Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman AP | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Framework

A2 Narratives Required

Narrative fails to subvert the dominant paradigm – They recreate absolutisms

Clawson 98 (Mark, J.D. – Stanford, 22 Legal Stud. Forum 353)
These subjective identities give certain individuals solid ground upon which they can build a progressive
AND
but those who gain new identities now live in temporary worlds of absolutes.

The affirmative fetishizes the narrative – prevents true change, the demand for narratives is the problem.

Brown 96 (Wendy is Professor of Women’s Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable)
But if the silences in discourses of domination are a site for insurrectionary noise,
AND
regulation of those lives, all the while depoliti- cizing their conditions. 

There is an important distinction to be made here, we do not edge out narratives, but we don’t feel we should be required to A. Present narratives, let alone ones of personal experience. Or B. Have a round focused on narratives as a tie-breaker. Also embedded clash.

Predictability Good

Reasonability/Direction of the Topic

Ground

Education

Fairness

Fairness advances civil rights
Julie Fernandes et al., senior policy analyst, 2-10-2004 www.civilrights.org
In a historic year for the civil rights movement, with celebrations commemorating the 40th
AND
Civil Rights Education Fund assess the recent Court rulings mentioned in the legislation.   

Extra Topicality

Topical Version Solves

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 1 | Opponent: KCKCC GC | Judge: Donny Peters

The deviancy of disability only exists in relation to the presupposed normality of "nondisabled" bodies, we must rethink the biases towards "normal" bodies.

Campbell 08 (Fiona Kumari, Associate Professor in Law for Griffith Law School, and a Adjunct Professor in Disability Studies at the University of Kelaniya. "Refusing Able(ness): A Preliminary Conversation about Ableism." M/C Journal. Vol. 11, No. 3, (2008). http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/46/ -Veeder)
Typically literature within disability and cultural studies has concentrated on the practices and production of
AND
as a pre-condition of vision and becomes the object of scrutiny".

Their call for the judge to decide what is aesthetically valuable revolves around idealized notions of the body and sensory perception

Davidson 08 (Michael, professor of literature at the University of California, San Diego, PhD from SUNY, Buffalo, "Concerto for the left hand: disability and the defamiliar body." University of Michigan Press, 08.Pg 3-4.  –Veeder)
By bringing such matters to bear on disability I want to foreground the extent to
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when the social meanings attached to sensory and cognitive values cannot be assumed. 

The aff perpetuates a stigma against disabled people by claiming to be physically competent and mentally sound-rather than challenging the underlying structure that disqualifies people of color and the disabled.

Jarman, 2011. (Michelle, assistant professor of disability studies at the Wyoming Institute for Disabilities.  "Coming Up From Underground: Uneasy Dialogues at the Intersections of Race, Mental Illness, and Disability Studies" in Blackness and Disability: Critical Examinations and Cultural Inteventions, Ed by Christopher M. Bell, Michigan State University Press, 2011.  Pg. 18-19. –Veeder)
These examples, while only touching the surface of the various ways scientific and medical
AND
, compounds and complicates the struggles experienced by African Americans with psychiatric diagnoses.

The disqualification of individuals integral to ableism operates under all other forms of oppression, and as we continue to combat other instances oppression, ableism remains in full force.

Siebers 09  (Tobin, University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism "The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification", Oct 28, 2009. Lecture, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=126ved=0CCoQFjAA26url=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.doc26ei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQ26usg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQ26sig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA, accessed 9/1/13 Pg. 8-10 –Veeder)
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
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represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Alternative: Vote negative to Crip the Human

Crippin the human allows us to examine other ways of being human that helps us to rethink the presumed ability of the nondisabled body.

Campbell 10 (Fiona Kumari, Associate Professor in Law for Griffith Law School, and a Adjunct Professor in Disability Studies at the Unviersity of Kelaniya. "Using the Concept of Ableism to Rethink Disability 26 Abledness" for the conference, Perspectives on Inclusive Development: Embracing Diversity and Creating Disability-Sensitive Communities, 28-29 July 2010. http://www.fss.unimas.my/images/stories/haslina/Day2/fiona20kumari20-20a20new20horizon20using20the20concept20of20ableism20to20rethink20disability2020abledness.pdf  Pg 11-12 –Veeder)
In the final section of this paper, I shift our direction to dare to
AND
. And allies who will assist us to grow into and maintain resilience.

AT: Person First Language

Person first denies the different existence that a disabled person lives in and stigmatizes disability.

Dryden 13 (Jane, Department of Philosophy, Mount Allison University. "Hegel, Feminist Philosophy, and Disability: Rereading our History." Disability Studies Quarterly. http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/3868/3407. –Veeder)
Insofar as the "invalid" and the "cripple" exist, then,
AND
which individual identities are shaped, his valuation of disability still requires reimagining.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman AP | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Anthro

Fighting dehumanization by humanizing victims will always fail. Shifting away from the anthropocentric "human specialness" view is key to solve violence against humans and non-humans.

Deckha 10 (Maneesha, Associate Professor at the University of Victoria Faculty of Law in Victoria, Canada. "The Subhuman as a Cultural Agent of Violence."  Journal For Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 3, 2010. pp. 47-48. –Veeder)
That the human/subhuman binary continues to inhabit so much of western experience raises
AND
only for humans made vulnerable by their dehumanization, but nonhumans as well.

The affirmatives concentration on only human issues and the total exclusion of the more than
AND
, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands)LC
The banality of action hits against a central problem of social-political action within
AND
abhorrent or ridiculous, this question remains valid and relevant and will not go 

The alternative is an identification with species-being—disrupting the ethical exceptionalism of humanism.

Hudson 2008 (Laura, Grad student in Cultural Studies at UC-Davis "The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life" Mediations Spring 23.2: http://www.mediationsjournal.org/articles/the-political-animal)LC

In his discussion of religion, Marx argues that the recognition of religion as the
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 1 | Opponent: SacState BG | Judge: Deven Cooper

1NC

The harms of the 1AC are merely subsets of an unawakened anxiety that exists at our core—panic over death prevents us from living

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 19-20) Henge
"Suffering," the usual English translation for dukkha, is not very enlightening,
AND
lurk around every corner, because any little accident could be our last.

====This anxious egoism makes nuclear war and violence inevitable====
Ikeda 07 (Daisaku Ikeda President, Soka Gakkai International January 26, 2007 "Restoring the Human Connection: The First Step to Global Peace" http://www.sgi-usa.org/newsandevents/docs/peace2007.pdf) Dabo
The challenge of preventing any further proliferation of nuclear weapons is just such a trial
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certain sense makes inevitable the birth of such demonic progeny as nuclear weapons.

Vote negative to shed the ego

This is a path of self-transformation that recognizes the interpermeation of all beings—we must assimilate the postmodern insight of the fictive self

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 4-6) Henge
In contrast, the early Buddhist teachings focus almost exclusively on the path of self
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, that Indian thought never felt the Western need to differentiate between them.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Travis Cochran

CIR Will Pass – now is the key time for a deal

Bowman 10/17/13 Michael Bowman October 17, 2013 Obama Renews Push for US Immigration Reform/ http://www.voanews.com/content/obama-renews-push-for-us-immigration-reform/1771832.html-http://www.voanews.com/content/obama-renews-push-for-us-immigration-reform/1771832.html) MT
Thursday, President Barack Obama urged a renewed bipartisan commitment to confront the nation’s challenges
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legal, but you would not have any option to become a citizen."

Plan Unpopular – Congress doesn’t have enough information

AP 2013 February 15, Brennan open to special court for drone strikes http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57569736/brennan-open-to-special-court-for-drone-strikes/  MT
Brennan repeated assertions made by President Barack Obama that drone strikes would not be used
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overseas. The White House would not comment on their request this week.  

====Political capital is key to passing CIR====
Foster 7/25/13 Charles C. Foster, Attorney Posted: 07/25/2013 Immigration Reform: Too Early To Start Planning? http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/marketplace/law_tv/immigration-reform-too-early-to-start-planning-http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/marketplace/law_tv/immigration-reform-too-early-to-start-planning) MT
At this stage, it’s too early to predict, but it is somewhat likely
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, in particular, in the Republican Caucus that could derail the prospects. 

====Immigration reform is key to jobs and agriculture – solves the economy====
METZLER 2013  (By REBEKAH  State house writer/Staffwriter/ July 29, 2013 / White House: Immigration Reform Helps the Economy http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/29/white-house-immigration-reform-helps-the-economy-http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/29/white-house-immigration-reform-helps-the-economy MT
The agriculture industry is hampered by a broken immigration system that fails to support a
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,000 jobs in 2014 and nearly 40,000 jobs in 2045."

Economic Decline leads to nuclear conflict

Royal ’10 
(director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Paul Kanellopoulos

CLS

Their political engagement stifles change by assuming the best way to overcome domination in the world is through the legal system while simultaneously admitting that some form of suffering is inevitable and ignorable

Robert W. Gordon, Professor of Law at Stanford University, 1987
~"Unfreezing Legal Reality: Critical Approaches To Law," Florida State University Law Review (15 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. 195), Summer~
Now a central tenet of CLS work has been that the ordinary discourses of law
AND
taking collective action against evil without suffering the greater evil of despotic power.

