Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Young, Wunderlich, Arnett
1AC
Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should increase statutory restrictions on the President of the United States’ war power authority to introduce naval forces into hostilities by codifying the appropriate articles of the Law of the Sea Treaty. 

Contention 1- China
South China sea conflict coming now- naval disputes- firebrand nationalist are taking control of Chinese foreign policy
Smith 14 (Jeff is the director of South Asia Programs and the Kraemer Strategy Fellow at the American Foreign Policy Council in Washington, D.C., 1/15, “Drawing a Red Line for China”, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2014/01/15/us-must-draw-red-line-for-china-in-the-western-pacific)
In recent months, the world's attention has been focused on China's provocative behavior in
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S. to be a firewall against Chinese aggression in the Western Pacific.
No defense- nuclear escalation is guaranteed
Klare 13 -- (Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College,  “The Next War”, Realclearworld.com, January 23, 2013, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html)
Don't look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
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planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.
That goes nuclear
Lowther ‘13 (William Lowther, Staff Rreporter in Washington, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report”, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211, March 16, 2013)

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
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uncertain endeavor, could be especially difficult in any conflict,” it says.
No self-fulfilling prophecy
Blumenthal et al ‘11 (Dan Blumenthal, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Mark Stokes, Michael Mazza, 9/6/11, “Avoiding Armageddon with China” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china?wpisrc=obinsite)

The balancing and hedging strategy should involve options to avoid what Traub rightfully describes as
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quo. Not doing so, we fear, would lead to Armageddon.

Contention 2- Arctic

Scenario one is border conflict
Arctic border disputes go nuclear
Wallace and Staples 10 (Michael Wallace and Steven Staples. *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,”http:www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
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-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.” 62
Realism defines these energy escalations
Stephan et al. ‘11 (Hannes R. Stephan, John Vogler, and Fariborz Zelli, “Energy Security and Climate Security: Synergy or Conflict?”, Paper presented at the Third Global International Studies Conference (17-20 August 2011, Porto, Portugal), August 17-20, 2011)

Historically, realist theoretical assumptions have dominated thinking on energy security. Widespread recognition of
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the costs – could achieve a degree of autarchy in this sector too.

Scenario two is the Environment
Arctic overfishing leads to arctic cod extinction- they are a keystone species
PEW 10 (Environmental group studying northern oceans, “COMMERCIAL FISHING”, http://www.oceansnorth.org/commercial-fishing)
Fortunately, the North American Arctic has largely been spared this legacy of overfishing,
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Conservation Alliance (organization representing 60 percent of Bering Sea Commercial fishing industry)
Keystone species loss results in an avalanche affect- collapses overall biod
Wooldridge 09, Frosty. Guest lecturer at Cornell University. “Our troubled country; species extinction” March 16 2009 http://www.examiner.com/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~y2009m3d16-Our-troubled-country-species-extinction
What might be the optimum number of extinct species that would fall short of the
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moves forward in this century. What causes it? The human race!

That outweighs your impacts- guarantees extinction and is irreversible
Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Ellipses in original 

Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire
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Homo sapiens -- in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348
Causes risks food wars
Roughhead 11 – US Navy Four Star Admiral (Gary, quoted in “Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, 6/15/12; original statement made 6/20/11;  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf)//AB
The U.S. Navy’s interests in the Arctic are not new, of
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and when to build forces capable and competent for the harsh northern climes.

Those escalate
CRIBB 2010 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor
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crisis and what we can do to avoid it,” p. 26)
This is the most likely means by which the coming famine will affect all citizens
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widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples' need to secure them.
Independently- Arctic ecosystem collapse leads to extinction
WWF 2010 (December 1, 2010 “Drilling for Oil in the Arctic: Too Soon, Too Risky” World Wildlife Fund http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/arctic/WWFBinaryitem18711.pdf)
Planetary Keystone The Arctic and the subarctic regions surrounding it are important for many reasons
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of climate change, the Arctic is a keystone ecosystem for the entire planet
Neglect of the environment causes extinction- some management key
Soule ‘95 (Michael E., Professor and Chair of Environmental Studies, UC-Santa Cruz, REINVITING NATURE? RESPONSES TO POSTMODERN DECONSTRUCTION, Eds: Michael E. Soule and Gary Lease, p. 159-160)

Should We Actively Manage Wildlands and Wild Waters? The decision has already been made
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So if we must manage, where do we look for ethical guidance?

Contention 3- Solvency
Solves China-
Having a seat at EEZ disputes is key to solve China and freedom of navigation laws solves the reason for escalation- codification independently solves Asian arms races
Glaser 12 (Bonnie S. Glaser, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, April, “Armed Clash in the South China Sea”, http://www.cfr.org/world/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883)
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
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and global issues and more tightly integrate China into the prevailing international system.
There are no alt causes- EEZ disputes necessary and sufficient to prevent conflict- SCS resolution is key to overall LOST credibility
Bower and Poling 12 (Ernest Z- Senior Adviser and Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies CSIS, Gregory B- Fellow, Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies and Pacific Partners Initiative CSIS, May 25, “Advancing the National Interests of the United States: Ratification of the Law of the Sea”, http://csis.org/publication/advancing-national-interests-united-states-ratification-law-sea)
The credibility of the United States in the Asia Pacific is at stake on a
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is more like the competitive free-for-all of the nineteenth.
Specifically- China is claiming it’s EEZ policies through Article 301 of LOST
David 10 (Conrad- Captain US Navy, “Lawfare in the Near Seas: How China’s Maritime Claims Impact Regional Security”, pdf)
The PRC often cites the provisions of UNCLOS that it feels are to the coastal
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301 of the Convention, but also a violation of Article 300.” 31
Codification is key to prevent ambiguity over article 301- US lead key
David 10 (Conrad- Captain US Navy, “Lawfare in the Near Seas: How China’s Maritime Claims Impact Regional Security”, pdf)
Lastly, while it has long operated within its dictates of the law of the
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by freedom loving nations to preserve freedoms of navigation and overflight going forward.
Solves Arctic disputes-
Codification is key to resolve Arctic border and Northwest Passage sovereignty disputes, overfishing, and arctic ecosystem collapse
Huebert 9 (Rob- Associate Professor, Department of Political Science¶ University of Calgary, May, “THE RELUCTANT¶ ARCTIC POWER”, pdf)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the
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could soon¶ collapse. It is unclear how to resolve the situation.
It’s reverse casual- our refusal to codify navigational provisions increases Arctic aggression
Smith 11Reginald, Militray Professor in National Security Studies, Colonel, Masters in National Security and strategic Studies from U.S. Naval War College, "The Arctic A New Partnership Paradigm or Next 'Cold War'?", 2011, pdf
The significance of the declaration is paramount to cooperation in that UNCLOS provides the international
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in the region are those available through military collaboration of the Arctic nations. 

Plan: The United States federal government should increase statutory restrictions on the President of the United States’ war power authority to introduce naval forces into hostilities by codifying the appropriate articles of the Law of the Sea Treaty. 

