Tournament: AD-Yay | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Nagy
Read the Cyber WPR aff, see cites and open source for CSUF Round 6.
If you're trying to find the new Cyber LOAC aff we read round 6 at ADA, the open source is posted below.

Tournament: AD-Yay | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kentucky GV | Judge: Nagy
Read the Cyber WPR aff, see cites and open source for CSUF Round 6.
If you're trying to find the new Cyber LOAC aff we read round 6 at ADA, the open source is posted below.

Tournament: CSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Binghamton RS | Judge: Woodward
Same as Harvard Round 4. 1AC and 2AC Docs attached.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge:
Navy

The aircraft carrier industry will collapse now and drag the navy down with it – budget cuts, cost-overruns, and reach of CVW
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue is important because… to operate in this theater? 8
Carriers make basing and the US Navy effective – key to maintaining presence without escalation
Rabus 13, Ray, M.A. in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School, “Technology On Approach: Unmanned aircraft at sea greatly extend the Navy’s reach and sustainability,” July 13th, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Jul/14/tp-technology-on-approach/2/?#article-copy
On Wednesday afternoon, Chief of Naval Operations Adm. … manned ships, aircraft and submarines.
US naval strength key to de-escalate global conflict
Cropsey 10 – is a Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute. Previously, he served as Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy during both the Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations. (Seth, September 1, “Ebb Tide” http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=7235) Jacome
Only one statement can be made …would be an invitation to calamity.
Specifically, naval supremacy is key to solve US-China war over the South China Sea, Japan, and Taiwan
Felzenberg and Gray 11 – (Alvin S. Felzenberg, Professorial Lecturer at The Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, Presidential Historian and Adjunct Faculty Member at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, former Fellow at the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Principal Spokesman for the 9/11 Commission, holds a Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University,and Alexander B. Gray, Student at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and the War Studies Department of King’s College, London, 01-03-2011 “The New Isolationism,” The National Review, January 3rd, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/256150)
China, while continuing to upgrade …. presence on land, at sea, and in the air.
That goes nuclear
Kulacki 12, Gregory, Senior Analyst and China Project Manager for the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Risk of Nuclear War with China,” 9/21, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-kulacki/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-w_b_1903336.html
Last week two separate …. carries the risk of ending in a nuclear war.

Drones save the carrier industry – cost effectiveness and persistence
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The current budget squeeze…endangered species.

And, Independtly, Drones are key to make carriers A2AD resistant by enhancing range of attack and flexibility
Goure 13, Daniel, vice president at the Lexington Institute, “Drones to the Rescue,” September, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue that has drawn the … challenges to the aircraft carrier.

Iran’s developing A2AD capabilities to close the Strait of Hormuz – causes oil price spikes and economic collapse
Isenberg 12, David, adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute, a US Navy veteran, and the author of the book, Shadow Force: Private Security Contractors in Iraq “Iran well prepared for the worst,” January 31st, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NA31Ak02.html
According to the report published …Security, a Washington DC think-tank.
Oil shocks cause war
Roberts 04 (Paul, Regular Contributor to Harpers and NYT Magazine, “The End of Oil: On The Edge of a Perilous New World”, p. 93-94)
The obsessive focus on oil … simple survival than terrorism or even war.

Economic collapse leads to extinction
Kemp 10
Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite…-thirds of the planet’s population.
AUMF Advantage
Drones effectiveness key to combat terrorism - disruption, decapitation, and destroys safe havens, specialists, and training
Byman, 13 -- Georgetown University Security Studies professor  
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy Senior Fellow, and#34;Why Drones Work,and#34; Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 8-28-13, mss
Despite President Barack Obama’s recent…leaders and risking dead leaders. 

Drones keep terrorists on the run – they’re the only game in town
Cilluffo, 11 -- George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute director Frank, and#34;After bin Laden the Threat Remains: Drones, CIA and SOF Still the Only Game in Town,and#34; 5-2-11, HSPI Commentary 22, www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/commentary022_after_bin_laden.cfm, accessed 8-19-13, mss
In May 2009, just four months into his tenure as the Director of … in the last twenty-four hours.

There’s no risk of blowback AND drones prevent worse alternatives
Etzioni, 13 -- George Washington University international affairs professor
Amitai, and#34;Drones: Say it With Figures,and#34; UPI, 4-30-13, www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/04/30/Outside-View-Drones-Say-it-with-figures/UPI-25571367294880/?spt=hsandor=an, accessed 6-11-13, mss
Drones: Say it with figures Attacking drones, the -… the presence of foreign troops.

On the ground interviews prove recruitment’s inevitable – people join AQAP because they need the cash
Swift, 12 -- Georgetown University National Security Studies professor
Christopher, University of Virginiaand#39;s Center for National Security Law fellow, J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center, Ph.D. in Politics and International Studies from the University of Cambridge, and#34;The Drone Blowback Fallacy,and#34; Foreign Affairs, 7-1-12, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137760/christopher-swift/the-drone-blowback-fallacy?page=show, accessed 6-14-13, mss
Last month, I traveled to Yemen to study … and that is why we need them.and#34; 

Terrorism goes nuclear - highest probability impact
Neely ’13 (Meggaen Neely, CSIS, “Doubting Deterrence of Nuclear Terrorism”, http://csis.org/blog/doubting-deterrence-nuclear-terrorism?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=Feed3A+csis-poni+28PONI+Debates+the+Issues+Blog29, March 21, 2013) 

The 2010 Nuclear Posture…terrorists with physical harm.
That causes extinction - retaliation
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a …. might it then draw about their culpability.
Specifically US-Russia war causes extinction
Corcoran 9 (PhD, Senior Fellow @ Global Security, Frmr. Strategic Analyst at the US Army War College where he chaired studies for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Operations and member of the National Advisory Board for the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, we win the qualification game, 4/21, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/090421301-strategic-nuclear-targets.htm)
That brings us to Russia, our former main adversary….of a total nuclear exchange.

Emerging extra-AUMF threats make the AUMF obsolete now – reform is key to overall US CT strategy
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

Since September 18, 2001, a .… and if so precisely what.
The plan allows the president to address extra-AUMF threats and identification ensures accountability
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091
Based on current trends … force is being implemented.

Solvency/Mech

Domestic and international backlash to status quo drone policy causes rollback now – reforming drone policy solves legitimacy which is key to basing rights and continued drone use
Zenko 13, Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65
Over the past decade, the use of unmanned aerial systems…. drones by other states and nonstate actors.

Presidential use of drone strikes is on its last straw, reform of the AUMF stops court strikedown
Barnes 13 Beau, International Parliamentary Fellow as staff to a congressional candidate for the Mercy Corps, honor graduate of Lewis and Clark College where he focused on National Security Law and Policy/International Law, joint-degree student at Boston University Law School and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, where he focuses on national security law and policy, “The War On Terror Has Changed – Now The Rules Should, Too,” 5-16 http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2013/05/16/authorization-for-use-of-military-force-beau-barnes
The law that forms the foundation of the…but not be legally tied to any specific event
Emerging extra-AUMF threats make the AUMF obsolete now – reform is key to overall US CT strategy
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

Since September 18, 2001, a joint resolution of Congress known…about this situation, and if so precisely what.
The plan allows the president to address extra-AUMF threats and identification ensures accountability
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091
Based on current trends and the lessons …authorization of force is being implemented.
Text: The United States Congress should revise Public Law 107-40 to set forth criteria that prohibits the Presidential use of drone strikes against new terrorist threats where the President has not undergone administrative review to identify particular groups covered.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northwestern MA | Judge:
Pakistan
Drone strikes are causing instability and terrorist backlash in Pakistan - creating a failed state syndrome and killing relations
Rohde ’12 (David Rohde, American author and investigative journalist for Thomson Reuters. While a reporter for The Christian Science Monitor, he won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1996 for his coverage of the Srebrenica massacre. From July 2002 until December 2004, he was co-chief of The New York Timesand#39; South Asia bureau, based in New Delhi, India. He shared a second Pulitzer Prize for Times 2008 team coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan, While in Afghanistan, Rohde was kidnapped by members of the Taliban in November 2008, but managed to escape in June 2009 after seven months in captivity, “How Obama’s drone war is backfiring”, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, March/April issue of Foreign Policy, March 1, 2012)

When Barack Obama took the oath of office three …. “I don’t think we’ve answered that question yet.”
Pakistan collapse causes nuclear war
Pitt ‘9 (William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: and#34;War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesnand#39;t Want You to Knowand#34; and and#34;The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.and#34;, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183, May 8, 2009)

