Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Sam Allen
CP Text: The United States federal government should modify the targeted killing program as per our Gonzales evidence.

The United States Congress should restrict the use of signature strikes

The United States federal government should not restrict targets of targeted killing operations using remotely piloted vehicles to individuals identified as leaders of transnational organizations with direct involvement in past or ongoing violent operations against the United States

Solves the aff and preserves flex
Gonzales, 13
(Alberto R. Gonzales, Former Counsel to the President and United States Attorney General under the George W. Bush Administration. Before joining the Bush Administration in Washington, the author served as then-Governor George W. Bush’s General Counsel, the Texas Secretary of State, and was later appointed to the Texas Supreme Court. The author is currently the Doyle Rogers Distinguished Chair of Law at Belmont University College of Law, and Counsel of the Nashville law firm of Waller Lansden. “Drones: The Power to Kill” http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Gonzales-Drones-Article.pdf) Henge

III. SUGGESTIONS FOR REINFORCING THE CONSTITUTIONAL DUE PROCESS STANDARD
AND
and substantially satisfy the requirements under Boumediene.440

Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Puget Sound | Judge: Pointer
Counter-Advocacy: We affirm a politics of radical imagination in response to unrestricted war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of targeted killing. 

Counterplan solves the entirety of the case without the use of a radical politics of hope. The use of hope makes individuals vulnerable.
Logan et al 9 (T. K., Robert, and Gretchen, Trauma Violence Abuse, “Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States”, p. 11-12, Pg. 24)IAA

A third route to slavery is being tricked
AND
manipulated into trafficking situations. 

Vulnerability is a form of resentment that guarantees a politics of revenge
Solomon 94(Robert C., professor of continental philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin, “Genealogy, Essays on Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals” edited by Richard Schacht, p.102-103)

Because resentment is thus frustrated as action
AND
“raging,” which would quickly burn itself out. 

And, the politics of revenge is a life denying ascetic impulse that poisons the spirit with contempt and makes violence inevitable
Mandalios 8 (John, senior lecturer at the School of Arts at Griffith University, Australia, “Nietzsche And The Necessity Of Freedom”, p. 176-178, rcheek)

The foregoing analysis indicated the conditions
AND
or only in the eyes of him who injured it’ (WS 33).

Tournament: Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Lundeen
First, America is steeped in islamophobic politics that prevents muslims in America from combating imperialist violence
Daulatzai 12
(Sohail, Born at the Af-Pak border and raised in L.A. near the U.S-Mexico border, Sohail Daulatzai writes about race, culture, and politics, Associate Professor in the Department of Film and Media Studies and the Program in African American Studies at the University of California, Irvine, BLACK STAR, CRESCENT MOON The Muslim International and Black Freedom beyond America, Kindle Edition, p.191- 94BlackMagic)

For Muslims in the United States, Malcolm’s
AND
benevolence to U.S. policy in the Muslim Third World.

And, courts are inherently Islamophobic. Muslims accused of terrorism are presumed guilty which makes the drone courts they setup no more than a rubber stamp for imperial murder.
Brittain in 2013
(Victoria, journalist and former editor at the Guardian, “U.S. Muslims guilty until proven innocent”, http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/, rcheek)

A four-month hunger strike, mass force-feedings,
AND
like the abuses at Guantanamo, gain the attention they deserve.

The impact is damnation. Unending genocide, enslavement, rape, ecological destruction and war form a hell on earth for the Muslim colonized by their Eurocentric epistemology.
Maldonado-Torres 2008 Nelson. “Against War : Views from the Underside of Modernity”¶ Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press, 2008. p 215-217¶ http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10217191andppg=52

lead us to the understanding that what happened
AND
world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested.72

The alternative is to undo the 1AC.

