Tournament: Mukai | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Puget Sounds CI | Judge: 

Contention One is Indefinite Detention

First, indefinite detention is made possible by the sovereign declaration of the state of exception. Indefinite detention centers produce bare life mirroring the exceptionalism of the sovereign authority to commit violence without consequence.  
Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Schmitt thus inverses the traditional Hobbesian definition of¶ sovereignty as the juridical sanctioned power
AND
hand and reduce political subjects to the naked life of homo¶ sacer.
And the detainee is utilized by the state to create a distinction between those lives it must manage and protect, and those it can kill.
Pease 03 (Donald E., the Avalon Foundation Chair of the Humanities at Dartmouth College. "The Global Homeland State: Bush’s Biopolitical Settlement." Duke University Press, boundary 2 30.3 (2003) –Veeder)
Because the Homeland State had separated the sovereign People from the political rights they were
AND
of the protected population required the state to take them into protective custody. 

And indefinite detention centers are vanishing points maintained through the intersections of biopower and soverign power.. Revealing the different mechanisms of power that constitute these spaces of exception is the first step to opposing them.
Gregory 7
(Derek, Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, "Vanishing Points: Law, Violence and Exception in the Global War Prison," From: Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence, ISBN: 041595147)IAA

The ’vanishing points’ that I seek to identify in this essay can be brought
AND
realized through a series of spaces that fold in and out of them.¶
The state justifies continual expansions in power by appealing to the need to deal with the exceptional circumstances of indefinite detention.
Pease 03 (Donald E., the Avalon Foundation Chair of the Humanities at Dartmouth College. "The Global Homeland State: Bush’s Biopolitical Settlement." Duke University Press, boundary 2 30.3 (2003) –Veeder)
The detention camps were in a realm beyond good and evil, where abduction and
AND
the construction of persons who were construed as exceptions to the human condition.
Focusing on singular instances of indefinite detention misses the boat-we have to we have to analyze the apparatuses that have produced and sustained the power to detain
Gergory 7
(Derek, Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, "Vanishing Points: Law, Violence and Exception in the Global War Prison," From: Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence, ISBN: 041595147)IAA
What are we to make of this image-frenzy? Cultural critics have raised
AND
international law’ is about – and that he has repeatedly called his lawyers.

Biopolitics attempts to secure life against all threats results in a form of survival politics where the ultimate goal is to defeat death. This necessitates the selection of specific lives to make live, and allows for the extermination of all others
Dillon, 2008 (Michael, "Revisiting Franco’s Death" Foucault on Politics, Security and War. Pg 176-178, mb)
If Foucault is right, that liberal peace is the extension of war by other
AND
- is the liberal way of war (Dillon and Reid, 2008).

Contention Two is Archaeology of Exceptionalism

Mark and I affirm the 1AC as an archaeological criticism of the indefinite detention war power authority of the president of the United States.

First, archaeological criticism is the best method to reveal the extra discursive formations at work in maintaining the state of exception
Neal 2006
(Dr Andrew Neal Senior Lecturer Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html-http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html MT
Fourth, exceptionalism is a much wider problem than can be explained through a genealogical
AND
that we must reveal and describe. (Foucault, 2002a: 54)    

And, our method applied to indefinite detention is key to interrogating the violent exceptionalism of the U.S.
Neal 6
(Andrew School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy,¶ Keele University, UK. Special Section: Theorizing the Liberty-Security Relation:¶ Sovereignty, Liberalism and Exceptionalism. Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception. Pg 31-36 ~{Shoell~})
It is almost as though Guantánamo Bay were the public face of exceptionalism.¶ We
AND
. This analysis can never be comprehensive¶ or totalizing, only partial.
And, privilege our analysis over the technologies of risk that mirror the logic of the exception and have empirically created a permanent state of war.
Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Following Agamben, this paper has argued that the centrality of the¶ state of
AND
it can always be provoked by terrorism to become itself¶ terroristic.’’35
Sovereign violence is maintained at individual decisions, not just the state determining inclusion/exclusion, but micro-level decisions about who should be included in our calculations in the first place
Tagma 09 (Halit Mustafa, Department of Political Science at ASU.  "Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror." Alternative: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009). Pg. 415-418 –Veeder)
According to Ashley, this pact between sovereign man and the state marks the dawn
AND
violence has been particularly brutal toward "infe- rior far away people."

The state of exception prevents effective discussion by causing people to internalize the norms held by those in power-means there is no impact to debate because we simply repeat popular opinion. Challenging the state of exception is the only way to revitalize discourse

Henderson 10 (Laura M., PhD candidate at the department of legal theory at the Vrije Universiteit, . Amsterdam, masters  of law from Utrecht University, her masters thesis won multiple prizes, current editor for multiple journals. "Conceptualizing state of emergency thinking:A theory of discourse and hegemony," July 23^rd, 2010. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1666660 pp. 35-36 –Veeder)
I see the state of emergency discourse as negatively impacting upon the principles of democracy
AND
state of emergency discourse have led to more radicalization among Muslim populations.163

Finally, state secrecy over indefinite detention magnifies the need for archaeological criticism. Don’t let our opposition fall into a textual black coffin. Framework is the symbolic equivalent of the physical violence exercised by the state to silence its captives. Vote aff to resist sovereign exceptionalism.
Pugliese 2013
~Pugliese, Joseph Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. 2013; Law and the PostcolonialBlackMagic~
¶ The work that unfolds in the chapters that follow is inscribed by a constitutively
AND
the state cannot completely master its heterogeneous agents or silence its heteroglossic voices.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: Semis | Opponent: ISU DI | Judge: 

Contention One is Indefinite Detention

First, indefinite detention is made possible by the sovereign declaration of the state of exception. Indefinite detention centers produce bare life mirroring the exceptionalism of the sovereign authority to commit violence without consequence.

Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Schmitt thus inverses the traditional Hobbesian definition of¶ sovereignty as the juridical sanctioned power
AND
hand and reduce political subjects to the naked life of homo¶ sacer.

