Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: Sherry Hall Lindsey Shook Kyle Vint

Debate should be used as a free space to contest presidentialism – we envision using debate a site for agonistic engagement where a plurality of methodologies can be incorporated – this is impossible in the status quo because the Cult of the Presidency prescribes a singular mode of politics and reduces political engagement to a trip to the ballot box once every four years – Americans invest symbolic authority in the president via war powers, which stifles our own agency as we fail to cultivate democratic skills – our argument is that everyday forms of politics are ignored in the status quo because of this. There are several implications – failure to challenge presidentialism cedes politics, lets the president stoke resentment and anger at minorities, and guarantees an endless interventions against the periphery.

2AC general

Their framework is contrived—the 1AC affirms restrictions on war powers and guarantees them all generic negative ground. We have a stasis point —- they can negate our affirmation of restrictions. That solves their Steinberg and Freely evidence —- their ev says we need a stasis point but not that that stasis point needs to be the USFG

First, Resolved is to reduce by mental analysis,

Random House 11 (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolve)
First, Resolved: re•solve  ~ri-zolv~  Show IPA verb, re•solved, re•solv•ing, noun
verb (used with object)
5. to reduce by mental analysis (often followed by into  ).

Second, USFG is the people

Howard, 2005 (Adam, "Jeffersonian Democracy: Of the People, By the People, For the People,"
Ideally, then, under Jeffersonian Democracy, the government is the people, and people is the government. Therefore, if a particular government ceases to work for the good of the people, the people may and ought to change that government or replace it. Governments are established to protect the people’s rights using the power they get from the people.

C/I - In the direction of the resolution – the 1AC clearly meets

Framing Question – process v product – even if they win if their technique of debate is better – debate is not just a meaningless game, but an area to form of political subjectivities.

Reasonability —- voting aff doesn’t eradicate policy debate – the role of the judge should be to determine whether we made a good contribution to the larger body of debate.

The 1AC is an impact turn—the thesis of our argument is that citizens have ceded their agency to the USFG now—we think politics only happens at the federal level which causes disengagement, serial policy failure and error replication—the 1AC’s attempt to create free spaces for citizens to contest presidential wars powers is a pre-requisite to their curriculum

Blumrosen ’11, Alfred W. Blumrosen and Steven M. Blumrosen*, * Alfred W. Blumrosen, Thomas A. Cowan Professor Emeritus Rutgers School of Law - Newark. B.A., J.D., University of Michigan. Author of Slave Nation: How Slavery United the Colonies and Sparked the American Revolution (2005) (with Ruth G. Blumrosen); The Realities Of Intentional Job Discrimination In Metropolitan America (2002) (with Ruth G. Blumrosen) (results of this project available at www.eeo1.com); Modern Law: the Law Transmission System and Equal employment Opportunity (1993); Black Employment and the Law, (1971), Strangers in Paradise: Griggs v. Duke Power Co. and the Concept of Employment Discrimination, 71 Mich. L. Rev. 59 (1972); Antidiscrimination Laws in Action in New Jersey: A Law-Sociology Study, 19 Rutgers L. Rev. 187 (1965). Further biographical information at Alfred W. Blumrosen, Rutgers School of Law - Newark, http://law.newark.rutgers.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/alfred-w-blumrosen. Steven M. Blumrosen, B.A., University of Michigan; J.D., Quinnipiac University School of Law; practiced in Arizona from 1984 to 1996; taught computer science from 1996 to 2001; and Chief Information Officer and editorial consultant on "Realities" and "Slave Nation." Both Alfred and Steven advised the Constitutional Litigation Clinic at Rutgers School of Law - Newark concerning New Jersey Peace Action v. Obama, 379 F. App’x 217 (3d Cir. May 10, 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 937 (2011). Winter, 2011¶ Rutgers Law Review¶ 63 Rutgers L. Rev. 407, ARTICLE: RESTORING THE CONGRESSIONAL DUTY TO DECLARE WAR, Lexis, jj

There are other views on how to remedy the ineffectiveness of the Declare War Clause
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judgment on them, and behaving as a coequal, independent branch." n522

Their framework and topical version of the aff locks in the cult of the presidency—legal restrictions fail, only the aff solves, prefer our ev

Young, quoting Stewart, 2013
(Kelly, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics, Wayne State University, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers", http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13)

 Lastly, debating presidential war powers is important because we the people have an important role in affecting the use of presidential war powers. As many legal scholars contend, regardless of the status of legal structures to check the presidency, an important political restrain on presidential war powers is the presence of a well-informed and educated public. As Justice Potter Stewart explains, "the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power…may lie in an enlightened citizenry – in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can protect the values of a democratic government" (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0403_0713_ZC3.html). As a result, this is not simply an academic debate about institutions and powers that that do not affect us. As the numerous recent foreign policy scandals make clear, anyone who uses a cell-phone or the internet is potential affected by unchecked presidential war powers. Even if we agree that these powers are justified, it is important that today’s college students understand and appreciate the scope and consequences of presidential war powers, as these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency. 

The community we build is more important then the rules we play by. Voting affirmative agrees to disagree—founding a community based on commonality or a set of appropriate agreements destroys difference, their framework requires homogeneity and the destruction of all perspectives that are deemed outside of "the political"

Secomb 2000 (Linnell, a lecturer in Gender Studies at the University of Sydney, "Fractured Community" Hypatia-Volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2000, pp.138-139)~

This reformulated universalist model of community would be founded on "a moral conversation in
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the dominant modes of authoritative and rational conversation that assume homogeneity and transparency. 

By reading this they have shut down the creative potential of this debate, vote them down

Butler 4—
(Judith, Precarious Life pg xix-xxi)

Dissent and debate depend upon the inclusion of those who maintain critical views of state
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as the ability to think critically and publicly about the effects of war.

We are performance—their evidence is not in the context of debate.

Young 11 – Dr. Kelly Young (Ph.D. Wayne State University) is an Assistant Professor and the Director of Forensics. He teaches courses in argumentative theory, debate and rhetoric. Kelly’s research interests include intersections between contemporary cultural studies and argumentative theory.¶ Kelly is the Past President for the Michigan Speech Communication Association (MASC), a member of the Executive Committee for the American Debate Association (ADA), a former member on the Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA) topic committee and current editorial board member of the National Forensic Journal. At WSU, he serves on the faculty advisor board for the WSU Center for the Study of Citizenship. Contemporary Argumentation 26 Debate, 2011, IMPOSSIBLE CONVICTIONS: CONVICTIONS AND INTENTIONALITY IN PERFORMANCE AND SWITCH-SIDE DEBATE, http://www.cedadebate.org/CAD/index.php/CAD
Why does it matter that speech acts in debate operate¶ on both levels of
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of¶ a debate, they may also operate at an illocutionary level.

A priori focus on lived experience and embodiment trades off with normative advocacy—they put the proverbial cart before the horse—they’re conflating an epistemic criticism with a political platform

Ireland, 2002  ~Craig , American Culture—Bilkent "The Appeal to Experience and its Consequences," Cultural Critique 52 Fall 2002 p.199-200~

Our purpose in this paper is to raise some issues about epistemological debates and approaches
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untenable, allegedly related, epistemological ones’ (ibid., p.34).

We’re not the view from nowhere—the dichotomy they’re drawing makes them equally suspect—because it claims a privileged insight on reality

DISCH ’93 (Lisa J.; Professor of Political Theory – University of Minnesota, "More Truth Than Fact: Storytelling as Critical Understanding in the Writings of Hannah Arendt," Political Theory 21:4, November)

What Hannah Arendt called "my old fashioned storytelling"7 is at once the
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facts but to tell provocative stories that invite contestation form rival perspectives.15

A2 agonism

Our practice of dissent is net more agonistic than their imposition of a narrow agenda for debate—you don’t teach democracy, you practice it

Norval 12—University of Essex—Government
(Alleta, "’’Don’t Talk Back21’’??The Subjective Conditions of Critical Public Debate", Political Theory December 2012 vol. 40 no. 6 802-810, dml)

While Habermas’s sentiments clearly mirror the disdain for mass culture ¶ found generally in the
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work on the possibilities opened ¶ up by the world coming into being.

2AC Ground

Robust democratic politics allows us to question the privilege that exists in settled conventions of the SQ

Harvey, 12 (Oct 20, Kathryn, writer for e-international relations, "Democratic Agonism: Conflict and Contestation in Divided Societies," http://www.e-ir.info/2012/10/20/democratic-agonism-conflict-and-contestation-in-divided-societies/)

We find in Connolly’s work a similar branch of postmodernism and anti-foundationalism as
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contingency, indeterminacy and, above all, difference’ (2008: 231).

Tournament: GSU 1AC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rounds 1,3,5,8 | Judge:
Plan

The United States Congress should require a declaration of war that is consistent with jus ad bellum principles of self-defense under international law for any decision to use or deploy armed forces against a nation-state in circumstances likely to lead to an armed attack.
Congress should define “armed attack” as: The use of force of a magnitude that is likely to produce serious consequences, epitomized by territorial intrusions, human casualties, or considerable destruction of property.
Congress should allow an exception in the event of an armed attack against the United States, or its allies, or other such national security emergency making prior approval impractical.  Congress should require immediate notice of such a determination, and shall require approval within 14 days.

Contention 1: “Wars of Choice” Are Inevitable In The Status Quo

First - Circumvention - Future President’s will use Obama’s definitions of hostilities as a means to circumvent the WPR
Savage and Landler ’11, *Charles Savage is a Washington correspondent for The New York Times. He is known for his work on presidential power and other legal policy matters. ¶ Before joining The Times, Mr. Savage covered national legal affairs for the Boston Globe from 2003 to 2008. He received a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 2007 for his coverage of presidential signing statements for the Globe. Other awards he earned while at the Globe include the American Bar Associationand#39;s Silver Gavel Award and the Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the Presidency.¶ Mr. Savageand#39;s book about the growth of executive power, “Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy,” was named one of the best books of 2007 by both Slate and Esquire. The book also received the bipartisan Constitution Projectand#39;s inaugural Award for Constitutional Commentary, the NCTE George Orwell Award for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language and the New York Public Libraryand#39;s Helen Bernstein Book Award for Excellence in Journalism.¶ Mr. Savage was born and raised in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He graduated summa cum laude with degrees in English and American literature from Harvard College in 1998. In 2003, he earned a masterand#39;s degree from Yale Law School, where he was a Knight Journalism Fellow. Mr. Savage got his start as a local government and politics reporter for the Miami Herald. ¶ Mark Landler is a White House correspondent for The New York Times. Prior to taking up this post in March 2011, he was the newspaper’s diplomatic correspondent. He has reported for The Times from 67 countries on six continents, from Afghanistan to Yemen. ¶ Before moving to Washington in 2008, Mark was a foreign correspondent for 10 years, serving as European economic correspondent in Frankfurt, from 2002 to 2008, and as Hong Kong bureau chief, from 1998 to 2002. He won an Overseas Press Club award in 2007. ¶ Mark began his career at The Times in 1987 as a copy boy. From 1990 to 1995, he was a reporter and editor at Business Week magazine, rejoining The Times in 1995 as a business reporter. He is a 1987 graduate of Georgetown University, and was a Reuter Fellow at Oxford University in 1997.¶ New York Times, June 15, 2011, White House Defends Continuing U.S. Role in Libya Operation, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/us/politics/16powers.html?pagewanted=all, jj

WASHINGTON — The White House, pushing hard against criticism in Congress over the deepening
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Counsel concluded that it was within Congress’s power to enact such a limit.

Second - Commitment trap -~-- lack of congressional war power causes presidential utterances to become de facto strategy -~-- this locks us into unnecessary conflicts
Brookings Institution 6-20-2013, The Road to War: Presidential Commitments and Congressional Responsibility, http://www.brookings.edu/events/2013/06/20-war-presidential-power, jj

Ever since WWII, Kalb said that “history has led us into conflicts that
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of the United States should converse with Congress before taking any military action.

Third - Groupthink – Comprehensive analysis proves absent sustained congressional involvement in war-making – unnecessary interventions are inevitable
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

II. The Causes of War
 In beginning to think about how to improve the legal constraints on the resort
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n47 We will return to some of these arguments in more detail below.

?
Finally - Obama’s decision to seek authorization for Syria only takes out negative disads
- It is an open-ended authorization with limited precedent – but that limited precedent is enough to trigger all their perception based DAs
Andrew Rudalevige, The Monkey Cage, Sep 2, 2013, Wall Street Pit, A Win for the WPR? No, but…, http://wallstreetpit.com/100986-a-win-for-the-wpr-no-but/

President Obama’s decision to seek congressional authorization for the use of force in Syria seems
AND
limited it proves, might force Congress to regain some self-respect.

Contention 2: The US Will Lose These Wars

Status quo war-fighting follows a “Vietnam model” – A disjointed American grand strategy – the result is prolonged conflicts without congressional support, and ultimately military failure
Gallagher ’11, Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D ¶ Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance ¶ initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the ¶ USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. 3-24-11, Strategic Studies Institute, Unconstitutional War: ¶ Strategic Risk in the Age of ¶ Congressional Abdication, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf, jj

As the practice of declaring war has become passé, American strategy has likewise become
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wage fewer of them—and be far better positioned to win them. 

This lack of declaring war has caused every military loss since World War II
Abdication of the Constitutional responsibility to seek a declaration of war before committing troops to conflict has resulted in every military loss since World War II
Gallagher ’11, Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D ¶ Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance ¶ initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the ¶ USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. 3-24-11, Strategic Studies Institute, Unconstitutional War: ¶ Strategic Risk in the Age of ¶ Congressional Abdication, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf, jj

There is an imbalance of constitutional power across the branches of the US government.
AND
to oversee the nation’s foreign policy has exposed America to unacceptable strategic risk. 

There are no alt causes - America has the greatest war fighting machine since the end of World War 2 – but has won exactly zero wars.  Failure to declare war is correlation AND causation
Gallagher ’11, Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D ¶ Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance ¶ initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the ¶ USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. 3-24-11, Strategic Studies Institute, Unconstitutional War: ¶ Strategic Risk in the Age of ¶ Congressional Abdication, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf, jj

One of Clausewitz’ greatest contributions to the study of war is his emphasis on the
AND
, and the will and support of Congress to support the war.62

Syria IS THE EXAMPLE of the status quo model – it will not be a declaration of war – but a vague and open-ended authorization
GARANCE FRANKE-RUTA is a senior editor covering national politics at The Atlantic, “All the Previous Declarations of War”. Aug 31st 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/08/all-the-previous-declarations-of-war/279246/

As we head into a period of vigorous congressional debate over whether to authorize the
AND
commitment, as fuzzy on the back-end as on the front.

Contention 3: The Impacts

Iraq proves – failure to achieve success in these wars results in the perception of the decline of American leadership and the rise of challengers
Dr. LOUISE FAWCETT, author of International Relations of the Middle East, Oxford University, “The Iraq War ten years on: assessing the fallout”, International Affairs, 2013 http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_2/89_2Fawcett.pdf

Had the war been more successful, history might have judged it differently. As
AND
considering the different aspects of the UK’s involvement, are still awaited.42

This perceived loss of leadership ensures lash-out and superpower conflicts – followed by an inward turn that results in the corrosion of the global commons
Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, is author of the forthcoming book Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power, Foreign Policy, After America¶ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,1, jj)

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
AND
policy -- or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil. 

Collapse of the global commons breaks down globalization causing war
Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard and#34;DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONYand#34; Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ 

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
in part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon. 

It’s “try-or-die” for the plan – failure to reign in “wars of choice” cause entanglement and future retrenchment – scaling back intervention now ensures US engagement in the global commons and sustainable leadership
Wagner and Haas 5-28-‘13, Margaret Wagner, Richard Haass is the president of the Council on Foreign Relations and author of Foreign Policy Begins at Home: The Case for Putting Americaand#39;s House in Order, Time, PBS, 5-28-13, Is the U.S. Overreaching Abroad?, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/jan-june13/haas_05-28.html, jj

Yes, there were some things we needed to do after 9/11,
AND
again, we will only be able to do it if weand#39;re strong.