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed … serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
And Pakistan nukes are not secure
Gregory ’11 (Shaun, Director of the Pakistan Security Research Unit at the University of Bradford, UK, a professor who published widely on nuclear and security issues in Pakistan and advises many governments, their agencies, and international organizations, “Terrorist Tactics in Pakistan Threaten Nuclear Weapons Safety,” CTC Sentinel, Vol. 4.6, http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/131002/ichaptersection_singledocument/aa282522-4971-4513-a7ca-ec3afcd259be/en/Art+2.pdf, accessed 10-26-11, June 2011)

Two high-profile attacks by terrorists on highly …. security will eventually be compromised continue to rise.
And it causes Indo-Pak escalation
Clarke 4-17-13 Michael, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at Griffith Asia Institute with a special focus in terrorism, Griffith University, Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Asian and International Studies, “Pakistan and Nuclear Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?” Comparative Strategy, 32:2, 98-114, online

A delegative system has been construed as …. of Pakistan to destabilize¶ it (domestic threshold).48
Indo-Pak war causes global nuclear winter- MAD breaks down
Hundley ’12 Tom, senior editor at the Pulitzer Center, MA in international relations from the University of Pennsylvania, former National Endowment for the Humanities journalism fellow at the University of Michigan, was a newspaper journalist for 36 years, including nearly two decades as a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, “Pakistan and India: Race to the End,” 9-5-12, http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-battlefield-india-arms-race-energy-cold-war

Pakistan, however, seems to have embraced this discarded strategy …. but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.

The plan is key to effective drone usage-
1) Host Country-
Ending drones key to host country cooperation
Streeter ’13 (Devin C. Streeter, Helms School Of Government, Liberty University “Boko Haram, Drone Policy, And Port Security: Issues For Congress”, http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

A new set of drone …. and repairing international relations.
Host country cooperation key
Cordesman ’13 (Anthony Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, “The Common Lessons of Benghazi, Algeria, Mali, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Arab Spring”, http://csis.org/publication/common-lessons-benghazi-algeria-mali-tunisia-egypt-syria-iraq-yemen-afghanistan-pakistan, January 28, 2013)

Working with Regional and Host Country …. like the Gulf Cooperation Council.

2) Targeted strikes key to effective strikes
Dunn and Wolf ’13 Dr David Hastings Dunn is Reader in International Politics and Head of ¶ Department in the Department of Political Science and International Studies ¶ at the University of Birmingham, UK, Chairman of the ¶ West Midlands Military Education Committee, winner of the the UK’s Political Studies Association’s ¶ Best Article in the British Journal of Politics and International Relations in ¶ 2009 Prize, and Stefan Wolff, PhD, is Professor of International Security at the University of ¶ Birmingham in the UK, “Drone Use in Counter-Insurgency and CounterTerrorism: Policy or Policy Component?” http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/WHR_2-13_Hitting_the_Target.pdf#page=89

The use of drones as weapons has evolved naturally from their use … a process of taking drones out of the hands of the CIA. 

3) The aff makes the Pakistan army effective and stops refugee flows- key to solve
Dawn ‘9 (Dawn Editorial, “Drone attacks”, http://archives.dawn.com/archives/145308, May 8, 2009)

Republican Congressman Ronald Earnest …the battles underway on our western borders.
4) The aff wins the hearts and the minds and liberal society
Afzal ’13 (Madiha Afzal, Brookings, Nonresident Fellow, Global Economy and Development, “Drone Strikes and Anti-Americanism in Pakistan”, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/02/07-drones-anti-americanism-pakistan-afzal, February 7, 2013)

As President Obama’s second term gets underway… can easily be exploited and promoted.

Hegemony
The plan pre-empts backlash that outweighs the plan- solves international credibility key to effective drone strikes
Zenko ’13 (Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, Online, 2013)

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech…. United States  and its allies.
Drone usage causes international backlash that undermines hegemony
Streeter ‘13 (Devin C, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment at Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, “US Drone Policy: Tactical Success and Strategic Failure,” http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

The first category of nations… to be fixed, a change in drone protocol is needed.
Credibility is the vital internal link into all foreign policy objectives- military capability is irrelevant to hegemony
CSIS ’11 (Center for Studies in International Security, Joint-Research Project, Jon B. Alterman, Ernest Z. Bower, Victor D. Cha, Heather A. Conley, Stephen J. Flanagan, Bonnie S. Glaser, Michael J. Green, Andrew C. Kuchins, Haim Malka, Teresita C. Schaffer, Craig S. Cohen, “Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power Capacity and Resolve”, June 2011)

This study looks at foreign assessments … and expectations of U.S. power. 

Heg prevents European conflict, destabilizing proliferation, Asian war, and great power conflict
Brooks 13, Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51
A core premise of deep engagement is …many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85
Congress is key to that signal
Ellison ’13 (Keith Ellison, “Time for Congress to build a better drone policy”, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-13/opinions/36311903_1_drone-strikes-drone-program-drone-policy, January 13, 2013)

An unmanned U.S. aerial … believe in the rule of law. 

Solvency
Text: The United States Congress should substantially increase restrictions on the use of signature strikes by the President of the United States.
Plan solves credibility and U.S. drone effectiveness
Zenko ’13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, online

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, …. the United States¶ and its allies.

Clear Congressional restrictions are key to effective counter-terror policy- solves future enforcement, executive overreach, and operational certainty
Cronogue ‘12 Graham, graduate of the Duke University School of Law, where he served as an¶ Executive Editor for the Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law and an Articles¶ Editor for the Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum, BA in Political Science from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror,” http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil

Though the President’s inherent authority ….to help clear up these problems. 

Congressional action is necessary to prevent Obama circumvention and future executive overreach
Cohen ’12 Michael A. Cohen is a fellow at the Century Foundation, “The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight,” July 24, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight

Ironically, however, the …o get worse before it gets better, if it ever does.

Courts fail at drone restrictions- Congress is key for multiple reasons
Hansen ’11 Victor M. Hansen, Associate Dean and Professor of Law at New England Law, Boston, served a 20-year career in the Army, most of that time as a JAG Corps officer, B.A. Brigham Young University, J.D. Lewis and Clark Law School, LL.M. The Judge Advocate Generaland#39;s School, served as an associate professor of law at The Judge Advocate Generaland#39;s Legal Center and School, “Predator Drone Attacks,” New England Law Review, Vol. 46, pp. 27-36, 2011, online

Contrast the unsuitability of the judicial …. effective oversight of the President’s actions.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia State FS | Judge: Eric Short
Cites same as Round 2

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emory KM | Judge: Kallmyer
Relations
Drone usage causes international backlash that undermines hegemony and allies turning to China- specifically ends EU cooperation
Streeter ‘13 (Devin C, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment at Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, “US Drone Policy: Tactical Success and Strategic Failure,” http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

The first category of nations, while not … a change in drone protocol is needed.

First is Europe-
US-EU relations are key to resolve nuclear conflict in Eurasia – oil instability in the Global Balkans escalates absent cooperation
Brzezinski ‘3 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, former national security advisor to the president, “Hegemonic quicksand,” National Interest Winter, 2003)

FOR THE next several decades…consolidating or regaining its special economic interests.
Relations key to solve the environment
Vig and Faure ‘4 (Norman J. Vig and Michael G. Faure, professor of science, technology and society at Carleton College, Minnesota and professor of comparative and international environmental law at Maastricht U, the Netherlands, Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union, 2004)

This book stems from our concern that the .. policies in the future.
Ecosystem collapse risks extinction
Coyne and Hoekstra ‘7 (Jerry and Hopi, *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying, September 24, 2007)

But it isnand#39;t just the destruction of the … the greatest dying of them all.
Now leadership-
US-EU relations are key to hegemony
Gordon ‘3 (Philip H. Gordon, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies and Director of the Center on the United States and France at the Brookings Institution, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2003)

Some, of course, would argue … counter American interests at every turn.
Credibility is the vital internal link into all foreign policy objectives- military capability is irrelevant to hegemony
CSIS ’11 (Center for Studies in International Security, Joint-Research Project, Jon B. Alterman, Ernest Z. Bower, Victor D. Cha, Heather A. Conley, Stephen J. Flanagan, Bonnie S. Glaser, Michael J. Green, Andrew C. Kuchins, Haim Malka, Teresita C. Schaffer, Craig S. Cohen, “Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power Capacity and Resolve”, June 2011)

This study looks at foreign … and expectations of U.S. power. 