LOST Codification is key to credibility- voluntary adherence makes your DA’s non-unique, and the executive CP is the status quo
Glaser 12 (Bonnie S. Glaser, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, April, “Armed Clash in the South China Sea”, http://www.cfr.org/world/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883)
First, the United States should ratify UNCLOS; though it voluntarily adheres to its
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rights, and generally advance U.S. economic and strategic interests.
The plan adopts a Madisonian approach to international treaties- allows us to get the seat at LOST tribunal discussions over navigational rights, but doesn’t bind us into the bad parts of treaties
Kyl 12 (Jon- United States Senator, June 4, “The Perils of Global Governance¶ Jon Kyl¶ United States Senator¶ Conference on Global Governance and the Challenge to the U.S. Constitution¶ American Enterprise Institute”, pdf)
I want to emphasize that this view does not arise out of any aversion on
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contributing its practices and legal opinions on the law of¶ the sea.
The plan is the necessary starting point to resolve coastal states concerns and remedy EEZ disputes- total ratification isn’t needed
Beckman and Davenport 12 (Robert Beckman is the Director, Centre for International Law (CIL)¶ and Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, National University of¶ Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Tara Davenport is a Research Fellow,¶ Centre for International Law (CIL), Faculty of Law, National¶ University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, May, “Securing the Ocean for the Next Generation”, pdf)
However, it is also fair to say that some coastal States such as Brazil
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military activities, such as reconnaissance on naval assets or coastal¶ defenses.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: David Cram H
Same as Round 2 Texas/ Harvard zones of hostilities affirmative

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Lyle, Polin, Norris
2AC- Circumvention
He doesn’t have to circumvent- they say yes
Doesn’t assume congress steps up when presidents violate oversight- empirically proven
Ettinger, 3-28 – former Ambassador, lecturer, insider on US-Israel relations
Yoram, "Congressional muscle and US foreign policy," Israel Hayom, 3-28-14, www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=7879, accessed 3-28-14

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the inherently pro-Israel Congress possesses the muscle to
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, expanding U.S.-Israel strategic cooperation, despite presidential opposition.
Obama strictly adheres to legal policy- status quo policy is firmly backed by legal grounding- their evidence doesn’t assume Congressional change
Goldsmith ’12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, “Fire When Ready,” 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, March 19, 2012

When the Obama administration made the decision to kill Awlaki, it did not rely
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inclination to do so, and it appears to support the current arrangement.
Pak

Pak police good but US assistance key
Abbas ’12 (Hassan Abbas, Hassan Abbas is a Senior Advisor at Asia Society and a Professor at National Defense University, “Move over military: Police and counterterrorism in Pakistan”, http://southasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/07/24/move_over_military_police_and_counterterrorism_in_pakistan, July 24, 2012)

It is generally believed in the West that military action can resolve the terrorism problem
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standing in the international arena in turn increasing the prospects of such support.

AT: Drone Proliferation Inevitable
Even if prolif is inevitable, the plan sends a signal of norms of restraint that solve war
Roberts ’13 (Kirstin Roberts, News Editor for National Journal and was news editor and deputy bureau chief for Reuters’ Washington bureau, “When the Whole World Has Drones”, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, March 23, 2013)
A slim aircraft glided through Israeli airspace, maintaining low altitude and taking a winding
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operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Lyle, Polin, Norris
Judicial
Doesn’t solve
1) Doesn’t solve binding- that’s 1AC Webb
means it doesn’t solve international precedent
Webb ’13 (Jim Webb is a former U.S. senator from Virginia and served as Secretary of the Navy in the Reagan administration, http://www.jameswebb.com/articles/natlinterest-congabdication.html, March/April Edition 2013)

Unless Americans accept that we have by fiat devolved into a political system where the
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America is united and not acting merely at the discretion of one individual.
2) Congress hand on the trigger key
Woods ’12 (Chris Woods, won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism in 2013, Journalist for The Bureau Investigates and Salon, “Pakistani objection to US drones puts ‘nations at war’, says Democrat”, http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/06/29/pakistani-objection-to-us-drones-puts-nations-at-war-says-leading-democrat/, June 29, 2012)

President Obama’s continued bombing of Pakistan, despite Islamabad’s repeated calls for the CIA to
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we had officially adopted as our own and cherished throughout the years.’

the CP drains the solicitor general’s capital and spills over – best studies prove and LT politics
Wohlfarth, ‘9  
Patrick C. Wohlfarth University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The Journal of
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appeared in the American Journal of Political Science and The Journal of Politics.)

The solicitor general (S.G.), as the executive branch’s chief lawyer on
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as well as the longterm integrity of the S.G.’s of?ce

 as an institution. The recent controversy surrounding the ?ring of several U.
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success of the United States as a litigant beginning with Reagan’s solicitors general.
That’s key to solve warming and pollution – CSPAR rulings are key
By Emily Atkin 12-9 “4 Reasons The Supreme Court Might Want To Uphold The EPA’s Cross-State Air Pollution Rule” December 9, 2013 at 5:00 pm http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/12/09/3039061/4-reasons-supreme-court-cross-state-air-pollution-rule/

Those states that create large amounts of pollution are called “upwind” states,
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the federal government has the flexibility it needs to address genuinely national problems.”

Congress Addon- Groupthink
Checks on the executive key to solve groupthink
Chehab, 12 Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review 

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
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choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.
Key to solve war
Jervis, 4  (Robert, political science and international politics professor at Columbia University and a consultant to the CIA, The Record, 7/14, lexis)

But was that indeed what happened? "Groupthink" - identified in the early
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a small group, closed-mouthed and predisposed to keeping everything secret.
NATO
Drone debates collapse NATO
Tom Parker 12, Former Policy Dir. for Terrorism, Counterterrorism and H. Rts. at Amnesty International, U.S. Tactics Threaten NATO, September 17, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/us-tactics-threaten-nato-7461
A growing chasm in operational practice is opening up between the United States and its
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now forced to pay attention by their own courts, which will restrict coop

eration in the future. As recently as last month, the German federal prosecutor’s
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Something has to give—and it may just be the Atlantic alliance.
NATO prevents global nuclear war
Zbigniew Brzezinski 9, former U.S. National Security Adviser, Sept/Oct 2009, “An Agenda for NATO,” Foreign Affairs, 88.5, EBSCO
NATO's potential is not primarily military. Although NATO is a collective-security alliance
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all the more menacing by the growing accessibility of weapons of mass destruction –

- not just to states but also, potentially, to extremist religious and political
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focused aroused Muslim resentments on the United States and the West more generally.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Lyle, Polin, Norris
Funding cuts are restrictions placed upon the President’s authority over indefinite detention

Hanes 11 (2011¶ Brigham Young University Law Review¶ 2011 B.Y
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support and patience. The views expressed in this Comment are his own.)

While the Constitution does not explicitly grant the power of the purse to Congress,
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funding restrictions have typically been justified solely on grounds of congressional power over spending

. n148 Indeed, the connection of several of the funding clauses to war powers
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of war at least to some degree through its appropriations power.¶ 4. 

Firebreak
Independently, US targeted killing is driving a global shift in strategic doctrine toward preventive self-defense---causes nuclear war
Kerstin Fisk 13, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University, and Jennifer M. Ramos, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from UC Davis, April 15 2013, “Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm,” International Studies Perspectives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/insp.12013/full
How and to what extent is the preventive use of force becoming the future of
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by discussing possibilities for further research and considering the implications of this phenomenon.
The impact is an endless, global series of preventive wars---those go nuclear
Ariel Colonomos 13, Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ph.D. in political science from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, “The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War?” p 72-75, google books
John Yoo holds that the American interventions in Afghanistan or Iraq fulfilled the criteria of
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United States to its new enemies and of their greater number and dispersal.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Lyle, Polin, Norris
Midterms
2AC – UQ
GOP will take the Senate- strong candidates, funding gaps
Martin, 3-15 -- NYT national political correspondent
"Obama Factor Adds to Fears of Democrats," New York Times, 3-15-2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/us/politics/obama-factor-adds-to-fears-of-democrats.html, accessed 3-28-14

WASHINGTON - Democrats are becoming increasingly alarmed about their midterm election fortunes amid President Obama's
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Kentucky. Democrats, he said, are "getting beat to death."?

