller and Rogers 1-5
~ Zeke Miller and Alex Rogers, "White House Point Man Mends Obamacare Politics," Time Magazine, January 5, 2013, http://swampland.time.com/2014/01/05/white-house-point-man-mends-obamacare-politics/-http://swampland.time.com/2014/01/05/white-house-point-man-mends-obamacare-politics/ uwyo-baj~
Just days after his return to the White House last month, Phil Schiliro sat
AND
aides say they’ve seen an improvement in the Administration’s openness in recent weeks.

Won’t Thump – Focus
The Root 1/3/14 ~David Swerdlick, associate editor, "Obama’s Last Year Wasn’t as Bad as They Say", http://www.theroot.com/articles/politics/2014/01/five_things_obama_got_right_last_year.html-http://www.theroot.com/articles/politics/2014/01/five_things_obama_got_right_last_year.html~~

Unless you opted for your own news blackout during the holiday season, by now
AND
. In time, politically, that might wind up being a win.

Unemployment

Obama is not pushing-Senate democrats are doing the heavy lifting and will get the blame for fights

Lewis and Rushe 1-2
(Paul Lewis in Washington and Dominic Rushe in New York, both writers for the Guardian. "Senate Democrats plan fast-track fix to reinstate lost unemployment benefits" 1-2-14 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/02/senate-democrats-bill-reinstate-unemployment-benefits//wyoccd)
Democratic leaders in the Senate are planning to fast-track legislation to extend unemployment
AND
a job anything like the one I had when I was laid off."

Henry Reid is doing the heavy lifting over unemployment benefits, not Obama-his PC is irrelevant

Demirjian 12-31
(Karoun, reporter for the Las Vegas Sun. "Reid eyes way to make emergency unemployment benefits more accessible" 12-31-13 https://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2013/dec/31/reid-looking-way-make-emergency-unemployment-benef//wyoccd)
The three-month unemployment insurance extension the Senate plans to vote on next week
AND
warned Republicans in the House not to follow suit at their political peril.

2NC-Will Pass

Will pass now-PC key

Garrett 1-7
(Major, reporter for CBS News. ""Unfinished business" on Obama’s pre-State of the Union agenda" 1-7-14 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/unfinished-business-on-obamas-pre-state-of-the-union-agenda//wyoccd)
The new business before the State of the Union address will be a major address
AND
climate change and job creation, bypassing Congress when it refuses to act. 

link

Pushing anything drone related through congress would obliterate Obama’s PC-congress is divided at every level

Hughes 13
(Siobhan Hughes, Correspondent at DowJones Newswire. "Brennan Fight Shows GOP Divisions on Drones" 3-7-13 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323628804578346333053356560.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON—The U.S. Senate on Thursday confirmed John Brennan as head
AND
Arizona senator’s criticisms. "He’s wrong," Mr. Paul told reporters.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

2

LINK—THE AFF FETISHIZES THE LAW AND ITS ABILITY TO RESOLVE PRESIDENTIAL POWERS, THEIR CALL RESULTS IN A RETURN TO LAW THAT DESTROYS THE POSSIBILITY FOR RADICAL POLITICS

NEOCLEOUS 2006
(Mark Neocleous, Politics 26 History @ Brunel University, "the Problem with Normality", Alternatives, no. 31 wyo-tjc)
To criticize the use of emergency powers in terms of a suspension of the law
AND
as part of a unified political strategy in the fabrication of social order.

~Insert More Specific Links ~

The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence

Gulli 13.
 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, "For the critique of sovereignty and violence," http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence-http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1

We live in an unprecedented time of crisis. The violence that characterized the twentieth
AND
nice rhetoric, ultimately rests on the threat of military violence and police brutality

SOCIETY HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY CONFOUNDED AT THE FAILURE OF LAW TO CONTAIN VIOLENCE—WE SEE LAW AS A ’LESSER EVIL’ THAT IS NECESSARY TO HUMANIZE WAR.  QUITE TO THE CONTRARY, THE LAWS OF WAR LEGITIMIZE AND PROTECT STATIST FORMS OF VIOLENCE AND CRUSH DISSENT

BERMAN (Prof of Law at Brooklyn Law School) 2004
~Nathaniel, "Privleging Combat?", Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, p. ln wyo-tjc~
Through examining the legal doctrines crucial to defining the combatants’ privilege, in my view
AND
of people, while excluding other forms engaged in by other people. n9

The Alternative is to write against the state.

Exposing the law as violence is necessary to create space for rethinking that makes social relations outside of statist violence possible

Neocleous 2003
~Mark, Teaches politics @ Brunel, Imagining the state, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 6-7/uwyo-ajl~
The last point should indicate to the reader that this is a polemical book about
AND
of the state, and thus an end to the possibility of fascism.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

2

LINK—THE AFF FETISHIZES THE LAW AND ITS ABILITY TO RESOLVE PRESIDENTIAL POWERS, THEIR CALL RESULTS IN A RETURN TO LAW THAT DESTROYS THE POSSIBILITY FOR RADICAL POLITICS

NEOCLEOUS 2006
(Mark Neocleous, Politics 26 History @ Brunel University, "the Problem with Normality", Alternatives, no. 31 wyo-tjc)
To criticize the use of emergency powers in terms of a suspension of the law
AND
as part of a unified political strategy in the fabrication of social order.

~Insert More Specific Links ~

The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence

Gulli 13.
 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, "For the critique of sovereignty and violence," http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence-http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1

We live in an unprecedented time of crisis. The violence that characterized the twentieth
AND
nice rhetoric, ultimately rests on the threat of military violence and police brutality

SOCIETY HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY CONFOUNDED AT THE FAILURE OF LAW TO CONTAIN VIOLENCE—WE SEE LAW AS A ’LESSER EVIL’ THAT IS NECESSARY TO HUMANIZE WAR.  QUITE TO THE CONTRARY, THE LAWS OF WAR LEGITIMIZE AND PROTECT STATIST FORMS OF VIOLENCE AND CRUSH DISSENT

BERMAN (Prof of Law at Brooklyn Law School) 2004
~Nathaniel, "Privleging Combat?", Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, p. ln wyo-tjc~
Through examining the legal doctrines crucial to defining the combatants’ privilege, in my view
AND
of people, while excluding other forms engaged in by other people. n9

The Alternative is to write against the state.

Exposing the law as violence is necessary to create space for rethinking that makes social relations outside of statist violence possible

Neocleous 2003
~Mark, Teaches politics @ Brunel, Imagining the state, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 6-7/uwyo-ajl~
The last point should indicate to the reader that this is a polemical book about
AND
of the state, and thus an end to the possibility of fascism.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State FF | Judge: Max Archer
YOUR DEMAND FOR ACTION NOW AND FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL SACRIFICE TRADES OFF WITH AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS AND LEADS TO PRESCRIPTIONS CAN LEAVE THE OPPRESSED WORSE OFF
KUPER 02
~Andrew Kuper, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge University, "More than charity: cosmopolitan alternatives to the "Singer Solution".", Ethics 26 International Affairs, Volume 16, Issue 1, pages 107–128, March 2002, Accessed via Wiley Library 5/28/13,
wyo-bb~
Here’s the rub: It is not enough to say that all persons have equal
AND
highly aware of countless recent examples that we can only wish were fictional. 

ONLY ASSERTING OUR POLITICS OF TRUTH CAN SOLVE FOR THE SOCIAL EXCLUSION THEY OUTLINE
DEAN 05
~Jodi Dean, Associate Professor of Political Theory at Hobart William Smith, " Zizek against Democracy", Book, pg 128,
wyo-bb~
This right-wing detour, then, emphasizes Žižek’s notion of universal partisan Truth
AND
political tactics chosen are those conducive to the deterritorializing flows of global capital.