And the detainee is utilized by the state to create a distinction between those lives it must manage and protect, and those it can kill.

Pease 03 (Donald E., the Avalon Foundation Chair of the Humanities at Dartmouth College. "The Global Homeland State: Bush’s Biopolitical Settlement." Duke University Press, boundary 2 30.3 (2003) –Veeder)
Because the Homeland State had separated the sovereign People from the political rights they were
AND
of the protected population required the state to take them into protective custody. 

And indefinite detention centers are vanishing points maintained through the intersections of biopower and sovereign power. Revealing the different mechanisms of power that constitute these spaces of exception is the first step to opposing them.

Gregory 7 
(Derek, Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, "Vanishing Points: Law, Violence and Exception in the Global War Prison," From: Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence, ISBN: 041595147)IAA

The ’vanishing points’ that I seek to identify in this essay can be brought
AND
realized through a series of spaces that fold in and out of them.¶ 

And, status quo focus on Guantanamo ignores the systemic violence experienced by millions in prisons across the democratic world

Johns in 2005
(Fleur, Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Law, Sydney, Australia, "Guantánamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception", http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full-http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/613.full, rcheek)
In arguing against Agamben and others that the experience of the exception anticipated by Schmitt
AND
immigrants in the most informal and vulnerable sectors of the contemporary economy.99

====And, the prison system has reproduced a white supremacist state – only by criticizing the conception of the "prison regime" can we break it down ====
Rodriguez 2010 Dylan Rodriguez, Professor and Chair of the Department of Ethnic Studies at UC Riverside, "Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position", Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010,) MT
A working conception of the "prison regime" offers a useful tool of critical
AND
apparatus, rather than secondary or unintended con- sequences of it.3

And, the prison regime is the result of biopolitical attempts to secure life. This necessitates the selection of specific lives to make live, and allows for the extermination of all others

Dillon, 2008 (Michael, "Revisiting Franco’s Death" Foucault on Politics, Security and War. Pg 176-178, mb)
If Foucault is right, that liberal peace is the extension of war by other
AND
- is the liberal way of war (Dillon and Reid, 2008).

Contention Two is Archaeology of Exceptionalism

Mark and I affirm the 1AC as an archaeological criticism of the indefinite detention authority that sustains the prison regime.

First, archaeological criticism is the best method to sniff out the extra discursive formations at work in maintaining the state of exception

Neal 2006
(Dr Andrew Neal Senior Lecturer Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html-http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html MT
Fourth, exceptionalism is a much wider problem than can be explained through a genealogical
AND
that we must reveal and describe. (Foucault, 2002a: 54)    

And, our method applied to indefinite detention is a critical pedagogical dismantling of the policing and prison apparatus that makes abolition possible

Rodriguez 2010 Dylan Rodriguez, Professor and Chair of the Department of Ethnic Studies at UC Riverside, "Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position", Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010,) MT
In relation to the radical challenging of common sense discussed above, another critical analytical
AND
repression of political-intellectual imagination be fought, demystified, and displaced.

And, archeological criticism is key to interrogating the violent exceptionalism of the U.S.

Neal 6
(Andrew School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy,¶ Keele University, UK. Special Section: Theorizing the Liberty-Security Relation:¶ Sovereignty, Liberalism and Exceptionalism. Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception. Pg 31-36 ~{Shoell~})
It is almost as though Guantánamo Bay were the public face of exceptionalism.¶ We
AND
. This analysis can never be comprehensive¶ or totalizing, only partial.

And, privilege our analysis over the technologies of risk that mirror the logic of the exception and have empirically created a permanent state of war.

Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Following Agamben, this paper has argued that the centrality of the¶ state of
AND
it can always be provoked by terrorism to become itself¶ terroristic.’’35 

Sovereign violence is maintained at individual decisions, not just the state determining inclusion/exclusion, but micro-level decisions about who should be included in our calculations in the first place

Tagma 09 (Halit Mustafa, Department of Political Science at ASU.  "Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror." Alternative: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009). Pg. 415-418 –Veeder)
According to Ashley, this pact between sovereign man and the state marks the dawn
AND
violence has been particularly brutal toward "infe- rior far away people."

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Contention One is Indefinite Detention
First, indefinite detention is made possible by the sovereign declaration of the state of exception. Indefinite detention centers produce bare life mirroring the exceptionalism of the sovereign authority to commit violence without consequence.  
Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Schmitt thus inverses the traditional Hobbesian definition of¶ sovereignty as the juridical sanctioned power
AND
hand and reduce political subjects to the naked life of homo¶ sacer.
And indefinite detention centers are vanishing points maintained through the intersections of biopower and sovereign power. Revealing the different mechanisms of power that constitute these spaces of exception is the first step to opposing them.
Gregory 7
(Derek, Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, "Vanishing Points: Law, Violence and Exception in the Global War Prison," From: Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence, ISBN: 041595147)IAA

The ’vanishing points’ that I seek to identify in this essay can be brought
AND
realized through a series of spaces that fold in and out of them.¶ 

And the violence that occurs at through indefinite detention is not new-rather it is rooted in the prison industrial complex and other historically racist acts of confinement.

Van Veeren 13  (Elspeth,  Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Centre for International and Security Studies at York University in Canada and a Visiting Research Fellow at the Centre for Conflict and Security  Research at the University of Sussex in the UK.. "Clean War, Invisible War, Liberal War: The Clean and Dirty Politics of Guantanamo." http://www.academia.edu/attachments/31046538/download_file pp. 96-97-http://www.academia.edu/attachments/31046538/download_file pp. 96-97 -Veeder)
In that sense, Guantánamo, defined as exceptional, also helped to erase and
AND
to be a scene of so much (often invisible) violence. 37
Violent mechanisms like indefinite detention aren’t maintained solely through the state-they are supplemented by individual decisions about who should be included in our calculations in the first place
Tagma 09 (Halit Mustafa, Department of Political Science at ASU.  "Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror." Alternative: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009). Pg. 415-418 –Veeder)
According to Ashley, this pact between sovereign man and the state marks the dawn
AND
violence has been particularly brutal toward "infe- rior far away people."
And the continual emergency of "terrorism" that necessitates indefinite detention is part of a discourse of truth that prioritizes security and portrays those who dispute as complicit in the threat. This has eroded deliberation by causing people to internalize norms held by those in power.
Henderson 10 (Laura M., PhD candidate at the department of legal theory at the Vrije Universiteit, . Amsterdam, masters  of law from Utrecht University, her masters thesis won multiple prizes, current editor for multiple journals. "Conceptualizing state of emergency thinking:A theory of discourse and hegemony," July 23^rd, 2010. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1666660 pp. 35-36 –Veeder)
By exploring the conditions of existence, two functions of the discourse have become apparent
AND
state of emergency discourse have led to more radicalization among Muslim populations.163