Heg prevents European conflict, destabilizing proliferation, Asian war, and great power conflict
Brooks 13, Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51
A core premise of deep engagement …. many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Yemen
Yemen has become the epicenter of drone warfare- drone are causing backlash and there is no fear factor
Ackerman from August (Spencer Ackerman, “Barrage of drone strikes in Yemen show flaws of US counter-terrorism strategy”, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/yemen-drone-strikes-us-policy, August 12, 2013)

If the barrage of US drone strikes over the last week …. actions, the US has become al-Qaidaand#39;s public relations officer.and#34;

Signature strikes kill Yemen stability
Rohde ’12 (David Rohde, “How Obama’s drone war is backfiring”, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, March/April issue of Foreign Policy, March 1, 2012)

When Barack Obama took the oath of office three years ago, no one …. we’ve answered that question yet.”

?
Instability leads to AQAP attacks that will target the Straight of Bab-el-Mandeb – breaks down global trading stability
The Week 8-7-13 International news service, “Yemen terror threat – why the West is so worried by AQAP,” http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/54494/yemen-terror-threat-al-qaeda-aqap-west-worried

AQAP is a force to be reckoned with: ….. of the current transitional conditions in Yemen to threaten shipping and international trade.and#34;

Global trading stability solves great power wars- collapse causes conflict
Hillebrand ‘10 Evan E., Senior Economist for the Central Intelligence Agency and Professor of Diplomacy at the University of Kentucky, Deglobalization Scenarios: Who Wins? Who Loses?, Global Economy Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2

A long line of writers from Cruce …. probability for interstate war rises.
?
AQAP will attack India
Roychowdhury ‘11 (Gen. Shankar Roychowdhury is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, “India needs a 360° terror appraisal”, Deccan Chronicle, http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/india-needs-360C2B0-terror-appraisal-659, September 6, 2011)

In this context, Al Qaeda and its …. exercise the requisite caution. 

Terrorist attack on India causes Indo-Pak war- escalates
Zarate ’11 (Juan C. Zarate,  “An alarming South Asia powder keg”, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html, February 20, 2011)

In 1914, a terrorist assassinated …. greatest threat we face from terrorism. 

?
The plan solves
1) Host Country-
Ending drones key to host country cooperation
Streeter ’13 (Devin C. Streeter, Helms School Of Government, Liberty University “Boko Haram, Drone Policy, And Port Security: Issues For Congress”, http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

A new set of drone …. policy and repairing international relations.
Host country cooperation key
Cordesman ’13 (Anthony Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, “The Common Lessons of Benghazi, Algeria, Mali, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Arab Spring”, http://csis.org/publication/common-lessons-benghazi-algeria-mali-tunisia-egypt-syria-iraq-yemen-afghanistan-pakistan, January 28, 2013)

Working with Regional and …. security structures like the Gulf Cooperation Council.

2) Limiting strikes key to effectiveness AND the plan increases tribesmen credibility
Johnsen ‘13 (Gregory D. Johnsen, former Fulbright Fellow in Yemen, Ph.D. candidate in Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, co-founder of Waq al-Waq: Islam and Insurgency in Yemen Blog, was a member of the USAIDand#39;s conflict assessment team for Yemen, “How to Beat Al-Qaeda in Yemen,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-15/how-to-beat-al-qaeda-in-yemen.html, August 15, 2013)

Drone strikes can be an effective weapon. …. with the U.S. allying with its Yemeni partners.

3) Signature strikes collapse counter-terror in Yemen – civilian casualties cause blowback, devastates cred, and jacks host-state legitimacy
Greenfield 8/19 - deputy director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, where she leads the Yemen Policy Group. Danya. “The Case Against Drone Strikes on People Who Only and#39;Actand#39; Like Terrorists” August 19, 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-case-against-drone-strikes-on-people-who-only-act-like-terrorists/278744/

As Mark Bowden discusses in this … the very groups the U.S. seeks to destroy.

4) Increases Yemeni government democratic credibility
Shiban ‘13 (Baraa Shiban is a member of the Yemeni National Dialogue Conference and Reprieveand#39;s project coordinator in Yemen, “Drone strikes in Yemen are an obstacle to democracy,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/09/2013918595250580.html, September 2, 2013)

One year ago last week…. this fact, they will find their goals rejected too.

Solvency same as Round 2

2AC Executive Restraint CP
Executive restraint empirically fails- ineffective oversight and allows too much leeway
Alston ‘11 Philip, professor of law at NYU School of Law and former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 2, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Alston1.pdf

In addition to the PIAB and IOB, one additional …. oversight has been exercised in any way for the past decade or more.
Accountability - executive restraint doesn’t solve credibility
Alston ‘11 Philip, professor of law at NYU School of Law and former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 2, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Vol.-2_Alston1.pdf

This Article has not sought to …other states with highly problematic agendas.

Links to politics – immense opposition to bypassing debate
Hallowell ’13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/, KB

“In an era of polarized parties and a …from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

OLC fails -~-- Obama just circumvents

POSNER 2011 - Kirkland and Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School (Eric A. Posner, “Deference To The Executive In The United States After September 11: Congress, The Courts, And The Office Of Legal Counsel”, http://www.harvard-jlpp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/PosnerFinal.pdf) 

In the early years of the Bush Administration, …. the OLC enables rather than constrains. 

2AC Debt Ceiling
Won’t pass – Republican opposition
Reuters 9/18/13 (and#34;White House Says Reublicans Moving Away From Compromise On Debt Limitand#34
The White House said on Wednesday … and damaging shutdown of the government,and#34; he said.
Syria and Summers thump
Lind 9/18/13 (Michael, Policy Network, Policy Director of the New America Foundationand#39;s Economic Growth Program, and#34;Three Defeats on Home Turfand#34
The collapse of his Syria policy and … re-elected less than a year ago. ?
Gun violence is center-stage
Frumin 9/21/13 (Aliyah, MSNBC and#34;Bright prospects on foreign agenda; domestic in chaosand#34
But before Obama heads to New York for …. unlikely this time will be any different.
No political capital – internal division
Baker and Peters 9/17, Peter, Jeremy, reporters for the New York Times, “As Budget Fight Looms, Obama Sees Defiance in His Own Party,” 9/17, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/18/us/politics/as-budget-fight-looms-obama-sees-defiance-in-his-own-party.html?pagewanted=all
For four years, President Obama counted on fellow ….blocking him, it becomes insurmountable.”
Drones are a win for Obama – unites the base
Associated Press 2/5/13 (and#34;Congress Looks to Limit Drone Strikesand#34
The drone debate puts Obama — …. in his re-election campaign.
PC theory is wrong – winners win
Hirsh 13 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, and#34;There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,and#34; National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss
The idea of political capital—or mandates, …. coinage if he handled the politics right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)
The fed solves shutdown
Ramelli 9/19/13 (James, Futures Magazine, and#34;Capitalizing on the Fed Taper News (or lack thereof)and#34
Remember that there are a few points …. of least resistance for markets is up.
XO solves
Polman 9/19/13 (Dick, Writer for National Interest, and#34;National Interest: How Obama CAn Stop the Apocalypseand#34
But, in the interests of protecting our credit rating, …, once and for all. Just lead already.
Economic crisis won’t cause war
Miller 2k – economist, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank (Morris, Winter, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, “Poverty as a cause of wars?”)

The question may be reformulated. .. increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).
2AC T- “Targeted killing”
We meet and our aff is key to topic education
Zenko ’12 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes,” June 16, http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/

No matter how U.S. officials (secretly) … of signature strikes, isn’t this a debate worth having?

Counter-interp- “targeted killing” is lethal force against those not in custody- broad definitions are comparatively better than scholars like Anderson- it’s most real world for legal practice
Guardian ’13 Jan, translator at the International Monetary Fund, Resident Representative Office in Belarus, “TARGETED KILLINGS: A SUMMARY,” http://acontrarioicl.com/2013/02/27/targeted-killings-a-summary/

Currently there is no legal … an operation pursuing other aims).8

They limit the heart of the topic- most strikes are signature-based, and they only allow bad drones affs that don’t solve
VanValkenberg 3-2-13 Noah VanValkenberg, Contributing Writer for Outside Colby, a non-partisan political publication, “Making Drones More Effective: Refining a Necessary Practice in Warfare,” http://outsidecolby.com/2013/03/making-drones-more-effective-refining-a-necessary-practice-in-warfare/

Drones are a crucial piece of the United …frequently targeted by signature strikes.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Northwestern OS | Judge: DHeidt
Shutdown coming now – GOP will jump off the fiscal cliff
The New York Times 9/18/13 (and#34;The March to Anarchyand#34; The New York Times)
Until now, the only House Republicans…. brink and removing the brake pedal.

