Tournament: BOB MUKAI COLLEGE CLASSIC AT WEBER STATE | Round: 1 | Opponent: JCCC Secor and Warren | Judge: Joel Salcedo

1AC

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by establishing a federal counterterrorism oversight court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Terror

Expansive use of targeted killing causes blowback, collateral damage, and operational errors— new guidelines key

Guiora, 2012
~Amos, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Targeted killing: when proportionality gets all out of proportion, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 45.1-2 (Fall 2012): p235., Academic onefile~ /Wyo-MB
Morality in armed conflict is not a mere mantra: it imposes significant demands on
AND
becomes a mantra that justifies all action, regardless of method or procedure.

Exclusive executive decision making in drone strikes makes groupthink and errors inevitable

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering¶ social psychological
AND
and other associated deficiencies are inevitable features in Executive Branch decision-making.

Impact is nuclear war

Wright, 2003
~Rusty, former associate speaker and writer with Probe Ministries, is an international lecturer, award-winning author, and journalist who has spoken on six continents. He holds Bachelor of Science (psychology) and Master of Theology degrees from Duke and Oxford universities, JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making, http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4221087/~~ /Wyo-MB
A fascinating facet of Kennedy’s legacy involves the decision- making procedures he used among
AND
, and the ministry. One area it has affected is Christian television.

Judicial review solves groupthink

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
To check the vices of groupthink and shortcomings of human judgment, the psychology literature
AND
choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Plan is key to effective drone use—solves blowback

Masood 13
 (Hassan, Monmouth College, "Death from the Heavens: The Politics of the United States’ Drone Campaign in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas," 2013) /wyo-mm
Those who support the use of drones as an important counter-insurgency tactic nonetheless
AND
within the TTP that the Pakistan Army was able to launch the South Waziristan
ng said that whileOffensive, putting the TTP on the defensive. But the lower
AND
.S. drone strikes have killed more terrorists or produced more terrorists."

Global terror threat is high and attacks against the US are immanent

ETN, 9-26-13
~E Turbo News Global Travel News Industry Reporting on information from the State department, US State Department issues worldwide travel warning, http://www.eturbonews.com/38306/us-state-department-issues-worldwide-travel-warning~~ /Wyo-MB
The US State Department recently released a statement cautioning Americans traveling abroad of potential terror
AND
in Pakistan may be planning a new series of attacks against Western targets.

And Nuclear terrorism is feasible—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ’12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.
the entire counterterrorist effort, or become a national obsession that   creates needless terror.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction

Morgan 9 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus – South Korea (Dennis, Futures, November, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," Science Direct), accessed 9-16-2011,WYO/JF
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
, to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.     

Current terror blowback results in bioterror

Nader 11
(Ralph, Stop the War Coaltion, "How Obama’s drone warfare increases the likelihood of blowback," November 13, 2011, http://www.stopwar.org.uk/index.php/afghanistan-and-pakistan/933-how-drone-warfare-increases-the-likelihood-of-terrorist-blowback~-~-http://www.stopwar.org.uk/index.php/afghanistan-and-pakistan/933-how-drone-warfare-increases-the-likelihood-of-terrorist-blowback-) /wyo-mm
People who see invaders occupying their land with military domination that is beyond reach will
AND
the blowback spills over into even more lethally indefensible chemical and biological attacks.

Causes extinction

Ochs 2002 
(Richard; Naturalist – Grand Teton National Park with a Masters in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers) "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately" 6/9 www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
 Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons,
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Newest developments take out all impact defense

Jordans, 2011
~Frank, Associated Press, 12-7-11, Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45584359/ns/~~23.UkkMV2T72Ik~~ /Wyo-MB
GENEVA — New gene assembly technology that offers great benefits for scientific research could also
AND
nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab’s activities.

Drone Prolif

Drone Prolif Now

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
It is estimated that the number of states that have acquired a com- plete
AND
that there have been intentionally hidden advances toward states’ development of weaponized drones.