2AC – Link Turn
GOP would push the plan and get the blame
Howell, 7 -- University of Chicago Public Policy professors
William, and Jon Pevehouse, "When Congress Stops Wars: Partisan Politics and Presidential Power," Foreign Affairs, 86.5, Sept-Oct 2007, themonkeycage.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Howell-Pevehouse-2007-1.pdf?343c0a, accessed 2-6-14

The partisan composition of Congress has historically been the decisive factor in determining whether lawmakers
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Iraq policy received such a favorable hearing in Congress from 2000 to 2006.
Plan boosts Obama and dooms GOP- casts them as soft on terror
Werner, 7 -- University of Wisconsin-Madison political science professor
Timothy, Ph.D. in Political Science from University of Wisconsin–Madison and Peter Holm, UWM political science, "Political Capital and Presidential War Powers: Sources of Congressional Assertiveness on the Use of Force," March 2007, users.polisci.wisc.edu/Holm/uof-march2007-draft.pdf, accessed 2-5-14 

At the same time, the pressures on members to support the president in his
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but the taboo against withdrawing support from troops in the field remains intense.
Their link is irrelevant- not a referendum on Obama- empirical ev, distancing
Cillizza, 2-2 -- Washington Post
Chris, Washington Post, 2-2-14, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2014-senate-races-may-be-referendum-on-obama-if-so-democrats-should-worry/2014/02/02/f566ddac-8c1b-11e3-95dd-36ff657a4dae_story.html, accessed 2-10-14

In Arkansas and Alaska, the Democratic incumbents are running and distancing themselves from the
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a well-regarded name, won despite the state’s clear Republican lean.

1NC/ 2AC- Warming No Impact

Not rapid
McGrath ’13 (Matt McGrath, Environment correspondent, BBC News, “Climate slowdown means extreme rates of warming 'not as likely'”, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22567023, May 19, 2013)

Scientists say the recent downturn in the rate of global warming will lead to lower
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Oxford. "The most extreme projections are looking less likely than before."
We adapt
Mendelsohn ‘9 – Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

1NC/ 2AC- Warming Inevitable
United States not key to solve warming and inevitable
Grose ‘13 (Thomas K., National Geographic News Writer, “As U.S. Cleans Its Energy Mix, It Ships Coal Problems Abroad”, March 15, 2013)

Ready for some good news about the environment? Emissions of carbon dioxide in the
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producers have made clear that they aim to tap into that growing market.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Young, Wunderlich, Arnett
Politics
2AC
Patent reform will get delayed
Brown et al 3-28-14 Brendan Sasso, Laura Ryan, and Dustin Volz – Writers for the National Journal, “Patent Action Delayed and the FCC’s Tech is Outdated” http://www.nationaljournal.com/tech-edge/patent-action-delayed-and-the-fcc-s-tech-is-outdated-20140328

SENATE JUDICIARY DELAYS PATENT MARKUP: The committee Thursday delayed the long-awaited markup
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for his part, said he would continue fighting for the controversial measure.

No litigation explosion AND reform fails- not enough data and bill fails
-addresses the wrong issue
- there’s not enough data to get the solution right
Merritt, 3-12 – EE Times news correspondent, Silicon Valley bureau chief; citing Daniel F. Spulber, research director of Northwestern University's Searle Center on Law
Rick, "Patent Data Missing in Troll Debate," EE Times, 3-12-14, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1321364and_mc=MP_IW_EDT_STUB, accessed 3-13-14

Patent Data Missing In Troll Debate
Congress and the Supreme Court are poised to take action on patent suits, but
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blue) in the 1991-2011 period, the GAO report said.
XOs solve
Kash, 3-3 -- InformationWeek Government editor
Wyatt, "Vowing to combat patent trolls, the White House recently announced a series of executive actions," 3-3-14, InformationWeek, www.informationweek.com/government/leadership/patent-reform-tech-firms-attorneys-weigh-in/d/d-id/1114070, accessed 3-13-14
Among other measures, the White House and the USPTO: • established new educational
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art, to try to resolve disputes before they turn into costly lawsuits.

AT: Losers Lose
Loser’s lose is wrong- dems and GOP feed a false narrative- there’s an epistemology disad to their arguments
Beutler, 13 -- Salon staff writer
Brian, “GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term,” Salon, 9/9/13, www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/, accessed 3-29-14

It's factually and morally wrong to say his agenda is doomed if war vote loses
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or a farm bill, or a budget deal, or anything else.

2AC – Methane Thumper
Backlash against Obama over emissions annoucnement
Roberta Rampton and Timothy Gardner (writers for Reuters) March 28, 2014 “Obama considers new climate regulations for oil, gas sector” http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/28/us-usa-climatechange-obama-idUSBREA2R10P20140328
The White House said on Friday it will take a hard look at whether new
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wells on public lands, one way to begin cutting emissions of methane.

2AC- Weak Now
Backlash now against Obama’s anti-terror policies
The Washington Post 3/27/14 (Jennifer Rubin, "Bipartisan Second-Thoughts on National Security")
There are signs of a bipartisan pushback against the passive foreign policy and hostility to
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, and they’re not grateful to him for giving them what they want.”
2AC – IMF Thumper
IMF reform thumps losers lose
Wiesman, 3-25 – NY Times congressional reporter
Jonathan, "Senate Democrats Drop I.M.F. Reforms From Ukraine Aid," NY Times, 3-25-14, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/europe/senate-democrats-drop-imf-reforms-from-ukraine-aid-package.html, accessed 3-26-14

Democrats, bowing to united House Republican opposition, dropped reforms of International Monetary Fund
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the Republican leader. "I agree with these two important House Democrats.
2AC – NSA
NSA reform triggers the link
Cohen, 3-25 -- CNN Tom, Lisa Desjardins, and Jim Acosta, "Obama, Congress working on changes to NSA," CNN, 3-2-14, www.cnn.com/2014/03/25/politics/white-house-nsa/, accessed 3-26-14

President Barack Obama and congressional leaders described similar proposals Tuesday for ending the National Security
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current system was legal, but needed changing to reassure a skeptical public.

2AC – Immigration
Obama immigration order triggers the link- thumps prez powers args
Gomez, 3-23 -- USA Today Alan, "Obama 'humane' order roils immigration debate," WTSP News, 3-23-14, www.wtsp.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/03/23/obama-humane-deportation-order-immigration-debate/6787289/, accessed 3-26-14

Obama 'humane' order roils immigration debate
President Obama's recent order to his administration to find ways to deport people living in
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through federal courts about the limits of presidential power that goes back decades.