The shutdown has no impact –
ABC News 9/19/13 (and#34;Hereand#39;s the Truth: The Government Doesnand#39;t Shut Downand#34
Hereand#39;s the truth about a ….government would continue to man airport checkpoints.

Syria thumps budget and debt
Sargent 9/17/13  (Greg, The Washington Post, and#34;The Big Story This Fall With Be the Divisions Within the GOPand#34
Well, yes, but “everyone” does not ….t limit and government shutdown fights.

No compromise – no Obama credibility
Baker and Peters 9/17, Peter, Jeremy, reporters for the New York Times, “As Budget Fight Looms, Obama Sees Defiance in His Own Party,” 9/17, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/18/us/politics/as-budget-fight-looms-obama-sees-defiance-in-his-own-party.html?pagewanted=all
For four years, President Obama counted on …. blocking him, it becomes insurmountable.”

Shutdown doesn’t collapse the economy but means the debt ceiling get raised – this outweighs
Klein 9/12/13 (Ezra, and#34;A government shutdown just became a bit more likely. And that might be a good thingand#34
A government shutdown … the state of American politics.
Economic crisis won’t cause war
Barnett 9—senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC (Thomas, The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis, 25 August 2009, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck … post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU RT | Judge: Eric Short
Lashkar-e-Taiba - Harvard
Safe havens provide the LeT freedom of movement to create world-class training camps and support activities – they use first-rate infrastructure to recruit foreign fighters
Tankel 13, Stephen, assistant professor at American University and a nonresident scholar at the Carnegie Endowment in the South Asia Program, “Lashkar-e-Taiba Capable of Threatening U.S. Homeland,” June 12th, http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/06/12/lashkar-e-taiba-capable-of-threatening-u.s.-homeland/g9z7#
The safe haven LeT enjoys … damage once it decides to do so.

Drones deter foreign fighters – that’s the biggest threat to the US
Cilluffo, 12 -- George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute director Frank, previously served as special assistant to the president for homeland security under George W. Bush, "Open Relationship: The United States is Doing Something Right in the War on Terror," Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/15/open_relationship, accessed 8-19-13, mss
But first, let's remember why this …accelerating, the operational tempo.

Drones destroy key safe havens
CRT, 6 Country Reports on Terrorism, annual report published by the U.S. Department of State, "Chapter 3 -- Terrorist Safe Havens," 4-28-6, www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2005/, accessed 8-19-13, mss
Physical safe havens …. and support to enact such laws. 

Drones prevent terrorist training and recruitment – destroys their operational effectiveness
Young, 13 -- Harvard International Review associate staff Alex, “A Defense of Drones,” Harvard International Review, 2-25-13, http://hir.harvard.edu/a-defense-of-drones
Critics also claim that eliminating only the … part of the War on Terror.

Retaliation ensures extinction
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non…. it then draw about their culpability.

Fragile peace between India and Pakistan now – LeT attacks destroy it
PTI 13, Press Trust of India, “Lashkar-e-Taiba is one of the most potent terrorist groups in South Asia: US,” April 10th, http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/lashkar-e-taiba-is-one-of-the-most-potent-terrorist-groups-in-south-asia-us-352182
Beyond the direct impact of these …. region," Mr Locklear said.

That causes war – goes nuclear
Zarate 11, Juan C, senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, was deputy assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser for combating terrorism from 2005 to 2009, “An alarming South Asia powder keg,” February 20th, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html
In 1914, a terrorist assassinated …capabilities are set to surpass those of India.

extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional …. widespread political upheaval.

A2AD – Harvard

Emerging A2AD threats and growing obsolescence of the CVW make carriers vulnerable and soaring costs cause budget rollback
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue is important because… operate in this theater? 8

Causes conflict with China over the SCS and Senkaku Islands
Kazianis 7/19 - Manging Editor for The National Interest at Center for the National Interest¶ National Security Columnist at The Diplomat¶ WSD-Handa Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Pacnet, Policy Analyst: Security Studies at Foreword Report (Australian Based Think Tank). ALM from Harvard University. Harry. “America’s AirSea Battle vs. China’s A2/AD: Who Wins?” July 19, 2013. http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/19/americas-airsea-battle-vs-chinas-a2ad-who-wins/

A recent query from … any sort of synergizedway.

A2AD capabilities give China an assymetric advantage over the US – causes first strike and escalation
Kazianis 10/9 - Manging Editor for The National Interest at Center for the National Interest¶ National Security Columnist at The Diplomat¶ WSD-Handa Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Pacnet, Policy Analyst: Security Studies at Foreword Report (Australian Based Think Tank). ALM from Harvard University. Harry. “Would China Strike the US Preemptively?” October 9, 2013. http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/10/09/would-china-strike-the-us-preemptively/#!/

The first article, from the good folks over at …can’t take lightly anymore.

That goes nuclear
Kulacki 12, Gregory, Senior Analyst and China Project Manager for the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Risk of Nuclear War with China,” 9/21, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-kulacki/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-w_b_1903336.html
Last week two separate studies ….carries the risk of ending in a nuclear war.

Iran’s developing A2AD capabilities to close the Strait of Hormuz – causes oil price spikes and economic collapse
Isenberg 12, David, adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute, a US Navy veteran, and the author of the book, Shadow Force: Private Security Contractors in Iraq “Iran well prepared for the worst,” January 31st, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NA31Ak02.html
According to the report …. Security, a Washington DC think-tank.
Oil shocks cause war
Roberts 04 (Paul, Regular Contributor to Harpers and NYT Magazine, “The End of Oil: On The Edge of a Perilous New World”, p. 93-94)
The obsessive focus on …survival than terrorism or even war.

Economic collapse leads to extinction
Kemp 10
Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first scenario; everything that can go wrong does go wrong. The world economic situation ….population.

Best studies prove growth solves conflict
Jedidiah Royal 10, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Second, on a dyadic level. Copeland's (1996. 2000) theory … an increase in the use of force.

Drones make carriers cost-effective – keeps carriers around by making them valuable
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The current budget squeeze ….human body can withstand. 

Specifically, drones are key to make carriers A2AD resistant by enhancing range of attack and flexibility
Goure 13, Daniel, vice president at the Lexington Institute, “Drones to the Rescue,” September, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue that has drawn the greatest …. challenges to the aircraft carrier.

Solvency
Text: The United States Congress should revise Public Law 107-40 to establish a specific list of terrorist organizations that suffice to trigger the use of military force with the provision that the President can propose to add new groups to the list.
Presidential use of drone strikes is on its last straw, reform of the AUMF stops court strikedown
Barnes 13 Beau, International Parliamentary Fellow as staff to a congressional candidate for the Mercy Corps, honor graduate of Lewis and Clark College where he focused on National Security Law and Policy/International Law, joint-degree student at Boston University Law School and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, where he focuses on national security law and policy, “The War On Terror Has Changed – Now The Rules Should, Too,” 5-16 http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2013/05/16/authorization-for-use-of-military-force-beau-barnes
The law that forms the foundation …. be legally tied to any specific event
Current AUMF criteria means theres no executive authority to strike emerging threats – the plan is key
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the "War on Terror" Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

Since September 18, 2001, a joint resolution of … and if so precisely what.

Even if it doesn’t happen domestically backlash to secrecy causes allied kickout and rollback internationally
Zenko 13, Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65
Over the past decade, the use of …. by other states and nonstate actors.

A specific, public list of terrorist organizations allows flexibility and CT effectiveness while effectively limiting presidential power
Barnes 12 - J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law ¶ Beau, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874

1. Object¶ The object – who is the enemy—is perhaps ….the State targets its own¶ citizens.

Despite AUMF collapse global targeted killing is inevitable - Congressional action is key to legitimacy and allied support for counter-terror
Barnes, 12 -- J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law
Beau, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874, accessed 10-2-13, mss

The AUMF must inevitably expire because it is … sustained and legitimate.

Executive trust deficit means only congressional action can create legitimacy
Goldsmith, 13 -- Harvard Law School Henry L. Shattuck professor of law
Jack, J.D. from Yale Law School, former legal adviser to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, former United States Assistant Attorney General, leading the Office of Legal Counsel in the Department of Justice, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services Hearing on “Law of Armed Conflict, the Use of Military Force, and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force," 5-16-13, www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Goldsmith_05-16-13.pdf, accessed 9-28-13, mss

On September 14, 2001, Congress passed…the war harder abroad.

