Tournament: CSUN | Round: 2 | Opponent: CSUF RS | Judge: Ward, Cameron

Indefinite Detention Borderlands

Contention 1: The Status Quo

First, the USFG’s alarming push for prison privatization has now extended over into immigration policy as a tool to be used for the continued criminalization and creation of immigrant detention centers.

Ackerman 26 Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology 26 Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. "The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice", Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
Over the past several decades, the prison industrial complex has expanded to include undocumented
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the American border to the free ?ow of labor (Sassen, 2002).

And, this perpetuation of immigrant criminalization and detainment is protected by Federal Laws put in place by the USFG in order to justify the rapid expansion of incarceration/prolonged detention of immigrants and the maintainance of border logic.

Ackerman 26 Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology 26 Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. "The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice", Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
Historically, the federal government has been viewed as responsible for the main- tenance
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immigration detention centers, which are proliferating to meet the increase in demand.

Contention 2: The Borderlands

First, immigrant detainment centers create borderlands through the reduction of detainees to policed bodies in service of maintaining borderlands.

Dudziak 26 Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610)IAA
The shackled foot on the back cover of this volume, belonging to a woman
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, as it "binds us as a nation in a multiracial hierarchy." 

This is the very manifestation of legalized borderlands (created by American Border Policy) which make the worst forms of violence and oppression possible in the name of "American" ideals.

Dudziak 26 Volpp 5 (Mary L. Dudziak is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. Leti Volpp professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-610)IAA
Legal borderlands can be understood as physical zones where, as Andrew Hebard writes,
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America itself and its commitment to the rule of law and individual rights. 

We’ll control the impact on multiple levels—

First, In gross violation of democratic and human rights, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency routinely tortures and detains tens of thousands of immigrants indefinitely every year.

Williamson in 2013¶ (Niles, "US authorities detain immigrants in solitary confinement", World Socialist Web Site, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/03/27/iced-m27.html, rcheek)
The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE), in gross violation of
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utilized by the federal government to pressure immigrants into voluntarily signing deportation papers.

Second, people living within the borderland become unintelligible and disposable, effectively allowing any and all atrocity to be committed towards them.

Hames-Garcia, ’00 (Michael, Department Head and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies Education, "How to Tell a Mestizo from an Enchirito: Colonialism and National Culture in the Borderlands," Diacritics, Volume: 30(4), p. 119. )IAA
In closing, I want to offer an answer to the question my title asks
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harm and is future-oriented, anticipating liberating possibilities in a nonindividualized manner

And, bounding nation-states through the enclosure of borders is the control of territory through violence. This production of the space of the state obfuscates always on-going non-state violence and legitimates wars and genocides in the name of state-making.

Neocleous 3 (Mark Neocleous is Senior Lecturer in Politics at Brunel University, "Off the Map: On Violence and Cartography", European Journal of Social Theory 2003 6: 409)
Thus in the modern state system the overlapping frontier is as anathema as the idea
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) state’s violence. Alternately, they are simply ’off the map’. 

This construction of civilization around state borders is a colonial artifact. It undergirds the justification for the government’s intervention into Mexico to stabilize, develop and extract resources from the barbaric other.

Slater, 4
Slater, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, in ’4 ~David, Geopolitics and the Post-colonial Rethinking North–South Relations~
The interweavings of geopolitical power, knowledge and subordinating¶ representations of the other have
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political processes it is possible to highlight a number of different¶ tendencies.

Therefore we affirm Mestiza Consciousness as a method of resistance to status quo indefinite detention policies.

The mestiza consciousness is the only way to solve – it breaks down current modes of thought and creates the conditions necessary for a value system of harmony while also making a move for collective consciousness.

Pérez 5 (Emma, Assoc. Prof. of history at the University of Texas, El Paso, NWSA Journal 17.2 (2005) 1-10)
Decades ago Gloria Anzaldúa comprehended what many of us spend our lives attempting to grasp
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, the crossbreeding of cultures occurs, for Gloria, in the borderlands. 

Our role of the ballot is that whoever best creates a new form of ethical-political praxis should win the debate – you should view your ballot through the framing of those who live within the borderlands and frame your decision as a critical interrogator of border politics.

Vaughn-Williams 9 (Nick, IR MA @ university of Warwick IR PhD @ Aberystwyth, "Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power" pg 166-70)
This is no easy task because many of the theories, categories and (p
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what is enabled by, and who benefits from, diverse border politics.

The 1AC advocacy is a prior step – a conscious understanding of the USFG and the private industries relationship holistically is the only internal link to actually solving.

Ackerman 26 Furman 13 (Alissa, Ph.D., Criminology 26 Deviance, The City University of New York (CUNY), Rich, Ph.D., Social Welfare, Yeshiva University. "The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice", Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2), 2013)IAA
The relationship between the private prison industry and the government, at both the state
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generate revenue, the next domain to increase market shares is immigrant detention.