2AC- Econ Thumper
Collapse inevitable- fiscal/regulatory policies, export market crashes, market speculation
Epoch Times 3/11 (Interview conducted by Valentin Schmid, Epoch Times. Peter Schiff is the CEO of investment firm Euro Pacific Capital. He correctly predicted the subprime crash and the ensuing financial crisis of 2008. Peter Schiff: US Economy ‘Screwed Up,’ Stock Market a ‘Bubble’ (+Video) http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/553225-peter-schiff-us-economy-screwed-up-stock-market-a-bubble-video/)

Epoch Times: Mr. Schiff, what’s your view on the U.S
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from? It’s coming from the productive efforts of people outside of America.

1NC/ 2AC- Nuclear Primacy
No scenario for losing deterrence
Kristensen ‘12 -- FAS nuclear weapons expert Hans, "DOD: Strategic Stability Not Threatened Even by Greater Russian Nuclear Forces," FAS, 10-10-12, www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2012/10/strategicstability.php, accessed 1-27-13, mss

DOD: Strategic Stability Not Threatened Even by Greater Russian Nuclear Forces A Department of Defense (DOD) report on Russian nuclear forces, conducted in coordination with the Director of National Intelligence and sent to Congress in May 2012, concludes that even the most worst-case scenario of a Russian surprise disarming first strike against the United States would have “little to no effect” on the U.S. ability to retaliate with a devastating strike against Russia. I know, even thinking about scenarios such as this sounds like an echo from the Cold War, but the Obama administration has actually come under attack from some for considering further reductions of U.S. nuclear forces when Russia and others are modernizing their forces. The point would be, presumably, that reducing while others are modernizing would somehow give them an advantage over the United States. But the DOD report concludes that Russia “would not be able to achieve a militarily significant advantage by any plausible expansion of its strategic nuclear forces, even in a cheating or breakout scenario under the New START Treaty” (emphasis added). The conclusions are important because the report come after Vladimir Putin earlier this year announced plans to produce “over 400” new nuclear missiles during the next decade. Putin’s plan follows the Obama administration’s plan to spend more than $200 billion over the next decade to modernize U.S. strategic forces and weapons factories. The conclusions may also hint at some of the findings of the Obama administration’s ongoing (but delayed and secret) review of U.S. nuclear targeting policy. No Effects on Strategic Stability The DOD report – Report on the Strategic Nuclear Forces of the Russian Federation Pursuant to Section 1240 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 – was obtained under the Freedom of Information Act. It describes the U.S. intelligence community’s projection for the likely development of Russian nuclear forces through 2017 and 2022, the timelines of the New START Treaty, and possible implications for U.S. national security and strategic stability. Much of the report’s content was deleted before release – including general and widely reported factual information about Russian nuclear weapons systems that is not classified. But the important concluding section that describes the effects of possible shifts in the number and composition of Russian nuclear forces on strategic stability was released in its entirety. The section “Effects on Strategic Stability” begins by defining that stability in the strategic nuclear relationship between the United States and the Russian Federation depends upon the assured capability of each side to deliver a sufficient number of nuclear warheads to inflict unacceptable damage on the other side, even with an opponent attempting a disarming first strike. Consequently, the report concludes, “the only Russian shift in its nuclear forces that could undermine the basic framework of mutual deterrence that exists between the United States and the Russian Federation is a scenario that enables Russia to deny the United States the assured ability to respond against a substantial number of highly valued Russian targets following a Russian attempt at a disarming first strike” (emphasis added). The DOD concludes that such a first strike scenario “will most likely not occur.” But even if it did and Russia deployed additional strategic warheads to conduct a disarming first strike, even significantly above the New START Treaty limits, DOD concludes that it “would have little to no effects on the U.S. assured second-strike capabilities that underwrite our strategic deterrence posture” (emphasis added). In fact, the DOD report states, the “Russian Federation…would not be able to achieve a militarily significant advantage by any plausible expansion of its strategic nuclear forces, even in a cheating or breakout scenario under the New START Treaty, primarily because of the inherent survivability of the planned U.S. Strategic force structure, particularly the OHIO-class ballistic missile submarines, a number of which are at sea at any given time.” Implications These are BIG conclusions with BIG implications. They reaffirm conclusions made by DOD in 2010 http://www.foreign.senate.gov/publications/download/executive-report-111-06-treaty-with-russia-on-measures-for-further-reduction-and-limitation-of-strategic-offensive-arms-the-new-start-treaty, but the new report is important because it comes after Russia earlier this year announced plans to produce “over 400” nuclear missiles over the next decade. In the real world, however, Russian nuclear forces are not increasing. Even with Putin’s missile production plan, simultaneous retirement of older missile will continue the downward trend and result in a net reduction of Russian strategic nuclear forces over the next decade and a half. This fact has not stopped some from arguing against additional U.S. nuclear reductions. Their argument is that reductions are unwise at a time when Russia and others are modernizing their nuclear forces. Others have even argued that Russia could break out of the New START Treaty by cheating and presumably achieve some strategic advantage. Even the U.S. Senate’s advice and consent resolution that in 2010 approved the New START Treaty required that “the President should regulate reductions in United States strategic offensive arms so that the number of accountable strategic offensive arms under the New START Treaty possessed by the Russian Federation in no case exceeds the comparable number of accountable strategic offensive arms possessed by the United States to such an extent that a strategic imbalance endangers the national security interests of the United States” (emphasis added). A similar obsession with numbers was echoed in the 2012 report by the State Department’s International Strategic Advisory Board on future U.S.-Russian “Mutual Assured Stability,” which concluded that it requires some “rough parity” of nuclear forces. (A similar number obsession has evolved with NATO about non-strategic nuclear weapons, but that’s another story). But the DOD report appears to conclude that such warnings and parity requirement are missing the point. Strategic stability and deterrence today are provided by a secure retaliatory capability, primarily ballistic missile submarines. In fact, although ICBMs and bombers also play a role in the U.S. nuclear posture, they seem oddly absent from the report’s description of what is required to maintain strategic stability based on a sufficient secure retaliatory capability. Retaining that capability, it seems, does not even require the ballistic missile submarines to be on alert (although the report doesn’t explicitly say so). It only requires that a sufficient number of submarines “are at sea” and secure at any given time – or perhaps even only in a crisis. Likewise, the conclusion that a Russian disarming first strike “will most likely not occur” may be obvious to most but, if formal, seems to remove the need for having ICBMs on alert, as long as a sufficient number of submarines are at sea to provide the basic deterrence that underpins strategic stability.

WOT Navy
Plan is key to naval operations- especially those necessary to win the war on terror
Schachte 4 (Rear Adm. William L. Schachte, USN, April 8, “¶ MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED¶ NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF¶ THE SEA”, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg99782/html/CHRG-108shrg99782.htm)
If we are going to successfully curtail this disturbing trend of ¶ creeping jurisdiction,
AND
diminishing resources more efficiently and ¶ effectively by concentrating on their primary missions.

2AC – LINK TURNS
Popularity
Loss on war powers bolsters Obama’s popularity- proves he is principled with no costs
Thompson, 13 -- Forbes contributor
Loren, "The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses," Forbes, 9-9-13, www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/09/09/the-syria-vote-why-obama-wins-if-he-loses/, accessed 2-8-13

The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses
Sometime this week, Congress will begin voting on a resolution that would support President
AND
faced in the Middle East understands how involvement there can wreck domestic agendas.
Principled loss even on unpopular issues is good politics- key to approval ratings
Davis, 11 -- special counsel to President Clinton
Lanny, formerly served under the Clinton and Bush W. administrations, Washington attorney specializing in legal crisis management, "Column: Obama, be a sharp-elbowed centrist," USA Today, 8-17-11, www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2011-08-17-obama-leadership-economy_n.htm, accessed 3-8-14

Such bold and decisive moves by this president would be criticized as brash by some
AND
good politics for 2012. It would also be good for the nation.
Popularity is key to the agenda
Friedman, 8 -- Stratfor chief intelligence officer
George, "Obama: First Moves," Stratfor, 2008, www.stratfor.com/weekly/20081124_obama_first_moves?ip_auth_redirect=1, accessed 11-16-10)

Presidents are not as powerful as they are often imagined to be. Apart from
AND
is undoubtedly getting the honeymoon bounce now. He needs to hold that.

