Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer and Johnson | Judge: Veronica Guevara
1ac- ban sig strikes Yemen and Legitimacy adv 1nc- T tk == sig strikes security k exec reform cp flex da case 2nc-T Legitimacy 1nr- security k Yemen 2nr- T
Weber St
5
Opponent: Weber OV | Judge: Tony Johnson
1ac- k of biopower by archaeological criticism 1nc- fw give back the land terror da case 2nc- give back the land 1nr- fw and case 2nr- give back the land
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Cites
Entry
Date
Case v Weber OV
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 5 | Opponent: Weber OV | Judge: Tony Johnson
Case
First, Plan can’t solve Human Rights—too many alt causes and institutional barriers
Realism is inevitable—states will always seek to maximize power
John Mearsheimer, Professor, University of Chicago, THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS, 2001, p. 2. The sad fact is that international politics has always been a ruthless and dangerous business AND the hegemon-that is, the only great power in the system.
INDIVIDUAL ACTION ALONE IS NOT ENOUGH—THE STATE IS CRITICAL TO JUMPSTART HUMAN RIGHTS RECORDS THAT PREVENT WAR AND OPPRESSION
William W. Burke-White, Lecturer, Public and International Affairs and Senior Special Assistant to the Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, "Human Rights and National Security: The Strategic Correlation," THE HARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW v. 17, Spring 2004, p. 266-267.
The social beliefs explanation begins from the proposition that individuals within human rights protecting states AND respond to those interests and its policies will not be constrained by them.
BIOPOWER DOESN’T CAUSE EXCEPTION OR VIOLENCE, BUT MAINTAINS LIFE
Ojakangas 05 ~Mike, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, "Impossible Dialogues on Bio-Power: Agamben and Foucault," Foucault Studies 2 (5-28), www.foucault-studies.com/no2/ojakangas1.pdf, acc. 9-24-06uwyo-ajl~ In fact, the history of modern Western societies would be quite incomprehensible without taking AND collective – that is the measure of the success of bio-power.
CALLS UPON THE STATE ARE THE ONLY WAY TO ACHIEVE SOCIAL PROGRESS – THE ALTERNATIVE IS A COMBINATION OF ANARCHY AND NIHILISM – WE END UP DITHERING IN THE FACE OF ATTROCITIES
Walzer, Professor of Social Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Studies 26 Former Professor at Harvard, 1983 (Michael, "The Politics of Michel Foucault," Dissent, Fall)
Here again a comparison with Hobbes is illuminating. Hobbes thought that political sovereignty was AND of power has no subject and is the product of no one’s plan.
BIOPOLITICS IS NOT THE PROBLEM IN AND OF ITSELF – IT’S BIOPOLITICS DEPLOYED IN TOTALITARIANS SOCIETIES WHICH IS BAD – OUR STRENGTHENING OF DEMOCRATIC STRUCTURES SOLVES THEIR IMPACT
Dickinson 04 Dickinson, Prof @ University of Cincinnati, 2K4 (Edward Ross, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About "Modernity," Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, March) In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas AND not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies.
11/24/13
Case v signature strikes Gonzaga
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer and Johnson | Judge: Veronica Guevara
Terrorism
Signature strikes are key to thin the ranks of Al-Qaeda—-they make it impossible for militants to keep pace with their rates of losses Philip Mudd 13, was a senior official at the CIA and the FBI, now director of global risk at SouthernSun Asset Management, 5/24/13, "Fear Factor," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/24/fear_factor_signature_strikes The impact of armed drones during the decade-plus of this intense global counterterrorism AND of Pakistan. The threat was fading steadily. But not fast enough. So-called signature strikes — in which target selection is based not on identification AND the revolutionary leader, but it was the troops who executed his vision. Signature strikes have pulled out these lower-level threads of al Qaeda’s apparatus — AND terror organizations, destroying their operational capability faster than the groups can recover.