The law itself is a rhetorical activity-the way they choose to engage its discussion actually shapes the legal systems function and who is allowed to participate

White 85
(James Boyd. Professor of Law and Professor of English Language and Literature, University of Michigan. "Law as Rhetoric, Rhetoric as Law: The Arts of Cultural and Communa
l Life" The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Summer, 1985), Pg. 688-692 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1599632-http://www.jstor.org/stable/1599632. –Veeder)
I shall sketch out a somewhat different way of conceiving of law, and indeed
AND
a range of hearers. All these things mark it as a rhetorical system

Vote negative to shake the rug out from under the legal system by engaging in constant, active criticism.  Even if we cannot articulate an alternative vision for the future, this form of criticism is a necessary prerequisite to any successful move toward liberation.

Joseph William Singer, Associate Professor of Law at Boston University, 1984
~"The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory," Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis~
What shall we do then about legal theory? I think we should abandon the
AND
that we cannot prove them to be "true" or "right."

Rorty has distinguished between two broad types of theory: systematic and edifying. n165
AND
establish a framework that will set bounds on the legitimate content of discourse.

Edifying philosophers, on the other hand, seek to shake the rug out from
AND
us realize that our views are matters of commitment rather than knowledge. n166

Legal scholars can perform an edifying role by broadening the perceived scope of legitimate institutional
AND
and again, that a wider range of alternatives is available to us.

I therefore advocate the persistent demonstration in all doctrinal fields that both the legal rules
AND
live together. We are going to have to answer that question ourselves.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 6 | Opponent: JCCC DD | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

Case

Hege

Heg high now- military strength key

Kagan 12
Robert Kagan PhD, Brookings Institute fellow "Not Fade Away: Against the Myth of American Decline" http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/17-us-power-kagan, JA
Military capacity matters, too, as early nineteenth-century China learned and Chinese
AND
battle. American naval power remains predominant in every region of the world. 

Troops provide a key impact for deterrence which prevent multiple negative scenarios

Flournoy and Davidson 12
MICHÈ LE FLOURNOY is Co-Founder of the Center for a New American Security and former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. JANINE DAVIDSON is a Professor at George Mason University and former U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Plans. "Obama’s New Global Posture: The Logic of U.S. Foreign Deployments" http://aa.usembassy.or.kr/pdf12/IN41.pdf
DURING THE Pentagon’s last global posture review, in 2004, then U.S
AND
will not abandon the region at a time of great change and uncertainty. 

Even if deterrence fails troops are used for a multiple of things

Flournoy and Davidson 12
MICHÈ LE FLOURNOY is Co-Founder of the Center for a New American Security and former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. JANINE DAVIDSON is a Professor at George Mason University and former U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Plans. "Obama’s New Global Posture: The Logic of U.S. Foreign Deployments" http://aa.usembassy.or.kr/pdf12/IN41.pdf
Should deterrence fail, forward-stationed military forces are well placed to facilitate a
AND
not having to put American men and women in harm’s way later. 4 

Heg key to encourage international coalitions against nuclear terrorism

Knowles 2010 ~Robert, Visiting Assistant Professor at Chicago-Kent College of Law, "TEN QUESTIONS: RESPONSES TO THE TEN QUESTIONS," William Mitchell Law Review, vol 36, 5061~
Nonetheless, there are some who argue that we are already living in a multipolar
AND
is to ensure that the political brances adhere to the rule of law.

Hegemony key to stopping nuclear proliferation/terrorism

Mandelbaum ’10
(Michael, Director for United States Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University as well as a PhD at Harvard, Carnegie Council, "The Frugal Superpower: America’s Global Leadership in a Cash-Strapped Era", AO)
The United States has also taken the lead in trying to prevent what is,
AND
nuclear-armed neighbors Russia and China, they themselves need nuclear weapons.

Nuclear proliferation causes extinction, health, environmental, educational, and moral devastation.

Wickersham ’11
(Bill, University of Missouri adjunct professor of Peace Studies and a member of The Missouri University Nuclear Disarmament Education Team, Columbia Tribune, "Nuclear weapons still a threat-Disarmament would avoid accidental war.", http://www.columbiatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/nuclear-weapons-still-a-threat/article_9ad4a514-9bea-59d0-9921-11a70c967e16.html, AO)
Nearly 20 years after the Cold War ended, humankind still faces the distinct possibility
AND
tipped missiles available. Next time, we might not be so lucky.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Josh Miller

Case

Accountability

Heg is unsustainable and declining; debt, rising powers, denial technologies, a decline in US influence, and lowering public support.

Mazarr 2012 (Michael J. Mazarr, professor of national security strategy at the U.S. National War College. The Risks of Ignoring Strategic Insolvency, THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY j FALL 2012, https://dev.csis.org/files/publication/twq12FallMazarr.pdf-https://dev.csis.org/files/publication/twq12FallMazarr.pdf, bs)

To be clear, a significant U.S. leadership role in world politics
AND
with the massive expenditures and national efforts necessary to sustain the existing paradigm.

Heg good scholars exaggerate and make silly conclusions

Duarte 2013 (Érico Esteves Duarte, Professor of International Relations and the International Strategic Studies Doctoral Program at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, MILITARY POWER, FINANCIAL CRISIS AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY PANORAMA IN THE 21ST CENTURY Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy 26 International Relations, v.2, n.3, Jan-Jun 2013 | p.9-43, bs)

For example, in comparison with the possibilities of projecting American power in Europe and
AND
as undertaken in this article, only preliminary assessments of contemporary international security.

Countries consent to US drone activity

Foust and Boyle 2012 (Joshua Foust and Ashley S. Boyle, writers for the American Security project. The Strategic Context of Lethal Drones, A framework for discussion, August 16 , 2012, http://www.scribd.com/doc/102744195/The-Strategic-Context-of-Lethal-Drones-http://www.scribd.com/doc/102744195/The-Strategic-Context-of-Lethal-Drones, bs)
Criticisms of US drone programs frequently center on questions of legality. Despite claiming the
AND
questions regarding the use of lethal drones do not apply to these conflicts.

Adv Norms

Society is haunted by the death drive – a drive towards nonexistence and death.  The necessity of political intervention to save us from impending doom  and fear of death is a fantasy of self-fulfillment that denies the existence of the death drive and projects anxiety onto queer bodies who are deemed futureless.

Giffney 08 (Noreen, Professor of Queer Theory at University College of Dublin, Queering the Non/Human, p. 65-7, )
For Edelman, reproductive futurism presents ’an always impossible future’ (11), ’
AND
the mere mechanisms in motion’ (69). mechanisms in motion’ (69).

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Standford GR | Judge: Lindsey Shook

Case

Genealogy

Foucaultian theories inherently wrong, two reasons no clear evil power and lack of a criterion for truth.

Hooke 1987 (Alexander E., Professor of Philosophy at Stevenson University, SAGE, Political Theory, Vol. 15, No. 1, "The Order of Others: Is Foucault’s Antihumanism against Human Action?", p.38-39) AO
Even though this incident may not be typical, one should be cautioned about drawing
AND
informed appraisal of the problems raised by Foucault’s books, essays, and interview

Alternatives to targeted killings worse.

Byman, 2013 (Daniel, Foreign Affairs, The Case for Washington’s¶ Weapon of Choice, Why Drones Work, Volume 92 Number 4, July/August 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139453/daniel-byman/why-drones-work-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139453/daniel-byman/why-drones-work bs)

Critics of drone strikes often fail to take into account the fact that¶ the
AND
indiscriminately bomb civilian areas or use scorched-earth tactics against militant groups.

The data on civilian deaths is often hyped by the Pakistani media and there is no verification of their numbers.

Freedburg, Sydney J., Deputy editor and reporter at breakingdefense.com. 2012. "Drones Strikes: ’Least Horrible’Choice in Pakistan, Yemen." August 21, 2012. http://breakingdefense.com/2012/08/21/drone-strikes-the-least-worst-choice-in-pakistan-yemen/ —Veeder
In Afghanistan and Pakistan, even al-Qaeda and Taliban themselves make relatively little
AND
-mouthed US government, Fair said, the picture is painfully foggy.

The drone vastly exceeds pure representation—the power of the drone is via it’s material agency—the affirmative’s failure to defend a material response to the problem of the drone forecloses new political agency. This precludes our ability to actually change how our relationship to drones have been shaped

Holmqvist, 13
(Dr. Caroline Holmqvist is Senior Lecturer, Department of Security and Strategy at the Swedish National Defence College in Stockholm and a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She holds a PhD in War Studies. "Undoing War: War Ontologies and the Materiality of Drone Warfare" http://mil.sagepub.com/content/41/3/535-http://mil.sagepub.com/content/41/3/535) Henge
Yet the demarcation between subject and object, between people and things, between the
AND
agents, regardless of the ’actual’ autonomy of their decision-making.