The US has a narrow window of opportunity to shape drone proliferation, only US reform based on transparency and restraint will solve

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
In short, a world characterized by the proliferation of armed drones—used with
AND
the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.

Establishing a precedent of transparency and accountability spills over globally– a non-executive framework is key

Brooks 13 (Rosa, Professor of Law – Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow – New America Foundation, Former Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy – Department of Defense, "The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf-http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
5. Setting Troubling International Precedents Here is an additional reason to worry about the
AND
them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

And, independent courts are key—only checks on unilateral executive power can provide legitimacy to the United States and credibility to our counterterror policies, finally, the selection process for drone courts solves all disads to judges

Chebab, 2012
~Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review, 3-30-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031572~~ /Wyo-MB
Rather, balancing the needs of security against the imperatives of liberty is a traditional
AND
reinstate American moral legitimacy in its use of force against global terrorism.114

The plan solves international norms- US can shape and limit drone prolif and provide the ability to apply diplomatic pressure

Zenko, 2013
~Micah, Council of Foreign Relations, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65, Online~ /Wyo-MB
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by
AND
should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space.

Unfettered drone prolif causes deterrence crises that leads to nuclear conflict

Boyle, 13 ~"The costs and consequences of drone warfare", MICHAEL J. BOYLE, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, assistant professor of political science at LaSalle University~
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
legal architecture which might avert some of the worst consequences of their use.

China’s drone prolif causes regional war—multiple flashpoints

Standaert, 2012
~Michael, Global Post, Stage set for drone chess match in Asia-Pacific, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121102/china-drone-UAV-proliferation?page=0,1~ /Wyo-MB
SHENZHEN, China — China’s plans to deploy surveillance drones in the East China and
AND
from the US for monitoring its own claims in the South China Sea.

SCS conflict causes nuke war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Senkaku Conflict goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, "Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war," http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Solvency

The creation of a federal counterterror oversight court solves all problems with the targeted killing program and all disads to judicial review

Plaw, 2007
~Avery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth
AND
Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Oct. 2013~ /Wyo-MB
This final section offers a briefcase that there is room for a principled compromise between
AND
that terrorist targetings carried out in the future are uniformly legitimate and effective.

Tournament: Httpwwwweberdebatecomvalbrowningcollegerrhtm | Round: 3 | Opponent: Oregon Viales-Geddes | Judge: Cheek

1AR

K

Pan concedes that studies of China can be effective – they have to prove a specific link to our scholarship

Chengxin Pan, Australian National University, 2004, "Discourses of China in International Relations: A Study in Western Theory as (IR) Practice, Doctoral Thesis, p.35
Perhaps for this reason, I will occasionally be guilty of broad brush generalisation (
AND
level but which nonetheless has to be illustrated in relation to specific works.

Second, Predictions of terrorism are true- their critique replicates the logic preceding the attacks on Britain

Jones ’6 (The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100 © 2006 The Author(s). Journal Compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Royal Institute of International Aff airs DAVID MARTIN JONES AND M. L. R. SMITH )
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism
AND
-national constellation, represents the only secure basis for liberal democratic order.

Tournament: BOB MUKAI COLLEGE CLASSIC AT WEBER STATE | Round: 1 | Opponent: JCCC Secor and Warren | Judge: Joel Salcedo

2AC

Framework

First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.

Second, is reasons to prefer:

A. Aff Choice, any other framework or role of the ballot moots 9 minutes of the 1ac

B. It is predictable, the resolution demands USFG action

Engaging the state is key and good to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing state and refocuses on citizen participation that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges

Sassen 2009
~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~

Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a
AND
the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.

