Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNT AS | Judge:
Plan
The United States Congress should establish a federal court with authorization over targeted killings. 

1AC Leadership Advantage
Lack of an internationally legitimate drone policy undermines US leadership
Kennedy 13 (Greg, a Professor ¶ of Strategic Foreign Policy ¶ at the Defence Studies ¶ Department, King's College ¶ London, based at the Joint ¶ Services Command and Staff ¶ College, Defence Academy ¶ of the United Kingdom, in ¶ Shrivenham, “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism,” Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013, Strategic Studies Institute at the United States Army War College
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/3_Article_Kennedy.pdf
p. 26)

The current debate  …. first three critical questions. 

Current drone policy also undermines international law – transparency and oversight outside of the Executive branch is key to sustaining legitimacy
Bowcott 12
(Owen, Correspondent for the Guardian, “Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, say U.N rapporteur,” The Guardian, June 21, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un

The US policy of using aerial ….  report to justify the killing.
A drone court sets a strong international precedent for legitimate drone use
Fisher 2007 (W. Jason, judicial clerk to the US District Court for the District of New Mexico, “Targeted Killing, Norms, and International Law”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 45) PY
In constructing a place …  involvement in terrorist activities. n253

Unrestricted use of drones prevents the US from exporting liberal democratic values – restraint is key.
Kennedy 13 (Greg, a Professor ¶ of Strategic Foreign Policy ¶ at the Defence Studies ¶ Department, King's College ¶ London, based at the Joint ¶ Services Command and Staff ¶ College, Defence Academy ¶ of the United Kingdom, in ¶ Shrivenham, “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism,” Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013, Strategic Studies Institute at the United States Army War College
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/3_Article_Kennedy.pdf
p. 26)

Targeted killing, by drone s….  by operational and tactical expediency.

US liberal leadership sustains international institutions and cooperation – solves all global problems and conflict – there is not alternative.
Kromah 9
(Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf)
Since the end of WWII the United ….  a broad measure of international security.57
Failure to expand the liberal international system causes nuclear war
Dyer 4
Gwynne, staff writer, Toronto Star, The End of War, 12/30/04, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1230-05.htm

War is deeply embedded in …  of the existing state system. 

1AC Drone Proliferation Advantage
Massive weaponized drone proliferation now– leads to drone wars
Wood 12 (David, American Drones Ignite New Arms Race From Gaza To Iran To China, Huffington Post, 27 November 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html, da 8-2-13) PC

The drone wars are here.¶ While …  to monitor the fighting in Congo.

High risk of instability - over 90 countries have the capability. Increased transparency by the US sets a precedent to avoid militarization and conflict
Daniel Byman, Jul/Aug 2013, (Professor at Georgetown and a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution), Foreign Affairs, "Why drones Work," EBSCO.

The fact remains that ….  Washington is acting recklessly.
A drone court creates transparency and oversight – that creates a strong international precedent for regulating drone use
The Boston Globe, 5/25/2013, "US must guide the world on new rules for drones," http://www.bostonglobe.com/editorials/2013/05/24/can-guide-world-use-drones/HzQxN6peIbuhlk9XoPC5gL/story.html

THERE WAS much to applaud in …  hold our adversaries accountable.

Empirical evidence proves that international norms have a stabilizing influence – especially true in the instance of drones
Whibley, received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington and his research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security, 13 (James, The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 6 February 2013, http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/, da 8-1-13) 

If drones are destined … greater scrutiny of the drone program.
Lack of global norms for drone use makes interstate war inevitable
Audrey Cronin, Jul/Aug 2013, (Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University), Foreign Affairs, "Why Drones Fail," 92(4), EBSCO.

The sometimes contradictory demands ….  al Qaeda will be the least of the United States' worries.
Three separate scenarios - India/Pakistan, North/South Korea and China are all unique risks
Alan Dowd, 8/7/2012, The American Interest, "The Drone Race is On," http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1301

The point is that as drones ….  the United States and its allies.

Korea war causes extinction
Hayes and Green, 10 - *Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute (Peter and Michael, “-“The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1/5,
http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf

The consequences of failing …  consideration from the international community.

Indo-Pak war risks extinction
Ghulam Nabi Fai, Kashmiri American Council, July 8, 2001, Washington Times
The foreign policy of the …  ratify an impending Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.

China is acquiring drones to confront Japan over territorial disputes in the Senkaku islands – guarantees war.
CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) 

Though China claims its …  in its 2012 report on China's military.
Senkaku disputes go nuclear.
Emmot, 6/4/2008 (Bill – editor of the Economist, Power rises in the east, The Australian, p. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/power-rises-in-the-east/story-e6frg8px-1111116460128)
As well as knitting them, however, this drama is … , the East China Sea and the Senkaku-Diaoyutai islands, Taiwan and Pakistan.