CAPITALISM IS COLLAPSING ALL AROUND US – THE TIME HAS COME TO EMBRACE THE COMMUNIST HORIZON – IT’S THE ONLY HOPE TO SURVIVE GLOBAL CATASTROPHE
DEAN 12
~Jodi Dean,  Prof of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges,  2012,  "The Communist Horizon", p 46-53,
wyo-bb~
Slavoj Zizek argues that the ruling ideology wants us to think that radical change is
AND
conducive to their continued exploitation of the work of the rest of us .

THE ALTERNATIVE IS TO EMBRACE THE COMMUNIST PARTY.
EVERY ETHICAL DECISION – UP TO THE BALLOT ITSELF – SHOULD BE INFUSED WITH ALL OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMANITY’S DESTINY.  THE QUESTION REGARDING THE PLAN IS "DOES IT CONFIRM OR CONTRADICT THE COMMUNIST HYPOTHESIS."  IF WE WIN A LINK ARGUMENT, YOU SHOULD REJECT THE AFFIRMATIVE BECAUSE THEY REDUCE LIFE TO A BARBARIC RAT RACE AND STAND OPPOSED TO UNIVERSAL EMANCIPATION.
BADIOU 8
~Alain Badiou, former Chair of Philosophy at École normale supérieure, 2008.  ~The Meaning of Sarkozy, pp. 97-103,
wyo-bb~
I would like to situate the Sarkozy episode, which is not an impressive page
AND
the moment at which we find ourselves in the history of this hypothesis.

1NR

EXPERIENCES MEAN NOTHING WITHOUT HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF CAPITAL
Ebert 09
~Teresa L. Ebert, Proessor of Cultural Theory @ Univerisyt of Albany State University of New York, "The Task of Cultural Critique", 2009, pg 82-84,
wyo-bb~
Another popular version of affective pedagogy that sees teaching as a scene for the acting
AND
Hirsch, and Miller, "Criticizing Feminist Criticism," 349-69).

2NC Turns Case

YOUR FOCUS ON SACRIFICE AND INDIVIDUAL PRACTICAL ETHICS TRADES OFF WITH A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY THAT FOCUSES ON GLOBAL ECONOMICS WHICH IS KEY TO IMPROVE THE CONDITIONS OF THE OPPRESSED.
Kuper 02
~Andrew Kuper, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge University, "More than charity: cosmopolitan alternatives to the "Singer Solution".", Ethics 26 International Affairs, Volume 16, Issue 1, pages 107–128, March 2002, Accessed via Wiley Library 5/28/13,
wyo-bb~
I have repeatedly asked what difference philosophical theories make to the project of global poverty
AND
impressed until I see what he has done with it." (41)

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 4 | Opponent: Oklahoma Cherry-Baker | Judge: Green
1nc Link

White and non-black persons of color should acknowledge that the most intense forms of racial assault and discrimination have been directed at black people – decolonization of our minds from the grasp of white supremacy is key to see the value in identification with blackness rather than competition for white supremacist attention which seeks to divide and conquer difference in order to maintain the status quo

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P. 13
Certainly it serves the interest of dominator culture to promote a shallow understanding of race
AND
discrimination even as imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy shapes our politics and culture.

2nc

Link

The affirmative gets swept away by the idea of an anti-black racist agenda and renders themselves victims making coping in predominately white world impossible

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 153
The bottom line of race and racism is white supremacy. One can be mindful
AND
coping in a predominately white world diffi cult, if not downright impossible.

Identity politics ignore intra-group differences – ignoring intersections.

Crenshaw 94 
~Kimberlé Williams, teaches Civil Rights and other courses in critical race studies at UCLA,  Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color, Jan, http://www.wcsap.org/Events/Workshop07/mapping-margins.pdf, MAD~
The embrace of identity politics, however, has been in tension with dominant conceptions
AND
relegate the identity of women of color to a location that resists telling. 

Self-reflexive analysis of white privilege is critical in the debate space – we as white women examine our subject positioning to turn the gaze inward—this is the only way for us to challenge white supremacy

Green ’06
(Meredith, Edith Cowan University, "Problematizing the discourses of the dominant: whiteness and reconciliation," 2006)
We suggest that getting people to problematize their whiteness through discourse analysis may be a
AND
oppression and which can provide a basis from which whiteness can be challenged.

alt

Critical consciousness and active listening are the only way to bond across borders—the politics of blame and exclusion of the 1AC necessitate both ignoring critical consciousness and preventing coalition building necessary to overthrow dominator culture.

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 148-150
Certainly, active listening is essential to the process of learning and connecting across diff
AND
with one another that helps us forge sustained bonds of fellowship and camaraderie.

1nr

There is ONLY a risk that the alternative is able to resolve a reimagination of black identity by breaking away from victimhood. Our pedagogy is not based in shared victimization, but recognizes our compliance in enforcing systems of oppression.  We assure accountability in our whiteness and allow the development of new models of thinking, creating integrated and innovative movements.

Smith 6
(Heteropatriarchy and the three pillars of white supremacy, from Color of Violence: the INCITE21 Anthology, coolest activist)
Under the old but still potent and dominant model, people of color organizing was
AND
These practices require us to be more viligant in how we may have internal70

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State FF | Judge: Max Archer
The 1ac relies on a fundamental assumption of what a veteran is – they say that one who goes through "war" is a veteran. This, however, always necessitates answering the question: "what is war?" Unlike the 1ac, we acknowledge that we are all in a constant state of militarism. Calls to this state of "war" are what allow all other forms of militarism to go unnoticed
Cuomo 1996 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30)
In "Gender and `Postmodern’ War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways
AND
the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism.

This raises the fundamental question of who is a veteran. This leads to the continuum of veteran-hood where those who don’t fit the exact definition of the 1ac is marked as irrelevant
Think Africa Press 12 welcomes inquiries regarding the republication of its articles. If you would like to republish this or any other article for re-print, syndication or educational purposes, please contact: editor@thinkafricapress.com-editor@thinkafricapress.com http://thinkafricapress.com/mozambique/who-counts-veteran-renamo-frelimo
Nearly 20 years after the end of Mozambique’s civil war, debate about ex-
AND
was absent, as opposed to ’positive peace’ with reconciliation and prosperity.

This is a form of linguistic violence. Even if the 1ac is a nonviolent discourse, it has the possibility of being positive or negative. Claiming "war" as an isolated event and not evaluating how "war" happens every day is a choice. It is through this that we can prioritize "war" over everyday events and allow ruptures in our social space where we say that "non-veterans don’t matter."
Gay 98 William C Gay. Ph.D. in Philosophy from Boston College, Prof. UNC,  Peace Review, Dec 1998.Vol.10, Iss. 4;  pg. 545-8
Many times the first step in reducing linguistic violence is to simply refrain from the
AND
are often ready to lash out vitriolic epithets when these constraints are removed.

 Thus, the practice of linguistic nonviolence is more like negative peace when the
AND
equally operative in the means whereby we overcome linguistic violence and social injustice.    

The alternative is to reject the 1AC in favor of a pacifistic solution to problems. 

The only way to solve is by adopting a pacifistic mindset—the shift away from militarism is key

Demenchonok 9
~Worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy
AND
and Sociology, Volume 68, Issue 1, Pages 9-49~
Where, then, does the future lie? Unilateralism, hegemonic political anarchy,
AND
the survival of humankind, and thus proposes a world free from nuclear weapons 

and from war and organized violence.44 In tune with the Charter of the
AND
also of the extent, quality, and urgency of our present choices. 

2NC

Rhetorical Criticism solves Power Relations

We are at a critical point to utilize rhetorical criticism as a method for analyzing power relations in narratives. Voting neg is a key starting point to true social change

Kirkscey 08 (modified for ableist language)
(Thomas Russell Kirkscey, Bachelor of Arts degree in History and English, Masters in Communication Studies) (Finding Opportunities: A Reevaluation of Narrative Theory and Praxis in Communication Studies, Communication Studies, Department of Theses and Dissertations-Communication Studies Texas State University Year 2008)
In re-evaluating and extending Fisher’s narrative paradigm, we must look to the
AND
that other scholars of rhetorical criticism will continue to advance the narrative paradigm. 