Stuck in senate
Williams 3/27 (Andrew Williams, Andrew W. Williams is a partner with McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert and Berghoff LLP. Dr. Williams' practice primarily consists of patent litigation, prosecution, and opinion work in the areas of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and chemistry., Dr. Williams is a contributing author to the Patent Docs weblog, a site focusing on biotechnology and pharmaceutical patent law,  “Senate Judiciary Committee Takes Up, Then Tables, Patent Reform”, http://www.patentdocs.org/2014/03/senate-judiciary-committee-takes-up-then-tables-patent-reform.html, March 27, 2014)

Earlier today, the Senate Committee on the Judiciary held an Executive Business Meeting in
AND
progress of this bill, and any amendments that are made to it.
THAT MEANS Link uniqueness shapes uniqueness – not issue specific uniqueness
Galen, 3-17 – former Press Secretary for the Speaker of the House
Rich, "Obama is Poisonous," Real Clear Politics, 3-17-14, www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/03/17/obama_is_poisonous_121954.html, accessed 3-20-14

There is not much statistical difference between an approval rating of 42 and 39 (
AND
identified, said Mr. Obama was becoming 'poisonous' to the party's candidates."
Especially true on fights over war powers- rally around the flag
Werner, 7 -- University of Wisconsin-Madison political science professor
Timothy, Ph.D. in Political Science from University of Wisconsin–Madison and Peter Holm, UWM political science, "Political Capital and Presidential War Powers: Sources of Congressional Assertiveness on the Use of Force," March 2007, users.polisci.wisc.edu/Holm/uof-march2007-draft.pdf, accessed 2-5-14 

At the same time, the pressures on members to support the president in his
AND
but the taboo against withdrawing support from troops in the field remains intense.
We control uniqueness- Obama’s approval is below 50; dems are avoiding him
Friedman, 14 -- NY Daily News staff
Dan, "As Obama's approval rating slips, Democrats are avoiding him," NY Daily News, 2-24-14, www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/obama-negative-approval-rating-dems-ducking-article-1.1700590, accessed 3-9-14

As Obama's approval rating slips, Democrats are avoiding him Dems dodge Obama, whose
AND
Democrats hope to gain seats. Obama lost all those states in 2012.
That’s key- 50 approval is try or die for Obama’s agenda
Kuhn, 9 -- Politico staff
David, "Obama Below 50 in Gallup, What it Means," 11-20-9, Real Clear Politics, http://realclearpolitics.blogs.time.com/2009/11/20/gallup-obama-below-50-percent/, accessed 11-20-9

For the first time, Barack Obama fell below 50 percent in the Gallup tracking
AND
the mean of major public polls, is at 50.6 percent.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Lyle, Polin, Norris
Patent
2AC
Patent reform will get delayed
Brown et al 3-28-14 Brendan Sasso, Laura Ryan, and Dustin Volz – Writers for the National Journal, “Patent Action Delayed and the FCC’s Tech is Outdated” http://www.nationaljournal.com/tech-edge/patent-action-delayed-and-the-fcc-s-tech-is-outdated-20140328

SENATE JUDICIARY DELAYS PATENT MARKUP: The committee Thursday delayed the long-awaited markup
AND
for his part, said he would continue fighting for the controversial measure.

No litigation explosion AND reform fails- not enough data and bill fails
-addresses the wrong issue
- there’s not enough data to get the solution right
Merritt, 3-12 – EE Times news correspondent, Silicon Valley bureau chief; citing Daniel F. Spulber, research director of Northwestern University's Searle Center on Law
Rick, "Patent Data Missing in Troll Debate," EE Times, 3-12-14, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1321364and_mc=MP_IW_EDT_STUB, accessed 3-13-14

Patent Data Missing In Troll Debate
Congress and the Supreme Court are poised to take action on patent suits, but
AND
blue) in the 1991-2011 period, the GAO report said.

AT: Losers Lose
Loser’s lose is wrong- dems and GOP feed a false narrative- there’s an epistemology disad to their arguments
Beutler, 13 -- Salon staff writer
Brian, “GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term,” Salon, 9/9/13, www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/, accessed 3-29-14

It's factually and morally wrong to say his agenda is doomed if war vote loses
AND
or a farm bill, or a budget deal, or anything else.

2AC- Weak Now
Backlash now against Obama’s anti-terror policies
The Washington Post 3/27/14 (Jennifer Rubin, "Bipartisan Second-Thoughts on National Security")
There are signs of a bipartisan pushback against the passive foreign policy and hostility to
AND
, and they’re not grateful to him for giving them what they want.”
2AC – IMF Thumper
IMF reform thumps losers lose
Wiesman, 3-25 – NY Times congressional reporter
Jonathan, "Senate Democrats Drop I.M.F. Reforms From Ukraine Aid," NY Times, 3-25-14, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/europe/senate-democrats-drop-imf-reforms-from-ukraine-aid-package.html, accessed 3-26-14

Democrats, bowing to united House Republican opposition, dropped reforms of International Monetary Fund
AND
the Republican leader. "I agree with these two important House Democrats.

2AC- Econ Thumper
Collapse inevitable- fiscal/regulatory policies, export market crashes, market speculation
Epoch Times 3/11 (Interview conducted by Valentin Schmid, Epoch Times. Peter Schiff is the CEO of investment firm Euro Pacific Capital. He correctly predicted the subprime crash and the ensuing financial crisis of 2008. Peter Schiff: US Economy ‘Screwed Up,’ Stock Market a ‘Bubble’ (+Video) http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/553225-peter-schiff-us-economy-screwed-up-stock-market-a-bubble-video/)

Epoch Times: Mr. Schiff, what’s your view on the U.S
AND
surface, the economy is actually deteriorating. Eventually it’s going to collapse.

 Epoch Times: Why? Mr. Schiff: There is a limit to
AND
from? It’s coming from the productive efforts of people outside of America.

Popularity
Loss on war powers bolsters Obama’s popularity- proves he is principled with no costs
Thompson, 13 -- Forbes contributor
Loren, "The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses," Forbes, 9-9-13, www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/09/09/the-syria-vote-why-obama-wins-if-he-loses/, accessed 2-8-13

The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses
Sometime this week, Congress will begin voting on a resolution that would support President
AND
faced in the Middle East understands how involvement there can wreck domestic agendas.