Miscalc alone risks escalation of “wars of choice”
Crowe, writer for the International Press Service, January 2006 (Naman, “How to avoid nuclear war,” http://www.ipsfeatures.com/Menu/Naman/2006/1-23-0620how20to20avoid20nuclear20war.htm)

History has moved us into the nuclear age, an age more dangerous and threatening
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of unknown thousands, maybe as much as 100,000 Iraqi people.

Even if future warfare is mechanized -~-- those operations are uniquely prone to mission creep and escalation
Druck ’12, Judah A. Druck, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013; Notes Editor, Cornell Law Review, Volume 98, November, 2012¶ Cornell Law Review¶ 98 Cornell L. Rev. 209, NOTE: DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLO-GY-DRIVEN WARFARE, Lexis, jj¶ 

 The War Powers Resolution in the Era of Technology-Driven Warfare
A. Why an Unconstrained Executive Matters Today
 If public scrutiny acts as a check on presidential action by pressuring Congress into
AND
in the technology-driven warfare regime, that conversation never occurs. n149

Contetion 4 – Solvency

Redefining hostilities in the WPR boosts congressional involvement, checks intervention, and stops presidential circumvention via judicial enforcement
Farley ’12, Benjamin R. Farley, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007, Winter, 2012¶ South Texas Law Review¶ 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, ARTICLE: Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?, Lexis, jj

Congress should strengthen the WPR regime by defining hostilities in a manner that links hostilities
AND
the various prudential doctrines that have counseled against entertaining WPR cases thus far.

The plan rectifies all the contributing factors to war outlined above
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

 Turning to the second element of the Model--the provision that would require
AND
the form of unsound or dangerous decisions regarding the use of force. n271

The plan’s requirement that the declaration of war be consistent with international law checks wars of choice
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

The requirement to consider the legality of the proposed action under international law, as
AND
is quite conceivable that the decision would have gone the other way. n272
The status quo definition of “hostilities” is the WPR’s biggest flaw
Farley ’12, Benjamin R. Farley, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007, Winter, 2012¶ South Texas Law Review¶ 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, ARTICLE: Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?, Lexis, jj

Policymakers take advantage of the existing flaws in or intentional weaknesses of the supervisory accountability
AND
, and temporally boundless overt uses of force with-out statutory authorization.

The plan fixes this -~-- redefining “hostilities” as “armed attack” solves
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

A. A Process-Based Constitutional Incorporation of Jus ad Bellum The article begins
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theory and the ideational strand of the liberal theories of international law compliance.

We don’t have to stop intervention in every instance -~-- just when vital national interests aren’t at stake
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

 The most fundamental objection, grounded in the theories of Carl Schmitt, is
AND
provisions would likely be ignored in liberal democracies engaged in the conflicts. n285

Statutory restrictions work – they raise the political cost of executive circumvention
Morris S. Ogul 96, Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, is the author of several articles on legislative oversight, and coauthor (with William J. Keefe) of The American Legislative Process (9th ed., 1997). Reviews in American History 24.3 (1996) 524-527, “The Politics of the War Powers” Louis Fisher. Presidential War Powers . Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. xvi + 206 pp. Appendixes, bibliography, and index. $29.95., Project Muse, online, jj

In part, these two positions can be reconciled. Recognition that presidents under specific
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too much weight on and#34;solid statutory checksand#34; (p. 205).

Even if Congress fails -~-- plan triggers Court action
Cowan ’04, Kelly L. Cowan, Comments Editor, Santa Clara Law Review, Volume 45; J.D. Candidate, Santa Clara University School of Law; B.A., Economics, University of Colorado., 2004¶ Santa Clara Law Review¶ 45 Santa Clara L. Rev. 99, COMMENT: RETHINKING THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION: A STRENGTHENED CHECK ON UNFETTERED PRESIDENTIAL DECISION MAKING ABROAD, Lexis, jj

Finally, the War Powers Resolution can become more effective if the judiciary is able
AND
to meet the Resolutionand#39;s requirements and could legitimately act in response to indiscretions.

Reformation of the WPR boosts legitimacy and prevents risky decisionmaking
Cowan ’04, Kelly L. Cowan, Comments Editor, Santa Clara Law Review, Volume 45; J.D. Candidate, Santa Clara University School of Law; B.A., Economics, University of Colorado., 2004¶ Santa Clara Law Review¶ 45 Santa Clara L. Rev. 99, COMMENT: RETHINKING THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION: A STRENGTHENED CHECK ON UNFETTERED PRESIDENTIAL DECISION MAKING ABROAD, Lexis, jj

The world today is a different place as compared to 1973, when the War
AND
same time respecting the global trend of multilateral foreign policy and decision making.

The plan makes U.S. power sustainable
Robinson 6-26-13, Don Robinson, a retired professor of government at Smith College, June 26, 2013, Gazette Net, Donald Robinson: The arguments for and against intervening in Syria, http://www.gazettenet.com/home/7163738-95/donald-robinson-the-arguments-for-and-against-intervening-in-syria, jj

Nasr’s case for a stronger American commitment to the Middle East is countered by Richard
AND
is indeed time to take a breather and to renew our constitutional liberties.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: Sherry Hall Lindsey Shook Kyle Vint

1AC

Advantage

Politics is ceded to the president now —- this has created an antagonistic brand of politics where Americans defer political responsibility to a mythologized and God-like president —- that ensures an unrestrained imperial executive which shuts down the political

Gene Healy ’09 is an American political pundit, journalist and editor. Healy is a Vice President at the libertarian think tank Cato Institute, as well as a contributing editor to Liberty magazine. Cult of the Presidency : America’s Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power. Washington, DC, USA: The Cato Institute, 2009. p 2-3. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/wayne/Doc?id=1037971026ppg=12 Copyright © 2009. The Cato Institute. All rights reserved.

Nearly six years earlier, September 11 had inspired similar rhetorical excess, but with
AND
price of making the office the focus of our national hopes and dreams.

This "cult of the presidency" is dangerous – it causes Americans to under-estimate their own political agency leading to passivity in the face of an all-powerful executive.

Nelson ’08, Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008, "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg x-xvi

In the early months of Obama’s presidency, his positive achievements and his distinction from
AND
president’s. It’s Ours to shape, to grow— and to lose.

Only challenging this myth can allow us to reclaim our democratic agency—we must contest the president’s symbolic authority to manipulate both global and local politics

Nelson ’08 (Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008,
 "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg xvii-xviii)

But Obama detractors, right and left, might usefully cool off a bit and
AND
too long considered "democracy" something that only "government" does.

This symbolic authority gives the president unlimited influence over public life. Public passivity gives the president total leeway to create and direct reality

Nelson ’08, Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008, "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg 1-2

IN THE RUN-UP TO THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, A BUSH administration official
AND
of the constitutional checks and balances we also learned to treasure as schoolchildren.

There are several implications:

First – the mesmerizing affective power of presidentialism de-activates our agency and stifles everyday enactments of politics – this reduces democracy to a trip to the ballot box once every four years and negates activism

Nelson ’08, Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008, "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg 4-5

The country’s only nationally elected representative, the president, as the wisdom goes,
AND
we were able to do something, as if we had some say.
This once-every-four years hope for the lever-pull sensation of
AND
be led, rather than remember that democracy is about self-governing.
How did this single elected office become a holy trust for democracy, instead of
AND
people who elect him—the symbolic center of democracy and national power?
I argue in this book that our historical presidency became attached to a powerful logic
AND
on — and that we too often actually scorn—all around us.)

Second – presidentialism creates an antagonistic politics of resentment that ensures Otherization and oppression-Nixon is the empirical example

Engels, 10 (Jeremy Engels is Assistant Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences at Penn State University, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 303–325, "The Politics of Resentment and the Tyranny of the Minority: Rethinking Victimage for Resentful Times" ISSN 0277-3945 (print)/ISSN 1930-322X (online) ~23 2010 The Rhetoric Society of America, DOI: 10.1080/02773941003785652, jj)
The Politics of Resentment and the 1960s
In 1964, Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law. ’’What
AND
year before would spread throughout the country, paving the way to victory.
Of course, the white backlash did develop. It began as images of looting
AND
white fear of blacks and white resentment of liberal social engineering (195).
Did Johnson’s plan work? Phillips asked—while reminding Americans that the more liberals
AND
He observed: ’’the Great Society has become a sick society.’’
It was into this sickness that the resurrected Nixon stepped, running a successful campaign
AND
for rioting blacks and angry students while making it productive of political gain.
Resentment is an ugly emotion that, once brought out into the open, seems
AND
, keeping it angry, agitated, and weak in order to rule.
Americans were at war, Nixon announced in campaign commercials and speeches, and there
AND
, he said he would be watching football (Perlstein 418–426).
Second, the very existence of ’’minority’’ opinions, no matter if they fell
AND
Nixon positioned himself as the leader of ’’the great silent majority.’’
The contrast between silence and shouting was central to Nixon’s politics of resentment, for
AND
words can be heard as well as our voices,’’ he asserted.
By talking in terms of silence and shouting, Nixon constituted his audience— the
AND
that an all-too-vocal minority had declared war on democracy.
While we usually think of persecuted minorities as harboring resentment, Nixon managed to motivate
AND
might be Nixon’s most lasting contributions to the rhetoric of the American presidency.
Nixon talked about silence, but his actions ensured that there was plenty of shouting
AND
strike out at them should he desire to do so’’ (Lichtman 289).
Nixon’s goal was not to solve the problems that created resentment, but instead to
AND
and channeling, resent- ment, Nixon found the power to rule.
As Nietzsche recognized, the politics of resentment involves a bottling up of pas-
AND
age that began as an era of consensus devolved into a street fight.

This model of politics creates an intolerant and violent relationship towards difference

Nelson ’08, Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008, "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg 139-143

The subject of machtpolitik brings us to the second layer of consequences in the militarization
AND
will know that it’s won when the other side no longer has power.
The militarization of our politics redefines democratic practice in aggressively antidemocratic ways. Democracy is
AND
by majority vote, in response to Democratic filibustering of Bush judicial nominees.)
The militarization of our democratic politics fosters a Manichaean Worldview. You’re either with us
AND
this claim in the past twenty years), you should leave the country.
The macho mystique of the commander in chief feeds the civil war atmosphere of U
AND

who policies we must honor, whether or not we like them.
As touted Senate strategies like the "nuclear option" suggest, and as analysts
AND
ills, but we can say his macho symbolic presence certainly encourages them.
Finally, politics-as-war spills over into our daily lives. The
AND
be produced by adversarialist means. This attitude permeates our most mundane interactions.
As Tannen notes, it’s become habitual to conceptualize joining a conver—sation as
AND
the war of words, withdraw with them go vital, enriching insights.
These layers of consequences — institutional, political, and social — to the militarization
AND

it’s what we delegate to the president not the other way around.

Third – restoration of an active model of citizenship is key to restrain presidential adventurism

Druck 2012 (Judah A., J.D. candidate Cornell Law School, "Droning on: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology?Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review 98:1, p. 236?7)

As these situations become more and more common—where postwar assessments look at monetary
AND
into potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives to enforce the WPR.

That causes endless wars of conquest and imperialism

Schlesinger 04, (Arthur M. Jr., Professor Emeritus, City University of New York Graduate Center, THE IMPERIAL PRESIDENCY, 2004, p. 497-498)

There is little more typically American than to despair of the republic. As early
AND
duplicitous methods, involving the United States in useless wars and grandiose dreams.

Thus, Talya and I affirm restrictions on presidential war powers authority to challenge our existing relationship to democracy. Debate should be used as a "free space" from which we can challenge presidentialism and cultivate democratic habits.

Nelson ’08 (Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008,
 "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg 213-218)

More important, we need to imagine our way beyond electoral politics, into what
AND
a concrete suggestion along these lines for publicly supported "Social Houses" that
would have rooms for bridge and chess games, lounges or a café for talking
AND
of democratic procedure, by each neighborhood for its own local Social House.
Fleischacker suggests plans by which someone from one neighborhood could join the Social House of
AND
our homes, workplaces, and communities as well as in our nation.
In such free spaces, we can begin to cultivate the skill of democratic talk
AND
which we begin working at redeveloping our skills for political talking and listening.
In well designed free spaces, we can begin to explore alternatives and alterations to
AND
a handful of months and narrow candidates by national voting in two rounds.
In free spaces, we can begin organizing to develop and build citizen- government
AND
metropolitan areas served by a limited number of large scale, unified governments".

Our current relationship to the presidency is what limits our agency to solve national and local problems.

Nelson ’08, (Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008, "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg 22-23)

The book that follows does not pose the expected polemic solution to its polemic analysis
AND
the presidency, resuscitating and re-energizing our democratic agency and involvement.
Why focus solely on the president if I care so much about democratic participation? Why
not focus on other problems, like voter apathy or campaign finance reform? Such
AND
been imagining, rich in civic possibility and citizen activism all around us.

Free space discussions about war powers are key—the symbolic authority of war powers de-activates democracy and agency, and sustains the myth of the state as a benign paternal overseer

Engels ’9
Note: This is a review of Dana Nelson’s book Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People – Jeremy Engels. Associate Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences @ Penn State University – Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs; Volume 12, Number 3, Fall 2009 pp. 478-48 – Project Muse

At a moment in which a majority of Americans have found a renewed faith in
AND
the curtain, to kill the king, and to question the father.

Difference is inevitable, but challenging presidentialism can make it non-antagonistic and productive

Nelson ’08 (Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008,
 "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg 183-185)

IF THERE IS A REMEDY FOR THE THREAT I’VE DESCRIBED IN chapter 4, of
AND
unite against presidential unilateralism unless the Constituents of individual representatives are demanding it.
Why should we work to see that the president has less power? Through-
AND
democratic community together but even how to picture why we would want to.
In this conclusion, I’m calling on readers to reimagine democracy as an open system, a group project, something larger than federal and local government and definitely more expansive than presidential leadership.
I’m asking us to rethink politics not as poison but, differently conducted as the
AND
a democratic project, precisely with those who have become strangers to us.
I don’t want to be misunderstood here. I’m not talking about changing attitudes so
AND
free ourselves from the polarization that our love affair with the presidency feeds.
In short, I’m arguing that we imagine democracy as something we, the people
AND
suggesting, then outline some possible forms we could use to implement them.

The plan solves the shortcomings of American democracy.

Nelson ’08 (Dana D. Nelson, professor of English at Vanderbilt University, 2008,
 "Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People", pg 188-189)

Democracy depends on the premise that people can govern themselves together; in the field
AND
own needs and of maximizing their attention to the demands of their leaders.
In rank-based organizations, the confidence that leaders have about their own abilities
AND
that I’ve been describing here. The problem is, it’s not democratic.
It’s worth considering, I am urging, that many of our discontent s with
AND
political system that is something other than the democracy we say we prize.

Robust democratic politics allows us to question the privilege that exists in settled conventions of the SQ

No capital T truths, contingent…
Harvey, 12 (Oct 20, Kathryn, writer for e-international relations, "Democratic Agonism: Conflict and Contestation in Divided Societies," http://www.e-ir.info/2012/10/20/democratic-agonism-conflict-and-contestation-in-divided-societies/)

We find in Connolly’s work a similar branch of postmodernism and anti-foundationalism as
AND
contingency, indeterminacy and, above all, difference’ (2008: 231).

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Ed Lee, David Heidt, Jonathan Paul
2ac

2AC – T – Subsets

 “In” means within a set of limits
Dictionary.Com – No specific Date Included
Updated in 2013 but no specific date given, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/in

In in preposition, adverb, adjective, noun, verb, inned
AND
used to indicate object or purpose): speaking in honor of the event. 

“Area” means the scope of a concept
Merriam Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/area

Full Definition of AREA
1

 a level piece of ground
2

 the surface included within a set of lines; specifically :  the number of unit squares equal in measure to the surface — see metric system table, weight table
3

 the scope of a concept, operation, or activity :  field the whole area of foreign policy

Substantial means “of considerable amount” – not some contrived percentage
Prost 4 (Judge – United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, “Committee For Fairly Traded Venezuelan Cement v. United States”, 6-18, http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/04opinions/04-1016.html)

The URAA and the SAA neither amend nor refine the language of § 1677(
AND
its analysis having been given considerable leeway to interpret a particularly broad term.