Method

Society is haunted by the death drive – a drive towards nonexistence and death.  The necessity of political intervention to save us from impending doom  and fear of death is a fantasy of self-fulfillment that denies the existence of the death drive and projects anxiety onto queer bodies who are deemed futureless.

Giffney 08 (Noreen, Professor of Queer Theory at University College of Dublin, Queering the Non/Human, p. 65-7, )
For Edelman, reproductive futurism presents ’an always impossible future’ (11), ’
AND
the mere mechanisms in motion’ (69). mechanisms in motion’ (69).

Tournament: Chico State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Berkeley ME | Judge: Jared Anderson

Case

Legitimacy

Few prisoners have been granted habeus corpus-no one has won it in 3 years, means aff cant solve for a majority of indefinite detention

Frakt 13 (David, Visiting Professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law and a Lieutenant Colonel in the US Air Force JAG Corps Reserve, "Release the Cleared Guantanamo Detainees to End the Hunger Strike." April 30th, 2013. Jurist. http://jurist.org/forum/2013/04/david-frakt-hunger-strike.php~~23-http://jurist.org/forum/2013/04/david-frakt-hunger-strike.php -Veeder)
One of the most vexing problems currently facing the administration of US President Barack Obama
AND
, no detainee has prevailed in a habeas corpus petition in three years.

The court of appeals can reject habeas corpus hearing decisions when the DOJ appeals any decisions to grant Habeas. Means habeas hearings will always be rejected

Azmy 2012 (The Face of Indefinite Detention¶ By BAHER AZMY¶ Published: September 14, 2012http:www.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/opinion/life-and-death-at-guantanamo-bay.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/opinion/life-and-death-at-guantanamo-bay.html?_r=0, bs)¶
In the landmark 2008 case Boumediene v. Bush, the Supreme Court ruled that
AND
for the court to restore its promise of meaningful review of their cases.

Court decisions don’t change the executives policies-there are always loopholes and they take too long to create effective change

Scheppele 12 (Kim Lane, Director of the program in Law and Public Affairs at Princeton.  "The New Judicial Deference," Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, January 2012 http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/SCHEPPELE.pdf-http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/SCHEPPELE.pdf -Veeder)
In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
AND
present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

Heg doesn’t solve war – US lacks influence it used to have to influence conflicts

Mastanduno 2009
 (Michael, Professor of Government at Dartmouth, World Politics 61, No. 1, Ebsco,)
During the cold war the United States dictated the terms of adjustment. It derived
AND
way, but it can no longer count on getting its own way.

Democracy

The Justice system is racist and Islamophobic. Muslims accused of terrorism are presumed guilty and subjected to dehumanizing conditions and torture in the American prisons they would send them to. That turns the aff.

Brittain in 2013
(Victoria, journalist and former editor at the Guardian, "U.S. Muslims guilty until proven innocent", http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/-http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/, rcheek)
A four-month hunger strike...like the abuses at Guantanamo, gain the attention they deserve.

And, focusing on indefinite detention ignores the systemic violence experienced by millions in prisons across the democratic world

Johns in 2005
(Fleur, Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Law, Sydney, Australia, "Guantánamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception", http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full-http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full, rcheek)
In arguing against Agamben and others that the experience of the exception anticipated by Schmitt
AND
immigrants in the most informal and vulnerable sectors of the contemporary economy.99

Modeling of the US is decreasing now because the US constitution is seen as static

Law 26 Versteeg 12 (David S, Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law at Washington University. Mila, Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law at University of Virginia. "The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution," New York University Law Review, Vol. 87, 2012. –Veeder)
The appeal of American constitutionalism as a model for other countries appears to be waning
AND
would follow its lead. But the world would surely pay close attention.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas CD | Judge: Dallas Perkins

Case

Soft power

Can’t solve soft power—massive budget cuts and lack of organization make single issues minute—their solvency takes decades

Nye ’11 Joseph Nye, invented ’soft power’ and also Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor, "The War on Soft Power," Foreign Policy, 4/12/2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/12/the_war_on_soft_power?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full
Last week, U.S. President Barack Obama and Congress struggled until the
AND
there is no overarching strategy or budget that even tries to integrate them.

Soft power fails - cultural influence doesn’t spill over to power competition

Josef Joffe, Marc and Anita Abramowitz Fellow in International Relations at Hoover Institution, "The Perils of Soft Power," Hoover Digest, No. 3, 2006, accessed 1/7/10 http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/4634921.html
There may be little or no relationship between America’s ubiquity and its actual influence.
AND
in hand with the country’s, or at least its government’s, condemnation.

Modeling

Court decisions don’t change the executives policies-there are always loopholes and they take too long to create effective change

Scheppele 12 (Kim Lane, Director of the program in Law and Public Affairs at Princeton.  "The New Judicial Deference," Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, January 2012 http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/SCHEPPELE.pdf-http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/SCHEPPELE.pdf -Veeder)
In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
AND
present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

The president would disregard the decision-only makes the court look weaker

Pushaw 04 (Robert J, James Wilson Endowed Professor, Pepperdine University School of Law, "Defending Deference: A Response to Professors Epstein and Wells." Missouri Law Review, Vol 69, Issue 4, Fall 04. http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=359626context=mlr-http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=359626context=mlr –Veeder)
Civil libertarians have urged the Court to exercise the same sort of judicial review over
AND
as an institution, as Chief Justice Taney learned the hard way. 59 

====Restoring legitimacy to the court takes a long time====
Dutra 10 (Anthony, JD from Boston University School of Law. "NOTE: MEN COME AND GO, BUT ROE ABIDES: WHY ROE V. WADE WILL NOT BE OVERRULED," Boston University Law Review 90 B.U.L. Rev. 1261, June 2010. http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/DUTRA.pdf-http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/DUTRA.pdf -Veeder)
The legitimacy of the Court is particularly important because the Justices are appointed for life
AND
most certain consequence of overruling Roe would be a massive political upheaval."138

Modeling of the US is decreasing now because the US constitution is seen as static

Law 26 Versteeg 12 (David S, Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law at Washington University. Mila, Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law at University of Virginia. "The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution," New York University Law Review, Vol. 87, 2012. –Veeder)
The appeal of American constitutionalism as a model for other countries appears to be waning
AND
would follow its lead. But the world would surely pay close attention.

Democratic peace empirically false and fails due to inevitable backsliding

Mearsheimer ’1 John J. Mearsheimer, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of political science at the University of Chicago and co-director of the Program on International Security Policy, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 2001, pp. 367-368
As challenges to realism go, democratic peace theory is among the strongest.  Still
AND
-democratic for at least part of the twenty-first century.16  

No one takes the US seriously - multiple alt causes preclude modeling

Lanny A. Breuer, partner at law firm Covington 26 Burling and co-chair of the White Collage Defense and Investigations practice group, and Mark Brzezinski, partner at law firm McQuireWoods where he manages the international practice, "Repairing America’s image abroad will take time," The Washington Times, 28 August 2008, accessed 1/7/10 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/28/repairing-americas-image-abroad-will-take-time/
In the past, America was held up as the model of democratic practice.
AND
do not exist in splendid isolation. They are models worthy of imitation."

Tournament: Districts 2014 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Puget Sound DM | Judge: Mike Bausch

Case

1. The 1AC re-entrenches oppression and doesn’t solve anything. First, the offense –

B. Turn – The 1AC confuses the oppressed into accepting institutional arrangements which cements and replicates the institutions the 1AC criticizes.

Esteva et al 01 (https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf-https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf, Gustavo, Grassroots activist, "From A Pedagogy for Liberation to Liberation from Pedagogy,")IAA
As victims, we have been seduced into believing that schooling and education are prerequisites
AND
As a result, people’s self image and self-capacities are altered.

C. Turn – critical pedagogy education only serves to transform individuals into objects in service of the global market system for exploitation.

Esteva et al 01 (https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf-https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf, Gustavo, Grassroots activist, "From A Pedagogy for Liberation to Liberation from Pedagogy,")IAA
In attempting to define "education," Tolstoi observed that education is a conscious effort
AND
their own life. One of their first steps is to escape education.

D. The 1AC’s call for imagination through a critically pedagogical method is counterproductive, it re-entrenches oppression and turns the case.

Esteva et al 01 (https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf-https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf, Gustavo, Grassroots activist, "From A Pedagogy for Liberation to Liberation from Pedagogy,")IAA
Freire was particularly unable to perceive the impact of the corruption which occurs when the
AND
legitimate their own role as liberators. Herein, they betray their intentions.

F. Turn – emancipators create subjects labeled as bad subjects which allows for the dominant oppressive institution to subject them to further oppression.

Esteva et al 01 (https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf-https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf, Gustavo, Grassroots activist, "From A Pedagogy for Liberation to Liberation from Pedagogy,")IAA
We cannot call them educators. Even less can we call them Freirean educators.
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, in the jungle of Chiapas, or on a farm in Kentucky. 