Drones are most effective at counter-terrorism- disrupt key operations, decapitate leaders, and destroys safe havens, specialists, and training
Byman, 13 -- Georgetown University Security Studies professor  
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy Senior Fellow, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 8-28-13, mss
Despite President Barack … risking dead leaders.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Al-Shabaab - Harvard
Al Shabaab has shifted focus to a global scale – they are amping up sophistication and are planning another attack
AFP 10/17 Agence France-Presse. “Al-Shabaab poses regional threat after Westgate attack” October 17, 2013. http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Al-Shabaab-a-threat-to-region-after-Westgate-attack/-/1066/2037708/-/11icf5l/-/index.html 

One month after ….Westgate was just the beginning."

They have the means and the motive – they’ll strike in the US
Moore 10/18 - Ph.D., is the chief executive officer of Muir Analytics, which assesses threats from insurgent and terror groups against corporations Jeff. “The al-Shabaab Westgate raid -- A forewarning” October 18, 2013. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/10/18/The-al-Shabaab-Westgate-raid-A-forewarning/UPI-80641382069100/

Recently released details on the al-Shabaab raid on … profile demands it.

Causes retaliation and nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor … draw about their culpability.

Prefer our specific scenario – Al-Shabaab is a top terrorist threat to the US, their defense doesn’t apply
Gartenstein-Ross in 9 - American counter-terrorism scholar and analyst. He is the Director of the Center for the Study of Terrorist Radicalization at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a Washington-based think tank Daveed. “The Strategic Challenge of Somalia's Al-Shabaab” Fall 2009. Middle East Quarterly. Pg 25. Proquest.

Since its emergence, … the top U.S. domestic terrorist threats.

And attacks in Africa destabilize the Horn of Africa
Shiek and Omar 10/19 Abdi and Feisal. “Suicide bomber kills 16 in Somali cafe attack aimed at foreign troops” October 19, 2013. Reuters. http://uk.news.yahoo.com/suicide-bomber-kills-13-restaurant-central-somalia-102039346.html#JUEUoxn Rashid Abdi is 

A suicide bomber killed at … Ababa has often controlled. 

Causes great power wars
Glick ‘7 - Senior Middle East Fellow – Center for Security Policy (Caroline, “Condi’s African Holiday”, 12-12, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568)

The Horn of Africa is a …, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Kenya.
They’ll use CBWs – statements prove
Onyango 10/12 Protus. “Terrorism: Why Kenyans should be afraid but alert” October 12, 2013. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000095415andstory_title=terrorism-why-kenyans-should-be-afraid-but-alert

In what could paint the place of Kenya on … in an article posted on Africanarguments.org

CBW use independently causes extinction
Kellman ‘8 (Barry Kellman is the director of the International Weapons Control Center, “Bioviolence: A Growing Threat”, The Futurist, May-June 2008, http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf)

A looming danger confronts the world—… dire consequences for all humanity. 

A2AD – Harvard

Emerging A2AD threats and growing obsolescence of the CVW make carriers vulnerable and soaring costs cause budget rollback
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue is important because… operate in this theater? 8

Causes conflict with China over the SCS and Senkaku Islands
Kazianis 7/19 - Manging Editor for The National Interest at Center for the National Interest¶ National Security Columnist at The Diplomat¶ WSD-Handa Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Pacnet, Policy Analyst: Security Studies at Foreword Report (Australian Based Think Tank). ALM from Harvard University. Harry. “America’s AirSea Battle vs. China’s A2/AD: Who Wins?” July 19, 2013. http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/19/americas-airsea-battle-vs-chinas-a2ad-who-wins/

A recent query from … any sort of synergizedway.

A2AD capabilities give China an assymetric advantage over the US – causes first strike and escalation
Kazianis 10/9 - Manging Editor for The National Interest at Center for the National Interest¶ National Security Columnist at The Diplomat¶ WSD-Handa Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Pacnet, Policy Analyst: Security Studies at Foreword Report (Australian Based Think Tank). ALM from Harvard University. Harry. “Would China Strike the US Preemptively?” October 9, 2013. http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/10/09/would-china-strike-the-us-preemptively/#!/

The first article, from the good folks over at …can’t take lightly anymore.

That goes nuclear
Kulacki 12, Gregory, Senior Analyst and China Project Manager for the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Risk of Nuclear War with China,” 9/21, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-kulacki/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-w_b_1903336.html
Last week two separate studies ….carries the risk of ending in a nuclear war.

Iran’s developing A2AD capabilities to close the Strait of Hormuz – causes oil price spikes and economic collapse
Isenberg 12, David, adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute, a US Navy veteran, and the author of the book, Shadow Force: Private Security Contractors in Iraq “Iran well prepared for the worst,” January 31st, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NA31Ak02.html
According to the report …. Security, a Washington DC think-tank.
Oil shocks cause war
Roberts 04 (Paul, Regular Contributor to Harpers and NYT Magazine, “The End of Oil: On The Edge of a Perilous New World”, p. 93-94)
The obsessive focus on …survival than terrorism or even war.

Economic collapse leads to extinction
Kemp 10
Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first scenario; everything that can go wrong does go wrong. The world economic situation ….population.

Best studies prove growth solves conflict
Jedidiah Royal 10, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Second, on a dyadic level. Copeland's (1996. 2000) theory … an increase in the use of force.

Drones make carriers cost-effective – keeps carriers around by making them valuable
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The current budget squeeze ….human body can withstand. 

Specifically, drones are key to make carriers A2AD resistant by enhancing range of attack and flexibility
Goure 13, Daniel, vice president at the Lexington Institute, “Drones to the Rescue,” September, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue that has drawn the greatest …. challenges to the aircraft carrier.

Solvency
Text: The United States Congress should revise Public Law 107-40 to establish a specific list of terrorist organizations that suffice to trigger the use of military force with the provision that the President can propose to add new groups to the list.
Presidential use of drone strikes is on its last straw, reform of the AUMF stops court strikedown
Barnes 13 Beau, International Parliamentary Fellow as staff to a congressional candidate for the Mercy Corps, honor graduate of Lewis and Clark College where he focused on National Security Law and Policy/International Law, joint-degree student at Boston University Law School and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, where he focuses on national security law and policy, “The War On Terror Has Changed – Now The Rules Should, Too,” 5-16 http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2013/05/16/authorization-for-use-of-military-force-beau-barnes
The law that forms the foundation …. be legally tied to any specific event
Current AUMF criteria means theres no executive authority to strike emerging threats – the plan is key
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the "War on Terror" Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

Since September 18, 2001, a joint resolution of … and if so precisely what.

Even if it doesn’t happen domestically backlash to secrecy causes allied kickout and rollback internationally
Zenko 13, Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65
Over the past decade, the use of …. by other states and nonstate actors.

A specific, public list of terrorist organizations allows flexibility and CT effectiveness while effectively limiting presidential power
Barnes 12 - J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law ¶ Beau, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874

1. Object¶ The object – who is the enemy—is perhaps ….the State targets its own¶ citizens.

Despite AUMF collapse global targeted killing is inevitable - Congressional action is key to legitimacy and allied support for counter-terror
Barnes, 12 -- J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law
Beau, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874, accessed 10-2-13, mss

The AUMF must inevitably expire because it is … sustained and legitimate.

Executive trust deficit means only congressional action can create legitimacy
Goldsmith, 13 -- Harvard Law School Henry L. Shattuck professor of law
Jack, J.D. from Yale Law School, former legal adviser to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, former United States Assistant Attorney General, leading the Office of Legal Counsel in the Department of Justice, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services Hearing on “Law of Armed Conflict, the Use of Military Force, and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force," 5-16-13, www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Goldsmith_05-16-13.pdf, accessed 9-28-13, mss

On September 14, 2001, Congress passed…the war harder abroad.

Drones are most effective at counter-terrorism- disrupt key operations, decapitate leaders, and destroys safe havens, specialists, and training
Byman, 13 -- Georgetown University Security Studies professor  
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy Senior Fellow, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 8-28-13, mss
Despite President Barack … risking dead leaders. 

2AC Docs are attached to open source

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Towson HW | Judge: Pointer
Contention 1 – Presidential Predation

The executive acts as a symbol that naturalizes hierarchies of power where white masculinity is ritualized and performed through militarized violence – the presidency as a site of control over social power that enacts violence against disposable bodies is naturalized by ideologies that are allowed to define what is acceptable
Stuckey 2010 - Mary E. Stuckey Director of Graduate Studies, Prof. of Communication. Georgia State University. (Ph.D., University of Notre Dame, 1987) is the author of nine books focusing on presidential communication. Rethinking the Rhetorical Presidency and Presidential Rhetoric. 10 March 2010. Routledge Publishing: Review of Communication. http://www.academia.edu/893329/Rethinking_the_Rhetorical_Presidency
The presidency is ….throughout our national politics.