Their framework will inevitably reproduce the same types of atrocities inherent in the USFG’s indefinite detention policies, our analysis is key.

Hernandez 11 (Nicole M. Guidotti- Hernandez, Associate Professor of American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, 2011, Unspeakable Violence, p. 4.)IAA
The materials I work with convey a sense of immediacy about dealings¶ with dissident
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violence as a response to that insurgency and function to silence that violence.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: CAL STATE FULLERTON - RODRIGUEZ AND SU | Judge: Vega, Matt

1AC Ban TKs

Plan Text

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by banning all Targeted Killings

Inherancy

Executive has too much power over drone strikes

NYT 12 ~Editorial, "Too Much Power for a President" 5/30/12 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/opinion/too-much-power-for-a-president.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/opinion/too-much-power-for-a-president.html?_r=0 c.shack~

It has been clear for years that the Obama administration believes the shadow war on
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it should release the legal briefs upon which the targeted killing was based.

Plan Text

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by banning all Targeted Killings

===Cred===

Drone Strikes undermining credibility, creating political blowback against the US for drones fueling terrorist recruitment

Zenko 13, (Micah, fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, with expertise in Conflict Prevention; US national security policy, military planning and operations and nuclear weapons policy. "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies", Council on Foerign Relations Special Report no. 65, January 2013 http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736-http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736, pg10-11)
From a strategic perspective, however, it remains unclear if drone strikes are successful
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anger toward the United States and sympathy with or allegiance to AQAP.24

Obama’s absolute militarism and unrestricted drone use completely undermines soft power

Mark P. Lagon 11 ( the International Relations and Security Chair at Georgetown University’s Master of Science in Foreign Service Program and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. "The Value of Values: Soft Power Under Obama
" http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/value-values-soft-power-under-obama-http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/value-values-soft-power-under-obama, September-October 2011, KMH)

One irony of the Obama presidency is how much it relies on hard power.
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. The excision of this values dimension renders soft power a hollow concept.

Credibility key to foster foreign cooperation and hegemony

John Ikenberry 4 Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, "Liberal Realism: The Foundations of a Democratic Foreign Policy", The National Interest, Fall
The Bush Administration’s disregard for legitimacy has had devastating consequences for America’s standing in the
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always master, unless he transforms strength into right and obedience into duty." 

US Credibility empirically prevents nuclear proliferation

Etzioni 11  (Amitai, March-April — IR Prof at George Washington, "The Coming Test of US Credibility" Military Review, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20110430_art004.pdf-http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20110430_art004.pdf MT)

Iran’s best offer by far regarding its nuclear  program occurred in 2003, at a
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which the United States has ever engaged, with rising casualties and costs.

Soft power is key to solve multiple extinction scenarios

Nye 8 (Joseph, professor of International Relations at Harvard University, "American Power After the Financial Crises," Foresight Project, 2008, http://www.foresightproject.net/publications/articles/article.asp?p=3533)
Power always depends on context, and in today’s world, it is distributed in
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that even the largest country cannot achieve its aims without the help of others

===Terrorism ===

AQAP is dangerous and is planning to attack Westerners.

Anti-Defamation League 2013(aims to stop defamation of the Jewish people, and secure justice and fair treatment to all peoples, "Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula", http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/combating-hate/al-qaeda-in-the-arabian-peninsula-2013-1-11-v1.pdf, Pages 1-3)
Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), described by the U.S
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both of whom were killed in a September 30, 2011 drone strike.

Drone strikes increase recruitment and destabilize the Pak-Afghan region—leads to retaliation and terrorism.

Shah 10, (SIKANDER AHMED SHAH, J.D. Cum Laude, University of Michigan Ann Arbor; Assistant Professor of Law and Policy, LUMS University, Lahore, Pakistan, WAR ON TERRORISM: SELF DEFENSE, OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM, AND THE LEGALITY OF U.S. DRONE ATTACKS IN PAKISTAN, WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW, VOL. 9:77, 2010, http://law.wustl.edu/WUGSLR/Issues/Volume9_1/Shah.pdf)

The use of force is unnecessary in self defense when, rather than diminishing the
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of terrorism emanating out of the tribal areas of Pakistan is highly questionable.

====Drones cause more collateral damage than alternatives like manned aircraft====
Ackerman 7/2 (US drone strikes more deadly to Afghan civilians than manned aircraft – adviser in New York is national security editor for Guardian US. A former senior writer for Wired, he won the 2012 National Magazine Award for Digital Reportingtheguardian.com, Tuesday 2 July 2013 08.00 EDT http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/us-drone-strikes-afghan-civilians)

A study conducted by a US military adviser has found that drone strikes in Afghanistan during a year of the protracted conflict caused 10 times more civilian casualties than strikes by manned fighter aircraft. The new study, referred to in an official US military journal, contradicts claims by US officials that the robotic planes are more precise than their manned counterparts.
It appears to undermine the claim made by President Obama in a May speech that
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training on civilian protection, they were able to lower civilian casualty rates."