B. Claims of solvency through critically pedagogical educators leads to the oppressed destroying family and communal lifes.

Esteva et al 01 (https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf-https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf, Gustavo, Grassroots activist, "From A Pedagogy for Liberation to Liberation from Pedagogy,")IAA
The illusion that education delivers employment, prestige and social mobility, which proved real
AND
," are revaluing their own wisdom, skills, and competencies for living. 

C. Claims if educational equality and justice actually produce worst forms of modern day oppression.

Esteva et al 01 (https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf-https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/330T/350kPEEEstevaVsFreiretable.pdf, Gustavo, Grassroots activist, "From A Pedagogy for Liberation to Liberation from Pedagogy,")IAA
Across the globe, education is promoted in the name of equality and justice.
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kinds of privileges; the many suffer all kinds of discriminations and disqualification.

D. Empowerment pedagogies like the AFF are doomed to fail – they either preach to the choir, failing to effect change or lead to backlash, alienation, and to the success of conservative counter-propaganda.

Graff 94(George M., Pullman English and Education Professor, University of Chicago, "The Pedagogical Turn," The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, 27(1), Spring, Jstor, 1994)
Then, too, the education boom has so far produced more talk than action
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, the unpersuaded become angry, alienated, and receptive to conservative counterpropaganda.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Berkeley GW | Judge: Sam Allen

Michigan an upheld now—4 solid votes and Kennedy showing signs to vote conservative

USA Today, 10-15
("Justices voice support for state affirmative action ban" http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/15/supreme-court-affirmative-action-race-michigan/2969443/-http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/15/supreme-court-affirmative-action-race-michigan/2969443/) Henge
WASHINGTON — A majority of Supreme Court justices appeared to agree Tuesday that states can
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while serving as U.S. solicitor general in 2009-10.

Liberal Court decisions cause public pressure in response and opposing state movements—link turns the case

Virginia School of Law 10 ~Cites findings from Klarman, the Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor of Law at Harvard and a former professor at Virginia, presented "The Supreme Court, Social Change, and Political Backlash," on Nov. 16 in Caplin Pavilion. "Controversial Court Decisions Sometimes Create Backlash, Klarman Says" Nov. 22, 2010 http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2010_fall/klarman.htm c.shack-http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2010_fall/klarman.htm c.shack~
Landmark court decisions on contentious social issues such as abortion and the death penalty have
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might in the long term not advance your political agenda," he said.

Kennedy is extremely susceptible to public opinion and would switch vote

Baum and Devin 10 ~Lawrence and Neal, College of William 26 Mary Law School William 26 Mary Law School Scholarship Repository "Why the Supreme Court Cares About Elites, Not the American People" http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=214926context=facpubs-http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=214926context=facpubs c.shack~
The media’s in?uence in shaping the Justices’ decision making is something¶ that we will
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such, more interested in press and academic commentary about¶ the Court.

Affirmative action is worse for minorities and harms the economy—prevents key workers from graduation

NYT, 13
(New York Times; Dan Slater is a lawyer. "Does Affirmative Action Do What It Should?" http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/does-affirmative-action-do-what-it-should.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/does-affirmative-action-do-what-it-should.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0) Henge
WHAT’S more important to how your life turns out: the prestige of the school
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a closer, numbers-based look at the consequences, for everyone.

Studies prove decline causes war

Royal ’10 
(Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Berkeley GW | Judge: Sam Allen

Plan: The United States federal judiciary should rule that prisoners in military custody who have won their habeas corpus hearing cannot be imprisoned.

We advocate the entirely of the 1AC sans the words "detain", "detainees", and "detainment". The use of the word detainees cleanses the ideology of indefinite detention, it is a representation formulated by the United States federal government to loophole through the standards of the Geneva Convention, and ignores the actuality of the prisoners.

Ahmad ’9
(Muneer L., Clinical professor of law at Yale Law School, Northwestern University School of Law, "Resisting Guantanamo: Rights at the Brink of Dehumanization", Vol. 103, No. 4, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v103/n4/1683/LR103n4Ahmad.pdf-http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v103/n4/1683/LR103n4Ahmad.pdf, AO)
Throughout this Article, I refer to the individuals incarcerated at Guantánamo as ?prisoners
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, a reality I believe is better captured by describing them as prisoners.

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNLV OK | Judge: Ashley Moore

Text: The Supreme Court of the United States should distinguish Korematsu  v. The United States as having no future precedential value.

====Overruling Korematsu is an act of erasing the past====
Huguet 2000
William Reed Huguet* Recipient of the 1999-2000 Association Henri Capitant, Louisiana Chapter award for best student paper on a civil law topic or a comparative law topic with a core emphasis in the civil law Louisiana Law Review Spring, 2000 60 La. L. Rev. 1003
The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stands upon firm legal ground in refuting the lower
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exception of Young v. Logue, dealt with retroactivity of legislation. n38

====The aff overrules the past in attempt to forget— this is constitutional progressivism ====
Kapczynski  2005 Amy Kapczynski* Post-Doctoral Fellow in Law and Public Health, Yale Law School. J.D. 2003 Cardozo Law Review 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1041 February, 2005
For Tribe, "most of the Constitution’s story ... is a story of struggle
AND
to look for the best in our history, and improve upon it.

====The 1AC’s effort of replace the past leads to extermination in the present====
BAUDRILLARD 2003 http://www.egs.edu/faculty/baudrillard/baudrillard-simulacra-and-simulation-03-holocaust.html-
Forgetting extermination is part of extermination, because it is also the extermination of memory
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- it is achieved in retro, finally elevated here to a mass level

Distinguishing takes a different position towards the past than overruling – the plan is an act of erasing the past

Stanford Enyclopedia of philosophy 2006 STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY  2006
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-prec/-http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-prec/
On the first point, Common Lawyers ordinarily think of precedents as constituting the law
AND
lawyers do not, then, conceptualise distinguishing along lines analogous to overruling.

====The attempt to move beyond the past whitewashes racism and recreates the impacts of the 1AC – distinguishing is key====
IRC in 2006
(InterReligious Council of Central New York, http://www.irccny.org/programs/cwd/racism/fr_session5.php, rcheek)

According to this view, we must work to improve racial understanding, end prejudice
AND
carefully at our institutions, and make the needed changes at all levels.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas CD | Judge: Dallas Perkins

DA

Drone strikes are decreasing, there’s a new shift on gathering intelligence.

Taylor 26 Wong 10/09/2013 (Guy Taylor and Kristina Wong, contributors to the Washington Times-The Washington Times Wednesday, October 9, 2013, Drone strikes plummet as U.S. seeks more human intelligence, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/9/drone-strikes-drop-as-us-craves-more-human-intelli/-http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/9/drone-strikes-drop-as-us-craves-more-human-intelli/, bs)

The number of drone strikes approved by the Obama administration on suspected terrorists has fallen
AND
leading independent body examining the U.S. government’s secretive drone program.

Restrictions on indefinite detention empirically lead to a massive increase in drone use.

Crandall 2013 (Carla Crandall, J.D., J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University. If You Can¶ ’t Beat Them, Kill Them: Complex¶ Adaptive Systems Theory and the Rise in Targeted¶ Killing Seton Hall Law Review¶ Volume 43 | Issue 2 Article 3¶ 4-19-2013¶ ¶ http://erepository.law.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=146626context=shlr-http://erepository.law.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=146626context=shlr, bs)

Given this recent expansion, drone warfare largely has been associated with President Obama.
AND
instigated an unforeseen and unintended shift away from capture and toward targeted killing.

Pakistani instability allows for insurgent government takeover; Risks global nuclear war

Pitt 09 (William, NYT bestselling author of War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want you to Know, Editor and columnist at truthout.org, May 8, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens The World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183-http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183)

The United States, already embroiled in a war against Taliban forces in Afghanistan,
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Indo-Pak war guarantees extinction.

Hundley 12 (Tom Hundley is senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting-http://pulitzercenter.org/. This article for Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center’s Gateway project-http://pulitzercenter.org/going-nuclear on nuclear security. Race to the End-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3)
The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan’s
AND
it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Travis Cochran

The drone vastly exceeds pure representation—the power of the drone is via it’s material agency—the affirmative’s failure to defend a material response to the problem of the drone forecloses new political agency

Holmqvist, 13
(Dr. Caroline Holmqvist is Senior Lecturer, Department of Security and Strategy at the Swedish National Defence College in Stockholm and a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She holds a PhD in War Studies. "Undoing War: War Ontologies and the Materiality of Drone Warfare" http://mil.sagepub.com/content/41/3/535-http://mil.sagepub.com/content/41/3/535) Henge
Yet the demarcation between subject and object, between people and things, between the
AND
agents, regardless of the ’actual’ autonomy of their decision-making.