Undoing is the best defense mechanism against the destructive Islamophobic hate crimes that the aff legitimizes.  
?enay in 2010
(Bülent, professor of history of religion and Islamic studies, is currently president of Diyanet Islamic Foundation in The Hague, the Netherlands, “Undoing Hate Crimes: Combating Islamophobia as Cultural Terrorism”, OSCE Review Conference – Astana- Kazakhistan, http://www.academia.edu/505983/Undoing_Hate_Crime_Combatting_Islamophobia_as_Cultural_Terrorism, rcheek)

Undoing¶ is a defence mechanism in which a person tries
AND
allies of the Muslim in the medieval times.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: Butt, Roark, Meloche

1NC

Intervention into the Muslim world is fueled by the fear of death that in turn creates zones of death in the Muslim world where Muslims are called upon to sacrifice their lives for peace

Raja 2005 ~Masood Ashraf. "Death as a Form of Becoming: the Muslim Imagery of Death and Necropolitics." Digest of Middle East Studies 14.2 (2005): 11-26 BlackMagic~

Let us recapitulate Mbmbe’s argument about the classical notion of heroism as opposed to what
AND
in this case, has the power to impact all life around it.

Embrace the role of the bomber and interrogate with the supposedly fixed idealizations of what makes life life and death really death

Mbembe 03. Achille Mbembe, senior researcher at the Institute of Social and Economic Research at the University of the Witwatersrand, "Necropolitics," Public Culture 15(1): pg. 38

How does the notion of play and trickery relate to the "suicide bomber"?
AND
power. But it is also that space where freedom and negation operate.

In response to the colonial violence we affirm jihad as a resistance to the 1AC

And only through an embrace of Jihad can Muslim bodies effectively resist neocolonial oppression—this is necessary to affirm muslim identity outside of the state that restricts muslim values

Raja 07~Masood. Ashraf Associate Professor at University of North Texas Postcolonial "Jihad in Islam: Colonial encounter, the neoliberal order, and the Muslim subject of resistance." The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 26.4 (2007): 47-71 BlackMagic~

While the articulation of resistance in the colonial era was a reaction to the direct
AND
find any hope of change in promises and strategies of radical Islamic movements.

2NC

FW is repetition of the attempt to surveil and police our bodies based on perceived threat of radical Black Muslimness perceived threat of radical Black Muslimness. It is another form of targeted killing.

Daulatzai 12
(Sohail, Born at the Af-Pak border and raised in L.A. near the U.S-Mexico border, Sohail Daulatzai writes about race, culture, and politics, Associate Professor in the Department of Film and Media Studies and the Program in African American Studies at the University of California, Irvine, BLACK STAR, CRESCENT MOON The Muslim International and Black Freedom beyond America, Kindle Edition, p.173 – 175Blackmagic)

The racial anxieties concerning the threats posed by Muslim "terrorists" abroad have been
AND
many instances continues to embrace Islam and see Malcolm as its prophetic voice. 

The fear of death feeds the economic and political structures of inequity that devalue life and make structural violence inevitable

Moltmann in 1996
(Jurgen, Professor of Systematic Theology Emeritus in the Protestant Faculty of the University of Tubingen, Germany, "The Coming of God", p. 93, rcheek)

Is death ’the wages of sin’? If we begin to doubt it, we
AND
peoples, but ecologically¶ as well to every living thing on earth.

The secular metaphysics of the affirmative takes out their impacts. Only in transcendence is there value to life

Phillips in 1989
(Winfred, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Trinity University, "SCHUBERT OGDEN’S TRANSCENDENTAL STRATEGY AGAINST SECULARISM", Harvard Theological Review, no. 4, October, jstor)

The second of Toulmin’s points which Ogden seizes on is the claim that reli-  
AND
ultimate meaning  is  the  necessary  condition  for  our  existence as human selves.20 

The secularist framing of the aff collapses into relativism. It’s a disenchantment with nature, a desacralization of politics, and a deconsecration of values. Their immanent metaphysics renders all impacts meaningless.

Al-Attas 93 ~Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas; a prominent contemporary Muslim philosopher and thinker from Malaysia;  M.A. degree with distinction in Islamic philosophy in 1962, Ph.D  School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London: Founder of International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization and University Professor of Islamic Thought and Civilization; "islam and Secularism" BlackMagic~
Secularization is defined as the deliverance of man ’first from religious and then from
AND
God Himself, has become incarnate in man in time and in history.

