Tournament: CSUN | Round: 1 | Opponent: CSU Chico | Judge: Jared Anderson
Thus the Plan- The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its statutory restrictions on Presidential War Power authority by restricting targeting killing through banning strikes on pilotless aerial vehicles.

Current drone operations are being shifted to Africa
Wolverton 7/30 (Tuesday, 30 July 2013 09:55 President Obama Sending Drones All Around the Globe Written by  Joe Wolverton, II, J.D. Joe A. Wolverton, II, J.D. is a correspondent for The New American and travels frequently nationwide speaking on topics of nullification, the NDAA, and the surveillance state. http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/16125-pres-obama-sending-drones-all-around-the-globe) (We do not support the gendered language in this card) Dabo

The “next phase of drone warfare”...
bases in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Seychelles. 

Advantage 1 is Africa

And Drone policies strikes destabilize Somalia
West 10/3 (Blurred Lines of Terrorism: Is Africa the New Afghanistan or Is America Just Overstepping? BY CARLY WEST OCTOBER 3, 2013 http://www.brownpoliticalreview.org/2013/10/blurred-lines-of-terrorism-is-africa-the-new-afghanistan-or-is-america-just-overstepping/) Dabo
 
American drones, special operations, and proxy soldiers .....
its security challenges and needs in its own light.”

That escalates current conflicts and draws in outside powers
Glick ‘7 (Senior Middle East Fellow – Center for Security Policy (Caroline, “Condi’s African Holiday”, 12-12, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568) Dabo

The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and .....
Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Kenya.

And Drones increase instability in Niger
Schmitt 7/10 (Drones in Niger Reflect New U.S. Tack on Terrorism By ERIC SCHMITT Published: July 10, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/world/africa/drones-in-niger-reflect-new-us-approach-in-terror-fight.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0) Dabo

NIAMEY, Niger — Nearly every day, and sometimes twice daily....
side of the commercial airport in Niger’s capital.

Instability leads to massive destabilizing migrations, contagious disease spread and proliferation to terrorists and rogue nations culminating in nuclear war
African Studies Centre 3 (the Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2003/12failedcollapsedstates.pdf) Dabo

In the malign scenario of global developments the number....
one could very well imagine such states in (North) Africa. 

And Drones increase Malian instability, and refugees to neighboring countries
Simanowitz 12 (Intervening in Northern Mali: "The People are like Straw on which Elephants are Fighting" How might military action in northern Mali unfold and what impact will it have on the local population? ARTICLE | 14 NOVEMBER 2012 - 3:37PM | BY STEFAN SIMANOWITZ e has written for, among others, the Guardian (UK), the Independent (UK), the Huffington Post, the Africa Report, Al Jazeera, and the Mail and Guardian (South Africa) http://thinkafricapress.com/mali/citizens-have-nothing-their-eyes-cry-with) Dabo

Aerial reconnaissance and targeted drone strikes ....
attacks from the desert.

And Mali instability and refugees create a flash point for conflict in West Africa
Naij 13 (Mali Refugee Flood Threatens to Destabilize Region 3 February, 2013 http://news.naij.com/22296.html Politics) Dabo

Blocked roads, empty markets, no electricity, no telephones.....
, looking for shelter with relatives, or they sleep inside mosques.

Large-scale African conflict creates proxy wars and escalates to nuclear war                                                             
Deutsch 02 (Founder of Rabid Tiger Project (Political Risk Consulting and Research Firm focusing on Russia and Eastern Europe)  Jeffrey, “SETTING THE STAGE FOR WORLD WAR III,” Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Nov 18, http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html) Dabo
The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most likely to start in Africa....
and some people love to go fishing.

Advantage 2 is Racism

Drones targeting brown bodies allow for white justification of racism against disenfranchised populations. We are not critical of drone policies because they are a new form of hegemonic American violence but because they are part of the narrative of racial violence
Lawyer 7/25 (Drone Policy Is the Most Important Racism Posted by Rad-Femme Lawyer http://thisweekinblackness.com/2013/07/25/drone-policy-is-the-most-important-racism/) Dabo

The strange essence of the critique is that Obama is a hypocrite for ...
white men’s philosophical priorities. 