Local allies are the first line of defense—cooperation with Middle Eastern States is key to fighting terrorism.

Cordesman 10, (Anthony H. Cordesman, Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, The True Lessons of Yemen and Detroit: How the US Must Expand and Redefine International Cooperation in Fighting Terrorism, February 15, 2010, http://csis.org/files/publication/10315_Terrorism-USRoleIntCoop.pdf)

Our first line of defense lies in the capabilities and actions of other states –
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of our global economic and strategic interests would face far more serious threats.

The AQAP is threatening to poison the US food supply with an easily made toxin, ricin.

Kindbergh 2011(Kaitlin, Intelligence Analyst at MSA Security, "AQAP Seeking to Use Ricin in Attacks Against the United States", August 15, 2011, http://www.msasecurity.net/security-and-counterterrorism-blog/bid/63853/AQAP-Seeking-to-Use-Ricin-in-Attacks-Against-the-United-States)
According to US counterterrorism officials, a new threat has emerged from the Yemen-
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, ricin is not believed to be suitable for a mass casualty attack. 

Al Qaeda documents prove

Kindbergh 2011(Kaitlin, Intelligence Analyst at MSA Security, "AQAP Seeking to Use Ricin in Attacks Against the United States", August 15, 2011, http://www.msasecurity.net/security-and-counterterrorism-blog/bid/63853/AQAP-Seeking-to-Use-Ricin-in-Attacks-Against-the-United-States)
Two al Qaeda manuals found after the September 11th attacks contained information on how to
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in hotels and restaurants. No specific time frame or target was mentioned. 

The agriculture industry is highly vulnerable and an attack would cause economic crises.

FBI, 12 (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, February 2012, U.S. Department of Justice, "Agroterrorism," http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/february-2012/february-2012-leb-http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/february-2012/february-2012-leb, accessed 7-12-12, AS).
Terrorists consider America’s agriculture and food production tempting targets. They have noticed that its
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industries. Secondary goals include social unrest and loss of con?dence in government.

Economic collapse triggers nuclear great power wars

Burrows and Harris ’09
(Mathew J. Burrows is a counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, Jennifer Harris is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis", The Washington Quarterly, April,http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and
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frustrated and the current benefits they derive from a globalizing world turn negative.

Solvency

Reform for drones is at a critical point- International Consensus is growing

Butigan 13 (director of Pace e Bene, a nonprofit organization fostering nonviolent change through education, community and action. He also teaches peace studies at DePaul University and Loyola University in Chicago. A Roadmap to a World Without Drone Proliferation? It’s not too late to forge a drone-free future. International treaties have already helped ban landmines and nuclear weapons testing—and could mitigate drone warfare’s worst atrocities. May 30, 2013 by Ken Butigan http://www.yesmagazine.org/peace-justice/envisioning-an-international-treaty-banning-drones)

Two decades from now, social commentators may very well decide, with hindsight, that 2013 was a historic turning point. Humanity has an urgent choice to make about many monumental crises—including climate change, economic inequality, democracy for sale and resource wars—and opportunities.
One of the great decisions we face is about drones. This train is rapidly
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continue to use antipersonnel landmines… Trade has come to a virtual halt."
The Mine Ban Treaty is only one of numerous international agreements that have been steadily
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000 non-governmental organizations from over 60 countries to support the campaign.
When a 1995 conference reviewing a limited convention on controlling landmines failed to make meaningful
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fundamentally new course and to weld together a global consensus for pursuing it.

And only population centric approaches solve the counterinsurgency In round/ Out round solvency

Crane et. al 2009 ~Keith, Martin C. Libicki, Audra K. Grant, James B. Bruce, Omar Al-Shahery, Alireza Nader,Suzanne Perry, Crane is Director of the RAND Corporation’s Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program, Living Conditions in Anbar Province in June 2008, September 30, HYPERLINK "http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2009/RAND_TR715.pdf//HS"http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2009/RAND_TR715.pdf//HS~~

Iraq’s Anbar Province in 2008 was a very different place than it was in 2006
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forces need to understand not just politics but also how the people live. 

Armed drones should be banned- Legally the same as bombers against civilian populations

Verkaik 9 (Top judge: ’use of drones intolerable’ Unmanned weapons are condemned by Lord Bingham as ’beyond the pale’ BY ROBERT VERKAIK , LEGAL EDITOR   MONDAY 06 JULY 2009 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/top-judge-use-of-drones-intolerable-1732756.html)CH

The use of unmanned drones as weapons of war in conflicts around the world has
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, and several of the group’s most experienced explosives and biological weapons specialists.