Their correlationist focus on ideology is the root of all violence and ecological destruction—we must recognize the ontologies of nonhuman objects to understand the world

Bryant, 12
(Levi Bryant is Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. "The Stakes of SR/NFM/OOO/Onticology: Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolves?" http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/the-stakes-of-srnfmoooonticology-whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-wolves/-http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/the-stakes-of-srnfmoooonticology-whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-wolves/) Henge
By SR I mean "speculative realism", by "NFM" new materialist feminism
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very much the spirit of what’s unfolding with the new materialisms and realisms.

Vote negative to engage in an object-oriented inquiry of drones

Current ontological theory rejects the importance of objects, yet they are intrinsically related to politics—the aff’s worldview prevents reflection and restricts political potential

Shaw and Meehan, 13
(Ian Shaw is a research fellow in the School of Geographical and Earth Sciences at the University of Glasgow. Katharine Meehan is an Assistant Professor in Geography at the University of Oregon. "Force-Full: Power, Politics, and Object-Oriented Philosophy" http://www.academia.edu/3550209/Force-Full_Power_Politics_and_Object-Oriented_Philosophy-http://www.academia.edu/3550209/Force-Full_Power_Politics_and_Object-Oriented_Philosophy) Henge
From aerial drones to border fences, from peace treaties to infectious diseases, objects
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2004a, 2004b) the appearance and distribution of objects in a world.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Travis Cochran

CP

Text: The President of the United States should restrain his use of war power by .

Restraint solves – exec shows initiative to stop squo use of AUMF, solves unending war

Kaper 13 (Stacy, "How to restrict the presidents power to wage war," National Journal, 036042167, 6/15/2013)IAA
¶ In the first major counterterrorism speech of his second term, President Obama argued
AND
you don’t have to show that it is tied to al-Qaida."¶

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Josh Miller

A. Interpretation – Should is defined as immediate action

Summers 94 (Supreme Court Justice @ Oklahoma Supreme Court, "Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant," 11/8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287~~23marker2fn14)
The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word "should
AND
. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).

B. Violation – The affirmative requires the creation of a court before any executive power is restricted via court
C. Standards

1. Limits – Explodes limits for aff and neg by approaching the 1AC with two different advocates
   3. Extra topicality  – they go beyond the resolution which allows affirmatives to spike out of links and counterplans and gives them advantages that they would otherwise not have.– independent voter
   4. Effectual topicality- The 1AC requires multiple steps before actually restricting any executive authority, means they can gain advantages off of the different steps, first congressional action or their solvency and then judicial modeling.
   D. Voter for fairness and education

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona MY | Judge: Jeff Lundeen

K

Resistance to Obama’s politics is driven by racialized white anxiety over his Otherness

Carrington in 2009
(Ben, teaches sociology at the University of Texas at Austin, and is a Carnegie Visiting Research Fellow at Leeds Metropolitan University, "Fear of a black president: in the US a barely concealed racist backlash is helping to undermine fragile moves towards progress", Soundings, 43, p. 114, rcheek)

’I can’t trust Obama. I have read about him ... he’s an Arab’.
AND
an Arab, was still intent in turning America into a communist state.

for a country that once took whiteness as the foundation of citizenship, the election of a black president is a victory we should celebrate. Criticisms of Obama’s presidency are mired in white supremacy.

Coates in 2012
(Ta-Nehisi, senior editor at The Atlantic, "Fear of a Black President", The Atlantic, September 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/-http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/, rcheek)

The idea that blacks should hold no place of consequence in the American political future
AND
the Obama presidency, warning him away from candor about America’s sordid birthmark.

And, Racism is the root cause of violence

Foucault 76 (Michel, Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-1976, p. 254-257 Trans. David Macey, MV)

What in fact is racism? It is primarily a way of introducing a break
AND
half of the nineteenth century), except by activating the theme of racism.

The alternative is to vote negative to speak out against the racism embedded in the 1AC criticism of Obama’s indefinite detention policy.

Only by speaking out against racism can we hope to eliminate it. Privileging their exaggerated impact scenarios sustains the dominant structures that make institutional racism inevitable

IRC in 2006
(InterReligious Council of Central New York, http://www.irccny.org/programs/cwd/racism/fr_session5.php-http://www.irccny.org/programs/cwd/racism/fr_session5.php, rcheek)

According to this view, we must work to improve racial understanding, end prejudice
AND
carefully at our institutions, and make the needed changes at all levels.

Tournament: Districts 2014 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Sam Allen

Flex DA

Legislative and Judicial checks on the executive prevent effective responses to nuclear terrorism and proliferation

Li 2009 (ZHEYAO LI, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, Winter, 2009¶ The Georgetown Journal of Law Public Policy¶ 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373, lexis, bs)
Another tenet of the Congressionalist position is "balanced institutional participation in foreign affairs."
AND
congressional debate and approval before acting to prevent the loss of American lives.

Prolif risks extinction

Kroenig ’12 Matthew Kroenig, Council on Foreign Relations Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow and Georgetown University assistant professor of government, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 5/26/2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30
Should we worry about the spread of nuclear weapons?  At first glance, this
AND
the steps necessary to combat the spread of the world’s most dangerous weapons.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman AP | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Framework

A. Interpretation – The affirmative must affirm the topic instrumentally. The 1AC must include a topical plan that is justified with a normative defense of federal government adoption of such a policy. 

B. Definitional Support:

1. The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon – the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters
    Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2000
   http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm-http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm
   Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on… If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.

2. Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
 American Heritage Dictionary – 2000 ~www.dictionary.com~
 3 Used to express probability or expectation

3. The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
 Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 ~http://encarta.msn.com~~
 "The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC."

C. Violation – The affirmative is not an instrumental affirmation of the resolution – they affirm the topic as a rhetorical restriction

D. Reasons to Prefer

1. Ground – Refusing to defend the implementation of the plan/resolution erases all predictable negative counterplan, disadvantage and case ground. While we may have arguments indicting the idea of the plan or personal advocacy, we’ll never have evidence saying their specific advocacy of the plan is bad. This eliminates all of our resolutionally-based offensive arguments.

2. Topical Education – By manipulating the topic to access a political project they destroy discussion of the important question asked by the resolution. This tactic promotes debate that is either stagnant or shallow 

3.  Extra Topicality – Even if they claim to "defend" their plan – they skirt discussion of its merits by arguing the benefits derived from their advocacy outweigh. This is a voting issue because we’re forced to win framework just to get back to equal footing – extra topicality also proves the resolution insufficient and explodes aff ground.

E. Voting Issue – If we demonstrate the affirmative does not meet the best interpretation of the topic they have failed to justify the resolution and should be rejected. This is the best way to preserve competitive equity by ensuring predictable ground for the negative. 

1. The affirmatives action is out side the "game space of debate" which makes predictable research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate

Hanghøj 2008 (Thorkild Hanghøj PhD, author affiliated with Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf-http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf ) MT
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

====2. Debating over controversial issues is essential to learn about political thinking to understand how policies happen – the affirmatives truth statements destroy our ability to make decisions about right/wrong -  leading to a subjective view of politics and we never change anything – turns the aff====
Steinberg and Freeley 2008
(David L Steinberg is a professor of communication studies – University of Miami, and Austin J Freeley is a  criminal, civil rights law, and personal injury attorney., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pg.3-4 ) MT
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

====3. Without traditional political simulations we become passive spectators in the political sphere - leading to alienation and the worst form of politics – switch side debate is key====
Joyner  1999 – Christopher C Jouner Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University Spring, 1999 5 ILSA J Int’l 26 Comp L 377 ILSA Journal of International 26 Comparative Law
Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

Tournament: Districts 2014 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Sam Allen

FW

A) Interpretation: The affirmative should not defend the United States federal government.

B) Violation: The 1AC defends a plan using the USfg as the actor.

C) Standards:

1. Education: Topic specific education claims are bunk, we need to see how we personally interact with the world we live in, roleplaying turns us in to actors that don’t take their lines home with them at the end of the day.
   2. Agency:  Agency can only be articulated when we put ourselves in opposition to the status quo—we can only claim agency by rejecting a state view of politics. 

Policymakers attempts to impose order and certainty on the world result in constant war and violence

Burke in 2007
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, pMUSE, cheek)
~23  At the same time, Kissinger’s hubris and hunger for control was beset by
AND
the control of the weapons themselves, into political utility and rational strategy.

Tournament: Chico State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Puget Sound DM | Judge: Luis Magallon

Futurism

Society is haunted by the death drive – a drive towards nonexistence and death.  The necessity of political intervention to save us from impending doom  and fear of death is a fantasy of self-fulfillment that denies the existence of the death drive and projects anxiety onto queer bodies who are deemed futureless.

Giffney 08 (Noreen, Professor of Queer Theory at University College of Dublin, Queering the Non/Human, p. 65-7, )
For Edelman, reproductive futurism presents ’an always impossible future’ (11), ’
AND
the mere mechanisms in motion’ (69). mechanisms in motion’ (69). 

Futurism necessitates violence.  The queer must be exterminated in order to achieve harmony.

Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Lacanian Psychoanalyst, Lacan and the Political, p. 99-101, Questia, )
Our age is clearly an age of social fragmentation, political disenchantment and open cynicism
AND
functioning society as a highly problematic area (seminar of 18 June 1958).