And this rhetoric cloaks the secret racist war against black and brown bodies through the drone. The war on terror rhetoric allows the white males to wash their hands while destabilizing and exploiting the third world
Lévesque 12 (America’s Secret War in Africa Spreading drone warfare throughout AfricaJulie Lévesque is a journalist and researcher with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), Montreal http://www.globalresearch.ca/americas-secret-war-in-africa/5307958 By Julie Lévesque Global Research, October 13, 2012) Dabo

The U.S. secret warfare is alive and well. ...
who are going to be most affected by it.”

Ending the drone war is a key step to ending extreme racism
Jain 13 (Edwin, Budding activist interested in economic and social justice, environmental issues, and foreign policy, “MLK On The Racist Drone Wars”, http://edwisdom.com/2013/08/racist-drone-wars/, rcheek)

A few weeks ago, Obama launched a series of drone strikes on Yemen....
if our support of MLK and the civil rights movement’s ideals is not a farce. I, and the people of the Middle East, hope it isn’t.

You have an obligation to reject any racism in every instance. Rejecting racism is an a priori issue that justifies all forms of violence
Memmi 2000 (Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165) Dabo

The struggle against racism will be long....
True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Racism and oppression cannot merely be rejected or it they’ll be coopted by the oppressors. Rejecting racism is pre-requisite to defeating all forms of oppression
Memmi 2000 (Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Paris, Albert, “RACISM”, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.156-157) Dabo

To refuse racism is to choose a certain conception of humanity...
one must combat all forms of domination.

Racism creates biopolitical control that makes war inevitable
Mendieta 02, Eduardo Mendieta, PhD and Associate professor of Stonybrook School of Philosophy, “‘To make live and to let die’ –Foucault on Racism Meeting of the Foucault Circle, APA Central Division Meeting” http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/philosophy/people/faculty_pages/docs/foucault.pdf

This is where racism intervenes, not from without, exogenously, but from within, constitutively. ...
, then these threat and foes are biological in nature.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: USC NP | Judge:
Contention 1: The Status Quo
First, the USFG’s alarming push for prison privatization has now extended over into immigration policy as a tool to be used for the continued criminalization and creation of immigrant detention centers.
Ackerman and Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology and Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. “The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice”, Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
Over the past several decades, the prison industrial complex has expanded to include undocumented
AND
the American border to the free ?ow of labor (Sassen, 2002).
And, this perpetuation of immigrant criminalization and detainment is protected by Federal Laws put in place by the USFG in order to justify the rapid expansion of incarceration/prolonged detention of immigrants and the maintainance of border logic.
Ackerman and Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology and Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. “The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice”, Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
Historically, the federal government has been viewed as responsible for the main- tenance
AND
immigration detention centers, which are proliferating to meet the increase in demand.