Alt causes overwhelm or hegemony is resilient
Copley ’12 (Gregory R., editor of Defense and Foreign Affairs’ Strategic Policy, Strategic Policy in an Age of Global Realignment, lexis, June 2012)

3. Strategic Recovery by the US. The US will not, in 2012
AND
. Banks are as afraid of such investment as are manufacturing investors themselves.
Sequestration thumper
Lightfoot ’13 (Jeff Lightfoot, deputy director of the Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security at the Atlantic Council, “Sequestration’s Credibility Costs,”http:nationalinterest.org/commentary/sequestrations-credibility-costs-8172, March 1, 2013)

The debate over sequestration is focused nearly entirely on the impact of spending reductions on
AND
Iran could plunge the Mideast into a war the United States can ill afford

1AR
Ptx

Impact d

Their impact presses on central asia just dumb

Fettweis ‘10 (Chris Fettweis, Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College, Georgetown University Press, “Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peace” Google Books) 

Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when
AND
worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe.

Uq

Won’t pass --- delay

Stuck in senate
Williams 3/27 (Andrew Williams, Andrew W. Williams is a partner with McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert and Berghoff LLP. Dr. Williams' practice primarily consists of patent litigation, prosecution, and opinion work in the areas of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and chemistry., Dr. Williams is a contributing author to the Patent Docs weblog, a site focusing on biotechnology and pharmaceutical patent law,  “Senate Judiciary Committee Takes Up, Then Tables, Patent Reform”, http://www.patentdocs.org/2014/03/senate-judiciary-committee-takes-up-then-tables-patent-reform.html, March 27, 2014)

Earlier today, the Senate Committee on the Judiciary held an Executive Business Meeting in
AND
progress of this bill, and any amendments that are made to it.
PC doesn’t solve
Shapiro 3/26 (Gary Shapiro, Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA)®, the U.S. trade association representing more than 2,000 consumer electronics companies, and author of the New York Times best-selling books, Ninja Innovation: The Ten Killer Strategies of the World's Most Successful Businesses and The Comeback: How Innovation Will Restore the American Dream, “Senate should finish off the patent trolls”, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/201701-senate-should-finish-off-the-patent-trolls, March 26, 2014)

Recent strong action by Congress and the White House against patent trolls is a rare
AND
patent troll plague once and for all, and allow innovators to thrive.

Senate committee kills bill
Adweek 3/27 (Adweek, Online News, “Senate Patent Troll Bill Gets Delayed in Committee”, http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/senate-patent-troll-bill-gets-delayed-committee-156572, March 27, 2014)

Sen. Patrick Leahy The Senate's version of a bill to curb patent troll abuses
AND
effectively derailing Leahy's goal to move his bill out of committee as planned.

The rest of the uniqueness ev they read do not say that political capital is key to getting it done 

It says Obama is pushing – and then it’ll pass

Won’t pass – committee opposition
Bachman 3/27
Katy, Washington Bureau Chief, “Senate Patent Troll Bill Gets Delayed in Committee”. Adweek Online. 3/27/24, http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/senate-patent-troll-bill-gets-delayed-committee-156572
Advocates for patent troll reform have been anxiously waiting for the Senate to catch up
AND
have to have minority support. We have to get a bill done."

Fiat – reject the argument the link

1AR – IMF Thumper

The date of the IMF cards

Obama back off of IMF reform triggers losers-lose
Deb Riechmann and Donna Cassata (writer for Nanaimo Daily News) March 27, 2014 “In show of solidarity with Obama, Congress backs bills to aid Ukraine, punish Russia” www.nanaimodailynews.com/news/in-show-of-solidarity-with-obama-congress-backs-bills-to-aid-ukraine-punish-russia-1.931430
The votes came as Obama wrapped up a European trip in which he enlisted the
AND
a defeat for the Obama administration, which had promoted the IMF provisions.

Losers win

Principled loss even on unpopular issues is good politics- key to approval ratings
Davis, 11 -- special counsel to President Clinton
Lanny, formerly served under the Clinton and Bush W. administrations, Washington attorney specializing in legal crisis management, "Column: Obama, be a sharp-elbowed centrist," USA Today, 8-17-11, www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2011-08-17-obama-leadership-economy_n.htm, accessed 3-8-14

Such bold and decisive moves by this president would be criticized as brash by some
AND
good politics for 2012. It would also be good for the nation.

AND- that turns the entirety of the DA --- Popularity is key to the agenda
Friedman, 8 -- Stratfor chief intelligence officer
George, "Obama: First Moves," Stratfor, 2008, www.stratfor.com/weekly/20081124_obama_first_moves?ip_auth_redirect=1, accessed 11-16-10)

Presidents are not as powerful as they are often imagined to be. Apart from
AND
is undoubtedly getting the honeymoon bounce now. He needs to hold that.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Young, Wunderlich, Arnett
Warfighting
2AC
Navigational rights link turns the DA
Galdorisi and Truver, ’05 (George, Director Space and Naval Warfare Center @ San Diego, Scott, National Security Programs @ Anteon Corp, Washington Times, 3/29)
*gender modified
The evolving U.S. strategic paradigm, dependent as it is on littoral
AND
role at the State Department, will add to an already burgeoning portfolio.
Congress key to credible posture and commitments
Waxman 13 (Matthew C-  Professor of Law at Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War”, Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), 8/25/2013, PDF)
A second argument, this one advanced by some congressionalists, is that stronger legislative
AND
by pointing foreign actors to the appropriate institution or process for reading them.

No extinction - history proves
Easterbrook ‘3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, “We’re All Gonna Die!”, Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1andtopic=andtopic_set=)

3. Germ warfare!Like chemical agents, biological weapons have never lived up
AND
out humanity before, and it seems unlikely to happen in the future.
2NC kicked DA wrong- it had a proliferation and deterrence impact- more evidence on it causing extinction- not a new argument- and means turns the ptx
Taylor 6 Theodore B., Chairman of NOVA. July 6 2006, “Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” http://wwwee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/taylor.html
Nuclear proliferation - be it among nations or terrorists - greatly increases the chance of
AND
, the small nuclear war could easily escalate into a global nuclear war.

Constraints improve decision-making
Deborah NPearlstein 9, lecturer in public and international affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, July 2009, "Form and Function in the National Security Constitution," Connecticut Law Review, 41 ConnLRev1549, lexis nexis
It is in part for such reasons that studies of organizational performance in crisis management
AND
something more than arbitrary attention has been paid before transcendent priorities are overridden.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Young, Wunderlich, Arnett
Circumvention
No means- Power of the purse solves
Elsea et al ’13 (Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative Attorney; Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney; Thomas J. Nicola, Legislative Attorney; CRS Report for Congress, “Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations”, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/206121.pdf, February 19, 2013)
The Purpose Statute states that funds may be used only for purposes for which they
AND
the amount— zero—that Congress has appropriated for the prohibited purpose.

No motivation- Obama already conformed us to UNCLOS (and the plan is popular, others push the aff, and other treaties thump the DA)
Block 13 (Ben- taff writer with the Worldwatch Institute, “U.S. Leaders Support Law of the Sea Treaty”, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5993)
During last week's Cabinet confirmation hearings, leaders in both the U.S.
AND
groups, and the mining, fishing, shipping, and telecommunications industries.

Exposing secrecy and furthering public engagement through the 1AC resolves Glennon
ACLU 14, Privacy SOS campaign from Massachusetts ACLU, “When it comes to fighting the 'double state', knowledge is power”, 1/20, http://privacysos.org/node/1304
As Glennon argues in the Harvard National Security Journal, the danger in the United
AND
, no matter what the Bill of Rights has to say about it.