2NC Impact

Rhetorical criticism has a vital social and intellectual role in politics—changing rhetoric is key to solving their impacts

King 6
Andrew King 06 (Andrew King is Professor of Speech Communication at Louisiana State University. The State of Rhetorical Criticism, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Rhetorical Criticism, Rhetoric Review, Volume 25, Issue 4 October 2006)
The twenty-first century in rhetorical criticism is full of surprises. Longdead projects
AND
future. And once again we have a sense of a useable past.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Augustana College Aoki-Cantrell-Paulson | Judge: Tews

Ptx

2NC- A2: Piece Meal
Obama has renewed a push for CIR or anything that resembles CIR, but make a deal over anything that leaves the core out

NVO Online 12-24
(Northern Voices Online. "Immigration reform 2013: At last Obama reasserts authority over comprehensive bill" 12-24-13 http://nvonews.com/2013/12/24/immigration-reform-2013-at-last-obama-reasserts-authority-over-comprehensive-bill//wyoccd)
Many said that he had lost interest as far as immigration reform 2013 bill was
AND
are deeply woven into the fabric of communities and the economy across America.

Despite Boehners statements, Obama is pushing and extending an olive branch to develop CIR

Lucas 11-13
(Fred Lucas is TheBlaze’s White House correspondent. "CARNEY CLAIMS OBAMA IS WILLING TO ’ASSIST’ THE REPUBLICAN PARTY POLITICALLY WITH IMMIGRATION REFORM" 11-13-13 http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/11/13/carney-claims-obama-is-willing-to-assist-the-republican-party-politically-with-immigration-reform//wyoccd)
President Barack Obama is willing to assist in legislation to benefit Republicans politically, White
AND
president of theNational Latino Evangelical Coalition and Jim Wallis, president of Sojourners.
2NC PC Key

Obama has sufficient momentum now to pass immigration reform —- it is the top priority

Taylor, 1/5 (David, 1/5/2014, thetimes.co.uk, "Fun in sun over as Obama gets serious about second term," Factiva))
With Mr Obama’s personal approval ratings at their lowest point following the accident-prone
AND
2 trillion, while off-setting the cost of an ageing population.

Capital’s key but limited – the plan disrupts Obama’s careful strategy
Eilperin and Tumulty 12/10 (Juliet, House of Representatives reporter for Washington Post, and Karen, national political correspondent for The Washington Post, "Podesta, Schiliro to return to White House,"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/podesta-schiliro-to-return-to-white-house/2013/12/10/194b22f4-61a7-11e3-94ad-004fefa61ee6_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/podesta-schiliro-to-return-to-white-house/2013/12/10/194b22f4-61a7-11e3-94ad-004fefa61ee6_story.html)
President Obama is embarking on his biggest organizational overhaul of the White House since 2010
AND
got to focus your attention and where you could spend your political capital."
Security turn

scenario creation isn’t the same as threat construction, it’s crucial to see if policies are a good idea and reduce the risk of nuclear war.

Darryl S.L.Jarvis - School of Economics 26 Political Science, U. of Sydney - 2K3 "Political Risk in International Relations: Empirical Experiences and Conceptual Approaches" School of Economics and Political Science, Working Papers
Scenario generation has its origins in the Cold War when strategic analysts developed the method
AND
and checked, can derail the construction of quality scenarios and their utility. 

Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention –

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability,
AND
to reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other state

Impact

Newest developments take out all impact defense

Jordans, 2011
~Frank, Associated Press, 12-7-11, Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45584359/ns/~~23.UkkMV2T72Ik~~ /Wyo-MB
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
AND
nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab’s activities.

Second, Predictions of terrorism are true- their critique replicates the logic preceding the attacks on Britain

Jones ’6 (The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100 © 2006 The Author(s). Journal Compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Royal Institute of International Aff airs DAVID MARTIN JONES AND M. L. R. SMITH )
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism
AND
-national constellation, represents the only secure basis for liberal democratic order.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Carroll-Demmig | Judge: Stanley

Adv 1

Nuclear weapons prolif slowly, create peace, and prevent conventional warfare

Kenneth N. Waltz, 13
Genius 26 Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons; An Enduring Debate," Book. Chapter 1: More May be Better. Accessed 6/5/13,WYO/JF
What will a world populated by a few more nuclear states look like? I
AND
the gradual spread of nuclear weapons is more to be welcomed than feared.
PROLIF SOLVES INEVITABLE MISCALCULATIONS AND ESCALATION AND NEW NUCLEAR STATES WILL FIT INTO A DETERRENCE WORLD ORDER AND PREVENT THE OUTBREAK OF MAJOR WARS
Waltz in ’3
~Kenneth N., Genius 26 Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons:  A Debate Renewed, with Scott D. Sagan, p.43-45.
What will a world populated by a few more nuclear states look like? I
AND
the gradual spread of nuclear weapons is more to be welcomed than feared. 

Iran proliferation leads to stability—history proves

Waltz, 2012
~Kenneth, American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations.  Why Iran should get the bomb: Nuclear balancing would mean stability. Foreign Affairs, 91(4), 2-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479-http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479 wyo-SF~
In 1991, the historical rivals India and Pakistan signed a treaty agreeing not to
AND
comes to nuclear weapons, now as ever, more may be better.

THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS SLOWS THE PACE OF RAPID BALANCE SHIFTS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL.  THIS SOLVES THE OUTBREAK AND ESCALATION OF CATASTROPHIC WAR

Alagappa in ’8
~Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow at East-West Center, "Nuclear Weapons and National Security", in The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, 479-480wyo-tjc~
Nuclear weapons cast a long shadow that informs in fundamental ways the strategic policies and
AND
a responsible manner and are experiencing rapid growth in other dimensions of power.

2nc

Proliferation will be Slow

Prolif will be slow and contained

Kenneth N. Waltz, 13
Genius 26 Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons; An Enduring Debate," Book. Chapter 1: More May be Better. Accessed 6/5/13,WYO/JF
What will the spread of nuclear weapons do to the world?  I say "
AND
of nuclear weapons will do to the world is therefore a compelling question.  

2NC

Iran going nuclear increases balance of power—solves Mideast instability

Waltz, 2012
~Kenneth, American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations.  Why Iran should get the bomb: Nuclear balancing would mean stability. Foreign Affairs, 91(4), 2-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479-http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479 wyo-SF~
The third possible outcome of the standoff is that Iran continues its current course and
AND
crisis that will end only when a balance of military power is restored.

Empirically denied—negotiations fail, no trickle-down, North Korea proves

Waltz, 2012
~Kenneth, American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations.  Why Iran should get the bomb: Nuclear balancing would mean stability. Foreign Affairs, 91(4), 2-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479-http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021379832?accountid=1479 wyo-SF~
The past several months have witnessed a heated debate over the best way for the
AND
giving it still more reason to seek the protection of the ultimate deterrent.
Middle East Stays Contained to Iran 26 Israel: 1NC
MIDDLE EAST PROLIF REMAINS CONTAINED TO ISRAEL AND IRAN AND PRODUCES A DYAD—OTHER STATES WILL NOT CROSS THE THRESHOLD

Hagerty in ’8
~Devin, Associate Professor of Political Science at University of Maryland, "Iran, The Nuclear Quandry", in The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, P. 315-316wyo-tjc~
Would a nuclear-aimed Iran instigate a flurry of destabilizing regional proliferation, or
AND
, it bears comparison with other potential scenarios that may be far worse.