Contention 2: The Borderlands
First, immigrant detainment centers create borderlands through the reduction of detainees to policed bodies in service of maintaining borderlands.
Dudziak and Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610)IAA
The shackled foot on the back cover of this volume, belonging to a woman
AND
, as it "binds us as a nation in a multiracial hierarchy."
This is the very manifestation of legalized borderlands (created by American Border Policy) which make the worst forms of violence and oppression possible in the name of “American” ideals.
Dudziak and Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610)IAA
Legal borderlands can be understood as physical zones where, as Andrew Hebard writes,
AND
America itself and its commitment to the rule of law and individual rights.
We’ll control the impact on multiple levels—
First, In gross violation of democratic and human rights, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency routinely tortures and detains tens of thousands of immigrants indefinitely every year.
Williamson in 2013¶ (Niles, “US authorities detain immigrants in solitary confinement”, World Socialist Web Site, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/03/27/iced-m27.html, rcheek)
The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE), in gross violation of
AND
utilized by the federal government to pressure immigrants into voluntarily signing deportation papers.
Second, people living within the borderland become unintelligible and disposable, effectively allowing any and all atrocity to be committed towards them.
Hames-Garcia, ’00 (Michael, Department Head and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies Education, “How to Tell a Mestizo from an Enchirito: Colonialism and National Culture in the Borderlands,” Diacritics, Volume: 30(4), p. 119. )IAA
In closing, I want to offer an answer to the question my title asks
AND
harm and is future-oriented, anticipating liberating possibilities in a nonindividualized manner
And, bounding nation-states through the enclosure of borders is the control of territory through violence. This production of the space of the state obfuscates always on-going non-state violence and legitimates wars and genocides in the name of state-making.
Neocleous 3 (Mark Neocleous is Senior Lecturer in Politics at Brunel University, “Off the Map: On Violence and Cartography”, European Journal of Social Theory 2003 6: 409)
Thus in the modern state system the overlapping frontier is as anathema as the idea
AND
) state’s violence. Alternately, they are simply ‘off the map’.
This construction of civilization around state borders is a colonial artifact. It undergirds the justification for the government’s intervention into Mexico to stabilize, develop and extract resources from the barbaric other.
Slater, 4
Slater, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, in ‘4 David, Geopolitics and the Post-colonial Rethinking North–South Relations
The interweavings of geopolitical power, knowledge and subordinating¶ representations of the other have
AND
political processes it is possible to highlight a number of different¶ tendencies.
Therefore we affirm Mestiza Consciousness as a method of resistance to status quo indefinite detention policies.
The mestiza consciousness is the only way to solve – it breaks down current modes of thought and creates the conditions necessary for a value system of harmony while also making a move for collective consciousness.
Pérez 5 (Emma, Assoc. Prof. of history at the University of Texas, El Paso, NWSA Journal 17.2 (2005) 1-10)
Decades ago Gloria Anzaldúa comprehended what many of us spend our lives attempting to grasp
AND
, the crossbreeding of cultures occurs, for Gloria, in the borderlands.
Our role of the ballot is that whoever best creates a new form of ethical-political praxis should win the debate – you should view your ballot through the framing of those who live within the borderlands and frame your decision as a critical interrogator of border politics.
Vaughn-Williams 9 (Nick, IR MA @ university of Warwick IR PhD @ Aberystwyth, “Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power” pg 166-70)
This is no easy task because many of the theories, categories and (p
AND
what is enabled by, and who benefits from, diverse border politics.
The 1AC advocacy is a prior step – a conscious understanding of the USFG and the private industries relationship holistically is the only internal link to actually solving.
Ackerman and Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology and Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. “The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice”, Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
The relationship between the private prison industry and the government, at both the state
AND
generate revenue, the next domain to increase market shares is immigrant detention.
Their framework will inevitably reproduce the same types of atrocities inherent in the USFG’s indefinite detention policies, our analysis is key.
Hernandez 11 (Nicole M. Guidotti- Hernandez, Associate Professor of American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, 2011, Unspeakable Violence, p. 4.)IAA
The materials I work with convey a sense of immediacy about dealings¶ with dissident
AND
violence as a response to that insurgency and function to silence that violence.

Tournament: BerkeleyChico | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge:
ERROR

Tournament: Lewis and Clark | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: Chris Harris
Inherency
Disads are Non-unique- Obama has curbed presidential power on drones but won’t ban them
Nelson 9/5 (Updated September 5, 2013, 8:58 p.m. ET Obama's Curbs on Executive Power Draw Fire By COLLEEN MCCAIN NELSON White House correspondent for The Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323893004579057463262293446.html) Dabo

President Barack Obama, who pledged to push his second-term domestic agenda through executive actions when Congress
…….a message the president delivered in a speech in May.

Thus the Plan- The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its statutory restrictions on Presidential War Power authority by restricting targeting killing by banning strikes through pilotless aerial vehicles

Africa
Current drone operations are being shifted to Africa
Wolverton 7/30 (Tuesday, 30 July 2013 09:55 President Obama Sending Drones All Around the Globe Written by  Joe Wolverton, II, J.D. Joe A. Wolverton, II, J.D. is a correspondent for The New American and travels frequently nationwide speaking on topics of nullification, the NDAA, and the surveillance state. http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/16125-pres-obama-sending-drones-all-around-the-globe) (We do not support the gendered language in this card) Dabo

The “next phase of drone warfare” will extend “far beyond ……..
The Pentagon has also set up drone bases in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Seychelles. 

And Drone policies in Africa and Somalia risk backlash and escalation of conflict
West 10/3 (Blurred Lines of Terrorism: Is Africa the New Afghanistan or Is America Just Overstepping? BY CARLY WEST OCTOBER 3, 2013 http://www.brownpoliticalreview.org/2013/10/blurred-lines-of-terrorism-is-africa-the-new-afghanistan-or-is-america-just-overstepping/) Dabo
 
American drones, special operations, and proxy soldiers have ……..
— and assess its security challenges and needs in its own light.”