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory JoSi | Judge: Buntin
2AC- Debt Ceiling

Double bind-
Republican obstructionism inevitable- PC not key
Reuters 9/18/13 (and#34;White House Says Republicans Moving Away From Compromise On Debt Limitand#34

The White House said on Wednesday that the House of Representatives had moved away from
AND
to a wholly unnecessary and damaging shutdown of the government,and#34; he said.

Or raise inevitable
Hertig 9/15/13  (Alyssa, Politics for Policy Mic, and#34;Debt Ceiling 2013: We Will Raise the Debt Ceiling, Even Though 55 Of Americans Donand#39;t Want Toand#34
The debt ceiling was first imposed in 1917 amid cries for accountability before President Woodrow
AND
Democrats and Republicans in October, but ultimately the ceiling will be raised.

Political capital not key to debt
Klein 9/18/13 (Ezra, Editor of Wonkblog Columnist at the Washington Post, and#34;The White House Doesnand#39;t Think It Can Prevent a Government Shutdownand#34

2) In 2011, the White House was willing to deal. The White
AND
Wall Street and other outside actors who could put pressure on the GOP.

Obama XO
Polman 9/19/13 (Dick, Writer for National Interest, and#34;National Interest: How Obama CAn Stop the Apocalypseand#34

But, in the interests of protecting our credit rating, and ensuring that Uncle
AND
right-wing nonsense, once and for all. Just lead already.

Treasury checks
Los Angeles Times 9/10/13  (and#34;US Will Hit Debt Limit Bewteen Oct. 18 and Nov. 5 Analysis Saysand#34

A more likely scenario, based on statements Treasury officials made in a 2012 inspector
AND
$108 billion of that cushion left to use, the analysis said.

Unique link turn- drones fights now- plan ends those
Sink and Herb ’13 (Jeremy Herb and Justin Sink, “Obama faces turning point on administration drone policy”, http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/286945-obama-faces-turning-point-on-drones, March 8, 2013)

A 13-hour filibuster by Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.)
AND
needs to be heard. And Rand Paul made it heard last night.”

The plan is popular
Jakes ’13 (Lara Jakes, Associated Press, “Some in Congress back limits on drone strikes”, http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130205/NEWS/302050314/Some-Congress-back-limits-drone-strikes, February 5, 2013)

WASHINGTON — Uncomfortable with the Obama administrationand#39;s use of deadly drones, a growing number
AND
a more sober look at where we should be with use of force.and#34;

PC theory is wrong- winners win
Hirsh ’13 (National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists, Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, and#34;There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,and#34; National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss

The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Impact empirically denied
Barnett ‘9 (Thomas P.M. Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” 8/25/2009)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
great resilience of Americaand#39;s post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Econ resilient, US isn’t key, and impact empirically denied
Lamy ’11(Pascal Lamy  is the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. “System Upgrade” BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)

The bigger test came with the 2008-2009 Great Recession, the first truly
AND
enabling these countries to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory JoSi | Judge: Buntin
Links to politics – immense opposition to bypassing debate
Hallowell ’13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/, KB

“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

Congress key
1) Future presidential rollback
Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf

The recent history of signing statements demonstrates how public opinion can effectively check presidential expansions
AND
practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.

2) Doesn’t solve signal
Sullivan ’13 (Andrew Sullivan, Obama’s War On Terror Speech: Reax II, http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2013/05/24/obamas-war-on-terror-speech-reax-ii/, Freddie deBoer wants more than words, May 24, 2013)

We have lived with this “war on terror” for a third of my
AND
if only in the ways that Obama says that he has constrained himself.

We impact turn their solvency mechanism- flexibility causes failed drone policy- can’t solve instability or credibility
Farley ’12 (Benjamin R. Farley, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007, South Texas Law Review, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, “ARTICLE: Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?”, Winter, 2012)

Removing the constraints policymakers face when choosing to use force may be advantageous. Indeed
AND
U.S. accountability system for use-of-force decisions.

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory JoSi | Judge: Buntin
Their impact is wrong – debate over even the most technical issues improves decision-making and advocacy
Ben- Naftali ‘3 (Orna Ben-Naftali, Head of the International Law Division and of the Law and Culture Division, The Law School, The College of Management Academic Studies, Spring 2003, ARTICLE: 'We Must Not Make a Scarecrow of the Law': A Legal Analysis of the Israeli Policy of Targeted Killings, 36 Cornell Int'l L.J. 233)

Our analysis concludes that while a specific act of preemptive killing may be legal if
AND
some possible betterment. This article hopes to contribute to this modest goal.

A stable system of deterrence prevents nuclear war – it create a stable ontological context for interaction and expectations
Lupovici 8 (Amir, Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies, Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse, http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/ papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf, AD: 9/22/10) jl
‘
Since deterrence can become part of the actors’ identity, it is also involved in
AND
it strengthened the actors’ identities and created more stable expectations of avoiding violence. 

Alt doesn’t generate political movements
O'Callaghan ‘2 ( Lecturer in IR, 02  (Terry , lecturer in the school of International Relations at the University of South Australia, International Relations and the third debate, ed: Jarvis, 2002, p. 80-81)

There are also a host of technological and logistical questions that plague George's scheme and
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creativity, and openness, George's postmodern musings have understandably attracted few disciples.

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory JoSi | Judge: Buntin
2AC T- “Targeted killing”

1. We meet and our aff is key to topic education
   Zenko ’12 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Targeted Killings and Signature Strikes,” June 16, http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/07/16/targeted-killings-and-signature-strikes/

No matter how U.S. officials (secretly) refer to the practice
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After ten years of signature strikes, isn’t this a debate worth having?

2. Counter-interp- “targeted killings” means killing without judicial review- includes signature strikes
Wallace ’12 Bruce, founder of 121Contact.org, a website aimed at preventing and coping with political violence, member of the Steering Committee of September Eleventh Families for Peaceful Tomorrows, “Obama’s Targeted Killing Strategy and Drone Strike Tactics,” Sept. 30, http://121contact.typepad.com/my_weblog/2012/09/sept-30-2012-obamas-targeted-killing-strategy-and-drone-strike-tactics.html

Targeted Killing, a simple definition: attacks on suspected terrorists in other nations without
AND
is already taking shape in the powerful recruiting propaganda that the strikes engender.

B. Topic Education - They exclude the heart of the topic- most strikes are signature-based
VanValkenberg 3-2-13 Noah VanValkenberg, Contributing Writer for Outside Colby, a non-partisan political publication, “Making Drones More Effective: Refining a Necessary Practice in Warfare,” http://outsidecolby.com/2013/03/making-drones-more-effective-refining-a-necessary-practice-in-warfare/

Drones are a crucial piece of the United States’ global war on terror. They
AND
going to funerals, because they are so frequently targeted by signature strikes.

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory JoSi | Judge: Buntin
Obama will follow through- aligns himself with Congress
Bellinger ’13 (John B. Bellinger III, Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law, “Seeking Daylight on U.S. Drone Policy”, http://www.cfr.org/drones/seeking-daylight-us-drone-policy/p30348, March 29, 2013)

The president also has additional constitutional authority anytime to use force to protect the Unites
AND
that they are acting outside of the grant given to them by Congress.

Political accountability key to solve say no
Farley ’12 (Benjamin R. Farley, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007, South Texas Law Review, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, “ARTICLE: Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?”, Winter, 2012)

Policymakers take advantage of the existing flaws in or intentional weaknesses of the supervisory accountability
AND
mechanisms or fix the flaws in the existing supervisory and fiscal accountability system.