Voter for competitive equity—prefer our interpretation, it allows both teams to compete, other roles of the ballot are arbitrary and self serving

Debate Interdependency

Working from within but against the state is key to success of feminist struggles- the state is multifaceted and we reform aspects of the state to fight against dominant discourses and masculine policies

Rai 02
~Shirin M. Rai - professor in the department of Politics and International Studies at Warwick – 2002 Gender and the Political Economy of Development p. 204-206~

As we saw in chapter 5, for feminists, the nation-state has
AND
, we can begin to address the tension between feasible and transformative politics. 

You should take our impacts seriously – the prevalence of dualistic thinking means first priority is preventing a nuclear war

Davion 96
~Victoria Davion - professor 26 head of the Philosophy Department at University of Georgia - 1996 "When Lives Become Logic Problems: Nuclear Deterrence, an Ecological Feminist Critique"
in Ecological Feminist Philosophies ed. Karen Warren, Indiana University Press p. 195 ~

As I stated earlier, I do not think that taking ecological feminist critiques seriously
AND
people and nations do think dualistically, a major compo¬nent of these critiques.

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else

Kacou ’08
~Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184~

Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Embracing limited forms of warfare to maintain a baseline level of stability outweighs and turns positive peace

Jean Bethke Elshtain, Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics, Divinity School, The University of Chicago, with appointments in Political Science and the Committee on International Relations, 2008, Peace, Order, Justice: Competing Understandings, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 36: 413

We arrive, finally at model III. Let’s call this hard-headed peace
AND
absolute good nor absolute evil as a characteristic of either persons or states; 

The alt is worse

Jean Bethke Elshtain, Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics, Divinity School, The University of Chicago, with appointments in Political Science and the Committee on International Relations, 2003, Just War Against Terror, p. 47-9
That said, the civic peace that violence disrupts does offer intimations of the peaceable
AND
attain the objects that are necessary for their earthly existence.’"4

A risk of nuclear war precludes any deontological framework – uncertainty mandates that every policy decision must be able to guarantee the continued existence of the human race, and to ignore this possibility is in itself immoral and unjustified.

Schell, 2000
Schell, policy analyst and proliferation expert, 2000 (Jonathan, "The Fate of the Earth", p. 94-5) *This card has been gender-modified.
To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a
AND
to withdraw the threat we now pose to the earth and to ourselves.

Only utilitarianism takes into account the inevitability of sacrifices and compromise – any other framework is utopian and inevitably fails.

Nye, 86
Nye, prof. of IR at Harvard University, 1986 (Joseph, "Nuclear Ethics", p. 24)
Whether one accepts the broad consequentialist approach or chooses some other, more eclectic way
AND
condition. But that does not exempt us from making difficult moral choices.

Double bind – either no human lives are equally valuable, which forces them to prove why the lives they save are worth it, or all human life is equally valuable, which necessitates utilitarianism.

Harsanyi, 82
prof. of economics at UC Berkeley, 1982 (John, "Utilitarianism and Beyond", p. 26-7)
Some further notes on this suggestion will be in place here. First, it
AND
, as we shall see, this is an illegitimate form of argument.

Conflicting moral claims are inevitable – this necessitates utilitarianism.

Mulholland, 86
prof. of philosophy at the University of Newfoundland, 1986 (Leslie, Journal of Philosophy, June, p. 328)
For many, the persuasiveness of utilitarianism as a moral theory lies in its power
AND
coherence and simplicity of the principle in explaining the morality of such cases.

Egalitarianism demands utility: consequentialism precludes zeroing out anyone

Dworkin, 77
Ronald Dworkin, Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University, 1977, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 274-5
Utilitarian arguments of policy, however, would seem secure from that objection. They
AND
or his views more or less worthy of respect, than any other.

Moral absolutism suffers from tunnel vision that generates evil and political irrelevance

Issac ’02 
(Jeffrey, poli sci prof at Indiana – Bloomington, dir Center for the Study of Democracy and Public life, PhD from Yale, Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, "Ends, Means, and Politics," p. Proquest)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

The threat of extinction mandates consequentialism.