2AC – T – Restrict = Prohibit

Restriction means a limit and includes conditions on action
CAA 8,COURT OF APPEALS OF ARIZONA, DIVISION ONE, DEPARTMENT A, STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee, v. JEREMY RAY WAGNER, Appellant., 2008 Ariz. App. Unpub. LEXIS 613
P10 The term and#34;restrictionand#34; is not defined by the Legislature for the purposes
AND
natural and obvious meaning, which may be discerned from its dictionary definition.and#34.
P11 The dictionary definition of and#34;restrictionand#34; is and#34;a limitation or qualification
AND
dictate that the term and#34;restrictionand#34; includes the ignition interlock device limitation.

A2: d rule

Evaluate consequences – allowing violence for the sake of moral purity is evil
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science – Indiana-Bloomington, Director – Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, Ph.D. – Yale, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

2AC A2: Al Qaeda Weak / No Terror

Prefer the magnitude of our impacts because probability can change overnight
Carafano, ’09 James J. expert in defense and homeland security at the Heritage Foundation, Assistant Director, Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies and Senior Research Fellow, Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies “Worst Case Scenario: Dealing with WMD Must Be Part of Providing for Common Defense” June 29, http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandSecurity/upload/AR05.pdf

It Can Happen Here The arguments against preparing for these dangers offer cold comfort
AND
North Korea or Iran from pursuing very aggressive nuclear and ballistic missile programs.
A2: Relations Durable

Failure to extradite causes a major downturn in relations – even with staunch allies
Matthew W. Henning, Partner in the Boston office of Morrison Mahoney LLP, “Extradition Controversies: How Enthusiastic Prosecutions Can Lead to International Incidents”, 22 B.C. Intand#39;l and Comp. L. Rev. 347, Spring 1999 (BJN)

The well-publicized Ira Einhorn story and other recent extradition cases highlight how the
AND
allowing him to resume his life in a quaint village in France. n10

Drone shift 2ac

Non-unique-~--drone shift now because detention is already too difficult
David Ignatius 10, Washington Post, and#34;Our default is killing terrorists by drone attack. Do you care?and#34;, December 2, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120104458.html
Every war brings its own deformations, but consider this disturbing fact about Americaand#39;s war
AND
seems so clean and antiseptic, but the moral issues are the same.and#34; 

Europe cares more about detention than drones
John Bellinger 13, partner in the international and national security law practices at Arnold and Porter LLP in DC, Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the CFR, and#34;Peter Baker on Mounting Criticisms of Obama Administration CT Policiesand#34;, February 10, www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/peter-baker-on-mounting-criticisms-of-obama-administration-ct-policies/
One of Baker’s more interesting observations — and one of the first times I have
AND
criticism will snowball and, if so, how the Administration will respond.

2AC A2: Executive CP

C) Unilateral executive assurances fail to solve perception
Ashley Deeks, Academic Fellow at Columbia Law School and senior contributor to Lawfare, “Promises Not to Torture: Diplomatic Assurances in U.S. Courts”, The American Society of International Law, 2008, http://www.asil.org/files/ASIL-08-DiscussionPaper.pdf (BJN)

Human rights groups have been the most vocal opponents of assurances, and often represent
AND
the U.S. government has not responded directly to these criticisms. 

D) Congress comparatively solves this deficit
Ashley Deeks, Academic Fellow at Columbia Law School and senior contributor to Lawfare, “Promises Not to Torture: Diplomatic Assurances in U.S. Courts”, The American Society of International Law, 2008, http://www.asil.org/files/ASIL-08-DiscussionPaper.pdf (BJN)

This legislative approach has a number of advantages. First, it would provide greater
AND
participated will bolster the credibility of the process with allies and the public.

2) CP links to politics more
Billy Hallowell 13, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/

“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

5) Extend Chesney – Congressional action is key to prevent interbranch conflict over detention policy -- Solves extinction
Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189 

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international implications,
AND
that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

NB

Congress has already passed detention restrictions—thumps the da
Janet Cooper Alexander 13, professor of law at Stanford University, March 21st, 2013, and#34;The Law-Free Zone and Back Again,and#34; Illinois Law Review, illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2013/2/Alexander.pdf
Congress also passed legislation requiring suspected members of al- Qaeda or “associated forces
AND
, the D.C. Circuit has since rendered those protections toothless.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Terrorism kills the economy
Owen B. Toon, 4-19-2007, is professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado received his Ph.D. from Cornell University, in cloud physics, atmospheric chemistry and radiative transfer, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear con?icts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” Atmosphere Chemistry Physics
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Politics 2ac -~-- debt ceiling 

No PC on debt ceiling
Mike Lillis, The Hill, 9/15/13, http://thehill.com/video/sunday-shows/322313-obama-vows-no-debate-on-debt-ceiling

President Obama in an interview broadcast Sunday amplified his warning that he wonand#39;t negotiate with
AND
negotiate, and I will not negotiate, is on the debt ceiling.and#34; 

A) Shutdown is inevitable
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

1) House Republicans pulled their bill to fund the government. The House was
AND
precious little time to accomplish the goal of not shutting down the government.and#34;

B) That makes Debt Ceiling increase inevitable regardless of political capital
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

5) A government shutdown wouldnand#39;t be the worst thing in the world. Itand#39;s
AND
much better equilibrium by the time the debt ceiling needs to be raised.
The agenda is dead despite shift on Syria
- No PC despite focus shift to Syria. It will still dominate and overshadow the agenda. Gop and dems still mad at him
- Job creation stagnant – hurts Obama’s credibility and messaging
- Obama has no major accomplishments
Doug Schoen 9/18, Contributor, Iand#39;m a political strategist, pollster, author and commentator, Obamaand#39;s Path Forward, http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougschoen/2013/09/18/obamas-path-forward/, jj

It goes without saying that President Obama has had a rough summer. Despite what
AND
broadly agree on his ability to move legislation through a tough political climate.

And Obama’s being blasted on war powers now
Nelson, 9/5 (Colleen, 9/5/2013, “Obamaand#39;s Curbs on Executive Power Draw Fire,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323893004579057463262293446.html))

President Barack Obama, who pledged to
AND
that President Obama is making really run counter to why we have a president and a constitution.and#34;

*Energy floor debates thump
Amy Harder 9/12, and Clare Foran, National Journal, and#34;The Energy Debate That Wasnand#39;tand#34;, 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/daily/the-energy-debate-that-wasn-t-20130912?mrefid=mostViewed
The second day of the Senateand#39;s first floor debate on an energy bill in six
AND
expected to issue regulations limiting carbon emissions for new power plants very soon.

Guns thump
Al Jazeera 9/22 – “Obama urges new gun control push, citing latest mass shootings,” http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/22/obama-urges-new-guncontroleffort.html
President Barack Obama made a fresh call for greater gun controls over the weekend,
AND
get back up and go back at it,” Obama told the Caucus.

Plan doesn’t cost political capital -~-- Obama wouldn’t push the plan 

Controversial fights ensure agenda success.
Dickerson 1/18/13 (John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, Go for the Throat!, http://tinyurl.com/b7zvv4d)

On Monday, President Obama will preside over the grand reopening of his administration.
AND
of “self-deportation” and the pure no-tax wing.

Specifically true of our aff
Antle, 13 (June 10, W. James, editor of the Daily Caller News Foundation and senior editor at The American Spectator, He is a former associate editor at TAC and his work has appeared at The Guardian, Politico,¶ “Civil Liberties: A GOP Civil War?” http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/civil-liberties-a-gop-civil-war/)

Speaking on “Fox News Sunday
AND
 Lindsey Graham’s, but the next few elections will help determine whose party the GOP is.
PC theory is wrong
Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, and#34;There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,and#34; National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital
The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)
Matt note: gender paraphrased

(  ) No link - The disad is not an opportunity cost – Congress could do the plan and raise debt ceiling 

Issues compartmentalized
Edwards 2k Distinguished Professor of Political Science, director of the Center for Presidential Studies, Texas AandM University (George C. III, March. “Building Coalitions.” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, Iss. 1.)

Besides not considering the full range of available views, members of Congress are not generally in a position to make trade-offs between policies. Because of its decentralization, Congress usually considers policies serially, that is, without reference to other policies. Without an integrating mechanism, members have few means by which to set and enforce priorities and to emphasize the policies

No food wars
Eland ’11 – Ivan Eland, American defense analyst and author. He is currently a Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute. Global Warming, Environmental Threats, and U.S. Security: Recycling the Domino Theory, Climate Coup: Global Warming’s Invasion of Our Government and Our Lives, edited by Patrick J. Michaels, pg. 110, jj

Food scarcity, like water shortages, is a dubious cause of conflict.¶ The blithe assertion that environmentally induced famine will cause¶ increased conflict over scarce food supplies overlooks the aforementioned fact that widespread hunger reduces the capacity of nations¶ or groups to make war effectively.39

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Terrorism kills the economy
Owen B. Toon, 4-19-2007, is professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado received his Ph.D. from Cornell University, in cloud physics, atmospheric chemistry and radiative transfer, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear con?icts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” Atmosphere Chemistry Physics
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

1ar

CP
econ

History proves
Ferguson 6— Laurence A. Tisch prof of History at Harvard. William Ziegler of Business Administration at Harvard. MA and D.Phil from Glasgow and Oxford (Niall, “The Next War of the World,” September/October 2006, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/09/the_next_war_of_the_world.html)
Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

DA
Food
No resource wars
Allouche, 11 - Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex (Jeremy,. and#34;The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global tradeand#34; Food Policy, Volume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Science Direct)

Water/food resources, war and conflict The question of resource scarcity has led
AND
Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008). 

Syria

If no protracted fights now despite Syria – proves UQ overwhelms

Destroys dem unity which thumps the da
Mike Dorning and Kathleen Hunter - Sep 17, 2013, Bloomberg, Obama Rifts With Allies on Summers-Syria Limit Debt Dealing, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-17/obama-s-summers-syria-rifts-with-allies-limit-room-on-debt-deal.html, jj

The backlash President Barack Obama faced from Democrats on both Syria and the prospect of
AND
Clinton years was “going to be an ongoing challenge for the president.”

Huge distraction
Ted Barrett and Tom Cohen, CNN, 9-12-’13, Congress shifts its focus away from Syria resolution, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/11/politics/syria-congress/index.html, jj

and#34;Congress will be watching these negotiations very closely,and#34; Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a Nevada Democrat, warned Wednesday. and#34;If there is any indication theyand#39;re not serious or theyand#39;re being used as a ploy to delay, then Congress stands ready to return to that Syria resolutionand#34; that would authorize a military strike on Syria.

Division LT

Citizen detention debates divide the GOP
Seth McLaughlin 13, a reporter on the Politics Desk, The Washington Times, Rand Paul’s filibuster highlights split in GOP ranks; defense hawks not amused, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/mar/7/rand-pauls-filibuster-highlights-split-in-gop-rank/?page=all, jj

Mr. Paul, a possible 2016 presidential candidate, provided a glimpse into his
AND
under President George W. Bush and continued on Mr. Obama’s watch.

Key to the agenda
Payroll tax proves -~-- empirically effective political strategy -~-- better than negotiating with PC
Alexander ’13, Rachel Alexander is the editor of the Intellectual Conservative., Jan 28, 2013, Obamaand#39;s Divide the GOP and Conquer Strategy, http://townhall.com/columnists/rachelalexander/2013/01/28/obamas-divide-the-gop-and-conquer-strategy-n1499435/page/full, jj

Obama has figured out how to force his left wing agenda through even though he
AND
They merely claim to stand for murky concepts like “caring about Americans.”

Outweighs their link
Even if plan weakens Obama -~-- divided GOP can’t capitalize on that
Byron York, Jewish World Review August 20, 2013, Fractured GOP struggles to expose Obamaand#39;s weakness, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0813/york.php3#.UhZ20NLqmSo

Republicans are buzzing about a new Gallup poll showing public approval of President Obamaand#39;s handling of the economy has fallen to 35 percent, while disapproval has risen to an astonishing 62 percent. With showdowns coming over Obamacare, spending, and debt, the presidentand#39;s weakness could create a huge opportunity for the GOP. But the fact is, Republicans are too disorganized, splintered, and unfocused to take advantage of it.

Alternate theories of agenda success ignore key facts.
Dickerson 13 John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, They Hate Me, They Really Hate Me, http://tinyurl.com/arlxupq

When you are on the Fox News’ ticker for the wrong reasons, itand#39;s time to put things into context.
On the eve of the presidentand#39;s inauguration, I wrote a piece about what President
AND
wants to transform American politics: He must take on Republicans—aggressively.
For me, this was a math problem with an unmistakable conclusion. Some people
AND
precisely identified the speech not merely as liberal but an argument for liberalism.
Some correspondents have asked why I didnand#39;t advocate that Obama embrace House GOP spending plans
AND
I mentioned in the piece, Democrats have their own tensions, too.)

Our argument is based in academia and cites empirics.
Dickerson 13 John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, Go for the Throat!, http://tinyurl.com/b7zvv4d

Obama’s only remaining option is to pulverize. Whether he succeeds in passing legislation or not, given his ambitions, his goal should be to delegitimize his opponents. Through a series of clarifying fights over controversial issues, he can force Republicans to either side with their coalitionand#39;s most extreme elements or cause a rift in the party that will leave it, at least temporarily, in disarray.
This theory of political transformation rests on the weaponization (and slight bastardization) of
AND
AND
to return to pitched political battle. He has no time to waste.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Ed Lee, David Heidt, Jonathan Paul
1AC

Contention 1 – Extraditions

Scenario 1 – Terrorism
Initially note – the President will never choose to use detention authority for domestic captures – but keeping the option available ensures confusion and the misperception that it is a realistic option
Robert M. Chesney, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ Brookings and Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ Brookings, “Protecting U.S. Citizens’ Constitutional Rights During the War on Terror”, Testimony To Congress, May 22nd 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2013/05/22-war-on-terror-chesney-wittes (BJN)

In our view, Congress should put this issue to rest at last by clarifying
AND
the utter implausibility of the claim that they might be subjected to it).

This perception results in real consequences - The threat that the US is willing to violate article 6 of the US-EU Extradition treaty vis-à-vis the NDAA guarantees terror suspects won’t be extradited to the United States – undermining the ability of the US to bring them to justice
Stacy K. Hayes. “INTERPRETING THE NEW LANGUAGE OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT: A POTENTIAL BARRIER TO THE EXTRADITION OF HIGH VALUE TERROR SUSPECTS”, 58 Wayne L. Rev. 567, Summer 2012 (BJN)

Article 6 most closely parallels U.S. Constitutional Amendment V in providing for
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basis and as necessary to continue to effectively fight the war on terrorism.

The threat is not hyperbole – the EU has already denied extradition on the basis of indefinite detention
Peter Margulies of the Roger Williams School of Law, “Peter Margulies on the NDAA and Extradition”, December 2011, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2011/12/peter-margulies-on-the-ndaa-and-extradition/ (BJN)

Even more seriously, making military prosecution the rule and Article III courts the exception
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detection and investigation of terrorist plots could be the NDAA’s unintended first casualty. 

Countries would literally have to let these terror suspects go
David S. Kris, Assistant Attorney General for National Security at the U.S. Department of Justice
from March 2009 to March 2011, “Law Enforcement as a Counterterrorism Tool”, 6/15/2011 http://jnslp.com//wp-content/uploads/2011/06/01_David-Kris.pdf (BJN)

These concerns are not hypothetical. During the last Administration, the United States was
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be extradited because they do not face charges pending in the foreign nation.

This will make Europe a safe-haven for terrorist operations
Daniel J. Sharfstein, Associate, Strumwasser and Woocher, Santa Monica, California, “European Courts, American Rights: Extradition and Prison Conditions”, 67 Brooklyn L. Rev. 719, Spring 2002 (BJN)

A. The Increasing Importance of Extradition The and#34;vast majorityand#34; of people suspected
AND
to and#34;seek the broadest possible extradition obligations . . . .and#34; n23

European prosecution will be the root cause
David B. Rivkin, Jr., Associate Fellow of The Nixon Center and Lee A. Casey, partner in the Washington, DC office of Baker and Hostetler LLP., “A House Divided? War, Extradition, and the Atlantic Alliance, PART II”, The National Interest, October 9th 2002, http://nationalinterest.org/article/a-house-divided-war-extradition-and-the-atlantic-alliance-part-ii-2137?page=1 (BJN)

Indeed, one can argue that, given the nature of this conflict, law
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many of the September 11 operatives spent considerable amounts of time in Europe.