1AC Terrorism Advantage
Centralized executive authority over drone strikes results in an over-reliance on targeted killings – this ultimately emboldens terrorists. Establishing a drone court increases transparency and oversight, reducing unnecessary drone strikes and restores international legitimacy.
Jack Goldsmith, 5/1/2013, The New Republic, "How obama undermined the war on terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism

And so Barack Obama greatly expanded … war abroad is harder to conduct.

Drone courts promote better intelligence gathering
Amos Guiora, 2013, (Prof. of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah)., "Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion," University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 1, SSRN., p. 23

With respect to the strict scrutiny standard …  articulation of policy effectiveness.

Increasing transparency in the drone program is necessary for its success- required for intel sharing and legitimacy
Cullen 2007 (Colonel Peter M., Staff Judge Advocate at Fort Campbell, “THE ROLE OF TARGETED KILLING IN THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST TERROR”, 3/30/07, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA471529, p. 11)
The long-term success …  weapon against trans-national terrorism.
Effective joint intelligence efforts are key to stop terrorism.
Cristian and Andreea 13, (M?rc?u Flavius-Cristian, PhD Candidate, Babes-Bolyai University, Ciorei Mihaela Andreea, MA, Constantin Brâncu?i University from Targu-Jiu, THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERROR, European Scientific Journal, vol.9, No.2, January 2013, http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/708/792)

Terrorist threats are highly …  operational and tactical level.
Nuclear terrorism causes retaliation that sparks global nuclear war and extinction.
Ayson 2010
(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
But these two nuclear worlds—…  a devastating response.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent:  | Judge:
PLAN
The United States federal government should statutorily prohibit targeted killings in Pakistan.

ADVANTAGE 1 STABILITY
Drones are more dangerous than other options
Naureen Shah et al, Acting Director of the Human Rights Clinic and Associate Director of the Counterterrorism and Human Rights Project, Human Rights Institute at Columbia Law School, 2012, “The Civilian Impact of Drones: Unexamined Costs, Unanswered Questions,” Center for Civilians in Conflict, http://civiliansinconflict.org/uploads/files/publications/The_Civilian_Impact_of_Drones_w_cover.pdf
While there are a range of steps the US government can take to make drone
AND
pose a threat to US interests—an opportunity eliminated by drone strikes.

Despite a lower number of strikes, continued drone operations evoke massive opposition in Pakistan
Medea Benjamin, 11/25/2013, Counter Punch, Drone Strikes in Pakistan, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/25/drone-strikes-in-pakistan/

“We will put pressure on America, and our protest will continue if drone
AND
Hotel in the Afghan capital the same year that killed more than 20.

Pakistani opposition to drone guts the effectiveness of strikes
Micah Zenko, January 2013, Council on Foreign Relation, Reforming US Drone Strike Policy, 22-24

The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone¶ use and sacrificing
AND
the¶ United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Drones are not the only option – rolling back strikes is key to stabilizing the region
Khan, INEGMA Senior Analyst, 10-23-12
(Sabahat, “Unilateral US Drone Strikes In Pakistan: The Beginning Of The End?,” accessed 8-5-13, http://www.eurasiareview.com/23102012-unilateral-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan-the-beginning-of-the-end-analysis/)

Imran Khan, now the most popular political figure in Pakistan, will have boosted
AND
it deserts Pakistan provides more policy options in Islamabad for any future government.

Four years of data prove drone strikes fail to dismantle terrorists networks in Pakistan – it only causes them to relocate outside of the operationally effective area of drone strikes
Rafia Zakaria, 3/28/2013, (Member of the board of directors of Amnesty International. She is a lawyer and a Political Science PhD candidate at Indiana University), Aljazeera, “President Obama: The drones don’t work, they just make it worse,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/03/201332685936147309.html

Starkly absent from the debate are any meaningful critiques of the actual effectiveness of drone
AND
Karachi and are able to plan local and international operations in the city.” 

Drones are fueling terrorism and militancy in Pakistan – that will cause a total state collapse
Walayat, financial analyst, 10
(Nadeem, editor of the Market Oracle, over 20 years’ experience of trading derivatives, portfolio management and analysing the financial markets "Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III," The Market Oracle, 1-16-10, www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html

During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
AND
as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.

Pakistan instability allows terrorists to instigate an Indo-Pak war
Clarke 4-17-13 Michael, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at Griffith Asia Institute with a special focus in terrorism, Griffith University, Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Asian and International Studies, “Pakistan and Nuclear Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?” Comparative Strategy, 32:2, 98-114, online

A delegative system has been construed as holding the potential to open the door for
AND
scale internal subversion of Pakistan to destabilize¶ it (domestic threshold).48

Instability in Pakistan allows for the acquisition of nuclear weapons by terrorists
Paul K. Kerr and Mary Beth Nikitin, Analysts in Nonproliferation, 10 (“Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and  Security Issues”, Congressional Research Service, February, 2010, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34248_20100223.pdf opencrs.com)

Chronic political instability in Pakistan and the current offensive against the Taliban in the  northwest
AND
nuclear weapons and a safe haven from  which to plan and launch attacks.”  