Nowhere is this as clearly demonstrated than the rhetoric surrounding the use of “predator drones” whose very name naturalizes the destruction of the other into the political order. Executive violence is coded through an abstract, masculine cycle of protection and predation where the aggression of “brown men” necessitate response in kind.
Bayard de Volo, 2012 – Lorraine Professor at University of Colorado Boulder in Women and Gender Studies and Department of Political Science.  Unmanned?: Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs. May 3, 2012. http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf
At the 2010 White …. masculinity they ¶ performed.
It is through these ritualized power hierarchies that the executive glorifies the masculine ideal as neutral and objective justifying violence without care for ethnicity and race through the logic of appropriateness – norms prescribe acceptable behavior that naturalizes violence on the feminine body
Chappell 2006 – Louise is a professor of Social Science at University of Sydney, Comparing Political Institutions: Revealing the Gendered “Logic of Appropriateness,” Politics and Gender, 2 (2006), 221–263. Printed in the U.S.A. http://journals.cambridge.org.go.libproxy.wfubmc.edu/download.php?file=2FPAG2FPAG2_022FS1743923X06001048a.pdfandcode=074f4fab253d0a1b417e3dfa463249ff#page=3
One of the key features … male and female¶ behavior (on this point, also see Acker 1992, 567).

Notions of naturalness and appropriateness cuts across both race and gender – racialized violence is made possible by the same logic that makes feminine bodies disposable and justifies the US war on the nonwhite body
Bailey and Zita in 7 Alison Bailey is a Professor of Women's and Gender Studies at Illinois State University, PhD in Philosophy from University of Cincinnati.
Jacquelyn Zita is a professor of Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies at the University of Minnesota. PhD in philosophy from Washington University. “The Reproduction of Whiteness:
Race and the Regulation of the Gendered Body”
Hypatia 22.2 (2007) vii-xv.
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hypatia/v022/22.2bailey_a.html

Historically critical reflection on … white supremacist thinking.

Target killing constitutes the physical manifestation of this ritualized white masculine aggression by removing the agency of the pilots and rendering the victims of the violence invisible and disposable
Wilcox 2009 - Lauren is a Charles and Amy Scharf. Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare. Political Theory Colloquium. December 11.
Feminist and other critical scholars have … reconfiguration of subjectivity. 

The debate over the effectiveness of US targeted killing operates within a technological frame that preemptively strikes individuals based off of profiling; reducing the killing thousands to blips on a computer screen and rendering invisible the psychological damage experienced by those forced to live in constant fear of American “protection.”
Shaw ‘13 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013)
The Double Tap
The debate over whether…of the Predator Empire.
Contention 2 - Confronting the Predator
The affirmative is a personal refusal of the legitimacy of executive war power authority over targeted killing. Our advocacy starts from a rejection of presidential rhetoric that props ups a norm of white masculinity and strives towards the construction of alternative narratives that disrupt the ritualized replication of violence on disposable bodies.
Landreau 2011 – John C, Ph.D. from Princeton University. Current Professor at TCNJ in Women’s and Gender Studies. Obamas My Dad: Mixed Race Suspects, Political Anxiety and the New Imperialism, The Third Space – a journal in feminist theory and culture, Vol 10. No. 1 http://www.thirdspace.ca/journal/article/viewArticle/landreau/408
Obama's national security…we share the world.
We must refuse the temptation to surrender the debate over who the government kills in our name. Only defending the call from targeted killing survivors to be recognized within a democratic structure that seeks to silence their capacity to speak can we begin to transform politics.
Kelly 2012 - Kathy, co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence, Drone-Strike Survivors Ask, "What Kind of Democracy Is America?", http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/6987:dronestrike-survivors-ask-what-kind-of-democracy-is-america
Fazillah, age 25, lives … be left without parents.”
Our discussion is necessary to expose and criticize structural problems that preclude external restrictions on the executive. Challenging the apathy which allows violent policies to continue provides the impetus for change.
Druck 2012 - Judah A., B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013; Notes Editor, DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf
The practical effects of this move…. conversation never occurs.149
Ongoing criticism is key to transform structural imbalances in democratic politics.
Swyngedouw 2008 - Erik, Geography School of Environment and Development University of Manchester, Where is the political? http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/disciplines/politics/research/hmrg/activities/documents/Swyngedouw.pdf
In other words, equality is … constituted, i.e. equality.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Kallmyer
1AC/2AC docs attached, 1AC cites here

Boko Haram - Harvard

Al-Qaeda affiliates will cause Africa war
Zarate and Sanderson 8/5, Juan, former deputy national security adviser for combating terrorism, Thomas, co-director of the Transnational Threats Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Terrorism’s shifting face,” August 5th, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/terrorisms-shifting-face/2013/08/05/e610e486-fde3-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_story.html
The new threat warnings of … Southeast and Central Asia.

Boko Haram’s key
Bamidele 12, Oluwaseun Bamidele, Department of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Faith Academy, Canaanland Ota, Nigeria, “BOKO HARAM CATASTROPHIC TERRORISM -AN ALBATROSS TO NATIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA,” http://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol14No1-Spring2012A/PDF/Boko20Haram20Catastrophic20Terrorism.Oluwaseun20Bamidele.pdf
The catastrophic terrorism unleashed …range of products and services.

Africa war goes global
Glick ‘7 - Senior Middle East Fellow – Center for Security Policy (Caroline, “Condi’s African Holiday”, 12-12, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568)
The Horn of Africa … Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Kenya. 

The affs key to solve
WSJ 13, “Congress should clarify authorization for war,” May 15th, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/congress-should-clarify-authorization-for-war/2013/05/15/73c3b28c-bd88-11e2-97d4-a479289a31f9_story.html
THE OBAMA administration’s political …need to defend the country.

Attacks likely and spills over regionally – designation key to solve
Poling 10/3, Caitlan, Director of Government Relations at the Foreign Policy Initiative, “A Creeping Terrorist Threat in Nigeria,” 10/3, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/10/03/nigerias-boko-harem-is-a-growing-terrorist-threat
In the wake of the 2011 bombing …. of the threat Boko Haram poses.

They’ll use the Sahel belt as a launch pad for larger attacks
Parker 9/29, Gillian, correspondent for Christian Science Monitor, “Africa desert helps breed radicals, from Al Shabab to Boko Haram to Mr. Marlboro,” 9/29, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2013/0929/Africa-desert-helps-breed-radicals-from-Al-Shabab-to-Boko-Haram-to-Mr.-Marlboro
Africa's Sahel belt is …. attacks around the world."

Retal ensures extinction
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state … might it then draw about their culpability.

Highest probability impact
Neely ’13 (Meggaen Neely, CSIS, “Doubting Deterrence of Nuclear Terrorism”, http://csis.org/blog/doubting-deterrence-nuclear-terrorism?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=Feed3A+csis-poni+28PONI+Debates+the+Issues+Blog29, March 21, 2013)
The 2010 Nuclear … with physical harm.

Default affirmative- we don’t fully know terrorist capabilities
Dahl ’13 (Fredrik Dahl, “Missing nuclear material may pose attack threat: IAEA”, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/28/us-nuclear-security-iaea-idUSBRE95R0BV20130628, June 28, 2013)
(Reuters) - Nuclear and radioactive materials…probability is there."

A2AD – Harvard

Emerging A2AD threats and growing obsolescence of the CVW make carriers vulnerable and soaring costs cause budget rollback
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue is important because… operate in this theater? 8

Causes conflict with China over the SCS and Senkaku Islands
Kazianis 7/19 - Manging Editor for The National Interest at Center for the National Interest¶ National Security Columnist at The Diplomat¶ WSD-Handa Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Pacnet, Policy Analyst: Security Studies at Foreword Report (Australian Based Think Tank). ALM from Harvard University. Harry. “America’s AirSea Battle vs. China’s A2/AD: Who Wins?” July 19, 2013. http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/19/americas-airsea-battle-vs-chinas-a2ad-who-wins/

A recent query … any sort of synergizedway.

A2AD capabilities give China an assymetric advantage over the US – causes first strike and escalation
Kazianis 10/9 - Manging Editor for The National Interest at Center for the National Interest¶ National Security Columnist at The Diplomat¶ WSD-Handa Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Pacnet, Policy Analyst: Security Studies at Foreword Report (Australian Based Think Tank). ALM from Harvard University. Harry. “Would China Strike the US Preemptively?” October 9, 2013. http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/10/09/would-china-strike-the-us-preemptively/#!/

The first article, from … take lightly anymore.