Intervention into the Muslim world is fueled by the fear of death that in turn creates zones of death in the Muslim world where Muslims are called upon to sacrifice their lives for peace

Raja 2005 ~Masood Ashraf. "Death as a Form of Becoming: the Muslim Imagery of Death and Necropolitics." Digest of Middle East Studies 14.2 (2005): 11-26 BlackMagic~

Let us recapitulate Mbmbe’s argument about the classical notion of heroism as opposed to what
AND
in this case, has the power to impact all life around it.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: Cooper, Allsup, Bugrov

1NC

Every problem of the 1AC is rooted in the Will that drives every facet of existence—to live is to want, and to want is to suffer—the fundamental premise of nature is the Will to live—acting through the Will can only ever perpetuate our sorrows

Young, 3 
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 35-38) Henge
This universal, metaphysically necessary, feature is, of course, ’will’.
AND
the Roman proverb (WR I section 60, WR II chapter 44). 

Contempt is the true basis for love—to love the other is to constrain the self

Cioran, 10
(Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher. "The Book of Delusions" pg. 63-64) Henge
Life is behind us, because we came of it; life is the supreme
AND
, in your expansion was the being? I can’t contain myself anymore.

The only efficacious response to the Will is to fundamentally deny it at its core—our alternative is to accept death, letting ourselves starve for the very lack of Will to eat—nothingness is the true meaning of life

Young, 3
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 39-40) Henge
What are we to do about life’s suffering? Though claiming to have arrived at
AND
a term of disparagement, Schopenhauer turns out to be a ’European Buddhist’

2NC—Link/Impact Top Level ~Kritikal~

We control uniqueness—nature is death, pain, and fear—life itself is suffering

Young, 3
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 41-42) Henge
How good is Schopenhauer’s (and Buddhism’s) case for pessimism? Let us look
AND
i.e. suffers. So (6) Life is suffering.

If we win UQ then any risk is a reason to vote neg—the question of the will is only crucial question

Young, 3
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 34) Henge
What is the overall character of the world as we know it? Until we
AND
which gives Schopenhauer an almost unique position in the history of Western philosophy.

AT—Stopping Suffering Good

Attempts to stop suffering, and the happiness that comes in those moments only devolve back to more suffering.

Gallegos 2011 (Manolito professor of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, "The Negative Ontology of Happiness: A Schopenhauerian Argument", 2011, http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/logoi/article/view/9118/2968, bs)
Basically, given the prior definition of suffering as desire, pain and boredom,
AND
that once one desire is fulfilled, another will appear in its place.

2NC—No Escape

The world is cold, and suffering is the only serious modality of existence—there is no escape from life’s horrors

Cioran, 10
(Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher. "The Book of Delusions" pg. 62) Henge
––The desire to embrace the stars21 Why are truths so cold? When
AND
the way in which they do it they call themselves winners or losers.

2NC—Universe is Finite

Astrophysical calculations prove the universe isn’t infinite

Klotz, 13
(Irene Klotz, HuffPo. "Universe Has Finite Lifespan, Higgs Boson Calculations Suggest" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/19/universe-lifespan-finite-unstable-higgs-boson_n_2713053.html) Henge
BOSTON (Reuters) - Scientists are still sorting out the details of last year’s
AND
years or so, and expand, likely engulfing Earth in the process.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Puget Sound | Judge: Pointer
The aff rejects the government’s fundamental obligation to fight totalitarianism no matter the cost in favor of altruistic selflessness
Peikoff, 1
(Leonard Peikoff, former professor of philosophy, heir of Ayn Rand and founder of the Ayn Rand Institute. “End States Who Sponsor Terrorism” http://www.peikoff.com/essays_and_articles/end-states-who-sponsor-terrorism/) Henge *Ableist lang. modified
October 2, 2001—Fifty years of increasing
AND
bullets to be aimed only at evil men.

Egoism is the root of life’s every value
Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. “Objectivism in One Lesson” pg. 11-13) Henge
Readers of Ayn Rand's novels generally notice how purposeful
AND
meaning, filled with only resentment and bitterness.