Targeting low-level militants is key to all aspects of counter-terror—-in-depth network analysis means the people we target don’t seem important to observers, but they’re actually vital to the effectiveness of terror groups Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583 This becomes obvious when one considers that national security bureaucrats will look beyond criticality and vulnerability, and also engage in network-based analysis. Network-based analysis looks at terrorist groups as nodes connected by links, and assesses how components of that terrorist network operate together and independently of one another.143 Contrary to popular critiques of the targeting process that liken it to a "haphazardly prosecuted assassination program," in reality modern targeting involves applying pressure to their functionality.144 To effectively pursue a network-based approach, bureaucrats rely in part on what AND vulnerable, thus negating the enemy’s asymmetric advantage of denying a target."151 Viewing targeting in this way demonstrates how seemingly low-level individuals such as couriers AND function, disrupting those lines of communication can significantly impact those networks.157
Blowback inevitable AND drones prevent worse alternatives Etzioni, 13 George Washington University international affairs professor ~Amitai, "Drones: Say it With Figures," UPI, 4-30-13, www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/04/30/Outside-View-Drones-Say-it-with-figures/UPI-25571367294880/?spt=hs26or=an, accessed 6-11-13, mss~ Drones: Say it with figures Attacking drones, the most effective counter-terrorism tool the United States has found AND by the locals, who particularly object to the presence of foreign troops.
No WMD terror- recruitment/lethality tradeoff Shapiro, 13 – Princeton University politics and international affairs professor ~Jacob N., Ph.D. Political Science, Association for Analytic Learning about Islam and Muslim Societies faculty fellow, Center for Economic Research in Pakistan research fellow, Princeton University Empirical Studies of Conflict Project co-director, Council on Foreign Relations member, World Politics associate editor, "The Business Habits of Highly Effective Terrorists," Foreign Affairs, 8-14-13, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139817/jacob-n-shapiro/the-business-habits-of-highly-effective-terrorists?page=show, accessed 8-18-13, mss~
In addition to being a ruthless jihadist, Ayman al-Zawahiri long ago earned AND there is no escape from the red tape that ultimately dooms their cause. ~Matt note: gender-modified~
No US nuclear retaliation Neely 3/21—Meggaen Neely, The George Washington University Master of Arts (M.A.), Security Policy Studies 2012—2014 (expected) Baylor University Master of Arts (M.A.), Public Policy and Administration 2010—2012, Richard D. Huff Distinguished Masters Student in Political Science (2012) Baylor University Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Political Science and Government, Research Assistant, Elliott School at George Washington University, Research Intern, Project on Nuclear Issues (PONI) at Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Communications Intern at Federation of American Scientists Graduate Assistant at Department of Political Science, Baylor University ~March 21, 2013, "Doubting Deterrence of Nuclear Terrorism," http://csis.org/blog/doubting-deterrence-nuclear-terrorism~~
Because of the difficulty of deterring transnational actors, many deterrence advocates shift the focus AND communication required for credible retaliatory strikes under deterrence of nuclear terrorism is missing.
Strikes in Yemen tapered off Greg Miller-http://www.washingtonpost.com/greg-miller/2011/03/02/ABDOymP_page.html, "Obama’s new drone policy leaves room for CIA role," Washington Post, May 25, 2013 The number of U.S. strikes in Yemen rose to 42 last year but they have tapered off since. After a flurry of attacks in January, there have been only three. The latest, on May 18, reportedly killed four militants but no senior operatives and was carried out by the CIA.
Drone strikes don’t cause anti-Americanism – it’s a national pride issue Christopher Swift, fellow at the University of Virginia’s Center for National Security Law, "The Drone Blowback Fallacy": Strikes in Yemen Aren’t Pushing People into al-Qaeda, Foreign Affairs, July 1, 2012. My interviewees also offered deeper insight into the sentiments described by Western journalists and Yemeni AND U.S. ambassador goes on television and takes credit for it." Numbers are deceiving – hard-core members relatively few Sudarsan Raghayan, "In Yemen, U.S. airstrikes breed anger, and sympathy for al-Qaeda," Washington Post, May 29, 2012. An escalated campaign Obama’s top counterterrorism adviser, John O. Brennan, has publicly defended the use AND to plant a suicide bomber on a U.S.-bound plane.