That goes nuclear
Kulacki 12, Gregory, Senior Analyst and China Project Manager for the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Risk of Nuclear War with China,” 9/21, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-kulacki/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-w_b_1903336.html
Last week two separate studies …carries the risk of ending in a nuclear war.

Iran’s developing A2AD capabilities to close the Strait of Hormuz – causes oil price spikes and economic collapse
Isenberg 12, David, adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute, a US Navy veteran, and the author of the book, Shadow Force: Private Security Contractors in Iraq “Iran well prepared for the worst,” January 31st, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NA31Ak02.html
According to the report …, a Washington DC think-tank.
Oil shocks cause war
Roberts 04 (Paul, Regular Contributor to Harpers and NYT Magazine, “The End of Oil: On The Edge of a Perilous New World”, p. 93-94)
The obsessive focus … than terrorism or even war.

Economic collapse leads to extinction
Kemp 10
Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, …. the planet’s population.

Best studies prove growth solves conflict
Jedidiah Royal 10, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Second, on a dyadic level. …increase in the use of force.

Drones make carriers cost-effective – keeps carriers around by making them valuable
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The current budget squeeze …human body can withstand. 

Specifically, drones are key to make carriers A2AD resistant by enhancing range of attack and flexibility
Goure 13, Daniel, vice president at the Lexington Institute, “Drones to the Rescue,” September, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue that has drawn the…challenges to the aircraft carrier.
Solvency
Text: The United States Congress should revise Public Law 107-40 to establish a specific list of terrorist organizations that suffice to trigger the use of military force with the provision that the President can propose to add new groups to the list.
Presidential use of drone strikes is on its last straw, reform of the AUMF stops court strikedown
Barnes 13 Beau, International Parliamentary Fellow as staff to a congressional candidate for the Mercy Corps, honor graduate of Lewis and Clark College where he focused on National Security Law and Policy/International Law, joint-degree student at Boston University Law School and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, where he focuses on national security law and policy, “The War On Terror Has Changed – Now The Rules Should, Too,” 5-16 http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2013/05/16/authorization-for-use-of-military-force-beau-barnes
The law that forms the…legally tied to any specific event
Current AUMF criteria means theres no executive authority to strike emerging threats – the plan is key
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the "War on Terror" Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

Since September 18, 2001, a joint resolution …and if so precisely what.

Even if it doesn’t happen domestically backlash to secrecy causes allied kickout and rollback internationally
Zenko 13, Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65
Over the past decade, … other states and nonstate actors.

A specific, public list of terrorist organizations allows flexibility and CT effectiveness while effectively limiting presidential power
Barnes 12 - J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law ¶ Beau, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874

1. Object¶ The object – who is the enemy… the State targets its own¶ citizens.

Despite AUMF collapse global targeted killing is inevitable - Congressional action is key to legitimacy and allied support for counter-terror
Barnes, 12 -- J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law
Beau, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874, accessed 10-2-13, mss

The AUMF must inevitably expire …. sustained and legitimate.
Matt note: footnote 120, 137-140 included

Executive trust deficit means only congressional action can create legitimacy
Goldsmith, 13 -- Harvard Law School Henry L. Shattuck professor of law
Jack, J.D. from Yale Law School, former legal adviser to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, former United States Assistant Attorney General, leading the Office of Legal Counsel in the Department of Justice, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services Hearing on “Law of Armed Conflict, the Use of Military Force, and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force," 5-16-13, www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Goldsmith_05-16-13.pdf, accessed 9-28-13, mss

On September 14, 2001, Congress …the war harder abroad.

Drones are most effective at counter-terrorism- disrupt key operations, decapitate leaders, and destroys safe havens, specialists, and training
Byman, 13 -- Georgetown University Security Studies professor  
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy Senior Fellow, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 8-28-13, mss
Despite President Barack … risking dead leaders.
Foreign intelligence is key to effective drone strategies- that prevents large-scale attacks
Cilluffo, 11 -- George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute director Frank, "After bin Laden the Threat Remains: Drones, CIA and SOF Still the Only Game in Town," 5-2-11, HSPI Commentary 22, www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/commentary022_after_bin_laden.cfm, accessed 8-19-13, mss

In May 2009, just four months …in the last twenty-four hours.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Idaho State DI | Judge: Sean Ridley
Contention 1 -~-- Presidential Predation
Executive violence is coded through an abstract, masculine cycle of protection and predation where the aggression of “brown men” necessitate response in kind. Nowhere is this as clearly demonstrated than the rhetoric surrounding the use of “predator drones” whose very name naturalizes the destruction of the other into the political order.
Bayard de Volo, 2012 – Lorraine Professor at University of Colorado Boulder in Women and Gender Studies and Department of Political Science.  Unmanned?: Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs. May 3, 2012. http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf
At the 2010 White House …. of masculinity they ¶ performed.
The president’s position within these discourses is central to their deployment and success. Our discussion must start with the executive as a symbol that naturalizes hierarchies of power in order to question executive use of war powers and the president as the embodiment of privilege.
Stuckey 2010 - Mary E. Stuckey Director of Graduate Studies, Prof. of Communication. Georgia State University. (Ph.D., University of Notre Dame, 1987) is the author of nine books focusing on presidential communication. Rethinking the Rhetorical Presidency and Presidential Rhetoric. 10 March 2010. Routledge Publishing: Review of Communication. http://www.academia.edu/893329/Rethinking_the_Rhetorical_Presidency
The presidency is a paternalistic office, …. and privilege throughout our national politics.
The executive glorifies the masculine ideal as neutral and objective through the logic of appropriateness, signifying rationality as the only acceptable form of communication. This defines anything other as a disposable body, necessitating its extermination.
Chappell 2006 – Louise is a professor of Social Science at University of Sydney, Comparing Political Institutions: Revealing the Gendered “Logic of Appropriateness,” Politics and Gender, 2 (2006), 221–263. Printed in the U.S.A. http://journals.cambridge.org.go.libproxy.wfubmc.edu/download.php?file=2FPAG2FPAG2_022FS1743923X06001048a.pdfandcode=074f4fab253d0a1b417e3dfa463249ff#page=3
One of the key features of neo-…about male and female¶ behavior.
Target killing constitutes the physical manifestation of this ritualized white masculine aggression by removing the agency of the pilots and rendering the victims of the violence invisible and disposable. Such a move turns pilots into Little Eichmann’s, enabling the rationalization that “It is not I that acts, but a higher authority acting through me.” It is this faith in the technical fantasy of precision war that enables the dismissal of accountability for so called “targeted” killing.
Wilcox 2009 - Lauren is a Charles and Amy Scharf. Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare. Political Theory Colloquium. December 11.
Feminist and other critical scholars … reconfiguration of subjectivity.
This depersonalization of war props up the hegemonic narratives and justifications necessary for federally orchestrated slaughter.
Kizilbash 2013 - Mariam, advocate with an LLM in Public International Law from UCL working at the Foundation for Fundamental Rights which represents civilian victims of drone attacks, Drone strikes kill real people; here are the ones I know, http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/14282/drone-strikes-kill-real-people-here-are-the-ones-i-know/
Yesterday, Senator Lindsay … not affected, no one seems to care.
The debate over the effectiveness of US targeted killing operates within a technological frame that preemptively strikes individuals based off of profiling; reducing the killing thousands to blips on a computer screen and rendering invisible the psychological damage experienced by those forced to live in constant fear of American “protection.”
Shaw ‘13 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013)
The Double Tap
The debate over whether or … spatial power of the Predator Empire.
Contention 2 -~-- Demasculinization
The affirmative is a demasculinization of the executive war powers authority that serves as the basis for the United States targeted killing program. Our advocacy starts from a rejection of militarized presidential rhetoric and strives towards the construction of alternative narratives that disrupt the ritualized replication of violence on disposable bodies.
Landreau 2011 – John C, Ph.D. from Princeton University. Current Professor at TCNJ in Women’s and Gender Studies. Obamas My Dad: Mixed Race Suspects, Political Anxiety and the New Imperialism, The Third Space – a journal in feminist theory and culture, Vol 10. No. 1 http://www.thirdspace.ca/journal/article/viewArticle/landreau/408
Obamaand#39;s national security policies and rhetoric are… with whom we share the world.
We must refuse the temptation to surrender the debate over who the government kills in our name. Only defending the call from targeted killing survivors to be recognized within a democratic structure that seeks to silence their capacity to speak can we begin to transform politics.
Kelly 2012 - Kathy, co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence, Drone-Strike Survivors Ask, and#34;What Kind of Democracy Is America?and#34;, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/6987:dronestrike-survivors-ask-what-kind-of-democracy-is-america
Fazillah, age 25, lives … be left without parents.”
Our discussion is necessary to expose and criticize structural problems that preclude external restrictions on the executive. Challenging the apathy which allows violent policies to continue provides the impetus for change.
Druck 2012 - Judah A., B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013; Notes Editor, DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf
The practical effects of …warfare regime, that conversation never occurs.149
Ongoing criticism is key to transform structural imbalances in democratic politics.
Swyngedouw 2008 - Erik, Geography School of Environment and Development University of Manchester, Where is the political? http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/disciplines/politics/research/hmrg/activities/documents/Swyngedouw.pdf
In other words, equality is the … political is constituted, i.e. equality.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: George Mason DM | Judge: Kyle Vint
1AC Cites same as GSU Octas, 1AC and 2AC docs attached