Bok 88
Sissela Bok, prof of philosophy at Brandeis, 1988 ~Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. Rosenthal and Shehadi, p. 202-3~
Everything changes when it is the world’s perishing itself that is at stake.  I
AND
pose a strong challenge to the unity and simplicity of Kant’s moral theory.  

Turn—-political correctness in the context of terrorism will result in political paralysis and greater casualties—-their K turns a blind eye to the horrific acts of terrorists and their unwavering vigilance to taking innocent lives

Peters 4 (Retired Army Lieutenant Colonel, 4 http://www.freeman.org/m_online/apr04/peters.htm)
Have we lost the will to win wars? Not just in Iraq, but
AND
madmen whose appetite for blood is insatiable. And we’re afraid to fight.

First, filter your decision through the lens of specificity- 1AC says terrorism is true and has specific instances of war coming now from organizations. Their K is in the abstract and doesn’t assume retaliation from drone strikes-

Second, Predictions of terrorism are true- their critique replicates the logic preceding the attacks on Britain

Jones ’6 (The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100 © 2006 The Author(s). Journal Compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Royal Institute of International Aff airs DAVID MARTIN JONES AND M. L. R. SMITH )
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism
AND
-national constellation, represents the only secure basis for liberal democratic order. 

Third, fighting terrorism with a policy focus is entirely justified – their claims to the contrary are without merit

Horgan and Boyle ’8 ~John Horgan and Michael J. Boyle" (1 International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; "School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, S21 Andrews, UK), Critical Studies on Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. l, April 2008, "A case against ’Critical Terrorism Studies’"~
One of the tensions within CTS concems the issue of ’policy relevance’. At
AND
bad faith on the part of some terrorism researchers, and we believe.

Fourth, turn – Labeling and condemning the term "terrorism" is vital to stigmatizing terrorist legitimacy and to eliminating violence against civilians as a means to attain political goals

Ganor, 01  (Boaz, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, "Defining Terrorism", http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm-http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm)
The prevalent definitions of terrorism entail difficulties, both conceptual and syntactical. It is
AND
sooner the nations of the world come to this realization, the better.

The K Can’t solve root cause – only intelligence can address terrorism

Stein ’7 ~Zachary R. Stern, "The Face of Terrorism:
AND

sixth, and finally, conclusions of this study, Spring 2007~
With no root cause of terrorism readily identifiable, terrorism cannot be extinguished at its
AND
must be infiltrated, their leaders rounded up, and their cells broken. 

Default to our specific internal links – empiricism is good and true in the context of terrorism

Horgan and Boyle ’8 ~John Horgan and Michael J. Boyle" (1 International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; "School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, S21 Andrews, UK), Critical Studies on Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. l, April 2008, "A case against ’Critical Terrorism Studies’")
Furthermore, we also realize the inherent challenge in attempting to be a disinterested observer
AND
current incamation) as a way of stimulating debate, not silencing it.

Terror rhetoric necessary- term key to create new forms of knowledge

Gunning 07
(Jeroen, Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence Department of International Politics, "Babies and Bathwaters: Reflecting on the Pitfalls of Critical Studies on Terrorism," 2007, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/8/9/6/pages178966/p178966-1.php-http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/8/9/6/pages178966/p178966-1.php) /wyo-mm
Usage of the term ’terrorism’ also poses serious security problems for those conducting fieldwork
AND
earmarked for studying ’terrorism’ should similarly not be left simply to others.

Tournament: Httpwwwweberdebatecomvalbrowningcollegerrhtm | Round: 3 | Opponent: Oregon Viales-Geddes | Judge: Cheek

2AC

Framework

First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.

Second, is reasons to prefer:

A. Aff Choice, any other framework or role of the ballot moots 9 minutes of the 1ac

B. It is predictable, the resolution demands USFG action

Engaging the state is key and good to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing state and refocuses on citizen participation that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges

Sassen 2009
~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~

Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a
AND
the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.