Biopolitics attempts to secure life against all threats results in a form of survival politics where the ultimate goal is to defeat death. This necessitates the selection of specific lives to make live, and allows for the extermination of all others
Dillon, 2008 (Michael, "Revisiting Franco’s Death" Foucault on Politics, Security and War. Pg 176-178, mb)
If Foucault is right, that liberal peace is the extension of war by other
AND
- is the liberal way of war (Dillon and Reid, 2008).

Contention Two is Archaeology of Exceptionalism
Mark and I affirm the 1AC as an archaeological criticism of the indefinite detention war power authority of the president of the United States.

Totalizing explanations recreate sovereign power in their embrace of an underlying truth to the exception, only diverse analysis that examines conditions of possibility for the state of exception is key.
Neal 2006 (Dr Andrew Neal Senior Lecturer Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html-http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html MT
Foucault urges a move in the other direction, to resist the move from the
AND
the limits of which can never be distilled and formalized, only problematized.

And, our method applied to indefinite detention is key to interrogating diverse formations that maintain the violent exceptionalism of the U.S.

Neal 6
(Andrew School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy,¶ Keele University, UK. Special Section: Theorizing the Liberty-Security Relation:¶ Sovereignty, Liberalism and Exceptionalism. Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception. Pg 31-36 ~{Shoell~})
It is almost as though Guantánamo Bay were the public face of exceptionalism.¶ We
AND
. This analysis can never be comprehensive¶ or totalizing, only partial.

And, privilege our analysis over the technologies of risk that mirror the logic of the exception and have empirically created a permanent state of war.
Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Following Agamben, this paper has argued that the centrality of the¶ state of
AND
it can always be provoked by terrorism to become itself¶ terroristic.’’35 

Finally, state secrecy over indefinite detention is a key factor in sustaining the violent practice-magnifying the need for an archeological approach. Research will always be incomplete when information is purposely excluded. Framework is the symbolic equivalent of the physical violence exercised by the state to silence its captives.
Pugliese 2013
~Pugliese, Joseph Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. 2013; Law and the PostcolonialBlackMagic~
¶ The work that unfolds in the chapters that follow is inscribed by a constitutively
AND
the state cannot completely master its heterogeneous agents or silence its heteroglossic voices.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Puget Sounds CI | Judge: 

Solvency deficit- Sovereign power to regulate life and decide on the exception extends to non-human life-means even if they solve for human/animal divisons, the soverign still regulates life that is allowable

Wadiwel 02 (Dinesh Joseph, Senior Policy Officer at the Council of Social Service of NSW, University of Western Sydney. "Cows and Sovereignty: Biopower and Animal Life," Vol 1(2), 2002. http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no2_2002/wadiwel_cows.html-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no2_2002/wadiwel_cows.html -Veeder)
But the relation of non-human life in the factory farm or laboratory,
AND
may be extended to incorporate the life belonging to the non-human. 

Silence is not a link – we should use the theoretical contributions of biopolitics and bare life in our fight against anthropocentrism.

Chrulew  05 (Matthew, Monash University.  "On Animals: Reviewing Agamben, Atterton 26 Calarco.(The Open: Man and Animal)(Animal Philosophy: Essential Readings in Continental Thought)(Book review)." Bible and Critical Theory, Vol 1, ~232. April 1, 2005. –Veeder)
Animal Philosophy successfully accomplishes its goal—to be, as its blurb says,
AND
might, eventually, be able to stop them’ (p. 38).

Biopower isn’t only focused on the human-it regulates questions regarding animal and plant life and allows them to be devalued

Wadiwel 02 (Dinesh Joseph, Senior Policy Officer at the Council of Social Service of NSW, University of Western Sydney. "Cows and Sovereignty: Biopower and Animal Life," Vol 1(2), 2002. http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no2_2002/wadiwel_cows.html-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no2_2002/wadiwel_cows.html -Veeder)
If it were possible to close our eyes to the gap that we believe separates
AND
, to darken the skies of Europe with the ashes of the dead.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: UMKC DW | Judge: Izak Dunn

Case

Elite control now

Saeger 7 
(Olivia, Haverford College. Dept. of Political Science, ~http://thesis.haverford.edu/dspace-xml/handle/10066/1035~~ AD: 7/9/10)
It is also important to realize that the space for civil society to thrive is
AND
how political elites work and what they must do in order to succeed. 

Our institutions are already authoritarian—our examination of the relationship between power, the law, and authoritarianism is necessary to keep open a civic imagination to move beyond a state of emergency and create any institutional change

Giroux 13 (Henry A, Professor at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy" February 12^th, 2013. Truth-Out. http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy-http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy -Veeder)
Frank Rich has suggested that the American public’s indifference to national security issues is partly
AND
are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.

They take Boggs out of context – institutional engagement is anti-politics – he’s calling for occupation of the public sphere

Boggs in 1997
(Carl, Professor of Social Sciences at National University in Los Angeles, Adjunct Professor at Antioch University in Los Angeles, "The Great Retreat: Decline of the Public Sphere in Late Twentieth-Century America", Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 6, Dec. 1997, pp. 741-780)

The historic goal of recovering politics  in the Aristotelian sense, there-  fore,
AND
with  civic virtues as the conditions  favoring a single center of politics erode.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Patrick Kennedy

The shift to drones has already happened-the administration likes them because are easier and face less criticism that indefinite detention.