General A2 ’Iran Can’t Be Deterred’

SECOND, THERE’S A HIGHER PROBABILITY FOR OUR DETERRENCE ARGUMENTS BEING TRUE: A) THE SOBERING EFFECTS OF DETERRENCE ARE SUSTAINED NO MATTER THE REGIME

Waltz in 7
~Kenneth, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster", Journal of International Affairs, Summer, p. aspwyo-tjc~
We never thought of the Soviet Union and Soviet leaders as being fine fellows—
AND
them, but there has been no headlong rush to acquire nuclear weapons.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Elliott

prolif

Nuclear weapons prolif slowly, create peace, and prevent conventional warfare

Kenneth N. Waltz, 13
Genius 26 Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons; An Enduring Debate," Book. Chapter 1: More May be Better. Accessed 6/5/13,WYO/JF
What will a world populated by a few more nuclear states look like? I
AND
the gradual spread of nuclear weapons is more to be welcomed than feared.
PROLIF SOLVES INEVITABLE MISCALCULATIONS AND ESCALATION AND NEW NUCLEAR STATES WILL FIT INTO A DETERRENCE WORLD ORDER AND PREVENT THE OUTBREAK OF MAJOR WARS
Waltz in ’3
~Kenneth N., Genius 26 Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons:  A Debate Renewed, with Scott D. Sagan, p.43-45.
What will a world populated by a few more nuclear states look like? I
AND
the gradual spread of nuclear weapons is more to be welcomed than feared.
JAPANESE PROLIFERATION IS CRITICAL TO MODERATE KOREAN AMBITIONS AND FORCE THEM TO UNDERTAKE RESTRAINT—US DETERRENCE GUARANTEES ARE ONLY A TRIP-WIRE FOR A LARGER WAR

Galen Carpenter in 4
~Ted, CATO Analyst, "Living With the Unthinkable", National Interest, Winter 2003/2004, p. aspwyo-tjc~
Faced with a dangerous neighbor possessing nuclear capabilities and a more limited U.S
AND
proliferation may be a troubling outcome, but it beats that nightmare scenario.
NORTH KOREA CAN EASILY BE DETERRED—OVERWHELMING AMERICAN CAPABILITIES

Galen Carpenter in 4
~Ted, CATO Analyst, "Living With the Unthinkable", National Interest, Winter 2003/2004, p. aspwyo-tjc~
INSTEAD OF placing faith in the efficacy of negotiations with a country that has violated
AND
other reasons besides, Washington should continue developing a shield against ballistic missiles.
ASIAN PROLIFERATION IS STABLE—ARSENALS WILL BE SMALL, SURVIVABLE AND STABLE.  ALL THE CONDITIONS SAGAN REFERENCES DON’T OBTAIN

Cha in ’1
~Victor, Assoc. Professor of Government at Georgetown, "The second nuclear age: Proliferation pessimism versus sober optimism in South Asia and East Asia", Journal of Strategic Studies, Dec. 2001wyo-tjc~
These arguments also fail to comprehend how the bipolar superpower experience has greatly prejudiced our
AND
assume a necessary causal connection between small programs and de-stabilizing outcomes.
THIS IS KEY TO ELIMINATE OFFENSIVE FORCE POSTURES THAT GUARANTEE INEVITABLE MAJOR POWER WARS

Alagappa in ’8
~Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow at East-West Center, "Introduction", in The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, P. 26wyo-tjc~
 Second, the study posits that nuclear weapons have contributed to the security of
AND
cata- strophic and prohibitive, especially in a situation of complex interdependence.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Carroll-Demmig | Judge: Stanley

2

The executive branch of the United States should publish clear redlines for Iran’s behavior that, should Iran violate, would require an American military response but if Iran’s actions fall short the US will not respond with military force.

Articulating clear redlines while leaving strikes on the table solves U.S. Iran relations, retaliation, escalation, Israeli strikes, Mideast relations, and Iranian proxies.

Kroenig ’12
~Matthew Kroenig, professor of government at Georgetown University and an affiliate with the Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, "Time to Attack Iran - Why a Strike Is the Least Bad Option," Foreign Affairs, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2012 ISSUE, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran -http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran  wyo-ch~
To make sure it doesn’t and to reassure the Iranian regime, the United States
AND
States could avoid an international crisis and limit the scope of the conflict.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Parsian-Hackett | Judge: Dwyer
1nc
Using national security to justify restraints on the executive is self-defeating.  Security discourse consolidates authoritarian politics.
RANA 11
~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/ pg 1-7~
Today politicians and legal scholars routinely invoke fears that the balance between liberty and security
AND
normative assumptions required to sustain popular involvement in matters of threat and safety.

The logic of security makes violence inevitable, and is the root cause of destructive features of contemporary modernity
Burke 7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse)
My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant’s moral demand for the eventual abolition
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?
The alternative is to reject the security discourse of the 1ac.
We need to question the assumptions and language that frame policies. The alternative is a prerequisite to effective policies in the future
Bruce 96
(Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
AND
resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

2nc

2NC Framework
AND COHERENCE – ONLY INCORPORATION OF REPRESENTATIONS CAN MAKE SENSE OF POLITICAL REALITY
Jourde 6 – Cedric Jourde    * Ph.D., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 2002   * M.A., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 1996   * B.Sc., Political Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, 1995 Hegemony or Empire?: The redefinition of US Power under George W Bush Ed. David and Grondin p. 182-3 2006
Relations between states are, at least in part, constructed upon representations. Representations
AND
course of action one will adopt in order to deal with this ’other’.
THEIR FRAMEWORK CAUSES SERIAL POLICY FAILURE- Their violent ontologies lays claim to know the entirety of truth and existence. Those ontologies are the root cause of security and inevitably the failure of their policies as they become self-fulfilling prophecies  
Biswas 7 (Shampa, Professor of Politics – Whitman College, "Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist", Millennium, 36(1), p. 117-125)
The most serious threat to the ’intellectual vocation’, he argues, is ’
AND
expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21
AT: Perm
No Reform - THE PLAN CANNOT BE DETACHED FROM IT’S DISCURSIVE UNDERPINNINGS
Burke 07
Anthony Burke, Senior Lecturer @ School of Politics 26 IR @ Univ. of New South Wales, ’7 ~Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4~
These frameworks are interrogated at the level both of their theoretical conceptualisation and their practice
AND
a claustrophic structure of political and ethical possibility that systematically wards off critique.

A/T Realism
AND REALISM DOESN’T LIMIT WAR- IT’S THE ROOT CAUSE
Burke 07
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, pMUSE, cheek)
I was motivated to begin the larger project from which this essay derives by a
AND
fail to question the ontological claims of political community or strategic theory.82

Tournament: UNT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Hackett-Stevick | Judge: Martel

1nr

OWEN CONCLUDES NEG- CRITICISM KEY

Owen 2
(David, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium, Vol 31, No 3, Sage)
 Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a
AND
, helped to promote the IR theory wars by motivating this philosophical turn.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 5 | Opponent: North Texas Carroll-Demmig | Judge: Stanley

Solvency

There is no threat of US strikes now—terror threats deter US action and signal that Iran isn’t afraid of us.

Smith 9/18
~Lee Smith, senior editor at the Weekly Standard and the author of The Strong Horse: Power, Politics, and the Clash of Arab Civilizations, "How Iran Uses Terror Threats To Successfully Deter U.S. Military Action," Tablet Magazine, 18 September 2013, http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/146178/iran-uses-terror-as-deterrence?all=1-http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/146178/iran-uses-terror-as-deterrence?all=1  wyo-ch~
However, the essential feature of a credible threat of force is to have previously
AND
a reminder of what will happen if America really gets the Iranians mad.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Hackett-Stevick | Judge: Martel

1

The aff is not topical —- introducing armed forces only refers to human troops, not weapons systems such as drone —- prefer our interpretation because it’s based on textual analysis, legislative history, and intent of the WPR

Lorber 13 – Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. January 2013, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Contsitutional Law, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis nexis
As is evident from a textual analysis, n177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Vote negative for predictable limits —- nuclear weapons is a whole topic on its own —- requires research into a whole separate literature base —- undermines preparedness for all debates.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Elliott

A/T We meet

Into means entry

Meriam Webster 13, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/into
Full Definition of INTO
1—used as a function word to indicate entry, introduction, insertion, superposition, or inclusion came into the house enter into an alliance

The soldier who presses the button to launch the nuke isn’t in hostilities —- NDAA proves

Healey 26 Wilson 13 – Jason Healey is the director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council. AND* A.J. Wilson is a visiting fellow at the
Atlantic Council, 2013, "Cyber Conflict and the War Powers
Resolution: Congressional Oversight
of Hostilities in the Fifth Domain," jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf?
War Powers and Offensive Cyber Operations¶ In a report submitted to Congress in November
AND
the ground, no active exchanges of fire, and no body bags.