Voter for competitive equity—prefer our interpretation, it allows both teams to compete, other roles of the ballot are arbitrary and self serving

CP

1. Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient

Bazzle 12
(Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, "Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror," 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
AND
an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.

Judicial review is essential to judicial independence

Gerber, 2007
~Scott D. Gerber is an associate professor at Ohio Northern University College of Law and a senior research scholar in law and politics at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, The Political Theory of an Independent Judiciary, 116 YALE L.J. POCKET PART 223 (2007), http://thepocketpart.org/2007/01/09/gerber.html~~ /Wyo-MB
Judicial review fits into the political theory of an independent judiciary in at least two
AND
they wrote Adams’s theory of judicial independence into Article III of the Constitution.

Solves global wars,

Epstien et al, 2007
~Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional research service, Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, 12-26-7, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34296.pdf~~ /Wyo-MB
A common rationale offered by proponents of democracy promotion, including¶ former Secretary of
AND
as being more likely to honor treaties, according to some experts.25

DA

1st, Pres powers low now—Syria decision undermined Obama’s presidential powers

Nather and Palmer, 9-1-13
~David and Anna, Politico, Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html~~ /Wyo-MB
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
alums — are beside themselves, arguing that Obama has weakened the presidency.

2^nd, Restrictions inevitable—-only a question of whether they are deliberate or haphazard

Benjamin Wittes 9, senior fellow and research director in public law at the Brookings Institution, is the author of Law and the Long War: The Future of Justice in the Age of Terror and is also a member of the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law, "Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform", November 3, Book, p. 17
A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor
AND
past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.

K

Security is inevitable—rejecting it causes the state to become more interventionist, flipping the impact

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches. 

Shifting away from the security framework causes conflict and causes intervention – only the perm gives political content to rights

McCormack 10
~Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)~
A corollary of this retreat from a political interpretation of conflict or social instability,
AND
reflect the increased freedom of the international community to intervene in other states. 

Scenario creation isn’t the same as threat construction, it’s crucial to see if policies are a good idea and reduce the risk of nuclear war.

Darryl S.L.Jarvis - School of Economics 26 Political Science, U. of Sydney - 2K3 "Political Risk in International Relations: Empirical Experiences and Conceptual Approaches" School of Economics and Political Science, Working Papers
Scenario generation has its origins in the Cold War when strategic analysts developed the method
AND
and checked, can derail the construction of quality scenarios and their utility. 

No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars

Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ’9
(Stuart J, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434)
Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
of rising fear, hostility, and mutual threat that results in violence.
A virtue of this symbolist theory is that symbolist logic explains why ethnic peace is more common than ethnonationalist war. Even if hostile narratives, fears, and opportunity exist, severe violence usually can still be avoided if ethnic elites skillfully define group needs in moderate ways and collaborate across group lines to prevent violence: this is consociationalism.17 War is likely only if hostile narratives, fears, and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Risk in the international system is inevitable—the goal should be to weigh the impacts of action vs inaction in the face of a particular threat.

Harvard Nuclear Study Group 83 (Living with Nuclear Weapons, p.16-7)
When President John F. Kennedy was shown irrefutable evidence of the Soviet missile emplacement
AND
weigh accurately the risks entailed in each course and decide on policy accordingly.     

Threat construction is good – it allows us to anticipate and prevent danger

Joseph Berke, Found. And Dir. Arbours Crisis Centre, 1998, Even Paranoids Have Enemies, p. 5-6
Internal and external persecution come together in the theoretical model of ’the paranoid process’
AND
possibility of preparation for the group to face them and cope with them.

Threats real—default to expert consensus

Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

Confronting threats early prevents escalation—WWII proves.