Lefkowitz 26 O’Quinn 13 (Jay, senior lawyer and former domestic policy advisor to President George W. Bush and John O’Quinn, former DOJ official in the Bush administration, "Drones are no substitute for detention", Financial Times, March 4, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dae6552c-84c2-11e2-891d-00144feabdc0.html~23axzz2dZnIVyqb-http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dae6552c-84c2-11e2-891d-00144feabdc0.html –Veeder)
In the past four years, there has been a dramatic shift from detention to
AND
promptly administered through military courts – instead of taking the easy way out.

No tangible relationship between the US using drones and other countries, and it would have happened regardless, the technology is easily obtained and created

Anderson 11 (Kenneth, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University; and Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution., , "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," 10/9/11, http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516-http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/ –Veeder)
New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
AND
states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Donny Peters

The neg’s logic of preventing a terror attack operates around the unbridled possibility of a threat appearing, we have to have strong war powers because we don’t know when or how they will attack, but they will. This logic accelerates a violent spiral of warfare that only spurs "terrorism"

Massumi 7 (Brian, currently teaching at Université de Montréal in the Communication Sciences Department, "Potential Politics and the Primacy of Preemption", Theory 26 Event 10:2, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v010/10.2massumi.html-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v010/10.2massumi.html -Veeder)
Preemption shares many characteristics with deterrence. Like deterrence, it operates in the present
AND
way to fight an unspecified threat is to actively contribute to producing it.

Too many obstacles to overcome – even if overcoming isn’t impossible – even generous odds ensure the chances of success are 1 in 3 billion statistically – small enough to vote on presumption

John Mueller (Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center, and is professor of Political Science, at Ohio State University) 2010 "Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al Qaeda" p. 197-8
As Allison appropriately points out, it is important to consider not only the likelihood
AND
or even lower than, those for a thermonuclear attack from Russia.’

This ensures terrorists wont have the motivation

Michael A. Levi (Fellow for Science and Technology) 4/19/2007 "How Likely is a Nuclear Terrorist Attack on the United States?", Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/publication/13097/
Yet from a terrorist perspective the prospect of a fizzle or a dud might change
AND
no reason to assume that al-Qaeda would choose such a course.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wyoming BC | Judge: Donny Peters

Resolved: to reduce by analysis

Merriam Webster
 "to reduce by analysis resolve the problem into simple elements". http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolve-http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolve

USFG is the people

Howard 05 (Adam, "Jeffersonian Democracy: Of the People, By the People, For the People,"http://www.byzantinecommunications.com/adamhoward/homework/highschool/jeffersonian.html-http://www.byzantinecommunications.com/adamhoward/homework/highschool/jeffersonian.html)
Ideally, then, under Jeffersonian Democracy, the government is the people, and people is the government. Therefore, if a particular government ceases to work for the good of the people, the people may and ought to change that government or replace it. Governments are established to protect the people’s rights using the power they get from the people.
Policy making framework makes a commodity of violence – ensures its continuance – and is unethical
Makau 96 (Josina., Ph.D.  in Rhetoric at the University of California-Berkeley, Responsible Communication, Argumentation Instruction in the Face of Global Perils)

Weisel’s critique of German education prior to world war II points to another danger of
AND
feminist and others critics would write so harshly of traditional argumentation of debate.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming GJ | Judge: Tony Johnson

Aff is a prior question-biopolitics is what sustains colonial violence by creating racial separations-indefinite detention centers are an extension of this.

Pugliese 2013 ~Pugliese, Joseph Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. 2013; Law and the PostcolonialBlackMagic~

The articulation of a series of carceral and genocidal caesurae predicated on biopolitically separating out
AND
testing and training in the use of remote-controlled flying machines.*1

Churchill’s misrepresentations make the liberation of native americans impossible

LaVelle 96 (John, professor of law @ the University of New Mexico, American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 20, Issue 1, Winter, Jstor)
There is no doubt, of course, that many of the topics ostensibly covered
AND
standard of integrity, Indians Are Us? is a bitter disappointment indeed.

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: Izak Dunn

Precarity/vulnerability is an insufficient model for politics and recreates violent power relations by assuming victimhood of those we are grieving for and is still exclusionary

Enns 10 (Diane, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Peace Studies at McMaster University, "When is a Book Grievable?", Postmodern Culture Vol 20, No 2, Project Muse, dml)

Leaving aside the matter of "framing" for now, let’s consider Butler’s analysis
AND
of precarious lives, she is simply pouring new wine into old wineskins.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: UMKC DW | Judge: Izak Dunn

Cap

Marxism is a narrative of mastery and power that makes violence inevitable as the world is decommodified by force and the subject is structured by death. Their alternative causes labor militarization, an

Mbembe 3 (Achille, senior researcher at the Institute of Social and Economic Research at the University of the Witwatersrand, "Necropolitics", Public Culture 15.1 (2003) 11-40, rcheek)

Finally, terror is not linked solely to the utopian belief in the unfettered power
AND
of realizing the already known telos of history. ~End Page 20~ 

The biopolitics of race is the fundamental underpinning of capitalism—only through the enslavement of blacks were white Europeans able to lead to modern day disparity

Pugliese 2013 ~Pugliese, Joseph Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. 2013; Law and the PostcolonialBlackMagic~

European biopolitical formations, Foucault offers a genealogy of race that, by definition,
AND
, ’expresses the fact of war between human and animal life.’10¶
Biopower is the precondition for the development of capitalism
Foucault 78 ~Michel, Prof of Philosophy, The History of Sexuality: Vol. 1, p.140-1~
This bio-power was without question an indispensable element in the development of capitalism
AND
, and the distributive management of its forces were at the time indispensable.

Capitalism and biopower have become intertwined-only analyzing both can solve, means permutation is key

Hardt 26 Negri 00  Michael 26 Antonio Professors and good Marxists. Empire, http://textz.gnutenberg.net/text.php?id=1034709069754.