A European safe-haven allows terrorists to target the United States
Julia C. Whitehair, Master of Arts in Security Studies graduate thesis, “A PLACE TO HIDE: POPULAR SUPPORT AND TERRORIST SAFE HAVENS”, Nov 19th 2010, http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553428/WhitehairJuliaC.pdf?sequence=1 (BJN)

Given U.S. efforts to shut down traditional safe havens and the attention
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in homegrown terror cells and attacks with roots in the United States.7

European terrorist attacks on American targets ensure massive retaliation – generic neg defense doesn’t apply
VOA (Voice of America), “US Concerned with Islamic Extremism in Europe”, October 31st 2009, http://www.voanews.com/articleprintview/319848.html (BJN)

The State Departmentand#39;s coordinator for counter-terrorism, Henry Crumpton, told the Senate
AND
, and#34;totally in control of the agenda to try to resolve it.and#34;

And, an attack on the EU spurs NATO strikes against Pakistan
Tony Karon, Wednesday, Oct. 06, 2010, Why a Terrorist Strike on Europe Risks Geopolitical Meltdown, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2023847,00.html, jj
Why a Terrorist Strike on Europe Risks Geopolitical Meltdown
Bad as they are, right now, relations between the U.S.
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of attacks in Europe that emanate from Pakistan would force a similar response.

Causes US China War
Webster G. Tarpley 11, Ph.D., US, Pakistan Near Open War; Chinese Ultimatum Warns Washington Against Attack, http://tarpley.net/2011/05/21/us-pakistan-near-open-war-chinese-ultimatum-warns-washington-against-attack/ 

China has officially put the United States on notice that Washington’s planned attack on Pakistan
AND
Masood, a political analyst and retired Pakistani general, told AFP.2

Global nuclear war
Hunkovic, 09 – American Military University (Lee, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Independently – Europe is a prime location for terror cells to construct a nuclear weapon – multiple reasons
Charles Ferguson, scientist-in-residence based in the Washington DC office of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, “The threat of nuclear terrorism in Europe”, 02-06-2004, http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2004-06-02-ferguson-en.html (BJN)

A nuclear terrorist act anywhere is a nuclear terrorist act everywhere. In particular,
AND
reactor, release of radioactivity from research sites could suit nuclear terroristsand#39; purposes.

This ensures great power wars that culminate into extinction
Robert Ayson, July 2010, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7, InformaWorld

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
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support for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint
Scenario 2 - Relations

Extradition fights ensure the irrelevance of NATO
David B. Rivkin, Jr., Associate Fellow of The Nixon Center and Lee A. Casey, partner in the Washington, DC office of Baker and Hostetler LLP., “A House Divided? War, Extradition, and the Atlantic Alliance, PART II”, The National Interest, October 9th 2002, http://nationalinterest.org/article/a-house-divided-war-extradition-and-the-atlantic-alliance-part-ii-2137?page=1 (BJN)

Since the end of the Cold War, many questions have been asked about the
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rather than diplomatic politesse, offers the only hope of closing this rift.

These fights will supersede durability and alt-causes
David B. Rivkin, Jr., Associate Fellow of The Nixon Center and Lee A. Casey, partner in the Washington, DC office of Baker and Hostetler LLP., “A House Divided? War, Extradition, and the Atlantic Alliance, PART II”, The National Interest, October 9th 2002, http://nationalinterest.org/article/a-house-divided-war-extradition-and-the-atlantic-alliance-part-ii-2137?page=1 (BJN)

In past extradition-related disputes with the United States, Europeand#39;s leaders have generally
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, unlawful combatants who seek to destroy this country will be eventually questioned.

History is on our side – past extradition fights have tanked relations – the impact will only grow larger in terrorism cases
Kyle M. Medley, associate in the New York office of Barger and Wolen. Mr. Medley is a litigator with experience before numerous state and federal courts, “RESPONSIBILITY AND BLAME: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVES: THE WIDENING OF THE ATLANTIC: EXTRADITION PRACTICES BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE*”, 68 Brooklyn L. Rev. 1213, Summer 2003 (BJN)

Finally, extradition helps countries avoid international tension and diplomatic crisis. n42 One case
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undoubtedly increase between the U.S. and nations reluctant to extradite.

NATO solves nuclear war
Brzezinski 09 ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI, 2009, U.S. National Security Adviser from 1977 to 1981. His most recent book is Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower, September 2009 - October 2009, (Foreign Affairs, SECTION: Pg. 2 Vol. 88 No. 5, HEADLINE: An Agenda for NATO Subtitle: Toward a Global Security Web, p. Lexis)

ADJUSTING TO A TRANSFORMED WORLD
AND YET, it is fair to ask: Is nato living up to its
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focused aroused Muslim resentments on the United States and the West more generally.

Even post Cold-War, NATO checks a laundry list of existential risks
Burns ’12, R. Nicholas Burns, former U.S. ambassador to NATO, was under secretary of state for political affairs from 2005-2008 and now is director of the Future of Diplomacy Project at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School. David Manning, former British ambassador to NATO, also served as foreign policy adviser to the British prime minister and as British ambassador to the United States. May 17, 2012, New York Times, NATO: When I’m Sixty-Four, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/opinion/nato-when-im-sixty-four.html

Can they afford not to? The international landscape is barely recognizable compared with that
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in a dangerous world, there is no better trans-Atlantic forum.

And independently US-EU relations access every impact
Stivachtis 10 – Director of International Studies Program @ Virginia Polytechnic Institute  Dr. Yannis. A. Stivachtis (Professor of Poli Sci @ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Ph.D. in Politics and International Relations from Lancaster University), THE IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATION,” The Research Institute for European and American Studies, 2010,  pg. http://www.rieas.gr/research-areas/global-issues/transatlantic-studies/78.html

There is no doubt that US-European relations are in a period of transition
AND
of threats is clearly perceived by publics on both sides of the Atlantic.
Plan

The United States Congress should restrict the indefinite detention authority in the area prescribed by the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force and the (2012/2013) National Defense Authorization Act to cases involving persons arrested and/or captured outside the territory of the United States.

Contention 2 - Solvency 

Plan is a no-cost option for Congress – The Executive won’t use the detention war power for domestic captures – but keeping the option legal makes the perception of its use alive
Robert M. Chesney, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ Brookings and Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ Brookings, “Protecting U.S. Citizens’ Constitutional Rights During the War on Terror”, Testimony To Congress, May 22nd 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2013/05/22-war-on-terror-chesney-wittes (BJN)

We would like to make four major points today, points which lead to a
AND
the current status quo uncodified in statute and explains our recommendation for legislation.

Interpreting the NDAA to exclude domestic captures is critical to extraditions
Stacy K. Hayes. J.D. Candidate Wayne State University, “INTERPRETING THE NEW LANGUAGE OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT: A POTENTIAL BARRIER TO THE EXTRADITION OF HIGH VALUE TERROR SUSPECTS”, 58 Wayne L. Rev. 567, Summer 2012 (BJN)

C. Assurances that Include a Guarantee of a Right to Fair Trial Are Key
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the United States stands with her allies in the protracted struggle against terrorism.

No disads – law enforcement and criminal trials solve, plus the president would never detain domestic captures anyway
The idea that we have to keep the option of military detention available is an outdated view of law enforcement – Current criminal trials provide ample security – and even if it could technically be better to use military detention – it wouldn’t be used
Robert M. Chesney, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ Brookings and Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow, Governance Studies @ Brookings, “Protecting U.S. Citizens’ Constitutional Rights During the War on Terror”, Testimony To Congress, May 22nd 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2013/05/22-war-on-terror-chesney-wittes (BJN)

It is certainly possible that we will one day again confront a case in which
AND
--whether United States citizens or aliens--arrested within the United States.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge: Shane
Security 2ac
Prioritize policy relevance over theoretical investigation—key to hold the government accountable
Ewan E. Mellor – European University Institute, Political and Social Sciences, Graduate Student, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs”, online

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
country” that we are “especially obligated to criticise its policies.”51

Policy analysis should trump discourse – most effective way to challenge power
Taft-Kaufman 95 (Jill, Speech prof @ CMU, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”)

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," and "difference," unsupported
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political agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them. 

Methodological changes don’t shape reality
Roth 2000 (Brad R., Assistant Professor of Legal Studies and Political Science and Adjunct Professor of Law, Wayne State University, “Governmental Illegitimacy And Neocolonialism: Response To Review By James Thuo Gathii”, Michigan Law Review, May, 98 Mich. L. Rev. 2056, Lexis)

"Critical" scholars frequently seem to imagine that, in struggling against the methodological
AND

"the more radical the message, the more conservative the suit."

Exclusive method focus causes scholarly inaction
Jackson, associate professor of IR – School of International Service @ American University, ‘11
(Patrick Thadeus, The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations, p. 57-59)

Perhaps the greatest irony of this instrumental, decontextualized importation of “falsification” and
AND
Lakatosian19 model of science (James 2002, 67, 98–103).
The bet with all of this scholarly activity seems to be that if we can
AND
goal that, ironically, Popper and Kuhn and Lakatos would all reject.

Act to save the most lives – imperfect knowledge doesn’t justify inaction
Cowen ‘04 (Tyler, Professor of Economics – George Mason University, “The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism”, 11-2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15)

The epistemic critique relies heavily on a complete lack of information about initial circumstances
AND
uncertainty should not stop us from pursuing large upfront benefits of obvious importance. 

Focusing on epistemology selfishly ignores real world problems
Jarvis, 2K – Prof Philosophy @ U South Carolina (Darryl, Studies in International Relations, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism”, pg. 2)
While Hoffmann might well be correct, these days one can neither begin nor conclude
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," where novelty has itself become "an appropriate form of scholarship."5 

Prior questions will never be fully settled---must take action even under conditions of uncertainty
Molly Cochran 99, Assistant Professor of International Affairs at Georgia Institute for Technology, “Normative Theory in International Relations”, 1999, pg. 272
To conclude this chapter, while modernist and postmodernist debates continue, while we are
AND
pragmatic critique can be a useful ally to feminist and normative theorists generally.

2. Perm – do the plan minus our securitizing reps --- vote aff using another justification

3. Perm do both --- pure critique essentializes security and cedes the political
Nunes ’12, João Nunes is a Research Fellow at the department of Politics and
AND
sagepub.com at WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY on August 19, 2013, jj

In fact, a profound distrust towards security is present in the work of Michael
AND
to address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory understandings of security.
Perm do both—total rejection of hegemony increases imperialism.  The plan’s reformation of leadership solves the impact
Christian REUS-SMIT IR @ Australian Nat’l ‘4 American Power and World Order p. 121-123

My preference here is to advocate a forward-leaning, prudential strategy of institutionally
AND
have transformative potential, even if this is only now being creatively exploited.
Imperial K wrong – US power not that bad and Alt is hopeless.
Ashworth ‘10
Stephen Ashworth is a long-standing Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. He works in academic publishing in the Voltaire Foundation, part of Oxford University – Towards the Sociology of the Universe, part 1 – “A Review of Dickens and Ormrod, Cosmic Society – 18 December 2010 – http://www.astronist.demon.co.uk/space-age/essays/Sociology1.html

Any validity their criticisms of present-day society may possess is completely lost as
AND
100). The Joint Chiefs of Staff must be quaking in their boots.

Our epistemology is true and we control impact uniqueness – heg reducing global violence --- that’s 1AC Mack --- this trend includes interstate war, civil war, and state violence

4. The aff breaks down securitization and the military industrial complex
Fisher ’05, LOUIS FISHER, Specialist with the Law Library, The Library of Congress. Ph.D., New School for Social Research, 1967; B.S., College of William and Mary, 1956, Indiana Law Journal¶ Fall, 2005¶ 81 Ind. L.J. 1199, Lost Constitutional Moorings: Recovering the War Power, LEXIS, jj

The initiation of U.S. military operations in Iraq flowed from a long
AND
the natural results of concentrated power, political arrogance, and ideological fervor.

5. Contingent logic best explains the world. Neg rejoinder burden soars. Also frames judge choice.
Richard Price, founder and chair of the Johns Hopkins Department of Anthropology, and CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT, Monash University – European Journal of International Relations 1998,  http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)

One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Perm – do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alternative. Solves best – combining the alt with dominant ideology solves best.
Giroux, Prof of Comm @ McMaster, 2004 p. 142-143 (Henry, The Terror of Neoliberalism)

There is a lot of talk among academics in the United States and elsewhere about
AND
Sabin observes, “an isolation from society and vows of political chastity.”

*Alt fails – Individual rejection fails – political reform is key.
Giroux, Prof of Comm @ McMaster, 2004 p. 153 (Henry, The Terror of Neoliberalism)

Refusing to separate learning from social change, he constantly insisted that we fail theory
AND
on multiple fronts against the rising forces of authoritarianism both home and abroad.

Neolib’s inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence—no alternative economic system
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html

My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
AND
of revolt, there remains no left to give it direction and purpose.

6. No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars and proximate causes outweigh
Kaufman, 9 - Prof Poli-sci and IR – U Delaware (Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434)

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

They have it backwards – large-scale violence leads to structural violence
Goldstein, ’01 (Joshua S., Professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, pp.411-412)

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

7. Alternative fails and cedes the political – critical theory has no mechanism to translate theory into practice
Jones 99 (Richard Wyn, Lecturer in the Department of International Politics – University of Wales, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, CIAO, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html)

Because emancipatory political practice is central to the claims of critical theory, one might
AND
epistemological and methodological claims and thus that it is a fatally flawed enterprise. 

8. Our epistemology is true and we control impact uniqueness – heg reducing global violence --- that’s 1AC Mack --- this trend includes interstate war, civil war, and state violence --- studies prove
Barnett 9-19-11 (Thomas PM, chief analyst at Wikistrat and a contributing editor for Esquire magazine, World Politics Review, “The New Rules: Credit the U.S., Not the U.N., for More Peaceful World” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10047/the-new-rules-credit-the-u-s-not-the-u-n-for-more-peaceful-world, jj)

Thanks to the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and the wars they spawned, many
AND
to create a global system that has rolled back war across the world.

9. Realism is inevitable
Mearsheimer 1 (John, professor at the University of Chicago, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics)

The optimists' claim that security competition and war among the great powers has been burned
AND
security competition among the great powers that might lead to a major war. 

Reject their McMan and Miller evidence --- we’re not a role playing exercise – we don’t think we’re the government, we just think we should act
10. Act to save the most lives – imperfect knowledge doesn’t justify inaction
Cowen ‘04 (Tyler, Professor of Economics – George Mason University, “The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism”, 11-2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15)

The epistemic critique relies heavily on a complete lack of information about initial circumstances
AND
uncertainty should not stop us from pursuing large upfront benefits of obvious importance. 

2AC – I-Law
Plan’s key to international law
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

The requirement to consider the legality of the proposed action under international law, as
AND
Model merely builds on the theory and seeks to encourage this actual trend.

Extinction
Krieger 2002 (David, Current President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and former Professor at the University of Hawaii and San Francisco State University)
http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2002/07/10_krieger_law-force.htm

An important marker of civilization has always been the ascendancy of law over the unbridled
AND
, but it portends disaster, not least for the United States itself.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: MSU RT | Judge: DeLong
Case
2AC A2: Statutory Restrictions Fail

External checks are effective
Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, and#34;Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)and#34;, May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here,
AND
political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion.

2AC A2: No Impact

A2: yoo – prez power solves

Turn -~-- we don’t eliminate any presidential role, just guarantee a congressional one. That’s best
Two heads are better than one
Pearlstein ’09, Deborah N. Pearlstein Visiting Scholar and Lecturer in Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, July, 2009¶ CONNECTICUT LAW REVIEW¶ 41 Conn. L. Rev. 1549, Article: Form and Function in the National Security Constitution, Lexis, jj
*gender modified

This brings us to the new functionalistsand#39; role effectiveness approach. For whatever one researcher
AND
section explores a role effectiveness approach that could take this reality into account.