The social order will always project images of potential suffering and violence which necessitate positive actions to avoid catastrophes.  Our foremost ethical duty is to challenge this forced choice: to take make the impossible decision and say yes to all their threats.

Edelman 04 (Lee, Prof @ Tuffman University, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive, P. 108-9, )
On the face of Mount Rushmore, as he faces the void to which he
AND
which everything "human," to have one, must turn its face. 

The alternative is to vote negative.  This is not mere word play – we are at war with the entire system that makes their aff meaningful.   Use the ballot to identify with death, queerness, and negativity in the face of a politics that is only valuable through some reconciled, future order.  Aligning oneself with negativity is the only way to reclaim life from constant deferral to the future.

Schotten 09 (C. Heike, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Nietzsche’s Revolution: Decadence, Politics, and Sexuality, p. 203-6, )
Instead of falling prey to the logic of the Child, however, and its
AND
he knew the choice was a setup—like all dichotomies, false.

Tournament: Districts 2014 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Puget Sound DM | Judge: Mike Bausch

CP

Counter-Advocacy: We affirm a politics of radical imagination in response to unrestricted war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of targeted killing.

Counterplan solves the entirety of the case without the use of a radical politics of hope. The use of hope makes individuals vulnerable.

Logan, Walker 26 Hunt 9 (T. K., Robert, 26 Gretchen, Trauma Violence Abuse, "Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States", p. 11-12, Pg. 24)IAA
A third route to slavery is being tricked. Even in the face of grueling
AND
situations are looking for ways out and can get manipulated into trafficking situations. 

And that turns the case: Vulnerability is a form of resentment that guarantees a politics of revenge

Solomon 94(Robert C., professor of continental philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin, "Genealogy, Essays on Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals" edited by Richard Schacht, p.102-103)
Because resentment is thus frustrated as action and in its expression, it becomes most
AND
fuming"- rather than "raging," which would quickly burn itself out.

Tournament: Chico State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Berkeley ME | Judge: Jared Anderson

Politics

Obama’s push against the new Iran bill is working, that’s key to prevent a senate veto proof majority

JTA 1/10/14 ( JTA and Haaretz | Jan. 10, 2014, Iran sanctions have majority backing in Senate, but is it enough to override a veto?, http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.567977-http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.567977, soper)

More than half the U.S. Senate has signed on to a bill
AND
U.S. House of Representatives had a veto-proof majority.

Usurping presidential authority tanks political capital.

Loomis 2007 (3/2/2007, Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy," pg 35-36) 

Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
influences infiltrate policy-making processes and affect the character of policy decisions.

Political Capital’s key to a successful veto threat

Slezak 2007 - (Nicole, UCLA "The Presidential Veto: A Strategic Asset," 2007, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Vater/Slezak.pdf)

Spitzer states that the veto is the "key presidential weapon,"13 and I
AND
losing capital and attempt to bargain with Congress or simply pass ¶ legislation.

New sanctions cause Iranian prolif and Israel Strikes

Rohdejan 1/15/14 (DAVID ROHDEJAN, columnist for Reuters, two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize, and a former reporter for The New York Times. 15 2014, Democrats Could Wreck Obama’s Biggest Foreign Policy Success, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/democrats-could-wreck-obamas-biggest-foreign-policy-success/283103/)

Democrats who support the new sanctions bill claim that their goal is to give Obama
AND
no need for Democratic senators to add to the chaos for political gain.

Israel Strike causes mid-east war, terrorism, and a global economic meltdown

Reuveny ’10 Rafael Reuveny, professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, "Guest Opinion: Unilateral strike on Iran could trigger world depression," McClatchy, 2010, http://www.indiana.edu/~~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Chico State | Round: 3 | Opponent: USC NO | Judge: Em Parker

Kritik

First, calling on the state to be more transparent only reifies the statist economy of ordering, which turns the aff. We must abandon the economies of positioning and strategy for more tactical and effective forms of resistance

Mann in 1996
(Paul, Professor of English @ Pomona College, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", PMC 6.2, pMUSE-rkc)

Without exception, all positions are oriented toward the institutional apparatus. Marginality here is
AND
not an exception. Effective resistance must be located in other tactical forms.

And, the aff is wrong about transparency and their public sphere politics are doomed to failure. Deception is our ally. Secrecy is the only tactical advantage we have for resistance

Mann in 1996
(Paul, Professor of English @ Pomona College, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", PMC 6.2, pMUSE-rkc)

Even if fog cannot be reduced to a science without being caught up in the
AND
identification with subversives, and of telling everything one knows to one’s enemies.

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 4 | Opponent: UNLV OK | Judge: Ashley Moore

FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF STRUCTURAL KRITIK, THERE CAN BE NO SUCH THING AS ’MAKING THINGS BETTER’— THEIR MODEL OF POLITICS, NO MATTER HOW SUBVERSIVE OR CONSERVATIVE, ALL FUNDAMENTALLY EXAGERATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORMAL INSTITUTION OF POLITICS AND POWER, IGNORING THE WAYS SUCH A SYSTEM CREATES KNOWLEDGE—ONLY A MARXIST SHIFT TO KRITIK THE STRUCTURE AND CREATE MASS SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS WILL OVERCOME THIS FAILURE OF POLITICS

HARNECKER 2000
~Marta, Dir of MEPLA, Links, p. online: http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html wyo~

To think about the construction of forces and the correlation of forces is to change the traditional vision of politics. This vision tends to reduce politics to the struggle over judicial and political institutions and to exaggerate the role of the state. Immediately one thinks of political parties and the fight over the control and orientation of the formal instruments of power.17
The most radical sectors focus all their political action on the conquest of political power and the destruction of the state. The reformists focus on the administration of political power and the exercise of government as the fundamental and sole form of political practice. The popular sectors and their struggles are the ignored colossus. This is what Helio Gallardo calls the "politicism" of the Latin American left.18
2) Overcoming the narrow conception of power
To think about constructing forces is also to overcome the narrow vision that reduces the
AND
its own way of being seen and of looking at the world.19
To think about how to construct forces is also to overcome the old and deeply rooted mistake of trying to build political forces whether through arms or the ballot box without building social force.20
3) Politics as the art of building social force in opposition to the system
The rise of a social force opposing the system is what the ruling classes fear most. That is the source of their narrow conception of politics as the struggle to win positions of power within the institutionalised judicial and political apparatus.
For the left, on the other hand, politics must be the art of building social force in opposition to the system. The left must not, therefore, see the people or popular social force as something given that can be manipulated and only needs to be stirred up, but as something that has to be built.

THE TEMPORAL EMERGENCY OF THE AFFIRMATIVE REPRESENTS A KEY SYMPTOM OF the capitalist CRISIS—THEIR CALL TO INTERVENE DESTROYS THE HOPE OF RADICAL POLITICS TO ENTER THE VACUUM CREATED BY CAPITAL’S CONTRADICTIONS AND RESTABILIZE THE SYSTEM, PROLONGING THE INEVITABLE

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
~Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo~

p. 930
THE difficulty is that the ’moment’ of radical politics is strictly limited by the
AND
very nature it necessarily involves upheaval and the disconcerting prospect of the unknown.
No immediate economic achievement can offer a way out of this dilemma so as to prolong the life-span of revolutionary politics, since such limited economic achievements made within the confines of the old premises — act in the opposite direction by relieving the most pressing crisis symptoms and, as a result, reinforcing the old reproductive mechanism shaken by the crisis.
As history amply testifies, at the first sign of ’recovery’, politics is
AND
which are in fact necessarily dictated by the established socioeconomic structure in crisis.

NEXT, THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A LONG LIST OF OTHER OPPRESSIONS SUCH AS RACE AND GENDER, DESTROYS THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF CLASS TO REACH ACROSS ALL LINES OF INDENTITY AND FORGE POLITICAL ACTION.  CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT—OTHERWISE THE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO SATISFY DEMANDS ON GROUNDS OF FORMAL EQUALITY, DESTROYING ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION*

GIMENEZ (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) 2001
~Martha, "Marxism and Class; Gender and Race", Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html wyo-tjc~

There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
thirty six times (Andersen and Collins, 1995: 1-9).
I agree with the importance of learning from the experience of all groups, especially
AND
relations and interactions are "raced," "classed," and "gendered."
In the RGC perspective, race, gender and class are presented as equivalent systems
AND
just one oppression among others, intersectionality will not realize its revolutionary potential.
Nevertheless, I want to argue against the notion that class should be considered equivalent
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE—IT IS THIS LOGIC THAT MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS IN THE FIRST PLACE

DYER-WITHERFORD (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario) 1999
~Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism.~

For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION

TUMINO (Prof. English @ Pitt) 2001
~Stephen, "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online wyo-tjc~

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
lines of praxis that will lead to building a society free from necessity.
But first I must clarify what I mean by Orthodox Marxism. Like all other
AND
a new society based not on human rights but on freedom from necessity.
I will argue that to know contemporary society—and to be able to act
AND
marxism, feminism, anti-racism, queeries, . . . ).
Such an understanding of social inequality is based on the fundamental understanding that the source
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

RESISTANCE TO CAPITAL MUST BE A TOTAL NEGATION OF THE SYSTEM FROM OUT-SIDE OF GOVERNMENT—WHILE SOME INSIDE POLITICAL GAINS ARE POSSIBLE, THEY ARE TRUMPED BY THE ABILITY OF THE SYSTEM TO USE REFORMS TO RESTABILIZE CAPITAL AND MARGINALIZE LABOR AS A SOCIAL ALTERNATIVE

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
~Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo~

p. 738
Thus the role of labour’s extra-parliamentary movement is twofold. On the one
AND
a vital precondition for countering the massive extra-parliamentary power of capital.