Here is a nuclear specific card that there was a specific amendment during the war powers debate, and it was rejected in the WPR – it was intended to exclude nuclear weapons from that particular phrase

Peter Raven-Hansen October 1989; Professor of Law, George Washington University National Law Center "SPECIAL ISSUE: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION IN ITS THIRD CENTURY: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: DISTRIBUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY: NUCLEAR WAR POWERS" The American Society of International Law, American Journal of International Law 83 A.J.I.L. 786; Lexis Nexis Academic
The statutory argument against delegation rests on the War Powers Resolution. Section 8(
AND
weapons previously appropriated by Congress to the executive arsenal. . . ." n39

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

1

Interpretation: Armed forces only include Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

US Department of Defense, "United States Armed Forces," Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 2005.
Used to denote collectively only the regular components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. See also Armed Forces of the United States.

Violation: Plan restricts CIA and/or private contractors introduction into hostilities – armed forces doesn’t include CIA or private contractors

Boston College Law Review, 2012
("Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of War", November,  53 B.C. L. Rev 1767)
Furthermore, the War Powers Resolution is limited to U.S. Armed Forces
AND
since they were not military personnel, the Resolution did not apply. n326

Prefer our interpretation

1. Predictable limits: 5 branches of United States armed forces and subsections of those branches already provides substantial aff ground – expanding beyond ’armed forces’ would include government civilians, contractors, UAVS, and all other technological innovations explodes limits

Boston College Law Review, 2012
("Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of War", November,  53 B.C. L. Rev 1767)
The scope of actors that fall within the War Powers Consultation proposal should be broadened
AND
, and other technological innovations that act on behalf of the nation. n349

2. Historical precision: ’Armed forces’ excludes CIA – textual analysis, legislative history, and broad policy purposes prove. Exclusive interpretation should be preferred

Lorber, 12
("EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?" Journal of Constitution Law, Vol. 15:3. Eric Lorber? J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. 3/7/12 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2017036-http://ssrn.com/abstract=2017036) KH
C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to Offensive Cyber Operations
As discussed above, critical to the application of the War Powers Resolution—especially
AND
it only becomes important if "armed forces" exist in the situation.
As is evident from a textual analysis,177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
human members of the armed forces, such a conclusion is not determinative.
An examination of the legislative history also suggests that Congress clearly conceptualized "armed forces
AND
deployment of U.S. personnel, not weapons, into hostilities.

T is a voting issue: fairness, education, jurisdiction.

2nc

Armed Forces

Armed forces

 5 branches====
Military.com, "U.S. Armed Forces Overview," no date.
What is the military? In simple terms, the U.S. Armed
AND
to learn21 So first the basics. Exactly who is in charge?

1NC – T Subsets

First, Topical affirmatives must increase restrictions in an entire area of war powers authority.

In the area" means all of the activities.

United Nations 13
(United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm)
PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1
Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

Contextual "we meet" arguments are bad—-intent to define outweighs

Eric Kupferbreg 87, University of Kentucky, Senior Assistant Dean, Academic 26 Faculty Affairs at Northeastern University, College of Professional Studies Associate Director, Trust Initiative at Harvard School of Public Health 1987 "Limits - The Essence of Topicality" http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Kupferberg1987LatAmer.htm
Often, field contextual definitions are too broad or too narrow for debate purposes.
AND
is a unique context, then additional considerations enter into our definitional analysis.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

1

Interpretation: Armed forces only include Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

US Department of Defense, "United States Armed Forces," Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 2005.
Used to denote collectively only the regular components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. See also Armed Forces of the United States.

Violation: Plan restricts CIA and/or private contractors introduction into hostilities – armed forces doesn’t include CIA or private contractors

Boston College Law Review, 2012
("Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of War", November,  53 B.C. L. Rev 1767)
Furthermore, the War Powers Resolution is limited to U.S. Armed Forces
AND
since they were not military personnel, the Resolution did not apply. n326

Prefer our interpretation

1. Predictable limits: 5 branches of United States armed forces and subsections of those branches already provides substantial aff ground – expanding beyond ’armed forces’ would include government civilians, contractors, UAVS, and all other technological innovations explodes limits

Boston College Law Review, 2012
("Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of War", November,  53 B.C. L. Rev 1767)
The scope of actors that fall within the War Powers Consultation proposal should be broadened
AND
, and other technological innovations that act on behalf of the nation. n349

2. Historical precision: ’Armed forces’ excludes CIA – textual analysis, legislative history, and broad policy purposes prove. Exclusive interpretation should be preferred

Lorber, 12
("EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?" Journal of Constitution Law, Vol. 15:3. Eric Lorber? J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. 3/7/12 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2017036-http://ssrn.com/abstract=2017036) KH
C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to Offensive Cyber Operations
As discussed above, critical to the application of the War Powers Resolution—especially
AND
it only becomes important if "armed forces" exist in the situation.
As is evident from a textual analysis,177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
human members of the armed forces, such a conclusion is not determinative.
An examination of the legislative history also suggests that Congress clearly conceptualized "armed forces
AND
deployment of U.S. personnel, not weapons, into hostilities.

T is a voting issue: fairness, education, jurisdiction.

2nc

Armed Forces

Armed forces

 5 branches====
Military.com, "U.S. Armed Forces Overview," no date.
What is the military? In simple terms, the U.S. Armed
AND
to learn21 So first the basics. Exactly who is in charge?

1NC – T Subsets

First, Topical affirmatives must increase restrictions in an entire area of war powers authority.

In the area" means all of the activities.

United Nations 13
(United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm)
PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1
Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

Contextual "we meet" arguments are bad—-intent to define outweighs

Eric Kupferbreg 87, University of Kentucky, Senior Assistant Dean, Academic 26 Faculty Affairs at Northeastern University, College of Professional Studies Associate Director, Trust Initiative at Harvard School of Public Health 1987 "Limits - The Essence of Topicality" http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Kupferberg1987LatAmer.htm
Often, field contextual definitions are too broad or too narrow for debate purposes.
AND
is a unique context, then additional considerations enter into our definitional analysis.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

5

Obama’s political capital is key to ensure IMF reforms will be part of the Ukraine aid package which is key to secure the Ukrainian economy – secured foothold in senate, prominent conservative support, and mimics 2009 vote

Rogers 3-13
(David, congressional reporter for Politico. "IMF reforms get new life through Ukraine" 3-13-14 http://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/international-monetary-fund-ukraine-russia-crimea-congress-104656.html//wyoccd)
Having secured a foothold in the Senate, allies of the International Monetary Fund are
AND
Obama’s power to win a gritty, 226-202 June 2009 vote. 

Fighting to defend his war power will sap Obama’s capital- trades off with agenda

Kriner, 10 —- assistant professor of political science at Boston University
(Douglas L. Kriner, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps energy from other initiatives on the home front by forcing the president to expend energy and effort defending his international agenda. Political capital spent shoring up support for a president’s foreign policies is capital that is unavailable for his future policy initiatives.