Targeted killing operations are key to a middle ground strategy whereby the U.S. maintains presence in conflict zones without boots on the ground—-the alternative is withdrawal triggered by domestic conflict fatigue Elinor June Rushforth 12, J.D. candidate, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law, Class of 2013, Fall 2012, "NOTE: THERE’S AN APP FOR THAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONALITY STRIKES BY THE UNITED STATES AGAINST NON-CITIZENS, 2004-2012," Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 29 Ariz. J. Int’l 26 Comp. Law 623, p. lexis The drone program is a fixture in the Obama administration’s fight against terror n163 and AND that its full focus is on protecting and growing our nation at home.
No spillover — lack of credibility in one commitment doesn’t affect others at all Paul K. MacDonald 11, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Spring 2011, "Graceful Decline?: The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4, p. 7-44 Second, pessimists overstate the extent to which a policy of retrenchment can damage a AND up resources and signaled a strong commitment to an area of greater significance.
Multilat fails —gridlock David Held 13, Professor of Politics and International Relations, at the University of Durham AND Thomas Hale, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University AND Kevin Young, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, 5/24/13, "Gridlock: the growing breakdown of global cooperation," http://www.opendemocracy.net/thomas-hale-david-held-kevin-young/gridlock-growing-breakdown-of-global-cooperation The Doha round of trade negotiations is deadlocked, despite eight successful multilateral trade rounds AND and reform, and the domestic political landscapes of the most powerful countries.
11/23/13
Framework
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 5 | Opponent: Weber OV | Judge: Tony Johnson
OUR INTERPRETATION: The resolution asks a yes/no question as to the desirability of the United States Federal Government action. The role of the ballot should be to affirm or reject the actions and outcomes of the plan.
1. THE TOPIC IS DEFINED BY THE PHRASE FOLLOWING THE COLON – THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS THE AGENT OF THE RESOLUTION, NOT THE INDIVIDUAL DEBATERS
Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on… If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.
2. "RESOLVED" EXPRESSES INTENT TO IMPLEMENT THE PLAN
noun the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States
Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived and ideological notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, and it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks
Esberg and Sagan 12 (Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2-17-12 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108 Taylor and Francis Online DA: 5-23-13wyoccd) These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very¶ similar lessons AND ;¶ simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14¶
Engaging the state is critical to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing internationalist state and refocuses its energies through citizen participation in national institutions that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges
Sassen 2009 ~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~
Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a AND the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.
Simulated national security law debates preserve agency and enhance decision-making—-avoids cooption
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 5 | Opponent: Weber OV | Judge: Tony Johnson
2
The silence of the aff on the question of how colonialism produced and conditioned politics condemns their project to reifying colonialism- the call to come before decolonization bases the aff’s moral system on the continued benefit of genocidal occupation AND it’s a sequencing question- identity must FIRST be informed by the historical, material, and fixed realities of the Native subject
Morgensen 2010 ~Morgensen, Scott, 2k10, GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 16, Number 1-2, "Settler Homonationalism: Theorizing Settler Colonialism within Queer Modernities, 2010.~
Denaturalizing settler colonialism will mark it as not a fait accompli but a process open AND , as steps toward shifting non-Native queer politics in decolonizing directions.
Deconstruction fails in the context of Native American identity
Postmodernism is all about bringing margins into the play and rejecting grand narratives. Michael AND perspective as well as five hundred years of colonization that is still ongoing.