1) Plan’s a key middle ground:
A) Requiring Congressional approval doesn’t hurt flexibility in a crisis
The plan helps flex -~-- knee-jerk decisions made by the executive limit flexibility in the long term
Streichler ’08, Stuart Streichler, Adjunct Faculty, Seattle University School of Law. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University; J.D., University of Michigan Law School; B.S., Bowling Green State University, Winter, 2008¶ Journal Of Law And Politics¶ 24 J. L. and Politics 93, ARTICLE: Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War, Lexis, jj

 *123  When Yoo discusses the need for flexibility in the process for
AND
policy options over the long run, constraining foreign policymakers and military planners.

B) Congressional deliberation during peace time is key to leadership
Zelizer ’11, Julian E. Zelizer is a professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University. He is the author of and#34;Jimmy Carter,and#34; published by Times Books, and editor of a book assessing former President George W. Bushand#39;s administration, published by Princeton University Press. June 27, 2011, CNN, War powers belong to Congress and the president, http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/06/27/zelizer.war.powers/index.html, jj

The second cost of presidents going to war rather than Congress doing so is that
AND
might be connected with terrorist networks intent on harming the U.S.
2) We improve war-making -~-- congressional approval causes public confidence and support
Whitman ’10, Alex J. Whitman, Judicial Clerk to the Honorable W. Royal Furgeson, Jr., United States Senior District Judge for the Northern District of Texas; J.D., with honors, Emory University School of Law (2010); B.A., cum laude, University of Florida (2007), FROM THE SHORES OF TRIPOLI TO THE DESERTS OF IRAQ: CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT IN OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE WARS, http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5e2a18f5-c9b4-40ff-ab6a-def73487309d40sessionmgr104andvid=1andhid=115, jj

One could plausibly argue that such a system would restrict the ¶ President’s ability to
AND
Ely observed, “is precisely what Congress is supposed to decide.”144

Turns the disad
Gallagher ’11, Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D ¶ Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance ¶ initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the ¶ USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. 3-24-11, Strategic Studies Institute, Unconstitutional War: ¶ Strategic Risk in the Age of ¶ Congressional Abdication, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf, jj

T¶ here is an imbalance of constitutional power across the branches of the ¶
AND
to achieve the uncertain objectives of the military actions ¶ that began extraconstitutionally. 

Congressional co-op k2 deterrence -~-- they only read part of the card – it concludes aff
Newton ’12, Michael A. Newton, Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW•VOL.45•2012, Inadvertent Implications of the ¶ War Powers Resolution, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.10.Article.Newton.pdf, jj

The corollary to this modern reality, and the second of three ¶ inadvertent implications
AND
those doubts about our ¶ staying power and strengthen our political hand.69

2AC A2: Congress Doesn’t Care / Won’t Enforce
Assumes SQ -~-- plan revitalizes congressional deliberation 

Disregard ev from before Obama’s Syria decision -~-- Congress is willing to play this role
Walter Rubel is managing editor of the Sun-News, 08/31/2013, Las Cruces Sun-News, Congress should share in war decision regarding Syria, http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-opinion/ci_23991104/congress-should-share-war-decision-regarding-syria, jj

I agree with Steve Pearce on this one. And so, it was announced
AND
given a clear direction.¶ We need to do the same thing here.

Terror

2AC – A2: Terror NB

Non UQ – US losing war on terror now
Marc Lynch 8/8, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University and an editor of Foreign Policyand#39;s Middle East Channel, 8/8/13, and#34;The Giftand#34;, Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/08/the_gift_al_qaeda_arab_spring

The failure of most of the Arab uprisings has therefore been an extraordinary gift
AND
new opportunities to reposition itself within the turbulent, hyperactive new Arab politics.

Adopting a restrained foreign policy is key to the war on terror -~-- excessive intervention causes blowback which turns their offense
Choi ’11, Seung-Whan Choi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science (M/C 276), University of Illinois at Chicago, Prepared for the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, September 1-4, 2011, Does U.S. Military Intervention Reduce or Increase Terrorism?, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1900375, jj

Conclusion¶ The current literature on terrorism pays little attention to U.S.
AND
can avoid direct military involvements¶ and any potential backfiring of its missions.¶ 

Status quo solves -~-- Al Qaeda is weak and doesn’t threaten the U.S.
Roth 8-2-’13, Kenneth Roth is executive director of Human Rights Watch, 8-2-’13, Washington Post, The war against al-Qaeda is over, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-war-against-al-qaeda-is-over/2013/08/02/3887af74-f975-11e2-b018-5b8251f0c56e_story.html, jj

The al-Qaeda threat to the United States, while still real, no
AND
of “combatants” simply by using its armed forces to do so.

No risk of nuclear or WMD terror
John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, and#34;The Terrorism Delusion,and#34; Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmuellerabsisfin.pdf, jj

Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
grenade in a trash bin.

2ac debt ceiling
No PC on debt ceiling
Mike Lillis, The Hill, 9/15/13, http://thehill.com/video/sunday-shows/322313-obama-vows-no-debate-on-debt-ceiling

President Obama in an interview broadcast Sunday amplified his warning that he wonand#39;t negotiate with
AND
negotiate, and I will not negotiate, is on the debt ceiling.and#34; 

A) Shutdown is inevitable
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

1) House Republicans pulled their bill to fund the government. The House was
AND
precious little time to accomplish the goal of not shutting down the government.and#34;

B) That makes Debt Ceiling increase inevitable regardless of political capital
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

5) A government shutdown wouldnand#39;t be the worst thing in the world. Itand#39;s
AND
much better equilibrium by the time the debt ceiling needs to be raised.
The agenda is dead despite shift on Syria
- No PC despite focus shift to Syria. It will still dominate and overshadow the agenda. Gop and dems still mad at him
- Job creation stagnant – hurts Obama’s credibility and messaging
- Obama has no major accomplishments
Doug Schoen 9/18, Contributor, Iand#39;m a political strategist, pollster, author and commentator, Obamaand#39;s Path Forward, http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougschoen/2013/09/18/obamas-path-forward/, jj

It goes without saying that President Obama has had a rough summer. Despite what
AND
broadly agree on his ability to move legislation through a tough political climate.

And Obama’s being blasted on war powers now
Nelson, 9/5 (Colleen, 9/5/2013, “Obamaand#39;s Curbs on Executive Power Draw Fire,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323893004579057463262293446.html))

President Barack Obama, who pledged to push
AND
a constitution.and#34;

*Energy floor debates thump
Amy Harder 9/12, and Clare Foran, National Journal, and#34;The Energy Debate That Wasnand#39;tand#34;, 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/daily/the-energy-debate-that-wasn-t-20130912?mrefid=mostViewed
The second day of the Senateand#39;s first floor debate on an energy bill in six
AND
expected to issue regulations limiting carbon emissions for new power plants very soon.

Plan doesn’t cost political capital -~-- Obama wouldn’t push the plan 

The plan pits moderate republicans against conservative republicans
Denver Post ’11, 6-20, Libya has exposed GOP divide over U.S. role in world, http://www.denverpost.com/ci_18312620, jj

WASHINGTON — Republicans are facing a widening fissure over the U.S. role
AND
that the War Powers Act is unconstitutional, a position Graham repeated Sunday.
That’s key to the agenda
Dickerson 1/18/13 (John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, Go for the Throat!, http://tinyurl.com/b7zvv4d)

On Monday, President Obama will preside over the grand reopening of his administration.
AND
of “self-deportation” and the pure no-tax wing.

The plan is popular
Gelb and Slaughter, 05 (Leslie H. Gelb, is a former correspondent for The New York Times and is currently President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations. ¶ and Anne-Marie Slaughter, contributing editor at the Atlantic, the Bert G. Kerstetter and#39;66 University Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. Beginning in September 2013, she will assume the presidency of the New America Foundation, , and will become a professor emerita at Princeton. From 2009–2011 she served as Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State, Prior to her government service, Dr. Slaughter was the Dean of Princetonand#39;s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs from 2002–2009 and the J. Sinclair Armstrong Professor of International, Foreign, and Comparative Law at Harvard Law School from 1994-2002.¶ November 07, 2005, American Foreisng Policy: “It’s Time to Stop slipping into armed conflict,” http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511/declare-war)

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally. 

(  ) No link - The disad is not an opportunity cost – Congress could do the plan and pass CIR

PC theory is wrong
Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, and#34;There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,and#34; National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Issues compartmentalized
Edwards 2k Distinguished Professor of Political Science, director of the Center for Presidential Studies, Texas AandM University (George C. III, March. “Building Coalitions.” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, Iss. 1.)

Besides not considering the full range of available views, members of Congress are not generally in a position to make trade-offs between policies. Because of its decentralization, Congress usually considers policies serially, that is, without reference to other policies. Without an integrating mechanism, members have few means by which to set and enforce priorities and to emphasize the policies

No debt ceiling econ impact
Michael Tanner 11, National Review, “No Surrender on Debt Ceiling”, Jan 19, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/257433/no-surrender-debt-ceiling-michael-tanner
Of course the Obama administration is already warning of Armageddon if Congress doesn’t raise the
AND
country. Our economy will not long survive government spending at those levels.

No food wars
Eland ’11 – Ivan Eland, American defense analyst and author. He is currently a Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute. Global Warming, Environmental Threats, and U.S. Security: Recycling the Domino Theory, Climate Coup: Global Warming’s Invasion of Our Government and Our Lives, edited by Patrick J. Michaels, pg. 110, jj

Food scarcity, like water shortages, is a dubious cause of conflict.¶ The blithe assertion that environmentally induced famine will cause¶ increased conflict over scarce food supplies overlooks the aforementioned fact that widespread hunger reduces the capacity of nations¶ or groups to make war effectively.39

Heg will survive econ decline – also overall resilience
Ferguson 2009 – Laurence A. Tisch Professor at Harvard University and a member of the AI editorial board (Niall, The American Interest, Jan-Feb 09, “What “Chimerica” Hath Wrought”, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=533, WEA)
Yet commentators should hesitate before prophesying
AND
be no surprise if it is also more politically disruptive to America’s rivals.

Economy turns heg – that’s Mack – keeps sea lanes open and maintains trade.

Intervention makes economic collapse inevitable
Bandow ’12, Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute and former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan. March 12, 2012, CATO Institute, Americans for Permanent War: Target Syria, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/americans-permanent-war-target-syria, jj
Moreover, the U.S. would have to act without international sanction.
AND
to husband them would be to avoid unnecessary wars — starting with Syria.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Resilience makes the impact impossible
Zakaria 2009 – PhD in political science from Harvard, editor of Newsweek International, former managing editor of Foreign Affairs (12/12, Fareed, Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/2, WEA)

One year ago, the world seemed as if it might be coming apart.
AND
Most have been there, done that. And they know the price.

2AC – XO CP – Generic 1:30

1) Perm – do both
2) Solves none of the aff -~-- exclusive executive war authority causes wars of choice that decimate US leadership -~-- congress is key:
A) Group think -~-- Extend Martin -~-- only dispersing war power throughout the legislature solves irrational executive decision-making
B) Statutory definition key -~-- extend Farley and Cowan -~-- only congressional clarification of the WPR provides a meaningful standard that facilitates judicial intervention
Unambiguous congressional re-definition key -~-- otherwise executive circumvents
Hemesath ‘2k, Paul A. Hemesath *, * J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996, Georgetown Law Journal¶ August, 2000¶ 88 Geo. L.J. 2473, NOTE: Whoand#39;s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era, Lexis, jj

Second, based on this consensus, the Congress must enact a new War Powers
AND
Framers, for situations that require the Executive to repel sudden attacks.  n200

The CP is Syria -~-- its an informal, self-restraint that won’t deter future presidents -~-- it gives Obama to much leeway – that’s Rudalevidge and Franke-Ruta
C) Executive action doesn’t solve -~-- congressional restrictions key to create binding policy
Friedersdorf 5-28-13, Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. MAY 28 2013, The Atlantic, Does Obama Really Believe He Can Limit the Next Presidentand#39;s Power?, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/does-obama-really-believe-he-can-limit-the-next-presidents-power/276279/

Standards he sets within the executive branch to govern drone strikes wonand#39;t bind the next
AND
unthinkable as it seems, would not be without precedent for this president.

3) If the CP solves the aff, then there’s no net benefit -~-- if they restore war-making authority to Congress then they trigger the executive flexibility link

4) Perm do the CP

5) Agent CPs are a voting issue
A.  Aff ground -~-- agent CP’s moot the 1AC, uniquely abusive since they fiat the object of the resolution
B.  Trivializes Debate – their net benefits rely on minute distinctions in process rather than the heart of policy substance which forms the basis for different topics
C. No Offense – agent DAs, Federal Government ground, and years of agent debates check any ground or education loss

6) Links to politics
Ulrich ’08, Marybeth P. Ulrich, European Studies – Wilson Center, June 2008, Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College (SSI), National Security Powers: Are the Checks in Balance?, online, jj

Executive orders have mainly been used in three areas: to combat various forms of
AND
the idea in order to salvage his domestic agenda¶ before Congress.22

Condo is bad – causes 2ac time and strat skew and argument irresponsibility which jacks ground – dispo solves 

2AC – I-Law
Plan’s key to international law
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

The requirement to consider the legality of the proposed action under international law, as
AND
Model merely builds on the theory and seeks to encourage this actual trend.

Extinction
Krieger 2002 (David, Current President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and former Professor at the University of Hawaii and San Francisco State University)
http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2002/07/10_krieger_law-force.htm

An important marker of civilization has always been the ascendancy of law over the unbridled
AND
, but it portends disaster, not least for the United States itself.
2AC R2P
Restoring congressional war power ends the responsibility to protect doctrine
RICHARD HANANIA, University of Chicago Law School, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND THE WAR POWERS DEBATE, (2012)J.JURIS 47, http://www.jurisprudence.com.au/juris13/Hanania.pdf, jj

Partisans of the R2P may seek to harness the presidential desire for glory, discussed
AND
necessary than ever to have Congress decide when the nation commits to war.

Only ending R2P makes non-proliferation effective
Alexander K. Bollfrass 11 is a visiting scholar at the Stimson Center. He has written widely on nuclear weapons, including as a former reporter for Arms Control Today, a contributor to the Washington Post and as the co-editor of two books on nuclear disarmament. 9-12-’11, World Politics Review, Explaining Libya to Iran, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9970/explaining-libya-to-iran, jj

Eight years after Moammar
AND
at the same time emphasizing that mass violence against civilians is intolerable? 

Extinction
Martin Hellman 8, Prof Emeritus of Engineering @ Stanford, “Defusing the Nuclear Threat: A Necessary First Step,” http://www.nuclearrisk.org/statement.php

Nuclear deterrence has worked for over fifty years, while attempts at nuclear disarmament have
AND
equally important component of the risk, namely the failure rate of deterrence.

2AC – CMR
Plan’s key to CMR
Yingling, 2010  (Februrary, LT. COL. PAUL L. YINGLING is an Army officer who has served three tours of duty in Iraq and who is currently a professor of security studies at the George C. Marshall Center in Garmisch, Germany. The views expressed here are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Army or Defense Department., “The Founders’ wisdom“ http://armedforcesjournal.com/article/2010/02/4384885)

The Founders also extended legislative oversight to the conduct of war itself. By vesting
AND
but rather a return to the time-tested principles of America’s founding.

Breakdown of CMR leads to global conflict
Cohen 97 (Eliot, “Civil-military relations – Are U.S. Forces Overstretched”, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0365/is_n2_v41/ai_19416332/?tag=content;col1)

Left uncorrected, the trends in American civil-military relations could breed certain pathologies
AND
defenseand#34; in a world in which security cannot be taken for granted.
2AC – IBC

Congressional WPR reform checks inter-branch conflict
Ryland, 12 (July 9th, Alexander, “Executive-Legislative Conflict over the War Powers Resolution” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/09/executive-legislative-conflict-over-the-war-powers-resolution/)

After deploying assets, Obama gave notice to Congress of the intervention. However,
AND
, rendering the WPR little more than a symbolic declaration of lost power.

Extinction
Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189 

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international implications,
AND
that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard SexU | Judge: Brett Bricker
Case
2AC A2: Statutory Restrictions Fail

External checks are effective
Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, and#34;Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)and#34;, May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here,
AND
political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion.