And Drones increase Malian instability, and refugees to neighboring countries
Simanowitz 12 (Intervening in Northern Mali: "The People are like Straw on which Elephants are Fighting" How might military action in northern Mali unfold and what impact will it have on the local population? ARTICLE | 14 NOVEMBER 2012 - 3:37PM | BY STEFAN SIMANOWITZ e has written for, among others, the Guardian (UK), the Independent (UK), the Huffington Post, the Africa Report, Al Jazeera, and the Mail and Guardian (South Africa) http://thinkafricapress.com/mali/citizens-have-nothing-their-eyes-cry-with) Dabo

Aerial reconnaissance and targeted drone strikes might have been effective ……
against a well-armed enemy capable of defending cities and launching counter attacks from the desert.

And Mali instability and refugees create a flash point for conflict in West Africa
Naij 13 (Mali Refugee Flood Threatens to Destabilize Region 3 February, 2013 http://news.naij.com/22296.html Politics) Dabo

Blocked roads, empty markets, no electricity, no telephones. The warzone in Mali is completely
…..
the refugees simply scatter across Bamako, looking for shelter with relatives, or they sleep inside mosques.

And African conflict will draw in outside powers and escalate to nuclear war                                                             
Deutsch 02 (Founder of Rabid Tiger Project (Political Risk Consulting and Research Firm focusing on Russia and Eastern Europe)  Jeffrey, “SETTING THE STAGE FOR WORLD WAR III,” Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Nov 18, http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html) Dabo
The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most likely to start in Africa….
Africa is an ocean of troubled waters, and some people love to go fishing

Colonialism
The French invasion of Mali is an archetype of colonialist violence that the Western world justifies in humanitarian missions. As the US gives France drones to protect its resources, it proves that the third world is nothing more than exploitable resources.
Batou 13 (Mali: A Neo-Colonial Operation Disguised as an Anti-Terrorist Intervention* Jean Batou is a professor of Contemporary International History at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland Summer 2013 Vol:XIV-3 Whole #: 55 Translated by Dan La Botz http://newpol.org/content/mali-neo-colonial-operation-disguised-anti-terrorist-intervention) Dabo

In mid-January of this year France invaded Mali,……
a social and democratic program that does not overlook the right to self-determination.

The drone is the key tool in the increasing War on Terror in Africa rooted in colonialism and racism, justified in “world stability.”
Lévesque 12 (America’s Secret War in Africa Spreading drone warfare throughout AfricaJulie Lévesque is a journalist and researcher with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), Montreal http://www.globalresearch.ca/americas-secret-war-in-africa/5307958 By Julie Lévesque Global Research, October 13, 2012) Dabo

The U.S. secret warfare is alive and well.
….
be agreed upon by those who are going to be most affected by it.”

Ending the drone war is a key step to ending extreme racism
Jain 13
(Edwin, Budding activist interested in economic and social justice, environmental issues, and foreign policy, “MLK On The Racist Drone Wars”, http://edwisdom.com/2013/08/racist-drone-wars/, rcheek)

A few weeks ago, Obama launched a series of drone strikes on Yemen.
….
MLK and the civil rights movement’s ideals is not a farce. I, and the people of the Middle East, hope it isn’t

You have an obligation to reject any racism in every instance. Rejecting racism is an a priori issue that justifies all forms of violence
Memmi 2000 (Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165)

The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission,
…..
True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.\

Racism cannot merely be rejected or it will be coopted by the oppressors. Actively acting against racism is key
Memmi 2000 (Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Paris, Albert, “RACISM”, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.156-157)

To refuse racism is to choose a certain conception of humanity; it means a reconciliation among different constituent groups
…..
one must combat all forms of domination.

Racism creates biopolitical control that makes war inevitable
Mendieta 02, Eduardo Mendieta, PhD and Associate professor of Stonybrook School of Philosophy, “‘To make live and to let die’ –Foucault on Racism Meeting of the Foucault Circle, APA Central Division Meeting” http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/philosophy/people/faculty_pages/docs/foucault.pdf

This is where racism intervenes, not from without, exogenously, but from within, constitutively.
….
, then these threat and foes are biological in nature.