Lack of decolonization results in ongoing genocide, assimilation and annihilation of indigenous peoples and culture- k2 solve environmental degradation, heterosexism, classism, racism, sexism and militarism
Churchill 96 (Ward, Prof. of Ethnic Studies @ U. of Colorado, Boulder BA and MA in Communications from Sangamon State, "From a Native Son",mb)
I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want to AND , sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians.
Our first priority is to give back the land.
Decolonization must be our ethical first priority, any form of liberation that perpetuates the occupation of Indigenous territory is only colonialism in another form. The demand to end the occupation of First American lands is a necessary prerequisite to solving other forms of oppression and any form of positive social change
Churchill 96 (Ward, Prof. of Ethnic Studies @ U. of Colorado, Boulder BA and MA in Communications from Sangamon State, "From a Native Son",mb)
The question which inevitably arises with regard to indigenous land claims, especially in the AND interests between prevailing governmental/corporate elites and common non-?Indian citizens.
Herein lies the prospect of long-term success. It is entirely possibly AND "impossible realism," isn’t it time we all worked on attaining it?
2nc
2nc
2NC Impact Calc
Ow/s the aff- violence committed against Native people must be understood as qualitatively different than the marginalizations that occur to other minority groups- key to recognizing the colonialist privilege these groups seek to attain on stolen land
Sandy Grande. "American Indian Geographies of Power: At the Crossroads of Indigena and Mestizaje." Harvard Educational Review, 70:4. Winter 2000.
In this article, Sandy Marie Anglas Grande outlines the tensions between American Indian epistemology AND a sovereign and tribal people within the geopolitical confines of the United States.
2NC AT: Churchill Plagiarizes
Don’t believe their plagiarism claims- All the evidence proves that the charges are politically motivated and empty assertions
Mayer ’06 ~Tom, Professor of Sociology at Colorado University, "The Report on Ward Churchill," 6.19.2006, http://www.swans.com/library/art 1 2/zig094.htmlwyo-hdm~ By addressing only a tiny fragment of his writings, the report implies that Ward AND support his claims. He often cites several references in the same footnote.
Ward is deeply engaged with the materials he references and frequently comments extensively upon AND ever written. Perhaps this should be deemed a form of academic misconduct.
2NC AT: Churchill isn’t native
Churchill not being Native is irrelevant; we still need to focus on decolonizing the western world. The focus on individual identity drains the movement.
Glendinning ’03 ~Chellis, Shola of Ecopsyology and Author of When Technology Wounds, "On the Justice of Charging Buffalo" 2003wyo-hdm~ Before I continue, however, I will briefly address one of the criticisms waged AND , we have not found similar avenues to empower ourselves in the academy.
11/24/13
T TK sig strikes
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer and Johnson | Judge: Veronica Guevara 1nc Interpretation and violation: Targeted killings are strikes carried about against pre-meditated, individually designated targets—-signature strikes are distinct (This card is being read with the purple highlighting) Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and ’Signature’ Attacks on Taliban Fighters," August 29 2011, http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/ From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much AND will not tell one very much without knowing what mission is at issue. Vote neg —- signature strikes and targeted killings are distinct operations with entirely separate lit bases and advantages—-they kill precision and limits Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare," Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124 Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the AND than individualized "high value" targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.
Signature Strikes are a distinct strategy with unique targeting methods and a goal of territorial denial—artificially lumping the two together leaves the concept of targeted killing incoherent and indefensible.