Yoon 03 – Professor of International Relations at Seoul National University; former Foreign Minister of South Korea – 2003(Young-Kwan, "Introduction: Power Cycle Theory and the Practice of International Relations", International Political Science Review 2003; vol. 24; p. 7-8)
In history, the effort to balance power quite often tended to start too late
AND
major war, not the nature of a particular type of international system. 

Promotion of security is an ethical responsibility of government. Total security is impossible but limited security avoids a hell on earth.

Elshtain ’3  (Jean Bethke, Prof. Social and Pol. Ethics – U. Chicago, "Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World", p. 46-48)
IN THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH of September  11, I said to a friend, "
AND
This is Hobbes’s famous, or infamous, war of all against all.

Tournament: Httpwwwweberdebatecomvalbrowningcollegerrhtm | Round: 6 | Opponent: Weber State Soper-Shackelford | Judge: Stout

2AC

Terror

Debating the law teaches us how to make it better – rejection is worse

Todd Hedrick, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, Sept 2012, Democratic Constitutionalism as Mediation: The Decline and Recovery of an Idea in Critical Social Theory, Constellations  Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 382–400
Habermas’ alleged abandonment of immanent critique, however, is belied by the role that
AND
, without the triumphalist pretension of ever being able to fully do so. 

Framework

First, Our Interpretation: The resolution asks the question of desirability of USFG action. The Role of ballot is to say yes or no to the action and outcomes of the plan.

Second, is reasons to prefer:

A. Aff Choice, any other framework or role of the ballot moots 9 minutes of the 1ac

B. It is predictable, the resolution demands USFG action

Engaging the state is key and good to the ability of citizens to break into the project of solving global challenges: Engagement relies on an existing state and refocuses on citizen participation that solve for war as well as environmental and social challenges

Sassen 2009
~ColumbiaUniversity, istheauthorof TheGlobalCity (2ndedn, Princeton, 2001), Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, 2008) and A Sociology of Globalisation (Norton,2007), among others, 2009, The Potential for a Progressive State?, uwyoamp~

Using state power for a new global politics These post-1980s trends towards a
AND
the willing focused not on war but on environmental and social justice projects.

Voter for competitive equity—prefer our interpretation, it allows both teams to compete, other roles of the ballot are arbitrary and self serving

K

A risk of nuclear war precludes any deontological framework – uncertainty mandates that every policy decision must be able to guarantee the continued existence of the human race, and to ignore this possibility is in itself immoral and unjustified.

Schell, 2000
Schell, policy analyst and proliferation expert, 2000 (Jonathan, "The Fate of the Earth", p. 94-5) *This card has been gender-modified.
To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a
AND
to withdraw the threat we now pose to the earth and to ourselves.

Double bind – either no human lives are equally valuable, which forces them to prove why the lives they save are worth it, or all human life is equally valuable, which necessitates utilitarianism.

Harsanyi, 82
prof. of economics at UC Berkeley, 1982 (John, "Utilitarianism and Beyond", p. 26-7)
Some further notes on this suggestion will be in place here. First, it
AND
, as we shall see, this is an illegitimate form of argument.

The threat of extinction mandates consequentialism.

Bok 88
Sissela Bok, prof of philosophy at Brandeis, 1988 ~Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. Rosenthal and Shehadi, p. 202-3~
Everything changes when it is the world’s perishing itself that is at stake.  I
AND
pose a strong challenge to the unity and simplicity of Kant’s moral theory.
?

The alternative cannot solve any of the aff’s impact- it’s assumptions are incommensurable with the aff’s critical attitude.

Nadesan 99
~Majia Holmer Nadesan,  Assistant professor of communication studies at Arizona State University West, "The discourses of corporate spiritualism and evangelical capitalism", Management Communication Quarterly : McQ13. 1 (Aug 1999): 3-42. wyo-tjc~
"Should your company save your soul?" asks Fortune magazine in 1991. This
AND
, by ascribing agency to corporations as controlling entities rather than to individuals.