The danger of the discourse of general intellect is that it risks remaining entirely on
AND
society with a new collective meaning and recognizes virtue and civilization in cooperation.

Representing capitalism as a bounded, monistic entity precludes noncapital alternatives and furthers hegemonic, capitalocentric modes of thought—we can carve out spaces of resistance to capital within the system

Gibson-Graham 06 – J.K., pen name shared by feminist economic geographers Julie Graham and Katherine Gibson
("The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy", pg 43-45)

What interests me most here is the question of why the economism of which capitalism
AND
from being over or even well on its way, has hardly begun.

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 2 | Opponent: Los Rios PR | Judge: Kyle Voeller

The roll of the ballot should be to vote for the team that best disrupts soverignty

====We must resist the unified view of the world the soverign presents.  An archeological criticism is key to understand how power organizes the world and allows for their impacts in the first place====
Neal 2006 (Dr Andrew Neal Senior Lecturer Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html-http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html MT
Foucault urges a move in the other direction, to resist the move from the
AND
the limits of which can never be distilled and formalized, only problematized.

A historical analysis of indefinite detention allows us to uncover the historical forces that allow for mass violence commited by the state-the 1AC functions as a site from which to change the violent repititon of politics

Giroux 13 (Henry A, Professor at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy" February 12^th, 2013. Truth-Out. http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy-http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy -Veeder)
Not only has the Obama administration discarded the principles of justice, judicial review and
AND
~ fully 71 ~percent~ refuse to rule it out-http://www.truthout.org/051209c entirely"?16-http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 2 | Opponent: Los Rios PR | Judge: Kyle Voeller

The undercommons can use the university as a source of resources for subversive projects without losing their ideals

Meyerhoff. 10 (ELI, Independent Researcher, based in Durham, NC Ph.D., Political Science, University Minnesota - Twin Cities May 2010 Charting the Terrain of Struggle in the Global University http://www.academia.edu/3855622/Charting_the_Terrain_of_Struggle_in_the_Global_University_review_article_)LC
 "The tension between the ideals and practices of autonomous education projects is theorized
AND
university, force the university to consider them a problem, a danger"." 

It is possible to still participate in a university setting while using its resources to better yourself

Harney 12 (Stephano, THEIR AUTHOR, Excerpt from the interview "
Studying Through the Undercommons: Stefano Harney 26 Fred Moten – interviewed by Stevphen Shukaitis")LC
Stefano: At the same time, I’m happy for us to say more about
AND
resources. So, when you’re thinking, it’s nice to have books.

Black sites history extend beyond their current conception.  They have historically been a form of colonialism operating on Indian lands

Pugliese 2013 ~Pugliese, Joseph Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. 2013; Law and the PostcolonialBlackMagic~

The articulation of a series of carceral and genocidal caesurae predicated on biopolitically separating out
AND
testing and training in the use of remote-controlled flying machines.*1

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: Izak Dunn

Academics don’t influence policy

Barnett 6 (Michael What the Academy Can Teach by Academy and Policy, Vol. 28 (2) - Summer 2006 the Harold Stassen Prof of IR at the Humphrey Institute and Profof Poli Sci at the U of Minnesota http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=article26id=155326p=1) TBC 7/9/10
Over the years I have had a recurring encounter at professional meetings: a cluster
AND
affect policy and to recognize the positive effects of thinking like a scholar. 

Theoretical analysis is the first step to breaking down the totalitising nature of power and creating true revolution at the micro-level, individual li where power is reproduced, this can be utilized by the public

Deleuze and Foucault ’72 (Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault, "Intellectuals and Power," Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: selected essays and interviews by Michel Foucault, ed. Donald F. Bouchard, recorded March 4, 1972, http://libcom.org/library/intellectuals-power-a-conversation-between-michel-foucault-and-gilles-deleuze-http://libcom.org/library/intellectuals-power-a-conversation-between-michel-foucault-and-gilles-deleuze -Veeder)
FOUCAULT: In this sense theory does not express, translate, or serve to
AND
seem to betray a number of operations that deserve to be severely denounced.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Puget Sounds CI | Judge: 

Word PICs produce a reactionary politics: that conceals the cultural formations of power that make violence inevitable. Means they can’t solve the aff.

Brown in 2001 (Wendy, Professor Political Science UC Berkeley, Politics Out of History, pg. 35-37)
"Speech codes kill critique," Henry Louis Gates remarked in a 1993 essay on
AND
fight in our clamor over words and names. Don’t mourn, moralize.

Banning words causes the new symbol of prejudice to fill in: with the same appropriations as the first link in the chain, which turns their net benefit. Only the perm solves this.

Zizek in 1997(Slavoj, senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, Moving away from the darkness, The Plague of Fantasies, New York: Verso, 1997, 111-2)
In his formidable Fear in the Occident,7 Jean Delumeau draws attention to the
AND
is that it functions as an autonomous act of dismissing the aggressive sting.

Abstaining from bad words fails – the power structure that maintains the devaluzed category will still control the structures of interpretation.  Focusing only on phrases used trades of with an analysis of power, which is a prerequisite to political change.

Schram, 95, prof social theory and policy @ Bryn Mawr College, ’95 (Sanford F. Schram, professor of social theory and policy at Bryn Mawr College, 1995, words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, pg. 20-26
The sounds of silence are several in poverty research. Whereas many welfare policy analysts
AND
, there are real limits to what isolated instances of renaming can accomplish.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: San Antonio CM | Judge: Deven Cooper

First, immigrant detainment centers reduce detainees to policed bodies in service of maintaining borderlands.

Dudziak 26 Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak-C:\Users\Austin\BORDERLANDS\57.3dudziak.html is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp-C:\Users\Austin\BORDERLANDS\57.3dudziak.html professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610)IAA
The shackled foot on the back cover of this volume, belonging to a woman
AND
, as it "binds us as a nation in a multiracial hierarchy." 