 Moreover, any weakening in the president’s political clout may have immediate ramifications for
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Without IMF reforms and aid the Ukrainian economy will collapse and the global economy will follow suit

Thompson and Wallace 3-3
(Mark and Gregory, international editor at CNN Money. "Ukraine crisis: Why it matters to the world economy" 3-3-14 http://money.cnn.com/2014/03/02/news/economy/ukraine-economy///wyoccd)
While the world watches the escalating crisis in Ukraine, investors and world leaders are
AND
The Russian ruble is down about 10 since the start of 2014.
Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows ’9
(Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

5

Obama’s political capital is key to ensure IMF reforms will be part of the Ukraine aid package which is key to secure the Ukrainian economy – secured foothold in senate, prominent conservative support, and mimics 2009 vote

Rogers 3-13
(David, congressional reporter for Politico. "IMF reforms get new life through Ukraine" 3-13-14 http://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/international-monetary-fund-ukraine-russia-crimea-congress-104656.html//wyoccd)
Having secured a foothold in the Senate, allies of the International Monetary Fund are
AND
Obama’s power to win a gritty, 226-202 June 2009 vote. 

Fighting to defend his war power will sap Obama’s capital- trades off with agenda

Kriner, 10 —- assistant professor of political science at Boston University
(Douglas L. Kriner, "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps energy from other initiatives on the home front by forcing the president to expend energy and effort defending his international agenda. Political capital spent shoring up support for a president’s foreign policies is capital that is unavailable for his future policy initiatives.

 Moreover, any weakening in the president’s political clout may have immediate ramifications for
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Without IMF reforms and aid the Ukrainian economy will collapse and the global economy will follow suit

Thompson and Wallace 3-3
(Mark and Gregory, international editor at CNN Money. "Ukraine crisis: Why it matters to the world economy" 3-3-14 http://money.cnn.com/2014/03/02/news/economy/ukraine-economy///wyoccd)
While the world watches the escalating crisis in Ukraine, investors and world leaders are
AND
The Russian ruble is down about 10 since the start of 2014.
Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows ’9
(Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Missouri State Hackett-Stevick | Judge: Martel

3

The United States executive branch should publish and enforce an executive order to clarify that the United States will not engage in preventive war and will not employ offensive use of force without Congressional authorization.

Presidential practice is the only effective check– plan and perm will be disregarded

Weiner 07
~Weiner, JD from Vanderbilt University, 2007
(Michael, "A Paper Tiger with Bite: A Defense of the War Powers Resolution," http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf-http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf)~~

In practice the WPR limits presidents’ outrageous unilateral uses of force. While critics of
AND
flexibility to satisfy these interests is bound to be a dead-letter.
The WPR allows such flexibility, because while its requirements are clear black-letter
AND
, this Note now surveys post-1973 presidential unilateral uses of force.

2nc

Cp

Voluntary executive consultation improves decision-making and captures all of the benefits of the aff without constraining authority to act
Baker, 7 - Chief Judge to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, former Special Assistant to the President and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council (James, IN THE COMMON DEFENSE: NATIONAL SECURITY LAW FOR PERILOUS TIMES, p. 25-27)

Understanding process also entails an appreciation as to how to effectively engage the constitutional process
AND
Congress.6 These years coincide with the emergence of the jihadist threat.
However, there are also security benefits that derive from the operation of external constitutional appraisal. These include the foreknowledge of objection and the improvements in policy or execution that dissent might influence. Chances are, if the executive cannot sell a policy to members of Congress, or persuade the courts that executive actions are lawful, the executive will not be able to convince the American public or the international community.
A sustained and indefinite conflict will involve difficult public policy trade-offs that will
AND
policy and legal validation that is not found in the executive branch alone.
Further, while the president alone has the authority to wield the tools of national
AND
this means the meaningful and transparent participation of the Congress and the courts.

And there’s a Prez Powers d/a-

Presidential power is zero-sum- the branches compete

Barilleaux and Kelley 2010 ~Ryan J. , Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. , Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas A26M Press, p. P 196-197, 2010 wyo-sc~
In their book The Broken Branch, Mann and Ornstein paint a different view.
AND
of these trends away from meaningful congressional stewardship of foreign policy and spending. 

Strong president key to solve wars and avoid existential threats- Congressional deliberation takes too long, relies on inexpert advice, and divulges too much sensitive information

Weinberger 09
~Seth Weinberger is Assistant Professor in the Department of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound. , 2009, Balancing War Powers in an Age of Terror, The Good Society, Vol. 18, Issue 2, Project Muse, uwyoamp~

When the president wants to take, pursuant to his powers as commander-in
AND
Congress time and time again to enact laws to advance the war effort.

President can show credibility by self-binding, and it puts heavy costs on future presidents for not representing public interests

Posner and  Vermeule 2010 ~Eric A. , Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School and Editor of The Journal of Legal Studies; Adrian , Harvard Law Professor, The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford Press, p. 101-103wyo-sc~
Where the executive is indeed ill-motivated in any of these ways, constraining
AND
to actions or policies that only a well-motivated president would adopt

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

3

The President of the United States of America should issue an executive order to prohibit the intentional use of Private Military Contractors in hostilities and covert actions.

Executive Orders alter policy quickly to employ flexibility and avoid the legislative process

Barilleaux and Kelley 2010 ~Ryan J. , Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. , Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas A26M Press, p. 80, 2010 wyo-sc~
An executive order is one of several unilateral tools presidents may use to carry out
AND
president and a general reference to statutes of the United States.2 )

Cp

Links to ptx

First, CP is executive action—obviously avoids Congressional fights

Fine 12
Jeffrey A. Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, and Political Behavior. Adam L. Warber is an associate professor of political science at Clemson University. He is the author of Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, " Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government", Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco
We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive
AND
have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.

Perm

Presidential practice is the only effective check and avoids the War Powers DA – plan and perm will be disregarded

Weiner 07
~Weiner, JD from Vanderbilt University, 2007
(Michael, "A Paper Tiger with Bite: A Defense of the War Powers Resolution," http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf-http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf)~~

In practice the WPR limits presidents’ outrageous unilateral uses of force. While critics of
AND
flexibility to satisfy these interests is bound to be a dead-letter.
The WPR allows such flexibility, because while its requirements are clear black-letter
AND
, this Note now surveys post-1973 presidential unilateral uses of force.

AT: Rollback F/L

President can show credibility by self-binding, and it puts heavy costs on future presidents for not representing public interests

Posner and  Vermeule 2010 ~Eric A. , Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School and Editor of The Journal of Legal Studies; Adrian , Harvard Law Professor, The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford Press, p. 101-103wyo-sc~
Where the executive is indeed ill-motivated in any of these ways, constraining
AND
to actions or policies that only a well-motivated president would adopt

CP constrains future Presidents – it creates a legal framework
Brecher, JD University of Michigan, December 2012
(Aaron, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423, Lexis)
The executive might also issue the proposed order, even though it would limit her
AND
nature of cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences.

2NC: Aff

Circumvention===

CP solves better- statutory is bound to fail and makes the impacts worse- executive exploits increasing Congressional limits

Moe and Howell 99 
(Terry, prof of political science @ Stanford, and William, Associate Prof @ Harvard, "The Presidental Power of Unilateral Action") KH
While Congress will sometimes have incentives to make broad delegations, legislators are more often
AND
strategically crafted delegations (Moe, 1990; Epstein and O’Halloran, 1999).
How well can this be expected to work? To begin with, legislators can
AND
the president and the agencies who do the governing, not the Congress.
To the extent that legislators find themselves proposing highly restrictive delegations, moreover, they
AND
as possible, and they will seriously discourage provisions that limit their prerogatives.
Even when restrictions are included in final bills, Congress faces the problem of making
AND
hands. From a control standpoint, this is a nightmare come true.
Finally, whatever the discretion contained in specific pieces of legislation, and whatever opportunities
AND
presidential control, as well as to the resources contained within the executive.
Less obviously, though, the proliferation of statutes creates substantial ambiguity about what the
AND
power-claiming all the while that he is faithfully executing the laws.
Even though presidents are mere executives, then, charged with "taking care that the laws be faithfully executed," Congress cannot be expected to use statutory constraints with great effectiveness in restricting the expansion of presidential power.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

3

The President of the United States of America should issue an executive order to prohibit the intentional use of Private Military Contractors in hostilities and covert actions.