XO

Drone Courts key – Congress should establish Judicial Review, it is the best check on the president, all other mechanisms insufficient

Bazzle 12
(Timothy, George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, "Shutting the courthouse doors: invoking the state secrets privilege to thwart judicial review in the age of terror," 2012, Hein Library Online) /wyo-mm
By design, courts serve as a bulwark against the excesses of the political branches
AND
an important check on the potential for Executive Branch abuse of the privilege.

DA

1^st, Debates on drone courts now—legislation being written and proposed—thumps the disad

Wolverton, 3-12-13
~Joe, professor of American Government at Chattanooga State and was a practicing attorney until 2009, Federal Courts Rubber Stamp Federal Spying, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/05/12/federal-courts-rubber-stamp-federal-spying/comment-page-1/~~23.UfqaW2T70bh~~ /Wyo-MB
Although certainly not one to recognize checks on the executive, the White House indicated
AND
similar proposals made by legal experts were being kicked around on Capitol Hill.¶ 

2^nd, Link turn drone courts popular in congress—particularly with Feinstein and King

Hosenball, 2-8-2013
~Mark, Reuters news service, Support grows for U.S. "drone court" to review lethal strikes, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/09/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE91800B20130209~~ /Wyo-MB
During a fresh round of debate this week over President Barack Obama’s claim that he
AND
least that would be ... some check on the activities of the executive."

Feinstein key to agenda- can wrangle in both parties

Tate 13
(Curits, Mcclatchy Newspapers, "Sen. Dianne Feinstein presses her decades-long crusade on guns," March 10, 2013, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html~~23.Uhp4YpKThSQ-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/10/185261/sen-dianne-feinstein-presses-her.html) /wyo-mm
Feinstein is a veteran lawmaker who knows how to work behind the scenes and across
AND
, but she’s also very able at finding common ground and solving problems." 

3^rd, Link turn – plan popular in congress

Jakes 13
(Laura Jakes, writer for the Associate Press. "Congress Considers Putting Limits on Drone Strikes" 2-6-13 http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/06/congress-considers-putting-limits-on-drone-strikes.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administration’s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
kill Americans is subject to appropriate limitations and safeguards," the senators wrote.

Obama making concessions to passing immigration reform now-even if it is piece meal it still solves

Matthews 11-20
(Laura is a U.S. politics reporter for the International Business Times. "Immigration Reform Bill 2013: Obama Says Piecemeal Is A Deal" 11-20-13 http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-2013-obama-says-piecemeal-deal-1477808//wyoccd)
President Obama, who largely stayed on the sidelines as Congress attemped to pass comprehensive
AND
optimistic that we’re going to get this done. I’m a general optimist."

Immigration reform is likely-Obama working with the GOP and its gaining support

Felde 11-20
(Kitty Felde, Washington, D.C. Correspondent for SCPR. "Immigration reform: House’s piecemeal approach could work" 11-20-13 http://www.scpr.org/blogs/politics/2013/11/20/15238/immigration-reform-house-s-piecemeal-approach-coul//wyoccd)
President Obama told the Wall Street Journal Business Forum this week he’d support the House
AND
immigration reform gets dealt with, we just want justice for our families."¶ 

Boehner is on board with Obamas new approach to immigration

Washington Post 11-21
("Boehner: Immigration reform ’absolutely not’ dead in House" 11-21-13 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/11/21/boehner-immigration-reform-absolutely-not-dead-in-house//wyoccd)
House Speaker John A. Boehner (R-Ohio) said Thursday that immigration
AND
, step-by-step basis to address this very important issue."

Obama PC persuading Boehner now-talks are happening and momentum is building

Foley 11-21
(Elise, reporter for the Huffington Post. "John Boehner: Immigration Reform ’Absolutely Not’ Dead" 11-21-13 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/21/john-boehner-immigration-reform_n_4317511.html//wyoccd)
WASHINGTON — House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) firmly rejected the idea
AND
this time is to address these complicated issues one step at a time."