And, only the aff’s criticism of indefinite detention centers can dismantle the I.C.E.’s routine detainment and torture of tens of thousands of immigrants that occurs every day. Means we solve the impact to their K.

Williamson in 2013¶ (Niles, "US authorities detain immigrants in solitary confinement", World Socialist Web Site, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/03/27/iced-m27.html-https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/03/27/iced-m27.html, rcheek)
The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE), in gross violation of
AND
utilized by the federal government to pressure immigrants into voluntarily signing deportation papers.

Tournament: Mukai | Round: Semis | Opponent: ISU DI | Judge: 

Social Death erases the history slave resistances that occurred on the slave ship and permanently destroys the slaves agency – the lack of analysis of the funerals and resistance that occurred makes social death perpetual

Vincent Brown 2009 (professor of history and of African and African American Studies "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf-http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf)
In fact, the funeral was an attempt to withstand the encroachment of oblivion and
AND
whereby the "desocialized new slave" was subsumed within slave society.5

Perm do both: Inter-sectionalism key to solve oppression – turns their argument

Smith 10
(Andrea, associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, GLOBAL DIALOGUE 12:2, http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=488-http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=488)
It is important to note that these pillars of white supremacy are best understood as
AND
be operating through multiple logics (even as these multiple logics may vary).

We should affirm mere existence – identity affirmation produces violence

Enns 7 (Diane, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Philosophy and Peace Studies, McMaster University, "Political Life Before Identity", Theory 26 Event  10:1, Project Muse, og)
Giorgio Agamben’s work is increasingly invoked in the task of articulating a politics and ethics
AND
politics, power, and rights, only by way of its exclusion.

Embracing mere existence allows for a politics predicated on love and friendship which affirms the humanity of other apart from politicized identity categories

Enns 7 (Diane, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Philosophy and Peace Studies, McMaster University, "Political Life Before Identity", Theory 26 Event  10:1, Project Muse, og)
While this mere existence does not constitute an enviable condition for Arendt, she betrays
AND
another’s struggle to live with dignity in the face of discrimination is ignored.

Wilderson avoids engaging numerous cultural counter-examples which testify to the possibility of a progressive Afro-optimist politics, choosing instead to withdraw into absolutist criticism which destroys Black agency – our aff is the only way to solve

Bâ ’11 Saër Maty Bâ, professor of film at the University of Portsmouth, "The US Decentred: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation," Cultural Studies Review, vol. 17, no. 2, September 2011, pp. 381-91
A few pages into Red, White and Black, I feared that it would
AND
? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

Tournament: Chico | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fullerton SR | Judge: Brian McBride

Contention 1

First, indefinite detention is made possible by the sovereign declaration of the state of exception. Indefinite detention centers produce bare life mirroring the exceptionalism of the sovereign authority to commit violence without consequence.  
Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Schmitt thus inverses the traditional Hobbesian definition of¶ sovereignty as the juridical sanctioned power
AND
hand and reduce political subjects to the naked life of homo¶ sacer.
And indefinite detention centers are vanishing points maintained through the intersections of biopower and sovereign power. Revealing the different mechanisms of power that constitute these spaces of exception is the first step to opposing them.
Gregory 7
(Derek, Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, "Vanishing Points: Law, Violence and Exception in the Global War Prison," From: Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence, ISBN: 041595147)IAA

The ’vanishing points’ that I seek to identify in this essay can be brought
AND
realized through a series of spaces that fold in and out of them.¶ 

And the violence that occurs at through indefinite detention is not new-rather it is rooted in the prison industrial complex and other historically racist acts of confinement.

Van Veeren 13  (Elspeth,  Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Centre for International and Security Studies at York University in Canada and a Visiting Research Fellow at the Centre for Conflict and Security  Research at the University of Sussex in the UK.. "Clean War, Invisible War, Liberal War: The Clean and Dirty Politics of Guantanamo." http://www.academia.edu/attachments/31046538/download_file pp. 96-97-http://www.academia.edu/attachments/31046538/download_file pp. 96-97 -Veeder)
In that sense, Guantánamo, defined as exceptional, also helped to erase and
AND
to be a scene of so much (often invisible) violence. 37

Violent mechanisms like indefinite detention aren’t maintained solely through the state-they are supplemented by individual decisions about who should be included in our calculations in the first place
Tagma 09 (Halit Mustafa, Department of Political Science at ASU.  "Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror." Alternative: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009). Pg. 415-418 –Veeder)
According to Ashley, this pact between sovereign man and the state marks the dawn
AND
violence has been particularly brutal toward "infe- rior far away people."

Biopolitics attempts to secure life against all threats results in a form of survival politics where the ultimate goal is to defeat death. This necessitates the selection of specific lives to make live, and allows for the extermination of all others
Dillon, 2008 (Michael, "Revisiting Franco’s Death" Foucault on Politics, Security and War. Pg 176-178, mb)
If Foucault is right, that liberal peace is the extension of war by other
AND
- is the liberal way of war (Dillon and Reid, 2008).

Contention Two
Mark and I affirm the 1AC as an archaeological criticism of the indefinite detention war power authority of the president of the United States.

First, archaeological criticism is the best method to reveal the extra discursive formations at work in maintaining the state of exception
Neal 2006
(Dr Andrew Neal Senior Lecturer Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html-http://sdi.sagepub.com/content/37/1/31.full.pdf+html MT
Fourth, exceptionalism is a much wider problem than can be explained through a genealogical
AND
that we must reveal and describe. (Foucault, 2002a: 54)    