Executive Orders alter policy quickly to employ flexibility and avoid the legislative process

Barilleaux and Kelley 2010 ~Ryan J. , Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. , Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas A26M Press, p. 80, 2010 wyo-sc~
An executive order is one of several unilateral tools presidents may use to carry out
AND
president and a general reference to statutes of the United States.2 )

Cp

Links to ptx

First, CP is executive action—obviously avoids Congressional fights

Fine 12
Jeffrey A. Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, and Political Behavior. Adam L. Warber is an associate professor of political science at Clemson University. He is the author of Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, " Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government", Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco
We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive
AND
have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.

Perm

Presidential practice is the only effective check and avoids the War Powers DA – plan and perm will be disregarded

Weiner 07
~Weiner, JD from Vanderbilt University, 2007
(Michael, "A Paper Tiger with Bite: A Defense of the War Powers Resolution," http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf-http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Weiner.pdf)~~

In practice the WPR limits presidents’ outrageous unilateral uses of force. While critics of
AND
flexibility to satisfy these interests is bound to be a dead-letter.
The WPR allows such flexibility, because while its requirements are clear black-letter
AND
, this Note now surveys post-1973 presidential unilateral uses of force.

AT: Rollback F/L

President can show credibility by self-binding, and it puts heavy costs on future presidents for not representing public interests

Posner and  Vermeule 2010 ~Eric A. , Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School and Editor of The Journal of Legal Studies; Adrian , Harvard Law Professor, The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford Press, p. 101-103wyo-sc~
Where the executive is indeed ill-motivated in any of these ways, constraining
AND
to actions or policies that only a well-motivated president would adopt

CP constrains future Presidents – it creates a legal framework
Brecher, JD University of Michigan, December 2012
(Aaron, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423, Lexis)
The executive might also issue the proposed order, even though it would limit her
AND
nature of cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences.

2NC: Aff

Circumvention===

CP solves better- statutory is bound to fail and makes the impacts worse- executive exploits increasing Congressional limits

Moe and Howell 99 
(Terry, prof of political science @ Stanford, and William, Associate Prof @ Harvard, "The Presidental Power of Unilateral Action") KH
While Congress will sometimes have incentives to make broad delegations, legislators are more often
AND
strategically crafted delegations (Moe, 1990; Epstein and O’Halloran, 1999).
How well can this be expected to work? To begin with, legislators can
AND
the president and the agencies who do the governing, not the Congress.
To the extent that legislators find themselves proposing highly restrictive delegations, moreover, they
AND
as possible, and they will seriously discourage provisions that limit their prerogatives.
Even when restrictions are included in final bills, Congress faces the problem of making
AND
hands. From a control standpoint, this is a nightmare come true.
Finally, whatever the discretion contained in specific pieces of legislation, and whatever opportunities
AND
presidential control, as well as to the resources contained within the executive.
Less obviously, though, the proliferation of statutes creates substantial ambiguity about what the
AND
power-claiming all the while that he is faithfully executing the laws.
Even though presidents are mere executives, then, charged with "taking care that the laws be faithfully executed," Congress cannot be expected to use statutory constraints with great effectiveness in restricting the expansion of presidential power.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 2 | Opponent: West Georgia Ard-Muhammad | Judge: Winfrey

2

Their naming of racism and imperialism as the root cause of oppression is a symbol of their failing  to recognize the true nature of domination—they only recognize one aspect of the imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchal hegemony. We need to name the system appropriately in order to know how to effectively fight it—rather than framing oppression through a lens of dualism, we need to appropriately name dominator culture

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 36-37
When I fi rst began to use the phrase imperialist white supremacist¶ capitalist patriarchy
AND
rst step in self-determination. It is the place of hope.

We need to start by recognizing our role in the dominator culture. Bethany and I have been imprinted since birth by society to implicitly affirm white supremacy. By recognizing our role in the imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchal hegemony, we create a starting point that allows us to have a more open conversation about race. Analyzing dominator culture as a whole is key because it doesn’t privilege one system of oppression over another, but recognizes that they affect one other.

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. 3-6
Signifi cantly, despite class diff erences, as a group, white people (
AND
and yet still hold white supremacist attitudes about the nature of black identity.

Link - Blame/politics of accountability/diversity education

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 28-31
Clearly the future of diversity lies in creating greater awareness and greater critical consciousness about
AND
society—both black and white— r esist seeing the larger picture.

Even if they have a good starting point for one aspect, they fail to recognize their role in larger dominator culture—race is only one aspect. There are masses of people of color whose religions actively teach modes of patriarchal thinking. We are taught this in our families and in our holy spaces and

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 33-36
And patriarchy begins at home. Again, it is the one aspect of¶
AND
imperialism, capitalism, and¶ racism were all systems gaining strength globally.

Black men need feminist thinking—the only way to solve for race is by resisting all forms of domination—these matrices are interlocking

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 182-183
Concurrently, we cannot heal the crisis in black life without incorporating in our struggle
AND
transformed, that we can always renew our spirits and rekindle our hope.

Resisting just antiblackness won’t solve—we need to resist every form of interlocking domination—a prerequisite needs to be analyzing our position in patriarchy especially because currently, progressive folk denounce imperialism, racism, and capitalism, but don’t talk about patriarchy—means that their silence on this is them colluding with the imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchal hegemony

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 33-36
Even though origin stories which fi nd the invention of patriarchy to be the root
AND
-racist critiques while silencing anti-capitalist or anti-sexist voices.

We need to reject the 1AC starting point and instead embrace a mindset of critical consciousness. Critical consciousness is the only way to solve for dominator culture because it is the only way that we can have honest discussions about race.

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 193
Since all citizens of our nation are subjected to some form of indoctrination that socializes
AND
patterns of racist stereotypes even as they may voice anti-racist sentiments.

2nc

Impact – Black Collusion

The impact of this anti-naming mentality is black collusion—by refusing to name dominator culture as the root cause, this is collusion with the system because they’re trying to place one struggle on a pedestal.

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 179-182
Now, clearly white racism cannot be seen as the only factor in the production
AND
human life, of what happens when things become more important than people.

Link

Black liberation – Strong patriarchy fails- Equate black liberation with strong black patriarchy

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P. 23
The pursuit of liberal individualism sanctioned by imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy has allowed all
AND
trauma faded into the background and the focus was on money and masculinity.

Critical consciousness and active listening are the only way to bond across borders—the politics of blame and exclusion of the 1AC necessitate both ignoring critical consciousness and preventing coalition building necessary to overthrow dominator culture.

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P 148-150
Certainly, active listening is essential to the process of learning and connecting across diff
AND
with one another that helps us forge sustained bonds of fellowship and camaraderie.

Class – No black monolith – It is no longer possible to speak of blackness – class, gender, and religious diversity suggests there is no longer a common black identity to use as a platform for solidarity. Only critical consciousness can solve the intersecting modes of power

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
Class – p 2-3
Public discourses about race and gender did create new ways of¶ thinking and knowing
AND
as a basis of communication¶ and bonding can no longer be assumed.

1nr

Double Turn

White supremacy – White and non-black persons of color should acknowledge that the most intense forms of racial assault and discrimination have been directed at black people – decolonization of our minds from the grasp of white supremacy is key to see the value in identification with blackness rather than competition for white supremacist attention which seeks to divide and conquer difference in order to maintain the status quo

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P. 13
Certainly it serves the interest of dominator culture to promote a shallow understanding of race
AND
discrimination even as imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy shapes our politics and culture.