2AC A2: No Impact

A2: yoo – prez power solves

Turn -~-- we don’t eliminate any presidential role, just guarantee a congressional one. That’s best
Two heads are better than one
Pearlstein ’09, Deborah N. Pearlstein Visiting Scholar and Lecturer in Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, July, 2009¶ CONNECTICUT LAW REVIEW¶ 41 Conn. L. Rev. 1549, Article: Form and Function in the National Security Constitution, Lexis, jj
*gender modified

This brings us to the new functionalistsand#39; role effectiveness approach. For whatever one researcher
AND
section explores a role effectiveness approach that could take this reality into account.

1) Plan’s a key middle ground:
A) Requiring Congressional approval doesn’t hurt flexibility in a crisis
The plan helps flex -~-- knee-jerk decisions made by the executive limit flexibility in the long term
Streichler ’08, Stuart Streichler, Adjunct Faculty, Seattle University School of Law. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University; J.D., University of Michigan Law School; B.S., Bowling Green State University, Winter, 2008¶ Journal Of Law And Politics¶ 24 J. L. and Politics 93, ARTICLE: Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War, Lexis, jj

 *123  When Yoo discusses the need for flexibility in the process for
AND
policy options over the long run, constraining foreign policymakers and military planners.

B) Congressional deliberation during peace time is key to leadership
Zelizer ’11, Julian E. Zelizer is a professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University. He is the author of and#34;Jimmy Carter,and#34; published by Times Books, and editor of a book assessing former President George W. Bushand#39;s administration, published by Princeton University Press. June 27, 2011, CNN, War powers belong to Congress and the president, http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/06/27/zelizer.war.powers/index.html, jj

The second cost of presidents going to war rather than Congress doing so is that
AND
might be connected with terrorist networks intent on harming the U.S.
2) We improve war-making -~-- congressional approval causes public confidence and support
Whitman ’10, Alex J. Whitman, Judicial Clerk to the Honorable W. Royal Furgeson, Jr., United States Senior District Judge for the Northern District of Texas; J.D., with honors, Emory University School of Law (2010); B.A., cum laude, University of Florida (2007), FROM THE SHORES OF TRIPOLI TO THE DESERTS OF IRAQ: CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT IN OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE WARS, http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5e2a18f5-c9b4-40ff-ab6a-def73487309d40sessionmgr104andvid=1andhid=115, jj

One could plausibly argue that such a system would restrict the ¶ President’s ability to
AND
Ely observed, “is precisely what Congress is supposed to decide.”144

Turns the disad
Gallagher ’11, Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D ¶ Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance ¶ initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the ¶ USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. 3-24-11, Strategic Studies Institute, Unconstitutional War: ¶ Strategic Risk in the Age of ¶ Congressional Abdication, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf, jj

T¶ here is an imbalance of constitutional power across the branches of the ¶
AND
to achieve the uncertain objectives of the military actions ¶ that began extraconstitutionally. 

Congressional co-op k2 deterrence -~-- they only read part of the card – it concludes aff
Newton ’12, Michael A. Newton, Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW•VOL.45•2012, Inadvertent Implications of the ¶ War Powers Resolution, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.10.Article.Newton.pdf, jj

The corollary to this modern reality, and the second of three ¶ inadvertent implications
AND
those doubts about our ¶ staying power and strengthen our political hand.69

2AC A2: Congress Doesn’t Care / Won’t Enforce
Assumes SQ -~-- plan revitalizes congressional deliberation 

Disregard ev from before Obama’s Syria decision -~-- Congress is willing to play this role
Walter Rubel is managing editor of the Sun-News, 08/31/2013, Las Cruces Sun-News, Congress should share in war decision regarding Syria, http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-opinion/ci_23991104/congress-should-share-war-decision-regarding-syria, jj

I agree with Steve Pearce on this one. And so, it was announced
AND
given a clear direction.¶ We need to do the same thing here.

Terror

2AC – A2: Terror NB

Non UQ – US losing war on terror now
Marc Lynch 8/8, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University and an editor of Foreign Policyand#39;s Middle East Channel, 8/8/13, and#34;The Giftand#34;, Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/08/the_gift_al_qaeda_arab_spring

The failure of most of the Arab uprisings has therefore been an extraordinary gift
AND
new opportunities to reposition itself within the turbulent, hyperactive new Arab politics.

Adopting a restrained foreign policy is key to the war on terror -~-- excessive intervention causes blowback which turns their offense
Choi ’11, Seung-Whan Choi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science (M/C 276), University of Illinois at Chicago, Prepared for the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, September 1-4, 2011, Does U.S. Military Intervention Reduce or Increase Terrorism?, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1900375, jj

Conclusion¶ The current literature on terrorism pays little attention to U.S.
AND
can avoid direct military involvements¶ and any potential backfiring of its missions.¶ 

Status quo solves -~-- Al Qaeda is weak and doesn’t threaten the U.S.
Roth 8-2-’13, Kenneth Roth is executive director of Human Rights Watch, 8-2-’13, Washington Post, The war against al-Qaeda is over, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-war-against-al-qaeda-is-over/2013/08/02/3887af74-f975-11e2-b018-5b8251f0c56e_story.html, jj

The al-Qaeda threat to the United States, while still real, no
AND
of “combatants” simply by using its armed forces to do so.

No risk of nuclear or WMD terror
John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, and#34;The Terrorism Delusion,and#34; Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmuellerabsisfin.pdf, jj

Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
grenade in a trash bin.

2ac debt ceiling
No PC on debt ceiling
Mike Lillis, The Hill, 9/15/13, http://thehill.com/video/sunday-shows/322313-obama-vows-no-debate-on-debt-ceiling

President Obama in an interview broadcast Sunday amplified his warning that he wonand#39;t negotiate with
AND
negotiate, and I will not negotiate, is on the debt ceiling.and#34; 

A) Shutdown is inevitable
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

1) House Republicans pulled their bill to fund the government. The House was
AND
precious little time to accomplish the goal of not shutting down the government.and#34;

B) That makes Debt Ceiling increase inevitable regardless of political capital
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

5) A government shutdown wouldnand#39;t be the worst thing in the world. Itand#39;s
AND
much better equilibrium by the time the debt ceiling needs to be raised.
The agenda is dead despite shift on Syria
- No PC despite focus shift to Syria. It will still dominate and overshadow the agenda. Gop and dems still mad at him
- Job creation stagnant – hurts Obama’s credibility and messaging
- Obama has no major accomplishments
Doug Schoen 9/18, Contributor, Iand#39;m a political strategist, pollster, author and commentator, Obamaand#39;s Path Forward, http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougschoen/2013/09/18/obamas-path-forward/, jj

It goes without saying that President Obama has had a rough summer. Despite what
AND
broadly agree on his ability to move legislation through a tough political climate.

And Obama’s being blasted on war powers now
Nelson, 9/5 (Colleen, 9/5/2013, “Obamaand#39;s Curbs on Executive Power Draw Fire,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323893004579057463262293446.html))

President Barack Obama, who pledged to push
AND
a constitution.and#34;

*Energy floor debates thump
Amy Harder 9/12, and Clare Foran, National Journal, and#34;The Energy Debate That Wasnand#39;tand#34;, 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/daily/the-energy-debate-that-wasn-t-20130912?mrefid=mostViewed
The second day of the Senateand#39;s first floor debate on an energy bill in six
AND
expected to issue regulations limiting carbon emissions for new power plants very soon.

Plan doesn’t cost political capital -~-- Obama wouldn’t push the plan 

The plan pits moderate republicans against conservative republicans
Denver Post ’11, 6-20, Libya has exposed GOP divide over U.S. role in world, http://www.denverpost.com/ci_18312620, jj

WASHINGTON — Republicans are facing a widening fissure over the U.S. role
AND
that the War Powers Act is unconstitutional, a position Graham repeated Sunday.
That’s key to the agenda
Dickerson 1/18/13 (John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, Go for the Throat!, http://tinyurl.com/b7zvv4d)

On Monday, President Obama will preside over the grand reopening of his administration.
AND
of “self-deportation” and the pure no-tax wing.

The plan is popular
Gelb and Slaughter, 05 (Leslie H. Gelb, is a former correspondent for The New York Times and is currently President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations. ¶ and Anne-Marie Slaughter, contributing editor at the Atlantic, the Bert G. Kerstetter and#39;66 University Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. Beginning in September 2013, she will assume the presidency of the New America Foundation, , and will become a professor emerita at Princeton. From 2009–2011 she served as Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State, Prior to her government service, Dr. Slaughter was the Dean of Princetonand#39;s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs from 2002–2009 and the J. Sinclair Armstrong Professor of International, Foreign, and Comparative Law at Harvard Law School from 1994-2002.¶ November 07, 2005, American Foreisng Policy: “It’s Time to Stop slipping into armed conflict,” http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511/declare-war)

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally. 

(  ) No link - The disad is not an opportunity cost – Congress could do the plan and pass CIR

PC theory is wrong
Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, and#34;There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,and#34; National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Issues compartmentalized
Edwards 2k Distinguished Professor of Political Science, director of the Center for Presidential Studies, Texas AandM University (George C. III, March. “Building Coalitions.” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, Iss. 1.)

Besides not considering the full range of available views, members of Congress are not generally in a position to make trade-offs between policies. Because of its decentralization, Congress usually considers policies serially, that is, without reference to other policies. Without an integrating mechanism, members have few means by which to set and enforce priorities and to emphasize the policies

No debt ceiling econ impact
Michael Tanner 11, National Review, “No Surrender on Debt Ceiling”, Jan 19, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/257433/no-surrender-debt-ceiling-michael-tanner
Of course the Obama administration is already warning of Armageddon if Congress doesn’t raise the
AND
country. Our economy will not long survive government spending at those levels.

No food wars
Eland ’11 – Ivan Eland, American defense analyst and author. He is currently a Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute. Global Warming, Environmental Threats, and U.S. Security: Recycling the Domino Theory, Climate Coup: Global Warming’s Invasion of Our Government and Our Lives, edited by Patrick J. Michaels, pg. 110, jj

Food scarcity, like water shortages, is a dubious cause of conflict.¶ The blithe assertion that environmentally induced famine will cause¶ increased conflict over scarce food supplies overlooks the aforementioned fact that widespread hunger reduces the capacity of nations¶ or groups to make war effectively.39

Heg will survive econ decline – also overall resilience
Ferguson 2009 – Laurence A. Tisch Professor at Harvard University and a member of the AI editorial board (Niall, The American Interest, Jan-Feb 09, “What “Chimerica” Hath Wrought”, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=533, WEA)
Yet commentators should hesitate before prophesying
AND
be no surprise if it is also more politically disruptive to America’s rivals.

Economy turns heg – that’s Mack – keeps sea lanes open and maintains trade.

Intervention makes economic collapse inevitable
Bandow ’12, Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute and former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan. March 12, 2012, CATO Institute, Americans for Permanent War: Target Syria, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/americans-permanent-war-target-syria, jj
Moreover, the U.S. would have to act without international sanction.
AND
to husband them would be to avoid unnecessary wars — starting with Syria.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Resilience makes the impact impossible
Zakaria 2009 – PhD in political science from Harvard, editor of Newsweek International, former managing editor of Foreign Affairs (12/12, Fareed, Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/2, WEA)

One year ago, the world seemed as if it might be coming apart.
AND
Most have been there, done that. And they know the price.

2AC – XO CP – Generic 1:30

1) Perm – do both
2) Solves none of the aff -~-- exclusive executive war authority causes wars of choice that decimate US leadership -~-- congress is key:
A) Group think -~-- Extend Martin -~-- only dispersing war power throughout the legislature solves irrational executive decision-making
B) Statutory definition key -~-- extend Farley and Cowan -~-- only congressional clarification of the WPR provides a meaningful standard that facilitates judicial intervention
Unambiguous congressional re-definition key -~-- otherwise executive circumvents
Hemesath ‘2k, Paul A. Hemesath *, * J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996, Georgetown Law Journal¶ August, 2000¶ 88 Geo. L.J. 2473, NOTE: Whoand#39;s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era, Lexis, jj

Second, based on this consensus, the Congress must enact a new War Powers
AND
Framers, for situations that require the Executive to repel sudden attacks.  n200

The CP is Syria -~-- its an informal, self-restraint that won’t deter future presidents -~-- it gives Obama to much leeway – that’s Rudalevidge and Franke-Ruta
C) Executive action doesn’t solve -~-- congressional restrictions key to create binding policy
Friedersdorf 5-28-13, Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. MAY 28 2013, The Atlantic, Does Obama Really Believe He Can Limit the Next Presidentand#39;s Power?, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/does-obama-really-believe-he-can-limit-the-next-presidents-power/276279/

Standards he sets within the executive branch to govern drone strikes wonand#39;t bind the next
AND
unthinkable as it seems, would not be without precedent for this president.

3) If the CP solves the aff, then there’s no net benefit -~-- if they restore war-making authority to Congress then they trigger the executive flexibility link

4) Perm do the CP

5) Agent CPs are a voting issue
A.  Aff ground -~-- agent CP’s moot the 1AC, uniquely abusive since they fiat the object of the resolution
B.  Trivializes Debate – their net benefits rely on minute distinctions in process rather than the heart of policy substance which forms the basis for different topics
C. No Offense – agent DAs, Federal Government ground, and years of agent debates check any ground or education loss

6) Links to politics
Ulrich ’08, Marybeth P. Ulrich, European Studies – Wilson Center, June 2008, Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College (SSI), National Security Powers: Are the Checks in Balance?, online, jj

Executive orders have mainly been used in three areas: to combat various forms of
AND
the idea in order to salvage his domestic agenda¶ before Congress.22

Condo is bad – causes 2ac time and strat skew and argument irresponsibility which jacks ground – dispo solves 

2AC – I-Law
Plan’s key to international law
Martin ’11, Craig Martin, Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Baltimore School of Law, Winter, 2011¶ Brooklyn Law Review¶ 76 Brooklyn L. Rev. 611, ARTICLE: Taking War Seriously: A Model for Constitutional Constraints on the Use of Force in Compliance with In-ternational Law, Lexis, jj

The requirement to consider the legality of the proposed action under international law, as
AND
Model merely builds on the theory and seeks to encourage this actual trend.

Extinction
Krieger 2002 (David, Current President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and former Professor at the University of Hawaii and San Francisco State University)
http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2002/07/10_krieger_law-force.htm

An important marker of civilization has always been the ascendancy of law over the unbridled
AND
, but it portends disaster, not least for the United States itself.
2AC R2P
Restoring congressional war power ends the responsibility to protect doctrine
RICHARD HANANIA, University of Chicago Law School, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND THE WAR POWERS DEBATE, (2012)J.JURIS 47, http://www.jurisprudence.com.au/juris13/Hanania.pdf, jj

Partisans of the R2P may seek to harness the presidential desire for glory, discussed
AND
necessary than ever to have Congress decide when the nation commits to war.

Only ending R2P makes non-proliferation effective
Alexander K. Bollfrass 11 is a visiting scholar at the Stimson Center. He has written widely on nuclear weapons, including as a former reporter for Arms Control Today, a contributor to the Washington Post and as the co-editor of two books on nuclear disarmament. 9-12-’11, World Politics Review, Explaining Libya to Iran, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9970/explaining-libya-to-iran, jj

Eight years after Moammar
AND
at the same time emphasizing that mass violence against civilians is intolerable? 

Extinction
Martin Hellman 8, Prof Emeritus of Engineering @ Stanford, “Defusing the Nuclear Threat: A Necessary First Step,” http://www.nuclearrisk.org/statement.php

Nuclear deterrence has worked for over fifty years, while attempts at nuclear disarmament have
AND
equally important component of the risk, namely the failure rate of deterrence.

2AC – CMR
Plan’s key to CMR
Yingling, 2010  (Februrary, LT. COL. PAUL L. YINGLING is an Army officer who has served three tours of duty in Iraq and who is currently a professor of security studies at the George C. Marshall Center in Garmisch, Germany. The views expressed here are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Army or Defense Department., “The Founders’ wisdom“ http://armedforcesjournal.com/article/2010/02/4384885)

The Founders also extended legislative oversight to the conduct of war itself. By vesting
AND
but rather a return to the time-tested principles of America’s founding.