2nc interp Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – Signature strikes are distinct Uebersax 12 ~John, psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," May 23, 2012, http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/-http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/uwyo-baj~ We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present article. Drone strikes, that is, the launching of explosive missiles from a remotely operated aerial vehicle, come in four varieties: targeted killings, on military tactics imposed by the Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency. Your interp wrong government also draws a distinction between the two Micah Zenko 12, the Douglas Dillon Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, 7/16/12, "Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes," http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/ Although signature strikes have been known as a U.S. counterterrorism tactic for over four years, no administration official has acknowledged or defended them on-the-record. Instead, officials emphasize that targeted killings with drones (the official term is "targeted strikes") are only carried out against specific individuals, which are usually lumped with terms like "senior" and "al-Qaeda." Harold Koh: "The United States has the authority under international law, and the responsibility to its citizens, to use force, including lethal force, to defend itself, including by targeting persons such as high-level al-Qaeda leaders who are planning attacks." John Brennan: "This Administration’s counterterrorism efforts outside of Afghanistan and Iraq are focused on those individuals who are a threat to the United States." Jeh Johnson: "In an armed conflict, lethal force against known, individual members of the enemy is a long-standing and long-legal practice." Eric Holder: "Target specific senior operational leaders of al Qaeda and associated forces." In April, Brennan was asked, "If you could address the issue of AND get into the specifics of the process by which these decisions are made." More ev CBC News, 13 (2-8-13, "From and~2339;Bugsplatand~2339; to and~2339;Targeted killing,and~2339; the drone-speak lexicon," http://news.ca.msn.com/world/from-bugsplat-to-targeted-killing-the-drone-speak-lexicon-1-http://news.ca.msn.com/world/from-bugsplat-to-targeted-killing-the-drone-speak-lexicon-1, accessed 9-9-13, CMM) Signature strike: This is the U.S. term for an intended lethal AND assassination of a known individual. Others used to call this extrajudicial execution.
2NC Precision Most precise interpretations prove that TKs are premeditated against a specific individual—-their interps are normative which kills predictability William Abresch 9, Director, Project on Extrajudicial Executions, Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, New York University School of Law, "Targeted Killing in International Law," European Journal of International Law, 20 (2): 449-453 Studies of targeted killing are often situated within the politically fraught debate over Hellfire missile AND the implications of the lex lata for the practices covered by his definition. ~"de lege ferenda" means "what the law should be," while "lex lata" means "what the law really is"~ The aff kills nuanced debates Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare," Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124 Speaking to the broad future of the technology, however, and given the direction AND that one-size-fits-all legal analysis is not sufficient. Best consensus definition of targeted killings excludes signature strikes—-identification of individual targets is the key defining factor throughout the lit Philip Alston 11, the John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, 2011, "ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," Harvard National Security Journal, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283 As with many terms that have entered the popular consciousness as though they had a AND sought to be covered by the use of the term-targeted killing. The term was brought into common usage after 2000 to describe Israel’s self-declared AND , but instead uses the customary law applicable to international armed conflicts. n41 At the other end of the definitional spectrum is a five-part definition proposed AND definition, Solis proposes one which is unsuitable outside of international humanitarian law. A more flexible approach is needed in order to reflect the fact that "targeted AND , firing from UAVs, the use of car bombs, and poison. There are thus three central requirements for a workable definition. The first is that AND broad range of situations in relation to which it has regularly been applied. The common element in each of the very different contexts noted earlier is that lethal AND of the operation, from its inception, should not be to kill. Although in most circumstances targeted killings violate the right to life, in the exceptional AND specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator. n46
2NC Limits Their interpretation unlimits – failure to specify intended target and context means that all killings become topical Silva 3 (Sebastian Jose Silva, Faculte de Droit de l’Universite de Montreal, "Death For Life: A Study of Targeted Killing by States In International Law," August 2003) As defined by Steven R. David, targeted killing is the "intentional slaying AND their very suggestion. David’s definition is essentially correct but over-inclusive. They conflate overall drone strategy and targeted killings – allows the aff to access the entire broad and expanding functions Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, "The Case for Drones," Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6 This feature of Predators and Reapers — the two forms of drones really at issue AND as seen most dramatically in the Bin Laden raid by the Navy SEALs. Similarly, drones are useful for more than targeted killing. They have broad, AND by the work to keep a high-speed jet in the air. Broad interpretations cause unmanageable research burdens Taylor III, now a JD from William and Mary, 2005 (Jarred, "Searching for a More Perfect Union," https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US) It would take even the most seasoned scholar years of research and hundreds of pages to adequately analyze the development of any presidential power over the course of American history; war power is certainly no exception. Every President since George Washington has interpreted the martial prerogatives of his office in different ways, and most have set some sort of precedent for succeeding officeholders. Nevertheless, some of the major changes in executive military power bear highlighting.