Malcom X

The use of Malcolm X as a guiding force in anti-racist struggle is just a representation of the necessity of charismatic leaders which ignores the grassroots organizational movement vital to change

Edwards 12 
~Erica R. Edwards, Associate Professor of English @ U. of California Regents, specializes in African American literature, gender and sexuality, and black political culture, Ph.D. Duke University, "Charisma and the Fictions of Black Leadership," 2012 p 56-63, wyo-sc~
Note *same as MLK 2NC Link, just retagged and rehighlighted to express focus on Malcolm X
Hagiographic accounts of the civil rights movement and Black Power era center Martin Luther¶
AND
heterogeneity of black political subjectivity and movement can be reduced¶ to hagiography.

This functions as a new link to the criticism

The use of black charismatic male leadership fractures political movements because people feel they can’t live up to the charisma of leadership and denies the role of female agency in creating change

Robert 13 
~Pascal Robert, Iconoclastic Haitian American Lawyer, "Ella Baker and the Limits of Charismatic Masculinity", 02/19/2013, http://www.blackagendareport.com/content/ella-baker-and-limits-charismatic-masculinity,
wyo-bb~
Moreover, Ella Baker was very critical of the hot shot Black preachers who would
AND
of female agency in effecting the great events that have transpired over time.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Bockmon | Judge: Elliott

China ADV

The U.S. has had primacy over China for decades—-zero risk modernization’s driven by it

Blair and Chen 6 – Bruce G. Blair, President of the World Security Institute, and Chen Yali, Program Manager of Chen Shi China Research Group, Autumn 2006, "The Fallacy of Nuclear Primacy," China Security, online: http://www.wsichina.org/cs4_4.pdf-http://www.wsichina.org/cs4_4.pdf
The professors ignore Cold War history in arguing that the nuclear primacy the United States
AND
. ~"The professors" in this article refers to Lieber 26 Press~

Modernization is stable—-no arms race or miscalc

Yuan 9 – Jing-Dong Yuan, Director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies and associate professor of international policy studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, April 2009, "China and the Nuclear-Free World," in Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, eds. Hansell and Potter, online: http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/op15/op15.pdf
China has long maintained that its nuclear weapons development is largely driven by the need
AND
are for strategic deterrence only; no tactical or operational utility is entertained.

 If and when China is under a nuclear strike, regardless of the size
AND
NFU position, a limited nuclear arsenal, and support of nuclear disarmament.

SQ solves every impact and locks in relations

Shambaugh 13—Professor of Political Science and International Affairs and Director of the China Policy Program at the George Washington University, a nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies and Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution (7/20/13, David, A Big Step Forward in U.S.-China Relations, www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/07/20/a_big_step_forward_in_us-china_relations_105332.html)
As a result of the recently concluded U.S.-China Strategic and Economic
AND
for several years, and is good news for global stability and development.

2nc

Proliferation will be Slow

Prolif will be slow and contained

Kenneth N. Waltz, 13
Genius 26 Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons; An Enduring Debate," Book. Chapter 1: More May be Better. Accessed 6/5/13,WYO/JF
What will the spread of nuclear weapons do to the world?  I say "
AND
of nuclear weapons will do to the world is therefore a compelling question.  

Prolif Solves Conventional War: 1NC
Proliferation solves conventional arms races and shifts towards deterrence factors rather than offensive force postures

Kenneth N. Waltz, 13
Genius 26 Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons; An Enduring Debate," Book. Chapter 1: More May be Better. Accessed 6/5/13,WYO/JF
First, nuclear weapons alter the dynamics of arms races. In a competition of
AND
vulner¬ability to conventional attack induce them at least to maintain their conventional forces?
PROLIF CHECKS CONVENTIONAL ARMS RACES THAT RISK DEVASTATING WARS

Waltz in ’95
~Kenneth N., Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Peace, Stability, and Nuclear Weapons, August 1995, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/wak01/~~23txt*-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/wak01///wyo-tjc~~
I end with two thoughts. Nuclear weapons continue to spread slowly, while conventional
AND
, and for some counties nuclear weapons may be the best choice available.

PROLIF DISCOURAGES TERRITORIAL EXPANSION BECAUSE ENSURE STABILITY.

Waltz in 93
~Kenneth, Professor of Political Science, UC-Berkeley, Use of Force:  Military Power and International Conflicts, 1993wyo-tjc~
Third, the question demands a negative answer all the more insistently when the deterrent
AND
of increasing its security, and thus removes a major cause of war.

DETERRENCE ELIMINATES NEED FOR TERRITORIAL EXPANSION INHERENT IN CONVENTIONAL POSTURES.

Snyder in 93
~Glenn H., Polifical Science Professor at UNC, "Deterrence and Defense," The Use of Force, 1993wyo-tjc~
Long-range airpower partially separated the function of punishment from the function of contesting
AND
denial capacity" in their military establishments has become a matter of choice.
Allied Proliferation Good: 1NC

FIRST, ALLIED PROLIFERATION IS KEY TO STABILITY—IT ENDS EXTENDED DETERRENCE, CREATES CREDIBLE DETERRENCE AND DOESN’T RISK DESTABILIZATION

Layne in ’6
~Christopher, Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present, Cornell University Press (Ithica), p. 171-172wyo-tjc~
There is nothing the United States can do that will fully reassure its allies that
AND
would be better and safer to let other states defend them- selves.

SECOND, ABSENT THIS, EXTENDED DETERRENCE BREAKS DOWN, CAUSING NUCLEAR WARS

Layne in ’6
~Christopher, Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present, Cornell University Press (Ithica), p. 169wyo-tjc~
Proponents of U.S. hegemony like to say that America’s military commitments in
AND
from the danger of being entrapped in Eurasian conflicts by its alliance commitments.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 8 | Opponent: Louisville TW | Judge: Kasschau

*White and non-black persons of color should acknowledge that the most intense forms of racial assault and discrimination have been directed at black people – decolonization of our minds from the grasp of white supremacy is key to see the value in identification with blackness rather than competition for white supremacist attention which seeks to divide and conquer difference in order to maintain the status quo

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P. 13
Certainly it serves the interest of dominator culture to promote a shallow understanding of race
AND
discrimination even as imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy shapes our politics and culture.

Focus on rage crowds out strategies to deal with internalized racism and focus on black self-determination

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P. 17-19
Most black people/people of color rarely raise the issue of white supremacy even
AND
impact as his focus on using anger and rage to denounce white privilege.

2nc

Naming white supremacy is key to address what lies at the roots of race and racism—even those who gain no privilege often collude in the system—this is shown through little black girls as young as six pointing to a white doll instead of a black doll when asked which was prettier. We are taught as children that in regards to personal aesthetics, whiter is better. This creates a color caste that is inescapable without analysis.

hooks, b. (2013).Writing beyond race: Living theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. P. 13
As long as this nation absolutely refuses to accurately name white supremacy then the roots
AND
consider the issue of race as primarily a matter of black and white.

Tournament: Cedanats | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capital Council-Lawson | Judge: Tews

Impact

US cred is key to preventing an arctic conflict with Russia—Cold War precedent proves.

Dowd, 11, Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute
(The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic,and~2334; https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979)
One reason a military presence will be necessary is the possibility of accidents caused by
AND
When the message is unclear, Russia will take what it can get. 

Arctic conflict goes nuclear

Wallace 10, Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia
(Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdueand~2334;, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 62

War increase racism and oppression to women

Population and Development Program-http://hamp.hampshire.edu/~clpp/popdev.html at Hampshire College. 02
(http://www.lysistrataproject.org/aboutus.htm-http://www.lysistrataproject.org/aboutus.htm. Ten Reasons Why Militarism is Bad
for Reproductive Freedom)
It is no secret that militarism fosters racial prejudice in the name of national security
AND
strip searches, as well as physical, verbal, and sexual assault.

Even a very low probability existential risk outweighs smaller, structural problems because it ends all human potential and potential for future generations

Bostrum 12
~Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, "We’re Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction", http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821//wyo-http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821//wyo CTL~
Bostrom, who directs Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.