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Texas BJ | Judge: Aaron Kall
The aircraft carrier industry will collapse now and drag the navy down with it – budget cuts, cost-overruns, and reach of CVW
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue is important because… to operate in this theater? 8
Carriers make basing and the US Navy effective – key to maintaining presence without escalation
Rabus 13, Ray, M.A. in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School, “Technology On Approach: Unmanned aircraft at sea greatly extend the Navy’s reach and sustainability,” July 13th, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Jul/14/tp-technology-on-approach/2/?#article-copy
On Wednesday afternoon, Chief of Naval Operations Adm. … manned ships, aircraft and submarines.
US naval strength key to de-escalate global conflict
Cropsey 10 – is a Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute. Previously, he served as Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy during both the Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations. (Seth, September 1, “Ebb Tide” http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=7235) Jacome
Only one statement can be made …would be an invitation to calamity.
Specifically, naval supremacy is key to solve US-China war over the South China Sea, Japan, and Taiwan
Felzenberg and Gray 11 – (Alvin S. Felzenberg, Professorial Lecturer at The Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, Presidential Historian and Adjunct Faculty Member at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, former Fellow at the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Principal Spokesman for the 9/11 Commission, holds a Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University,and Alexander B. Gray, Student at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and the War Studies Department of King’s College, London, 01-03-2011 “The New Isolationism,” The National Review, January 3rd, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/256150)
China, while continuing to upgrade …. presence on land, at sea, and in the air.
That goes nuclear
Kulacki 12, Gregory, Senior Analyst and China Project Manager for the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Risk of Nuclear War with China,” 9/21, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-kulacki/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-w_b_1903336.html
Last week two separate …. carries the risk of ending in a nuclear war.

Drones save the carrier industry – cost effectiveness and persistence
Goure 13 - vice president at the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he specializes in national security Daniel. “Drones to The Rescue!” September 2013. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The current budget squeeze…endangered species.

And, Independtly, Drones are key to make carriers A2AD resistant by enhancing range of attack and flexibility
Goure 13, Daniel, vice president at the Lexington Institute, “Drones to the Rescue,” September, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-09/drones-rescue
The issue that has drawn the … challenges to the aircraft carrier.

Iran’s developing A2AD capabilities to close the Strait of Hormuz – causes oil price spikes and economic collapse
Isenberg 12, David, adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute, a US Navy veteran, and the author of the book, Shadow Force: Private Security Contractors in Iraq “Iran well prepared for the worst,” January 31st, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NA31Ak02.html
According to the report published …Security, a Washington DC think-tank.
Oil shocks cause war
Roberts 04 (Paul, Regular Contributor to Harpers and NYT Magazine, “The End of Oil: On The Edge of a Perilous New World”, p. 93-94)
The obsessive focus on oil … simple survival than terrorism or even war.

Economic collapse leads to extinction
Kemp 10
Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite…-thirds of the planet’s population.
AUMF Advantage
Drones effectiveness key to combat terrorism - disruption, decapitation, and destroys safe havens, specialists, and training
Byman, 13 -- Georgetown University Security Studies professor  
Daniel, Brookings Institution Saban Center for Middle East Policy Senior Fellow, and#34;Why Drones Work,and#34; Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, accessed 8-28-13, mss
Despite President Barack Obama’s recent…leaders and risking dead leaders. 

Drones keep terrorists on the run – they’re the only game in town
Cilluffo, 11 -- George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute director Frank, and#34;After bin Laden the Threat Remains: Drones, CIA and SOF Still the Only Game in Town,and#34; 5-2-11, HSPI Commentary 22, www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/commentary022_after_bin_laden.cfm, accessed 8-19-13, mss
In May 2009, just four months into his tenure as the Director of … in the last twenty-four hours.

There’s no risk of blowback AND drones prevent worse alternatives
Etzioni, 13 -- George Washington University international affairs professor
Amitai, and#34;Drones: Say it With Figures,and#34; UPI, 4-30-13, www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/04/30/Outside-View-Drones-Say-it-with-figures/UPI-25571367294880/?spt=hsandor=an, accessed 6-11-13, mss
Drones: Say it with figures Attacking drones, the -… the presence of foreign troops.

On the ground interviews prove recruitment’s inevitable – people join AQAP because they need the cash
Swift, 12 -- Georgetown University National Security Studies professor
Christopher, University of Virginiaand#39;s Center for National Security Law fellow, J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center, Ph.D. in Politics and International Studies from the University of Cambridge, and#34;The Drone Blowback Fallacy,and#34; Foreign Affairs, 7-1-12, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137760/christopher-swift/the-drone-blowback-fallacy?page=show, accessed 6-14-13, mss
Last month, I traveled to Yemen to study … and that is why we need them.and#34; 

Terrorism goes nuclear - highest probability impact
Neely ’13 (Meggaen Neely, CSIS, “Doubting Deterrence of Nuclear Terrorism”, http://csis.org/blog/doubting-deterrence-nuclear-terrorism?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=Feed3A+csis-poni+28PONI+Debates+the+Issues+Blog29, March 21, 2013) 

The 2010 Nuclear Posture…terrorists with physical harm.
That causes extinction - retaliation
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a …. might it then draw about their culpability.
Specifically US-Russia war causes extinction
Corcoran 9 (PhD, Senior Fellow @ Global Security, Frmr. Strategic Analyst at the US Army War College where he chaired studies for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Operations and member of the National Advisory Board for the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, we win the qualification game, 4/21, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/090421301-strategic-nuclear-targets.htm)
That brings us to Russia, our former main adversary….of a total nuclear exchange.

Emerging extra-AUMF threats make the AUMF obsolete now – reform is key to overall US CT strategy
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

Since September 18, 2001, a .… and if so precisely what.
The plan allows the president to address extra-AUMF threats and identification ensures accountability
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091
Based on current trends … force is being implemented.

Solvency/Mech

Domestic and international backlash to status quo drone policy causes rollback now – reforming drone policy solves legitimacy which is key to basing rights and continued drone use
Zenko 13, Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January 2013, Council Special Report No. 65
Over the past decade, the use of unmanned aerial systems…. drones by other states and nonstate actors.

Presidential use of drone strikes is on its last straw, reform of the AUMF stops court strikedown
Barnes 13 Beau, International Parliamentary Fellow as staff to a congressional candidate for the Mercy Corps, honor graduate of Lewis and Clark College where he focused on National Security Law and Policy/International Law, joint-degree student at Boston University Law School and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, where he focuses on national security law and policy, “The War On Terror Has Changed – Now The Rules Should, Too,” 5-16 http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2013/05/16/authorization-for-use-of-military-force-beau-barnes
The law that forms the foundation of the…but not be legally tied to any specific event
Emerging extra-AUMF threats make the AUMF obsolete now – reform is key to overall US CT strategy
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091

Since September 18, 2001, a joint resolution of Congress known…about this situation, and if so precisely what.
The plan allows the president to address extra-AUMF threats and identification ensures accountability
Chesney et al 13 Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and codirector of the Harvard Law School–Brookings Project on Law and Security. Matthew Waxman is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State. He also served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for detainee affairs (2004–5), director for contingency planning and international justice at the National Security Council (2002–3), and special assistant to National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice (2001–2). He is a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School. Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Law at Harvard University. Former assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, Goldsmith holds a JD from Yale Law School, a BA and an MA from Oxford University. Robert Chesney is a professor at the University of Texas School of Law, a nonresident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a distinguished scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. “Is the and#34;War on Terrorand#34; Lawful?” February 25, 2013. http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/141091
Based on current trends and the lessons …authorization of force is being implemented.
Text: The United States Congress should revise Public Law 107-40 to set forth criteria that prohibits the Presidential use of drone strikes against new terrorist threats where the President has not undergone administrative review to identify particular groups covered.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Binghamton PC | Judge: Natalie Woodward
Same as Harvard Round Five