And, our method applied to indefinite detention is key to interrogating the violent exceptionalism of the U.S.
Neal 6
(Andrew School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy,¶ Keele University, UK. Special Section: Theorizing the Liberty-Security Relation:¶ Sovereignty, Liberalism and Exceptionalism. Foucault in Guantánamo: Towards an Archaeology of the Exception. Pg 31-36 ~{Shoell~})
It is almost as though Guantánamo Bay were the public face of exceptionalism.¶ We
AND
. This analysis can never be comprehensive¶ or totalizing, only partial.
And, the state of exception prevents effective deliberation by causing people to internalize the norms held by those in power-this leads to flawed decisions and policies. Challenging the state of exception is the only way to revitalize discourse
Henderson 10 (Laura M., PhD candidate at the department of legal theory at the Vrije Universiteit, . Amsterdam, masters of law from Utrecht University, her masters thesis won multiple prizes, current editor for multiple journals. "Conceptualizing state of emergency thinking: A theory of discourse and hegemony," July 23^rd, 2010. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1666660 pp. 35-36 –Veeder)
I see the state of emergency discourse as negatively impacting upon the principles of democracy
AND
state of emergency discourse have led to more radicalization among Muslim populations.163
And, privilege our analysis over the technologies of risk that mirror the logic of the exception and have empirically created a permanent state of war.
Van Munster 04
(Rens, University of Southern Denmark¶ Department of Political Science Senior Researcher. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The War On Terrorism: When The Exception. Pg 141-153. ~{Shoell~})
Following Agamben, this paper has argued that the centrality of the¶ state of
AND
it can always be provoked by terrorism to become itself¶ terroristic.’’35 

Finally, state secrecy over indefinite detention is a key factor in sustaining the violent practice-magnifying the need for an archeological approach. Research will always be incomplete when information is purposely excluded. Framework is the symbolic equivalent of the physical violence exercised by the state to silence its captives.
Pugliese 2013
~Pugliese, Joseph Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. 2013; Law and the PostcolonialBlackMagic~
¶ The work that unfolds in the chapters that follow is inscribed by a constitutively
AND
the state cannot completely master its heterogeneous agents or silence its heteroglossic voices.

Tournament: D2 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

1AC

First, All bodies are part of assemblages-not completely discernable pre-existing things, but objects that share relationships with other objects. Assemblages are always in a process of becoming as these relations are continually reformed as new connections and understandings are made

Wilcox 12 (Lauren, Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at University of Cambridge. "What the Body Does: Theorizing Hunger Striking and Embodied Agency in International Relations."  Presented at the Millennium Conference on Materialism.  October 19-20th, 2012.  http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/lwilcox-what-the-body-means-millennium-2012.docx-http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/lwilcox-what-the-body-means-millennium-2012.docx Pp. 4-5 –Veeder)
My argument in this piece is twofold: one, human bodies possess agentic capacities
AND
lie in their capacity to form new connections and assemblages with other bodies.

And, Force feeding is used by the state to portray itself as keeping the looming threat of terrorism at bay through the biopolitical management of "deranged" detainees.

Wilcox 11 (Lauren, Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at University of Cambridge. "Dying is Not Permitted: Sovereign Power and Force-Feeding at Guantánamo Bay," in Torture, Democracy and the Human Body. Eds. Shampa Biswas and Zahi Zalloua. 101-128. University of Washington Press, 2011. http://laurenbwilcox .net.webs.com/Wilcox20Dying20Is20Not20Permitted20Torture20Power20Human20Body.pdf –Veeder)
In the discourse of medical ethics, hunger strikers are positioned as patients (as
AND
not about who they are. It’s about who we are. "77

Biopolitics attempts to secure life against all threats results in a form of survival politics where the ultimate goal is to defeat death. This necessitates the selection of specific lives to make live, and allows for the extermination of all others
Dillon, 2008 (Michael, "Revisiting Franco’s Death" Foucault on Politics, Security and War. Pg 176-178, mb)
If Foucault is right, that liberal peace is the extension of war by other
AND
- is the liberal way of war (Dillon and Reid, 2008).

And, the act force feeding is an attempt to turn the detainee’s into docile subjects.  However, there is always a materiality to bodies as parts of assemblages-an ability to for them to cause a change in their relationships to others.  In the context prisons, hunger strikers do this by continually choosing to refuse food, asserting their agency against the portrayals of them as docile actors

Wilcox 12 (Lauren, Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at University of Cambridge. "What the Body Does: Theorizing Hunger Striking and Embodied Agency in International Relations."  Presented at the Millennium Conference on Materialism.  October 19-20th, 2012.  http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/lwilcox-what-the-body-means-millennium-2012.docx -Veeder)
 We can view torture in the prison as an attempt to mold and shape
AND
a crucial component of the prison assemblage: a body to act upon.

And, Hunger strikes are not a pure form of resistance, but are another technique of power that seeks to transform relationships within the prison assemblage.  By creating a collective "we" of hunger strikers, detainee’s transform their relationships to their jailors, the government, each other, and the larger public perceiving all of it.

Wilcox 12 (Lauren, Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at University of Cambridge. "What the Body Does: Theorizing Hunger Striking and Embodied Agency in International Relations."  Presented at the Millennium Conference on Materialism.  October 19-20th, 2012.  http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/lwilcox-what-the-body-means-millennium-2012.docx -Veeder)
In the case of Binyam Mohammad, Shaker Aamen and the other hunger strikers at
AND
fully political actors with different relationships to their jailors and the broader community.

And, The hunger striker rearranges prison assemblages by resisting the control over the body and its relations; either those in charge acquiesce to demands, or the prisoner eventually dies-regardless, it forces the relationships in the assemblage change

Wilcox 12 (Lauren, Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at University of Cambridge. "What the Body Does: Theorizing Hunger Striking and Embodied Agency in International Relations."  Presented at the Millennium Conference on Materialism.  October 19-20th, 2012.  http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/lwilcox-what-the-body-means-millennium-2012.docx -Veeder)
The transformation of the prison assemblage through hunger striking comes in no small part through
AND
of power in the prison by reassembling elements in cross-cutting assemblage.

And, disembodied understanding of politics allows for violence to be continually committed because we only consider bodies to be things that live and die, rather than a thing with a history and agency.  Theorizing about hunger strikes allows us to more fully theorize about bodies-this is key for an adequate understanding of politics and resistance that are already occurring

Wilcox 11 (Lauren Beth, Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at University of Cambridge. "The Body of International Relations ." PhD Dissertation at the University of Minnesota. http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/11299/162283/1/Wilcox_umn_0130E_12301.pdf pp. 1-7 -Veeder)
International politics has been characterized in recent years by a proliferation of modes of violence
AND
, can open up the body as a space for engaging in politics.