Tournament: Districts 2014 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman DM | Judge: Sam Allen

CP

Plan: The United States federal government should ban all signature strikes.

1. Counterplan competes, doesn’t eliminate drone strikes on low-level operatives specific countries, which the 1AC does.

2. Counterplan is uniquely key to disrupting operational capacities of terror organizations; targeting the middle-person is the best method of disrupting terror cells.

McNeal 2013 (Gregory S. McNeal, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University School of Law. national security specialist focusing on the institutions and challenges associated with global security, with substantive expertise in national security law and policy, transnational crime, global policy studies, and international affairs. Assistant Director of the Institute for Global Security, co-directed a transnational counterterrorism program for the U.S. Department of Justice, and served as an advisor to the Chief Prosecutor of the Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions on matters related to the prosecution of suspected terrorists held in the detention facility in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. TARGETED KILLING AND ACCOUNTABILITY FORTHCOMING IN THE GEORGETOWN LAW JOURNAL, March 5, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583, bs) *We do not defend the patriarchal implementations of the term ’middle-men, edited for sexist undertones*
This becomes obvious when one considers that national security bureaucrats will look beyond criticality and
AND
function, disrupting those  lines of communication can significantly impact those networks.15

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 1 | Opponent: KCKCC GC | Judge: Donny Peters

PIC

Anne and I advocate the entirety of the 1AC sans their use of music

Their methodology is misguided – reliance on culture as a politically subversive tool outside the system plays into fetishization of diversity within the corporate university – your aff just becomes another tool for recruitment.

Juffer 1 (Jane Juffer former director of the Latino/a Studies Initiative @ Penn State 2001 "The Limits of Culture Latino Studies, Diversity Management and the Corporate University" Nepantla: Views from South 2.2 ~quals continued: Associate Professor of English @ Cornell)
A new set of possibilities—for some, an ominous set—confronts Latino
AND
the Right (acknowledging the reductiveness but ongoing purchase of those categories).3

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Josh Miller

Nihilism

To live is to want, and to want is to suffer—the fundamental premise of nature is the Will to live—the aff’s preservation of life is truly just the perpetuation of absolute horrors that pervade all of existence—we always want what we don’t have, and when we achieve our goals, the pleasure is fleeting—there is no way to resolve the pervasion of the Will

Young, 3
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 35-38) Henge
This universal, metaphysically necessary, feature is, of course, ’will’.
AND
the Roman proverb (WR I section 60, WR II chapter 44).

The only efficacious response to the Will is to fundamentally deny it at its core—our alternative is to accept death, letting ourselves starve for the very lack of Will to eat—nothingness is the true meaning of life

Young, 3
(Julian Young, PhD from Pitt and Jr. Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest. "The Death of God and the Meaning of Life" pg. 39-40) Henge
What are we to do about life’s suffering? Though claiming to have arrived at
AND
term of disparagement, Schopenhauer turns out to be a ’European Buddhist’.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman AP | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Objectivism

The aff’s commitment to selfless ethics is a destruction of the self—it results in sacrificial annihilation of personal values

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 17-19) Henge
Selflessness is any moral code that exhorts a man to place something-be it
AND
the exploitation of other people. Let us now turn to that view.

The existence of humanity is dependent upon egoistic values—subjectivist altruism undercuts our only tool of survival

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 33-34) Henge
Ayn Rand described such a self-destructive policy as "placing an ’I wish’
AND
the two philosophical creeds dominant in the Western world: religion and materialism.

Vote negative as an act of heroism

The hero is committed to rational, life-promoting values—the choice is key

Bernstein, 8
(Andrew Bernstein, professor of philosophy at Marist College and SUNY Purchase. "Objectivism in One Lesson" pg. 57-59) Henge
That reason is man’s means of survival has profound impact on the life of each
AND
are directly apparent to an individual’s examination of his own internal mental states.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: ASU AW | Judge: Joel Salcedo

First, policymaking methods are structured by the assumptions of white, male elites. Their analysis is predicated on an instrumental rationality that glosses over gender, race, class and sexuality as being tied to the prevailing relations of power and systemic oppression

Shaw in 2004
(Kathleen M., "Using Feminist Critical Policy Analysis in the Realm of Higher Education: The Case of Welfare Reform as Gendered Educational Policy", Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 75, Issue 1, rcheek)

Feminist critical policy analysis has been most clearly articulated in the work of Catherine Marshall
AND
tied to prevailing relations of power" (1997a, p. 3).

And, roleplaying a state policymaker colludes with an imperialist agenda that maintains status quo power, privilege, and oppression by distancing debaters from real world participation in the political contexts we debate about.

Reid-Brinkley in 2008 
(Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, University of Pittsburgh Department of Communications, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE" 2008)

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to do the same. 

Their method reproduces exceptionalist violence and oppression.  Vote negative to join a revolution in debate capable of instigating the critical consciousness necessary to avert immanent global disaster.

Spanos in 2004
(William V., professor @ Binghamton, printed in Joe Millers’ book "Cross-X" (pg. 467) 2004 and on edebate)

Dear Joe MIller, Yes, the statement about the American debate circuit you refer
AND
the blind arrogance of Bush Administration and his neocon policy makers is leading.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Berkeley GW | Judge: Sam Allen

The Justice system is racist and Islamophobic. Muslims accused of terrorism are presumed guilty and subjected to dehumanizing conditions and torture in the American prisons they would send them to. That turns the aff.

Brittain in 2013
(Victoria, journalist and former editor at the Guardian, "U.S. Muslims guilty until proven innocent", http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/-http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2013/06/10/u-s-muslims-guilty-until-proven-innocent/, rcheek)
A four-month hunger strike, mass force-feedings, and widespread media coverage have at last brought Guantanamo, the notorious offshore prison set up by the Bush administration early in 2002, …The particular cruelty of the punishments they endure even before their unfair trials, will someday, like the abuses at Guantanamo, gain the attention they deserve.

And, focusing on indefinite detention ignores the systemic violence experienced by millions in prisons across the democratic world

Johns in 2005
(Fleur, Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Law, Sydney, Australia, "Guantánamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception", http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full-http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full, rcheek)
In arguing against Agamben and others that the experience of the exception anticipated by Schmitt
AND
immigrants in the most informal and vulnerable sectors of the contemporary economy.99

The alternative is to reject the aff’s reliance on Islamophobic law.

The classroom space of debate is a unique site for the production of Islamophobia. As an educator, you have a responsibility to deconstruct these stereotypes and reinforce anti-oppressive attitudes.

Zaal in 2012
(Mayida, assistant professor at Montclair State University, "Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics", Journal of Adolescent 26 Adult Literacy, 55(6), doi:10.1002/JAAL.00066, rcheek)
Becky and Aysha’s story was brought to my attention when Aysha’s parents sought ¶ guidance
AND
environments in which students can engage as critical ¶ readers of their world.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Standford GR | Judge: Lindsey Shook

PIC

Anne and I advocate the 1AC’s genological approach sans their use of the state

existential and rationalist forms of state reason leave the structures that drive violence ontologically intact.

Burke in 2007
(Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, pMUSE, cheek)

~23  Much of the debate around the war focused on competing claims about its legitimacy
AND
who put a question mark on the right of Israel to exist.6  

State-centric approaches legitimate violence and ties IR theory to the state, recreates boundaries between inside and outside, and ruins the possibility understanding of how the status quo outside of the state

Bleiker, 00 Ph.D. visiting research and teaching affiliations at Harvard, Cambridge, Humboldt, Tampere, Yonsei and Pusan National University as well as the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague,(Roland, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, Cambridge University Press)
To expand the scope of international theory and to bring transversal struggles into focus is
AND
order and provide the state with a legitimate rationale for violent encounters.22-http://www.questia.com/reader/action/next/105471072

Tournament: Chico State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Berkeley ME | Judge: Jared Anderson

T

====Interpretation====
Indefinite detention is government sites holding individuals in custody without informing the detainee when they will be released
PHR 2011 (Physicians for Human Rights Punishment Before Justice: Indefinite Detention in the US June 2011 https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/indefinite-detention-june2011.pdf-https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/indefinite-detention-june2011.pdf) MT
By definition, indefinite detention refers to a situation in which the government places individuals
AND
to evidentiary standards of proof nor over which the detainee has substantial control.   