AT: Reasonability They’re not reasonably topical – that’s the debate we’re having And reasonability is impossible – it’s arbitrary and undermines research and preparation Resnick, assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University, ’1 (Evan, "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2) In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition AND "engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.
11/23/13
Terror DA
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 5 | Opponent: Weber OV | Judge: Tony Johnson
3
Al Qaeda is weak now but could recover if the US allows them the opportunity
McLaughlin 13 (John McLaughlin was a CIA officer for 32 years and served as deputy director and acting director from 2000-2004. He currently teaches at the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies and is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, ¶ 06:00 AM ET¶ Terrorism at a moment of transition7/12, http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/12/terrorism-at-a-moment-of-transition/) A third major trend has to do with the debate underway among terrorists over tactics AND "It needs but one foe to breed a war, not two ..."
Continued indefinite detention key to winning the war on terror
Hodgkinson ’12 ~Sandra L. Hodgkinson, former Chief of Staff for Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn, III and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs and Distinguished Visiting Research Fellow at National Defense University, "Executive Power in a War Without End: Goldsmith, the Erosion of Executive Authority on Detention, and the End of the War on Terror," CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW VOL. 45, Fall 2012, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.pdf-http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.pdf wyo-ch~ There is no such thing as a war without end. All wars come to AND convicted must be repatriated or released consistent with every other war in history.
Constrained executive makes it impossible to respond to the rapid and existential nature of the threat posed by terrorism-strong, flexible executive key to check nuclear, chemical, and biological attacks
Morgan 9 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is AND , to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.
11/24/13
exec reform v signature strikes
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer and Johnson | Judge: Veronica Guevara The Executive Branch of the United States should issue an executive order to increase congressional review over the use of unstaffed aerial vehicles for targeted killings, including a ban on the use of signature strikes. Executive action is De Facto and De Jure self-binding create accountability from the courts and risk political alienation for going back on promises ? Posner and Vermeule 2010 ~Eric A. , Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School and Editor of The Journal of Legal Studies; Adrian , Harvard Law Professor, The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford Press, p. 138-139wyo-sc~ Many of our mechanisms are unproblematic from a legal perspective, as they involve presidential AND future choices in ways that impose greater costs on ill-motivated president.
11/23/13
prez flex da v signature strikes
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer and Johnson | Judge: Veronica Guevara Executive war power primacy now—the plan flips that Posner 13 ~Eric Posner, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html~
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack AND peace. The war powers of the presidency remain as mighty as ever. It would have been different if the president had announced that only Congress can authorize AND do that"—launch a military strike—"no matter what Congress does." Thus, the president believes that the law gives him the option to seek a congressional yes or to act on his own. He does not believe that he is bound to do the first. He has merely stated the law as countless other presidents and their lawyers have described it before him. The president’s announcement should be understood as a political move, not a legal one AND the past, presidents who expected dissent did not ask Congress for permission.) People who celebrate the president for humbly begging Congress for approval also apparently don’t realize AND and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.
Congressional restraints spill over to destabilize all presidential war powers. Heder ’10 (Adam, J.D., magna cum laude , J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, "THE POWER TO END WAR: THE EXTENT AND LIMITS OF CONGRESSIONAL POWER," St. Mary’s Law Journal Vol. 41 No. 3, http://www.stmaryslawjournal.org/pdfs/Hederreadytogo.pdf-http://www.stmaryslawjournal.org/pdfs/Hederreadytogo.pdf) This constitutional silence invokes Justice Rehnquist’s oftquoted language from the landmark "political question" AND Constitution in an area where the Framers themselves declined to give such guidance.