And, failing to analyze bodies allows for current violent practice to continually be mobilized against different populations in order to make certain bodies live.

Wilcox 12 (Lauren, Lecturer in Gender Studies, Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at University of Cambridge. "What the Body Does: Theorizing Hunger Striking and Embodied Agency in International Relations."  Presented at the Millennium Conference on Materialism.  October 19-20th, 2012.  http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/lwilcox-what-the-body-means-millennium-2012.docx -Veeder)
Theorizing bodies as assemblages with agentic capacities is not only to broader questions about agency
AND
excess to themselves, constituting our world in their relations with one another.

Institutions have failed the prisoners, the public has forgotten about it, and the media only makes the problem worse.  Prisoners have already made calls for the public to engage as part of the assemblage of indefinite detention-it is up to us to return the focus to the resistances already occurring

Maniar 13 (Aisha, human rights activist who works with the London Guantánamo Campaign. "Off the menu: Guantánamo Bay hunger strike." OurKingdom, March 27, 2013. http://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/aisha-maniar/off-menu-guantC3A1namo-bay-hunger-strike –Veeder)
Adnan Latif from Yemen was the last prisoner to die at Guantánamo Bay in suspicious
AND
and ensure that Adnan Latif’s death is an exception and not a trend.

And, Hunger strikes at Guantanamo bay are but one opening into the biopolitical state-the violence of force feeding is not exceptional and is instead rooted in the normalcy of the prison industrial complex.  Hunger strikes have the ability to make us rethink public opinion

Neumann ’13 (Ann, Editor of The Revealer for the Center for Religion and Media at New York University, "Guantanamo is not an anomaly- prisoners in the US are force-fed every day" 5/4/2013 wagingnonviolence.org/feature/guantanamo-is-not-an-anomaly-prisoners-in-the-us-are-force-fed-every-day/ -Veeder)
I know a hunger-striking prisoner who hasn’t eaten solid food in more than
AND
… an extraordinary set of circumstances, not an outflow of American law."

Thus, Mark and I affirm Hunger Strikes as a resistance to the War Power Authority of Indefinite Detention

Tournament: D2 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

Framework

Non-unique, the imprecise nature of language means the topic is performed differently in every round with no consensus ever being reached

Young 11 (Kelly M., Wayne State University. "IMPOSSIBLE CONVICTIONS: CONVICTIONS AND INTENTIONALITY IN PERFORMANCE AND SWITCH-SIDE DEBATE." Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, 2011. –Veeder)
In her ruminations about the nature of injurious speech and the problems associated with censorship
AND
in new and powerful ways through iteration (Butler, 1993, 1997).

Our institutions are already authoritarian

Giroux 13 (Henry A, Professor at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy" February 12^th, 2013. Truth-Out. http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy -Veeder)
Frank Rich has suggested that the American public’s indifference to national security issues is partly
AND
us are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets

Academics don’t influence policy

Barnett 6 (Michael What the Academy Can Teach by Academy and Policy, Vol. 28 (2) - Summer 2006 the Harold Stassen Prof of IR at the Humphrey Institute and Profof Poli Sci at the U of Minnesota http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1553andp=1) TBC 7/9/10
Over the years I have had a recurring encounter at professional meetings: a cluster
AND
affect policy and to recognize the positive effects of thinking like a scholar.

Tournament: D2 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga NS | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

The management of human and non-human life is not a uniform principle like the neg posits, but occurs through the diverse workings biopower

Wadiwel 02 (Dinesh Joseph, Senior Policy Officer at the Council of Social Service of NSW, University of Western Sydney. "Cows and Sovereignty: Biopower and Animal Life," Vol 1(2), 2002. http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no2_2002/wadiwel_cows.html-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no2_2002/wadiwel_cows.html -Veeder)
But the relation of non-human life in the factory farm or laboratory,
AND
may be extended to incorporate the life belonging to the non-human.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge: Patrick Kennedy

Framework discourages dissent and causes debate to become an echo-chamber for the like minded by demarcating what is a reasonable approach to the topic versus an unreasonable

Butler 04 (Judith, PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School, "Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence." 2004. Pg XIX-XXI –Veeder)
Dissent and debate depend upon the inclusion of those who maintain critical views of state
AND
as the ability to think critically and publicly about the effects of war.

Their arguments we need education to combat existential threats reproduces bare life in educational settings.  People are told to adapt or be excluded from the community.

Lewis 07 (Tyson, Assistant professor of educational philosophy at Montclair State University. "Philosophy—Aesthetics—Education: Reflections on Dance" Journal of Aesthetic Education. 41.4(2007). http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/the_journal_of_aesthetic_education/v041/41.4lewis.html-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/the_journal_of_aesthetic_education/v041/41.4lewis.html –Veeder)
The practice of biopower as defined by Foucault and Agamben has, according to Jan
AND
a more and more pressing issue for current sociological reflections on schooling practices.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: West Virginia DE | Judge: Christopher Kozak

The process of describing different formations of power that we currently accept as natural allows us to realize their contigent nature, allowing us to act differently in the world.  It is only through critique that we break down and resist calcified norms

Milchman and Rosenberg 13 (Alan Milchman, teaches in the department of Political Science of Queens College of the City University of New York. Alan Rosenberg,  Associate Professor of Philosophy at Queens College of the City University of New York. "A Foucauldian Analysis of Psychoanalysis: A Discipline that "Disciplines."" Academy for the Study of the Psychoanalytic Arts. http://www.academyanalyticarts.org/milch26rosen.htm-http://www.academyanalyticarts.org/milch26rosen.htm -Veeder)
William Connolly has pointed out that Foucault contended "that systematic cruelty flows regularly from
AND
hyper- and pessimistic activism which Foucault directs to an encounter with psychoanalysis.