Violation- The Plan text states military imprisonment- not indefinite detention AND Plantext is extra topical:

Habeas Corpus appeals apply to more than just indefinite detention and war powers, also effects more than just the executive which is Extra T

The free legal dictionary No date (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/habeas+corpus-http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/habeas+corpus)
A writ of habeas corpus directs a person, usually a prison warden, to
AND
however, it is a response to imprisonment by the criminal justice system.

1. Standards

A) Extra T-Their advantages are predicated off of extra topical action which explodes the neg research burden infinitely.  That uniquely decreases limits. 

B) Ground- extra topical advantages stem from areas of ground which compose the non-resolution which is where negative counterplan ground comes from. And they can utilize extra-topical planks to spike out any disadvantage which the negative team can run.  

C) Topic Specific Education- The purpose of the debate resolution is to
define an area in which education for the year will take place. Affirmative’s advocacy of
extra topical planks decreases the amount resolutional education which we receive.

2. Voters for fairness and education AND

A) Extra T-If an advantage a harm solution stems from an extra topical plan plank, the affirmative has not shown that the topic should be adopted.
B) Evaluate the plantext in a vacuum, it’s the only stable advocacy pre-round. 

3. Don’t let them sever out of extra T actions- Severance bad - invalidates pre round disclosure, makes the aff a moving target, abuse is already done because the 1NC strat is set.

4. Evaluate T under competing interpretations, Reasonability allows judge intervention

Tournament: Chico State | Round: 3 | Opponent: USC NO | Judge: Em Parker

T

War powers are defined as the power of the executive to prosecute war

Merriam Webster No date (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/war20power-http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/war power)
the power to make war; specifically :  an extraordinary power exercised usually by the executive branch of a government in the prosecution of a war

b. violation-they do not limit how the president can exercise war powers-only how individuals approach them after

c. standards

1. Limits- they explode aff ground by allowing for things that don’t on face affect the ability for the president to go to war, but rather what the effects of war are.  Explodes numbers of aff’s we have to predict-there could be any aff that creates a court to review the effects of the presidents war powers. 
   2. Topic Specific Education- The purpose of the debate resolution is to define an area in which education for the year will take place. Affirmative’s advocacy of
   effectually topical plans decreases the amount resolutional education which we receive.
   3. Effectually topical-at best it takes multiple steps to see how their aff restricts presidential war powers-it is not through the aff’s plan, but through a change in opinion.  This allows affs to claim unpredictable advantage scenarios that are only tangentially related to the topic

1. Voters for fairness and education AND

A) Evaluate the plantext in a vacuum, it’s the only stable advocacy pre-round. 

2. Evaluate T under competing interpretations, Reasonability allows judge intervention and is arbitrary

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 1 | Opponent: KCKCC GC | Judge: Donny Peters

T

A Interpretation – Restrict means to limit and confine – not prohibit

Words and Phrases 04 (Volume 37A, p. 406)
Miss. 1927.  To "restrict" is to restrain within bounds; to limit; to confine; and does not mean to destroy or prohibit.  Dart v. City of Gulfport, 113 So. 441, 147 Miss. 534.

B. Violation – The affirmative isn’t in the direction of restricting any war powers

C. Standards

a. Ground – Rejecting a war power takes out all of our topic links that are specific to restriction’s imposed by institutions – we can’t get access to our topic disads
b. Limits – All preparation is based off of "restriction" not "ban" – we can’t prepare for every aff that is a restriction or ban – makes neg research endless
c. Extra topicality  – they go beyond the resolution which allows affirmatives to spike out of links and counterplans and gives them advantages that they would otherwise not have.– independent voter
 

D. Voter for fairness and education

Tournament: Chico State | Round: 3 | Opponent: USC NO | Judge: Em Parker

PIC

We advocate the entirety of the 1AC sans the use of the term "targeted killing."

Targeted killing is a euphemism that sanitizes and bureaucratizes a policy of sovereign violence and permanent war

Healy 12 
(Gene, VP of Cato Inst., "Drone-War Double-Think", http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/dronewar-doublethink)

"Political language," George Orwell wrote in 1946, "is designed to make
AND
that "such operations are likely to be extended at least another decade."

Sanitized language makes military reality inevitable – Justifies atrocities like nuclear war

Cohn 87 
(Carol, U Mass Boston, Gender Studies, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals", http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~~rlipsch/pol179/Cohn.pdf)
Mechanisms of the mind’s militarization are revealed through both listening to the language and learning
AND
is talking about and from the realities one is creating through the discourse.

Targeted Killing is a euphemistic anesthetizing discourse that makes murderous violence inevitable

Jones in 2012
(Craig, PhD Candidate, Department of Geography at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, under supervision of Derek Gregory, "The Politics of a Lethal Name", http://warlawspace.com/tag/targeted-killing/-http://warlawspace.com/tag/targeted-killing/, rcheek)
Targeted killing is both an anesthetising discourse and a euphemistic one. Israel invented modern
AND
political statements and – with time – state practice and customary international law.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 4 | Opponent: JCCC SW | Judge: Liz De La Cruz

1NC—Transcendence K

The aff’s theory is purely pragmatic and short-circuits transcendent ethics

Loy, 3
(David Robert Loy is a professor, writer, and Zen teacher in the Sanbo Kyodan tradition of Japanese Zen Buddhism. "The Great Awakening" pg. 23-24) Henge
To say it again, perhaps the main reason for Buddhism’s successful diversity in Asia
AND
once and for all the possibility of another word on the matter. 13

Only transcendence gives meaning to our inevitable deaths—their nihilistic rejection of divinity wrecks life’s only value

Cunningham in 2002
(Conor, Professor of Theology @ Cambridge, "Genealogy of Nihilism", pp. 174-175)
What we may begin to realize is that the form of nihilism’s discourse is complicit
AND
The preparation is carefully carried out so that a ’nonoccurrence’ can occur.

The alternative is to embrace the Eucharist

The eschatological temporality of the Eucharist short-circuits the state soteriology that worships the present moment structured by scarcity. Our incorporation into Christ’s corpus verum weights human action with cosmic significance and reverses the process of dehumanization by resisting the social atomization of the state mythos

Crisp in 2012
(Justin, MDiv candidate @ Yale Divinity School and the Institute of Sacred Music, "The Politics of the Body: Liturgy and the Eucharist in the Twilight of Capitalism", Culture 8.1, http://cultandculture.org/culture/index.php/issues/24-culture-81-fall-2012/81-the-politics-of-the-body-liturgy-and-the-eucharist-in-the-twilight-of-capitalism.html, rcheek)
The second of the three Eucharistic technologies – union – re-humanizes the weak
AND
desire toward the coming of a Kingdom whose fruits have already been tasted.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona MY | Judge: Jeff Lundeen

CP

CP Text: The United States Executive Branch should disclose the procedures of Indefinite Detention.

Transparency on Indefinite Detention solves cred, prevents US citizens from being tortured.

Chaffee 2008 (Rehabilitating the U.S Ban on Torture: ¶ A Call for Transparent Treatment Policy ¶ By Devon Chaffee Oct 18, 2008 , http://www.acslaw.org/files/Chaffee20FINAL.pdf-http://www.acslaw.org/files/Chaffee FINAL.pdf, bs)

Finally, opacity in U.S. interpretation of its obligations to treat detainees
AND
related ¶ opinions need to be completed and made public in some form.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Josh Miller

Virilio

The drone causes an autonomization of warfare where decisions over who to kill are being increasingly determined by technology-this overreliance on technology increases the chance of a world-ending accident, resulting in extinction
Kellner 08 (Douglas, Professor of Philosophy at UCLA . "The Ideology of High-Tech/Postmodern War vs. the Reality of Messy Wars." http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/2008_Kellner_MessyWarPreface_ver29052008FINAL.pdf-http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/2008_Kellner_MessyWarPreface_ver29052008FINAL.pdf -Veeder)
Hence, phenomenal new military technologies are being produced in the Third Millennium, described
AND
social life, as shown in Messy Wars’ chapter 3 about war environment.

The aff’s faith in their ability to control technology continually obscures the possibility of technology to go wrong-the accident is intrinsically tied to the invention and use of technology.

Armitage and Virilio 01 (John, interviewing Paul Virilio, Dromology scholar and Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Switzerland respectively. "Paul Virilio: From Modernism to Hypermodernism and Beyond." Pp. 40-41. -Veeder)
PV: Let me put it this way: every time a technology is invented
AND
~ Asia is an integral accident, well, almost an integral accident. 

Vote negative to admit our powerlessness in controlling the accident.

When faced with catastrophe, we should step back and acknowledge our powerlessness, breaking the endless cycle of invention and destruction that has characterized the 21st century

Virilio 07 (Paul, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, "The Original Accident," translated by Julie Rose. Pp. 3-6. –Veeder)
Faced with this state of affairs in an accelerated temporality that affects customs and moral
AND
, anticipating the imminent emergence of a philosophy of post-industrial eschatology.