Breakdown of CMR leads to global conflict
Cohen 97 (Eliot, “Civil-military relations – Are U.S. Forces Overstretched”, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0365/is_n2_v41/ai_19416332/?tag=content;col1)

Left uncorrected, the trends in American civil-military relations could breed certain pathologies
AND
defenseand#34; in a world in which security cannot be taken for granted.
2AC – IBC

Congressional WPR reform checks inter-branch conflict
Ryland, 12 (July 9th, Alexander, “Executive-Legislative Conflict over the War Powers Resolution” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/09/executive-legislative-conflict-over-the-war-powers-resolution/)

After deploying assets, Obama gave notice to Congress of the intervention. However,
AND
, rendering the WPR little more than a symbolic declaration of lost power.

Extinction
Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189 

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international implications,
AND
that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Sarah Spring
2AC A2: Statutory Restrictions Fail

External checks are effective
Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, and#34;Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)and#34;, May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here,
AND
political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion.

2AC A2: Heg Sustainable

avoiding intervention key – more evidence –
Robinson 6-26-13, Don Robinson, a retired professor of government at Smith College, June 26, 2013, Gazette Net, Donald Robinson: The arguments for and against intervening in Syria, http://www.gazettenet.com/home/7163738-95/donald-robinson-the-arguments-for-and-against-intervening-in-syria, jj

Nasr’s case for a stronger American commitment to the Middle East is countered by Richard
AND
is indeed time to take a breather and to renew our constitutional liberties.

2AC – A2: Terror 

Non UQ – US losing war on terror now
Marc Lynch 8/8, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University and an editor of Foreign Policyand#39;s Middle East Channel, 8/8/13, and#34;The Giftand#34;, Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/08/the_gift_al_qaeda_arab_spring
 The failure of most of the Arab uprisings has therefore been an extraordinary gift
AND
new opportunities to reposition itself within the turbulent, hyperactive new Arab politics.

Adopting a restrained foreign policy is key to the war on terror -~-- excessive intervention causes blowback which turns their offense
Choi ’11, Seung-Whan Choi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science (M/C 276), University of Illinois at Chicago, Prepared for the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, September 1-4, 2011, Does U.S. Military Intervention Reduce or Increase Terrorism?, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1900375, jj

Conclusion¶ The current literature on terrorism pays little attention to U.S.
AND
can avoid direct military involvements¶ and any potential backfiring of its missions.¶ 

Status quo solves -~-- Al Qaeda is weak and doesn’t threaten the U.S.
Roth 8-2-’13, Kenneth Roth is executive director of Human Rights Watch, 8-2-’13, Washington Post, The war against al-Qaeda is over, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-war-against-al-qaeda-is-over/2013/08/02/3887af74-f975-11e2-b018-5b8251f0c56e_story.html, jj

The al-Qaeda threat to the United States, while still real, no
AND
of “combatants” simply by using its armed forces to do so.

No risk of nuclear or WMD terror
John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, and#34;The Terrorism Delusion,and#34; Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmuellerabsisfin.pdf, jj

Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
planting a hand grenade in a trash bin.

2AC – Non-Binding

Non-binding resolutions solve none of the aff and lock in pres power
Fisher ’09, Louis Fisher is a specialist in constitutional law with the Law Library at the Library of Congress, 14 JAN 2009, Presidential Studies Quarterly, The Law: The Baker-Christopher War Powers Commission, Volume 39, Issue 1, pages 128–140, March 2009, DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.03662.x, accessed via Wiley Online, online, jj

If Congress were to pass the resolution of support, it would have no legal
AND
war for two months while awaiting passage of a concurrent resolution of approval.
Just holding a vote isn’t enough -~-- formal declaration key to war fighting success
Simons and McGraw ’11, Anna Simons, Professor of Defense Analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School, Joe McGraw is a LTC in the US Army. He has served for nearly 18 years in the US Army after graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1994. ¶ Sovereignty Solution, Annapolis, MD, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2011. p 61-62.¶ http://site.ebrary.com/lib/wayne/Doc?id=10527986andppg=71¶ Copyright © 2011. Naval Institute Press. All rights reserved. Ebook accessed via Wayne State, jj

America’s Founding Fathers engineered a brilliant thing. The system of governance they devised for
AND
at war; rather, they might acknowledge, our armed forces are.

Nothing short of a declaration of war solves
Simons and McGraw ’11, Anna Simons, Professor of Defense Analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School, Joe McGraw is a LTC in the US Army. He has served for nearly 18 years in the US Army after graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1994. ¶ Sovereignty Solution, Annapolis, MD, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2011. p 62-64.¶ http://site.ebrary.com/lib/wayne/Doc?id=10527986andppg=71¶ Copyright © 2011. Naval Institute Press. All rights reserved. Ebook accessed via Wayne State, jj

Unfortunately today (and for the past six decades), rather than Congress arming the
AND
demystifier . . . leaving your objective in very plain view.”

2AC – XO CP – Generic 1:30

Unambiguous congressional re-definition key -~-- otherwise executive circumvents
Hemesath ‘2k, Paul A. Hemesath *, * J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996, Georgetown Law Journal¶ August, 2000¶ 88 Geo. L.J. 2473, NOTE: Whoand#39;s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era, Lexis, jj

Second, based on this consensus, the Congress must enact a new War Powers
AND
Framers, for situations that require the Executive to repel sudden attacks.  n200

Executive action doesn’t solve -~-- congressional restrictions key to create binding policy
Friedersdorf 5-28-13, Conor Friedersdorf is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. MAY 28 2013, The Atlantic, Does Obama Really Believe He Can Limit the Next Presidentand#39;s Power?, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/does-obama-really-believe-he-can-limit-the-next-presidents-power/276279/

Standards he sets within the executive branch to govern drone strikes wonand#39;t bind the next
AND
unthinkable as it seems, would not be without precedent for this president.

Internal checks fail -~-- the President and Congress won’t enforce them
Posner and Vermeule ’11, Eric Posner is Kirkland and Ellis Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Aaron Director Research Scholar at the University of Chicago. Adrian Vermeule - John H. Watson, Jr. Professor of Law – Harvard Law School, The Executive Unbound electronic resource : After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press, USA, 2011. 01/01/2011 1 online resource (256 p.) Language: English, pg 139-141, jj

Katyal’s argument is relevant because the mechanisms he discusses¶ might be understood as signaling
AND
no incentive¶ to adopt proposals intended to constrain that sort of actor.

Links to politics
Ulrich ’08, Marybeth P. Ulrich, European Studies – Wilson Center, June 2008, Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College (SSI), National Security Powers: Are the Checks in Balance?, online, jj

Executive orders have mainly been used in three areas: to combat various forms of
AND
the idea in order to salvage his domestic agenda¶ before Congress.22

Pres powers 2AC 1:45
Turn -~-- we don’t eliminate any presidential role, just guarantee a congressional one. That’s best
Two heads are better than one
Pearlstein ’09, Deborah N. Pearlstein Visiting Scholar and Lecturer in Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, July, 2009¶ CONNECTICUT LAW REVIEW¶ 41 Conn. L. Rev. 1549, Article: Form and Function in the National Security Constitution, Lexis, jj
*gender modified

This brings us to the new functionalistsand#39; role effectiveness approach. For whatever one researcher
AND
section explores a role effectiveness approach that could take this reality into account.

Requiring Congressional approval doesn’t hurt flexibility in a crisis
The plan helps flex -~-- knee-jerk decisions made by the executive limit flexibility in the long term
Streichler ’08, Stuart Streichler, Adjunct Faculty, Seattle University School of Law. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University; J.D., University of Michigan Law School; B.S., Bowling Green State University, Winter, 2008¶ Journal Of Law And Politics¶ 24 J. L. and Politics 93, ARTICLE: Mad about Yoo, or Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War, Lexis, jj

 *123  When Yoo discusses the need for flexibility in the process for
AND
policy options over the long run, constraining foreign policymakers and military planners.

Congressional deliberation during peace time is key to leadership
Zelizer ’11, Julian E. Zelizer is a professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University. He is the author of and#34;Jimmy Carter,and#34; published by Times Books, and editor of a book assessing former President George W. Bushand#39;s administration, published by Princeton University Press. June 27, 2011, CNN, War powers belong to Congress and the president, http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/06/27/zelizer.war.powers/index.html, jj

The second cost of presidents going to war rather than Congress doing so is that
AND
might be connected with terrorist networks intent on harming the U.S.

We improve war-making -~-- congressional approval causes public confidence and support
Whitman ’10, Alex J. Whitman, Judicial Clerk to the Honorable W. Royal Furgeson, Jr., United States Senior District Judge for the Northern District of Texas; J.D., with honors, Emory University School of Law (2010); B.A., cum laude, University of Florida (2007), FROM THE SHORES OF TRIPOLI TO THE DESERTS OF IRAQ: CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT IN OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE WARS, http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5e2a18f5-c9b4-40ff-ab6a-def73487309d40sessionmgr104andvid=1andhid=115, jj

One could plausibly argue that such a system would restrict the ¶ President’s ability to
AND
Ely observed, “is precisely what Congress is supposed to decide.”144

Turns the disad
Gallagher ’11, Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D ¶ Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance ¶ initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the ¶ USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. 3-24-11, Strategic Studies Institute, Unconstitutional War: ¶ Strategic Risk in the Age of ¶ Congressional Abdication, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2011summer/Gallagher.pdf, jj

T¶ here is an imbalance of constitutional power across the branches of the ¶
AND
to achieve the uncertain objectives of the military actions ¶ that began extraconstitutionally. 

Congressional co-op k2 deterrence
Newton ’12, Michael A. Newton, Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW•VOL.45•2012, Inadvertent Implications of the ¶ War Powers Resolution, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.10.Article.Newton.pdf, jj

The corollary to this modern reality, and the second of three ¶ inadvertent implications
AND
those doubts about our ¶ staying power and strengthen our political hand.69

2ac debt ceiling
No PC on debt ceiling
Mike Lillis, The Hill, 9/15/13, http://thehill.com/video/sunday-shows/322313-obama-vows-no-debate-on-debt-ceiling

President Obama in an interview broadcast Sunday amplified his warning that he wonand#39;t negotiate with
AND
negotiate, and I will not negotiate, is on the debt ceiling.and#34; 

A) Shutdown is inevitable
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

1) House Republicans pulled their bill to fund the government. The House was
AND
precious little time to accomplish the goal of not shutting down the government.and#34;

B) That makes Debt Ceiling increase inevitable regardless of political capital
Ezra Klein, Washington Post, “A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. That might be a good thing.”, Sept 12th 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/a-government-shutdown-just-became-a-bit-more-likely-that-might-be-a-good-thing/?wprss=rss_ezra-kleinandclsrd

5) A government shutdown wouldnand#39;t be the worst thing in the world. Itand#39;s
AND
much better equilibrium by the time the debt ceiling needs to be raised.
The agenda is dead despite shift on Syria
- No PC despite focus shift to Syria. It will still dominate and overshadow the agenda. Gop and dems still mad at him
- Job creation stagnant – hurts Obama’s credibility and messaging
- Obama has no major accomplishments
Doug Schoen 9/18, Contributor, Iand#39;m a political strategist, pollster, author and commentator, Obamaand#39;s Path Forward, http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougschoen/2013/09/18/obamas-path-forward/, jj

It goes without saying that President Obama has had a rough summer. Despite what
AND
broadly agree on his ability to move legislation through a tough political climate.

And Obama’s being blasted on war powers now
Nelson, 9/5 (Colleen, 9/5/2013, “Obamaand#39;s Curbs on Executive Power Draw Fire,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323893004579057463262293446.html))

President Barack Obama, who
AND
run counter to why we have a president and a constitution.and#34;

*Energy floor debates thump
Amy Harder 9/12, and Clare Foran, National Journal, and#34;The Energy Debate That Wasnand#39;tand#34;, 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/daily/the-energy-debate-that-wasn-t-20130912?mrefid=mostViewed
The second day of the Senateand#39;s first floor debate on an energy bill in six
AND
expected to issue regulations limiting carbon emissions for new power plants very soon.

Plan doesn’t cost political capital -~-- Obama wouldn’t push the plan 

The plan pits moderate republicans against conservative republicans
Denver Post ’11, 6-20, Libya has exposed GOP divide over U.S. role in world, http://www.denverpost.com/ci_18312620, jj

WASHINGTON — Republicans are facing a widening fissure over the U.S. role
AND
that the War Powers Act is unconstitutional, a position Graham repeated Sunday.
That’s key to the agenda
Dickerson 1/18/13 (John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, Go for the Throat!, http://tinyurl.com/b7zvv4d)

On Monday, President Obama will preside over the grand reopening of his administration.
AND
of “self-deportation” and the pure no-tax wing.

The plan is popular
Gelb and Slaughter, 05 (Leslie H. Gelb, is a former correspondent for The New York Times and is currently President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations. ¶ and Anne-Marie Slaughter, contributing editor at the Atlantic, the Bert G. Kerstetter and#39;66 University Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. Beginning in September 2013, she will assume the presidency of the New America Foundation, , and will become a professor emerita at Princeton. From 2009–2011 she served as Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State, Prior to her government service, Dr. Slaughter was the Dean of Princetonand#39;s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs from 2002–2009 and the J. Sinclair Armstrong Professor of International, Foreign, and Comparative Law at Harvard Law School from 1994-2002.¶ November 07, 2005, American Foreisng Policy: “It’s Time to Stop slipping into armed conflict,” http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511/declare-war)

Passing this legislation might not be easy. But the time is right. Liberals
AND
emboldened, and we begin to lose—first psychologically and then literally. 

PC theory is wrong
Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, and#34;There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,and#34; National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Issues compartmentalized
Edwards 2k Distinguished Professor of Political Science, director of the Center for Presidential Studies, Texas AandM University (George C. III, March. “Building Coalitions.” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, Iss. 1.)

Besides not considering the full range of available views, members of Congress are not generally in a position to make trade-offs between policies. Because of its decentralization, Congress usually considers policies serially, that is, without reference to other policies. Without an integrating mechanism, members have few means by which to set and enforce priorities and to emphasize the policies

No debt ceiling econ impact
Michael Tanner 11, National Review, “No Surrender on Debt Ceiling”, Jan 19, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/257433/no-surrender-debt-ceiling-michael-tanner
Of course the Obama administration is already warning of Armageddon if Congress doesn’t raise the
AND
country. Our economy will not long survive government spending at those levels.

2AC – A2: Econ Impact

Economy turns heg – that’s Mack – keeps sea lanes open and maintains trade.

Intervention makes economic collapse inevitable
Bandow ’12, Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute and former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan. March 12, 2012, CATO Institute, Americans for Permanent War: Target Syria, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/americans-permanent-war-target-syria, jj
Moreover, the U.S. would have to act without international sanction.
AND
to husband them would be to avoid unnecessary wars — starting with Syria.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Resilience makes the impact impossible
Zakaria 2009 – PhD in political science from Harvard, editor of Newsweek International, former managing editor of Foreign Affairs (12/12, Fareed, Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/2, WEA)

One year ago, the world seemed as if it might be coming apart.
AND
Most have been there, done that. And they know the price.

Legalism 2AC

1. Our framework is plan focus – we get to weigh the 1AC – it’s key to clash and fairness and productive debate  

Prioritize policy relevance over theoretical investigation—key to hold the government accountable -~-- turns Schlag, if they read it
Ewan E. Mellor – European University Institute, Political and Social Sciences, Graduate Student, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs”, online

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
country” that we are “especially obligated to criticise its policies.”51

2. The plan doesn’t whitewash war—defensive wars are justified and we stop the Bush doctrine -~-- this K is just solvency defense
Whitman ’10, Alex J. Whitman, Judicial Clerk to the Honorable W. Royal Furgeson, Jr., United States Senior District Judge for the Northern District of Texas; J.D., with honors, Emory University School of Law (2010); B.A., cum laude, University of Florida (2007), FROM THE SHORES OF TRIPOLI TO THE DESERTS OF IRAQ: CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT IN OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE WARS, http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5e2a18f5-c9b4-40ff-ab6a-def73487309d40sessionmgr104andvid=1andhid=115, jj

One of the most important powers the Constitution granted to ¶ Congress was the power
AND
, where the early practices of the Framers ¶ indicated it should be. 