That goes nuclear Li ’9 ~Zheyao, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors~
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since AND and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.
11/23/13
security k
Tournament: Weber St | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga Bauer and Johnson | Judge: Veronica Guevara 1nc Using national security to justify restraints on the executive is self-defeating. Security discourse consolidates authoritarian politics. RANA 11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/ pg 1-7~ Today politicians and legal scholars routinely invoke fears that the balance between liberty and security AND normative assumptions required to sustain popular involvement in matters of threat and safety. The logic of security makes violence inevitable, and is the root cause of destructive features of contemporary modernity Burke 7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse) My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant’s moral demand for the eventual abolition AND to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought? The alternative is to reject the security discourse of the 1ac. We need to question the assumptions and language that frame policies. The alternative is a prerequisite to effective policies in the future Bruce 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of AND resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?
1nr AT: Perm NO REFORM - THE PLAN CANNOT BE DETACHED FROM IT’S DISCURSIVE UNDERPINNINGS Burke 07 Anthony Burke, Senior Lecturer @ School of Politics 26 IR @ Univ. of New South Wales, ’7 ~Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4~ These frameworks are interrogated at the level both of their theoretical conceptualisation and their practice AND a claustrophic structure of political and ethical possibility that systematically wards off critique.
Alt comes first and is key to better policy making that doesn’t fall symptom to the self-fulfilling prophecies. You must reject State action ~Green~ Ahmed 2011 ~Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, international security analyst specialising in the historical sociology and political AND , 23:3, 335-355, wyo-bb~ This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the AND fuels the proliferation of violent conflict and militarisation responsible for magnified global insecurity.
Link We control uniqueness – apocalyptic warming rhetoric disabling effective approaches to warming now Barrett 26 Gilles 12 nonprofit director and consultant for over a decade, her writing has appeared in newspapers, magazines, and blogs nationwide AND consulted for numerous political campaigns, advocacy organizations, and global NGOs, and has been profiled in the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, the Boston Globe, and Fast Company (Mel and Metthew Barrett, 4/23/12, "How Apocalyptic Thinking Prevents Us from Taking Political Action," http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/how-apocalyptic-thinking-prevents-us-from-taking-political-action/255758/ To understand why fewer people believe in climate change even as evidence mounts, we AND ignore it, or simply brace for it, but to avert it.
Extinction rhetoric makes outbreaks of violence and escalation of conflict structurally inevitable Chernus 8 (Ira, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado – Boulder, Apocalypse Management, p. 218-221) The president and his advisors could not solve, or even understand, the problems AND for confrontation, with the outcome to be determined by superior coercive power.
Threats aren’t neutral The 1AC’s threats are not real or objective but are filtered through a lens of threat-action discourse – that causes violence Grondin 4 (David, Masters in Political Science 26 Ph.D. Candidate – University of Ottawa, "(Re)Writing the ’National Security State,’ Center for United States Studies)
Approaches that deconstruct theoretical practices in order to disclose what is hidden in the use AND danger through foreign policy that the state’s very conditions of existence are generated18.
STATE SECURITY IS A PLOY THAT CONJURES NON-EXISTENT SCENARIOS TO JUSTIFY STATE POWER Neocleous 2003 ~Mark, Teaches politics @ Brunel, Imagining the state, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 107-8uwyo-ajl~ The state system and the statist political imaginary together use terrorism to effect a political AND about those who appear to be `protected’ by no state at all?
Reps Key to Policy Representations are key to policy making Doty ’96 (Roxanne Lynn. Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representations in North-South Relations. 1996. Pg 170-171) The political stakes raised by this analysis revolve around the question of being able to AND of making meaning and deferral of its responsibility and complicity in dominant representations.