And Pakistan nukes are not secure
Gregory ’11 (Shaun, Director of the Pakistan Security Research Unit at the University of Bradford, UK, a professor who published widely on nuclear and security issues in Pakistan and advises many governments, their agencies, and international organizations, “Terrorist Tactics in Pakistan Threaten Nuclear Weapons Safety,” CTC Sentinel, Vol. 4.6, http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/131002/ichaptersection_singledocument/aa282522-4971-4513-a7ca-ec3afcd259be/en/Art+2.pdf, accessed 10-26-11, June 2011)

Two high-profile attacks by terrorists on highly secure military bases in Pakistan,
AND
odds that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons security will eventually be compromised continue to rise.
Nuclear terrorism causes miscalculation that draws in Russia and China and culminates in extinction
Ayson 2010 (Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

Pakistan collapse causes an Indian first strike – that escalates to nuclear war
Thomas Ricks, 10/24/2001, Indian express, “the end and the beginning of a war,” http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20011024/op1.html

The prospect of Pakistan being taken over by Islamic extremists is especially worrisome because it
AND
of international incidents spun out of control and led to World War I.

An Indo-Pak war causes a nuclear winter and extinction
Douglas Guarino, 12/10/2013, Nuclear Threat Initiative, "study: two billion could starve in event of limited nuclear war," http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/study-two-billion-could-starve-event-limited-nuclear-war/

A hypothetical nuclear war in South Asia could trigger worldwide famine and “probably cause
AND
up causing this global catastrophe that would have terrible repercussions here at home."
Proliferation

ADVANTAGE 2 RELATONS
Unrestricted drone strikes are destroying the US-Pakistan relationship – only restricting them creates space for cooperation
Daniel Markey, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, 7-16-2013, “A New Drone Deal For Pakistan,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139584/daniel-markey/a-new-drone-deal-for-pakistan?page=show
For all its successes, the U.S. drone program in Pakistan is
AND
of control over the program, especially when it comes to target selection.

Continued strikes will cause Pakistani retaliation – that collapses relations
Kokab Farshori, 11/12/2013, Voice of America, "Pakistan-US relations deteriorate after drone strike," http://www.voanews.com/content/pakistan-us-relations-deteriorate-after-drone-strike/1789002.html

Some Pakistani opposition parties are calling for a blockade of supply lines to NATO forces
AND
community.' And there would be consequences from that," said Lynch.

Banning drone strikes is key to US-Pakistani relations
New York Times, 10/24/2013, Seeking a new relationship with pakistan, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/opinion/seeking-a-new-relationship-with-pakistan.html?_r=0

After so many years of animosity between Pakistan and the United States, Prime Minister
AND
about civilians killed by drones should cause both governments to limit the program.
Alt Causes don’t outweigh – reforming drone policy is the best starting point to revitalize relations
Carol Williams, 10/22/2013, LA Times, US-Pakistan relationship has nowhere to go but up analysts say, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/22/world/la-fg-wn-us-pakistan-troubled-relationship-20131022

The relationship between Washington and Islamabad has wavered between bad and abysmal for decades,
AND
to a broader consensus on how to fight the broader war on terrorism.

Robust US-Pakistani prevents Saudi proliferation
Thomas Lynch, 12/30/2013, (Lynch is a distinguished research fellow for south asia and the near east at the institute of national strategic studies, national defense university), War on the Books, “confronting reality: the saudi-Pakistani nuclear nexus,” http://warontherocks.com/2013/12/confronting-reality-the-saudi-pakistani-nuclear-nexus/

In the whispering campaign that passes for international diplomacy between Iran and its Sunni Arab
AND
long term, reinforcing a long-standing Pakistani nuclear weapons posture imperative.

Saudi proliferation causes breakout proliferation and destabilizes the Middle East
Bowman, 8
(International Affairs Fellow at the CFR, February, Chain Reaction: Avoiding a Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-110SPRT39674/html/CPRT-110SPRT39674.htm)

Of any Middle Eastern state, Saudi Arabia is the state most likely to pursue
AND
of possibility if Saudi Arabia responds to Iran by pursuing a nuclear weapon. 

Numerous factors mean escalation is guaranteed
Russell ‘9 James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ‘9 (Spring) “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf
Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world. 

Middle East war causes extinction
Timothy Stirling, B. sc. In Poli Sci, M.A. in European Studies, holds several Scottish/Canadian feudal titles, 4-17-2010, “Jordan's King Warns Mideast War 'Imminent',” Rense, http://www.rense.com/general90/jordd.htm
This is rather frighting information. The Jordanian Royal Family is always well up-
AND
will write about someday, assuming anyone is left to write about it.