3. Perm do both—pure critique of law throws the baby out with the bathwater and stunts progress
Anthony V. Alfieri ‘98, Professor of Law and Director, Center for Ethics and Public Service, University of Miami School of Law, La Raza Law Journal, Spring, 1998, 10 La Raza L.J. 1647, BOOK REVIEW: Black And WhiteCritical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. Edited By Richard Delgado. +, Lexis, jj

Constructive engagement in law and legal advocacy demands a liberal faith in reason and incremental
AND
on the liberal/postmodern and theory/practice divide thus persist unabated.

4. No masking or whitewashing link—their K makes the perfect the enemy of the good and ignores benefits of a pragmatic liberal approach to the law
Alex Stein ‘93, Professor of Law. Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law., 22 Anglo-Am. L. Rev. 194 (1993) ,Defending Liberal Law: A Review Article, HeinOnline, online, jj

Despite this Altman maintains that it would be a mistake to dismiss liberal legal protection
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liberal legal doctrine rather than demolish it (pp.1548 and 196201).

5. Try-or-die for pragmatic reform—the alternative to incremental fixes is a totally unconstrained executive—causes authoritarianism
William E. Scheuerman 12 is Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University. Summer, 2012, Law and Social Inquiry, 37 Law and Soc. Inquiry 743, REVIEW ESSAY: Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy, Lexis, jj

So why do Posner and Vermeule think they can join analytic forces with Schmitt while
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perhaps continues to rest on some sort of mass-based political support.

6. We must use the institutions that exercise power to change them
Lawrence Grossburg, University of Illinois, We Gotta Get Outta This Place, 1992, p. 391-393
The Left needs institutions which can operate within the systems of governance, understanding that
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and oppositional agency. It strives to organize minorities into a new majority.

7. They cede the political
Martha T. McCluskey ‘07 +, + William J. Magavern Faculty Scholar and Professor, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo Law Review, January, 2007, 54 Buffalo L. Rev. 1191, Book Review: Thinking with Wolves: Left Legal Theory After the Rightand#39;s Rise, Lexis, jj

But in the context of early 21st century America, criticism of and#34;liberaland#34;
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politics, law, and identity so that more progressive possibilities remain unimaginable.

8. Alt fails
Sanford Levinson ‘83, Professor of Law, University of Texas at Austin. Duke University, B.A., 1962; Harvard University, Ph.D., 1969; Stanford University, J.D., 1973. Harvard Law Review, APRIL, 1983, 96 Harv. L. Rev. 1466, BOOK REVIEW: ESCAPING LIBERALISM: EASIER SAID THAN DONE, Lexis, jj

Although several authors emphasize their commitment to the victims of oppression, n15 none of
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the idealistic -- albeit hitherto unsuccessful -- attempt to move beyond liberal legalism.

*9. Realism is inevitable
Mearsheimer 1 (John, professor at the University of Chicago, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics)

The optimistsand#39; claim that security competition and war among the great powers has been burned
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security competition among the great powers that might lead to a major war. 

1ar

K

#1 – Epist/Method Not First
-- Evaluate consequences – allowing violence for the sake of moral purity is evil
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science – Indiana-Bloomington, Director – Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, Ph.D. – Yale, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Prior question fails
Jackson, associate professor of IR – School of International Service @ American University, ‘11
(Patrick Thadeus, The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations, p. 57-59)

Perhaps the greatest irony of this instrumental, decontextualized importation of “falsification” and
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Lakatosian19 model of science (James 2002, 67, 98–103).
The bet with all of this scholarly activity seems to be that if we can
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goal that, ironically, Popper and Kuhn and Lakatos would all reject.

1AR #3, 4, 5 – Perm / Link Turn 

Perm is the best methodological option -~-- corrects shortcomings of both
Methodologies are always imperfect – endorsing multiple epistemological frameworks can correct the blindspots of each
Stern and Druckman 00 (Paul, National Research Council and Daniel, Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution – George Mason University, International Studies Review, Spring, p. 62-63)

Using several distinct research approaches or sources of information in conjunction is a valuable strategy
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the results coming from any single study, method, or data source. 

Perm works and net benefit is not ceding the political – 2AC #7 – far left attacks on the law cause right wing fill-in --McCluskey

Politics

Top

Heg will survive econ decline – also overall resilience
Ferguson 2009 – Laurence A. Tisch Professor at Harvard University and a member of the AI editorial board (Niall, The American Interest, Jan-Feb 09, “What “Chimerica” Hath Wrought”, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=533, WEA)
Yet commentators should hesitate before prophesying
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be no surprise if it is also more politically disruptive to America’s rivals.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
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times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Resilience makes the impact impossible
Zakaria 2009 – PhD in political science from Harvard, editor of Newsweek International, former managing editor of Foreign Affairs (12/12, Fareed, Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/2, WEA)

One year ago, the world seemed as if it might be coming apart.
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Most have been there, done that. And they know the price.

No markets impact
Peter Lefkin 13, Senior Vice President of Government and External Affairs for Allianz of North America, “Round 2 of the Debt-Ceiling Debate,” Allianz Global, 5/21, http://us.allianzgi.com/Commentary/MarketInsights/Pages/5QuestionswithPeterLefkin.aspx
Expect more brinkmanship from Democrats and Republicans. Both parties will go through the rhetoric
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comprehensive tax reform, entitlement reform and construction of the Keystone oil pipeline. 

Err aff-~--their authors exaggerate
Tom Raum 11, AP, “Record $14 trillion-plus debt weighs on Congress”, Jan 15, http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_17108333?source=rssandnclick_check=1
Democrats have use doomsday rhetoric about a looming government shutdown and comparing the U.
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,and#34; and raising the debt limit will become an imperative, he suggested.

Debt ceiling downgrade won’t hurt the economy-~--empirics
Brian Dooley 12, and#34;Will US debt rating be downgraded again?and#34;, 12/29, www.royalgazette.com/article/20121229/BUSINESS08/712299981
So what happens when the world’s largest bond sector faces a potential downgrade due to
AND
P action. Massive bond buying the US Federal Reserve didn’t hurt either.

1AR Syria – A2 Focus Shift

The agenda is dead despite shift on Syria
- No PC despite focus shift to Syria. It will still dominate and overshadow the agenda. Gop and dems still mad at him
- Job creation stagnant – hurts Obama’s credibility and messaging
- Obama has no major accomplishments
Doug Schoen 9/18, Contributor, Iand#39;m a political strategist, pollster, author and commentator, Obamaand#39;s Path Forward, http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougschoen/2013/09/18/obamas-path-forward/, jj

It goes without saying that President Obama has had a rough summer. Despite what
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broadly agree on his ability to move legislation through a tough political climate.

And Obama’s being blasted on war powers now
Nelson, 9/5 (Colleen, 9/5/2013, “Obamaand#39;s Curbs on Executive Power Draw Fire,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323893004579057463262293446.html))

President Barack Obama, who pledged to push
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and a constitution.and#34;

Syria will cost Obama PC and wreck the agenda, even without a vote
Naureen Khan, 9-11-2013, “Obama pays high political price for fumbling on Syria,” Aljazeera, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/11/obama-pays-high-politicalpriceforhandlingofsyria.html
The Obama administration may have found a temporary way to stave off defeat on the
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“Accidental diplomacy,” he said, was no way to exude leadership.

Triggers focus link
Ted Barrett and Tom Cohen, CNN, 9-12-’13, Congress shifts its focus away from Syria resolution, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/11/politics/syria-congress/index.html, jj

and#34;Congress will be watching these negotiations very closely,and#34; Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a Nevada Democrat, warned Wednesday. and#34;If there is any indication theyand#39;re not serious or theyand#39;re being used as a ploy to delay, then Congress stands ready to return to that Syria resolutionand#34; that would authorize a military strike on Syria.

1AR—GOP Division Link Turn 1:00

War powers breaks the GOP
Rand Paul, the Tea Party, and democrats push the plan -~-- that causes backlash from Obama and hawks like McCain
Strassel, 11(June 24th, Kimberly, a member of Wall Street Journal Editorial Board, Since 2007 she has written the Potomac Watch column WSJ: “The GOPand#39;s War Powers Opportunism,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304569504576403941879147666.html)

This week should have been Barack Obamaand#39;s moment under the national-security klieg lights
AND
emboldening a tin-pot dictator. Howand#39;s that for an electoral pitch? 

Key to the agenda
Payroll tax proves -~-- empirically effective political strategy -~-- better than negotiating with PC
Alexander ’13, Rachel Alexander is the editor of the Intellectual Conservative., Jan 28, 2013, Obamaand#39;s Divide the GOP and Conquer Strategy, http://townhall.com/columnists/rachelalexander/2013/01/28/obamas-divide-the-gop-and-conquer-strategy-n1499435/page/full, jj

Obama has figured out how to force his left wing agenda through even though he
AND
They merely claim to stand for murky concepts like “caring about Americans.”

Outweighs their link
Even if plan weakens Obama -~-- divided GOP can’t capitalize on that
Byron York, Jewish World Review August 20, 2013, Fractured GOP struggles to expose Obamaand#39;s weakness, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0813/york.php3#.UhZ20NLqmSo

Republicans are buzzing about a new
AND
splintered, and unfocused to take advantage of it.

Alternate theories of agenda success ignore key facts.
Dickerson 13 John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, They Hate Me, They Really Hate Me, http://tinyurl.com/arlxupq

When you are on the Fox News’ ticker for the wrong reasons, itand#39;s time to put things into context.
AND
I mentioned in the piece, Democrats have their own tensions, too.)

Our argument is based in academia and cites empirics.
Dickerson 13 John, Chief Political Correspondent at the Slate, Political Director of CBS News, Covered Politics for Time Magazine for 12 Years, Previous White House Correspondent, Go for the Throat!, http://tinyurl.com/b7zvv4d

Obama’s only remaining option is to pulverize. Whether he succeeds in passing legislation or not, given his ambitions, his goal
AND
to return to pitched political battle. He has no time to waste.

O won’t spend PC/won’t get involved

Obama won’t spend capital to defend WOT war powers
Wall St Journal July 28, 2013, “Absent on Presidential Power,”
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323610704578630102919888438.html, KEL

Does President Obama privately want Congress to rein in his antiterror surveillance programs? Thatand#39;s
AND
. Obama really is trying to undermine his own war-making power.

Tournament: Pittsburgh Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Schultz
Plan Text
The United States Congress should require a declaration of war for the initiation of an armed attack and/or hostilities by the President of the United States.
The United States Congress should allow an exception for repelling an invasion of and/or responding to a direct attack on the United States and/or United States Armed Forces. Congress should require immediate notice of such a determination, and shall require an authorization within 14 days or the executive shall cease such use of armed force. This authorization must include clearly defined political objectives.
For the purpose of this restriction Congress should define:
“initiation of an armed attack” as: The use of force of a magnitude that is likely to produce serious consequences, epitomized by territorial intrusions, human casualties, or considerable destruction of property against another nation that has not attacked the United States
“initiation of hostilities” as: a state of confrontation in which no shots have been fired but where there is a clear and present danger of armed conflict against another nation that has not attacked the United States

Advantage 3 is internationalism

Obama has argued mutual defense treaties allow him to use armed forces without Congressional authorization

Christopher Collins, Examiner, May 9^th 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/panetta-use-of-military-force-can-be-granted-by-un-or-nato-not-congress-http://www.examiner.com/article/panetta-use-of-military-force-can-be-granted-by-un-or-nato-not-congress

(Paulding County, Georgia) The Obama administration and Defense Secretary Panetta are contending
AND
and how the hostilities would occur, therefore bypassing the War Powers Act.

This "weak internationalism" will be the new method for Presidents to bypass Congress

John Samples, director of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute, "Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution", October 27, 2011, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf

What will the future practice of limited wars look like? Libya is a limited
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strengthened the expectation that international institutions should legitimate an American use of force. 

Plan is necessary to prevent Congressional blowback against the UN that destroys alliances

Stromseth 95 – Jane E. Stromseth, Associate Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "Collective Force and Constitutional Responsibility: War Powers in the Post-Cold War Era", University of Miami, October, 50 U. Miami L. Rev. 145, Lexis

IV. Conclusion
If Somalia and Haiti are any guide, we can expect to see several trends
AND
Security Council in voting for and shaping the mandate of future peacekeeping operations.
Second, Congress will use its power of the purse more aggressively not only to
AND
forces are deployed in U.N. peacekeeping or peace enforcement operations.
Third, in situations involving delicate diplomacy and ongoing efforts to resolve a conflict peacefully
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policy vacuum, as it did toward the end of the Somalia operation.
In the end, the United States Congress, despite its newfound assertiveness, will
AND
into hostile situations in U.N.-authorized military operations is increasing.
In the years ahead, a continuation of the Cold War "tacit deal"
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to maintain a posture of constructive international engagement in the challenging times ahead.

Only the plan makes alliances durable

Moss 8 (Kenneth B., Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Studies at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Formerly affiliated with the Siemens Corporation, the Woodrow Wilson Center, and the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Undeclared War and the Future of U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 220-221)

While the Constitution’s authors would rightly view the current U.S. situation with
AND
inattention, even disregard, of its own constitution in war and peace.

Allied cooperation solves multiple existential threats

Ikenberry 11 – G. John Ikenberry, Peter F. Krogh Professor of Global Justice at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, "A World of Our Making", Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Issue ~2321, Summer, http://www.democracyjournal.org/21/a-world-of-our-making-1.php?page=all-http://www.democracyjournal.org/21/a-world-of-our-making-1.php?page=all

Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building
American dominance of the global system will eventually yield to the rise of other powerful states. The unipolar moment will pass. In facing this circumstance, American grand strategy should be informed by answers to this question: What sort of international order would we like to see in place in 2020 or 2030 when America is less powerful?
Grand strategy is a set of coordinated and sustained policies designed to address the long
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States will need to return to the great tasks of liberal order building.
It is useful to distinguish between two types of grand strategy: positional and milieu
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the future, this milieu-based approach to grand strategy is necessary.
The United States does not face the sort of singular geopolitical threat that it did
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as the foundations of American national security, would be put at risk.
What unites these threats and challenges is that they are all manifestations of rising security
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this unusually diverse, diffuse, and unpredictable array of threats and challenges.
This is why a milieu-based grand strategy is attractive. The objective is
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its networks of social relations, that are available for solving collective problems.
If American grand strategy is to be organized around liberal order building, what are
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, etc.—these safeguards are the stuff of a protective global infrastructure.
Second, the United States should recommit to and rebuild its security alliances. The
AND
legally binding one, and in exchange it gets cooperation and political support.

Prior authorization of internationally approved conflicts is key to public legitimacy which prevents abandonment – Comparatively outweighs the risks that Congress says "no"

John Samples, director of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute, "Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution", October 27, 2011, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf

A congressional authorization of a limited war would have advantages beyond constitutional propriety. If
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failures that vitiate both the Constitution and the republican character of our government. 

Congress is key

John Samples, director of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute, "Congress Surrenders the War Powers Libya, the United Nations, and the Constitution", October 27, 2011, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa687.pdf

Finally, Congress should enact a resolution denying that limited wars may be legitimated by international institutions. If it does not do so, a future Office of Legal Counsel could well conclude that Congress did nothing in 2011 to push back on President Obama’s claim that a limited war could be legitimated by the United Nations Security Council. In the practice of limited wars, congressional silence is taken to be consent, however improbably.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Sarah Weiner
The United States Congress should require a declaration of war that is consistent with jus ad bellum principles of self-defense under international law for any decision to use or deploy armed forces against a nation-state in circumstances likely to lead to an armed attack.
Congress should define “armed attack” as: The use of force of a magnitude that is likely to produce serious consequences, epitomized by territorial intrusions, human casualties, or considerable destruction of property.
Congress should allow an exception in the event of an armed attack against the United States, or its allies making prior approval impractical.  Congress should require immediate notice of such a determination, and shall require approval within 14 days.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Will Repko
The United States Congress should require a declaration of war for any decision by the President of the United States to use or deploy armed forces in circumstances likely to lead to an armed attack.
Congress should define “armed attack” as: The use of force of a magnitude that is likely to produce serious consequences, epitomized by territorial intrusions, human casualties, or considerable destruction of property.
Congress should allow an exception in the event of an armed attack against the United States requiring the urgent use of armed forces making prior approval from the legislature impractical.  Congress should require immediate notice of such a determination, and shall require a declaration of war within 14 days or the executive shall cease such use of armed force.