Vote negative as an act of heroism

The hero is committed to rational, life-promoting values—the choice is key
Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. “Objectivism in One Lesson” pg. 57-59) Henge
That reason is man's means of survival has
AND
individual's examination of his own internal mental states.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: Butt, Roark, Meloche

1NC

The United States Federal Government should require a legislative policy trial prior to introducing United States Armed Forces into missions beyond self-defense, pursuant to the National Command Authority

"Rules of engagement" is a violent military euphemism

Bowron in 2006
(Adam, "Consultant’s Rules of Engagement", http://adambowron.blogspot.com/2006/06/consultants-rules-of-engagement.html, rcheek)

I was chatting with a colleague a while back and we were discussing ways to
AND
quick Google search shows) but it very applicable to our consulting work.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: Butt, Roark, Meloche

1NC

Restriction requires prohibition

Northglenn 11
(City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, "Rules of Construction – Definitions", http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html)
Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term "restriction" shall mean a prohibitive regulation. Any use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing which is the subject of a restriction is prohibited, and no such use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.

"In the area" means all of the activities

United Nations 13
(United Nations Law of the Sea Treaty, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part1.htm)
PART I¶ INTRODUCTION¶ Article 1
Use of terms and scope¶ 1. For the purposes of this Convention:¶ (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;¶ (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;¶ (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;

Violation: affirmative restricts, doesn’t prohibit

B. Standards:

1. Limits – The topic is huge – 4 areas times 2 mechanisms all with separate literature and unique advantages – Allowing subsets creates an impossible research burden

2. Bidirectionality – Absent prohibition they can create conditions that functionally increase authority

Vote negative- Topicality is a prima facie burden and should be evaluated as a question of competing interpretations.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Dunn, Ewing, Morgan

1NC

First, their object oriented metaphysics treats life as a given rather than a gift

Cunningham in 1999
(Conor, Professor of Theology @ Cambridge, "Language: Wittgenstein after theology", Radical Orthodoxy, pp. 64-68)

This essay defines philosophical metaphysics as the positing of a reality other than God.
AND
here, even though in many ways he came close to doing so. 

Treating life as a given reduces all being to epistemic investigation which destroys value to life

Cunningham in 2002
(Conor, Professor of Theology @ Cambridge, "Genealogy of Nihilism", pp. 174-175)

What we may begin to realize is that the form of nihilism’s discourse is complicit
AND
The preparation is carefully carried out so that a ’nonoccurrence’ can occur.

And, the alternative is to refuse action and have faith in God’s plan. Death, suffering and violence are predetermined inevitabilities that are futile to prevent. The aff’s fear of mortal finitude is the mark of non-believers. Instead, we must orient ourselves through a transcendent faith in God who gives both our lives and deaths meaning.

Yayha 13 ~ Harun Yahya Turkish Islamic author; "Death Is Not the End"; http://www.new-muslims.info/abcs-of-islam/articles-of-faith/death-is-not-the-end/?ModPagespeed=noscript BlackMagic~
Every self will taste death. We test you with both good and evil as
AND
is Certain comes to you. (Al-Hijr 15:99)

Not Anthro

God created humanity to operate ethically with nature—-if there’s any distinction that’s on purpose

Abdul-Matin 2010 ~Ibrahim Abdul-Matin; "Green Deen: What Islam Teaches about Protecting the Planet"BlackMagic~
Being a Steward (Khalifah) of the Earth Living a Green Deen means understanding
AND
bounty by honoring the covenant we have with God to be his stewards?

A2: Christianity Bad

Christian ethics are key to transcendent morality. Only we can instill the virtues of solidarity and forgiveness that give meaning to life.

Frank in 04
(William A., Professor of Philosophy at the University of Dallas and Program Director at the university’s Rome Campus, "Western Irreligion and Resources for Culture in Catholic Religion", Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 7.1 (2004) 17-44, pMUSE)

Those steeped in the practice of the Catholic Christianity will find in themselves unique resources
AND
the possibilities of transcendence and the intimacy of the God in Christian practice.  

NV2L Impact

Only in transcendence is there value to life

Phillips in 1989
(Winfred, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Trinity University, "SCHUBERT OGDEN’S TRANSCENDENTAL STRATEGY AGAINST SECULARISM", Harvard Theological Review, no. 4, October, jstor)

The second of Toulmin’s points which Ogden seizes on is the claim that reli-  
AND
ultimate meaning  is  the  necessary  condition  for  our  existence as human selves.20