Congress would invoke the power of the purse- solves
Elsea et al ’13 (Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative Attorney; Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney; Thomas J. Nicola, Legislative Attorney; CRS Report for Congress, “Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations”, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/206121.pdf, February 19, 2013) 

The Purpose Statute states that funds may be used only for purposes for which they
AND
the amount— zero—that Congress has appropriated for the prohibited purpose.

Congress exerting the power of the purse key to check presidential warfare
Fisher ‘7 (Louis Fisher is a specialist in constitutional law with the Law Library of the Library of Congress, after working for the Congressional Research Service from 1970 to March 6, 2006. During his service with CRS he was research di rector of the House Iran-Contra Committee in 1987, writing major sections of the final report. Fish er received his doctorate in political science from the New School for Social Research and has taught at a number of universities and law schools, appearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, loc.gov/law/help/usconlaw/pdf/Feingold2007rev.pdf, “Exercising Congress’s Constitutional Power to End a War”, January 30, 2007)

The framers carefully studied this monarchical model and repudiated it in its entirety. Not
AND
, from those who are to spend to those who are to pay.”

Tournament: Dartmouth RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge:
Drone Industry Advantage

Backlash undermines domestic drone industry- non-military companies are key
Lowdy ‘13 (Joan Lowy, “Drone industry worries about privacy backlash”, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/drone-industry-worries-about-privacy-backlash, March 29, 2013)
 
It’s a good bet that in the not-so-distant future aerial drones
AND
, executive director of the Airborne Law Enforcement Association. "It's frustrating."
Resolving public hostility key
Kaste ’13 (Martin Kaste / NPR, “Will Bureaucracy Keep The U.S. Drone Industry Grounded?”, http://www.ideastream.org/news/npr/179843540, April 30, 2013)

Tough federal aviation rules and public backlash against drones have raised worries that the U
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Applewhite says. "We're losing it because we can't test the vehicles." 

Armed drones are the issue
Wood ’13 (David Wood, Wood has been a journalist since 1970, a staff correspondent successively for Time Magazine, the Los Angeles Times, Newhouse News Service, The Baltimore Sun and Politics Daily. A birthright Quaker and former conscientious objector, he covers military issues, foreign affairs and combat operations. His 10-part series on the severely wounded of Iraq and Afghanistan won the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for national reporting, A Pulitzer Prize finalist, he has won the Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Defense Reporting and other national awards. He has appeared on CNN, CSPAN, the PBS News Hour, WUSA , RTV and the BBC, and is a regular guest on National Public Radio’s Diane Rehm Show. He has lectured at the U.S. Army Eisenhower Fellows Conference , the Marine Staff College, the Joint Forces Staff College and Temple University, “Drone Attacks Spur Legal Debate On Definition Of 'Battlefield'”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/14/drone-attacks-legal-debate_n_2687980.html, February 14, 2013)

WASHINGTON -- After a CIA Predator drone released its guided bomb high over Yemen on
AND
? Could an al Qaeda terrorist protect himself by becoming an American citizen?
Drone usage key to artic exploration- both oil drilling, shipping, and environmental cleanup
Hsu ’13 (Jeremy Hsu, LiveScience, “Drones handle all kinds of work in Arctic -- and there's lots more to do”, http://www.nbcnews.com/science/drones-handle-all-kinds-work-arctic-theres-lots-more-do-8C11012648, August 27, 2013)

Small drones may soon take to the skies above Earth's top with the aim of
AND
, they'll cut down on paperwork, but won't cut down on work."

Scenario 1: Trans-Alaska Pipeline
US Drilling is key to economic growth and open access to pressure resources- prevents Trans-Alaska Pipeline System collapse
Holt ’12 (David Holt, President of Consumer Energy Alliance, “HOLT: Arctic oil and gas exploration could revitalize West Coast”, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/oct/23/arctic-oil-and-gas-exploration-could-revitalize-we/, October 23, 2012)

The United States took a giant step toward securing its energy future this month with
AND
— which, in California, includes the world’s ninth-largest economy.

Race is zero sum and the US is losing
Reichmann ’14 (Deb Reichmann, Associated Press, Journalist for AP, Salon, and RealClear World, “Nations jockey for Arctic position, US not in lead”, http://www.stltoday.com/news/national/govt-and-politics/nations-vie-for-clout-in-arctic-us-far-from-lead/article_a63ef802-3c0d-5311-9fdd-6c8f283940a6.html, January 01, 2014)

The U.S. is racing to keep pace with stepped-up activity
AND
published earlier this month. "We are behind and falling farther back."

Lack of resources cause Ice Wars
Larsen ’11 (Kaj Larsen, CNN, “'Ice Wars' heating up the Arctic”, http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/07/15/larsen.arctic.ice.wars/index.html, July 15, 2011)

Tension is building in the Arctic, where countries are vying for valuable natural resources
AND
activity means that the frigid Arctic is once again becoming a hot spot.

Oil shocks would cause extinction
Henderson, Besline Research CEO/President/consultant, 07 (Bill, CounterCurrents.org, February 24, “Climate Change, Peak Oil, and Nuclear War”, http://www.countercurren

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia CS | Judge: Peter Susko
Geography 1AC
Advantage {X}: Drone Failure
Drone strikes are causing instability and terrorist backlash in Pakistan and Yemen- creating a failed state syndrome and killing relations
Rohde ’12 (David Rohde, American author and investigative journalist for Thomson Reuters. While a reporter for The Christian Science Monitor, he won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1996 for his coverage of the Srebrenica massacre. From July 2002 until December 2004, he was co-chief of The New York Times' South Asia bureau, based in New Delhi, India. He shared a second Pulitzer Prize for Times 2008 team coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan, While in Afghanistan, Rohde was kidnapped by members of the Taliban in November 2008, but managed to escape in June 2009 after seven months in captivity, “How Obama’s drone war is backfiring”, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, March/April issue of Foreign Policy, March 1, 2012)

When Barack Obama took the oath of office three years ago, no one associated
AND
he asked me. “I don’t think we’ve answered that question yet.”

Pakistan collapse causes nuclear war
Pitt ‘9 (William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.", “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183, May 8, 2009)

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all. 

And Pakistan nukes are not secure
Gregory ’11 (Shaun, Director of the Pakistan Security Research Unit at the University of Bradford, UK, a professor who published widely on nuclear and security issues in Pakistan and advises many governments, their agencies, and international organizations, “Terrorist Tactics in Pakistan Threaten Nuclear Weapons Safety,” CTC Sentinel, Vol. 4.6, http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/131002/ichaptersection_singledocument/aa282522-4971-4513-a7ca-ec3afcd259be/en/Art+2.pdf, accessed 10-26-11, June 2011)

Two high-profile attacks by terrorists on highly secure military bases in Pakistan,
AND
odds that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons security will eventually be compromised continue to rise.

Instability in Yemen collapses global trade lanes
Yuriditsky ’11 (Associate of the Institute for Gulf Affairs (Lev, “Yemen's Chaos - August 2011,” http://yuriditsky.blogspot.com/2011/09/yemens-chaos-august-2011.html, August 28, 2011)

Towards the end of July, the leader of AQAP, Nasir al Wuhayshi,
AND
world) with Al Shabaab’s reach can make for a particularly challenging situation.

Collapse of trade causes war
Panzner ‘8 (Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse”, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

The plan is key to a new successful Counterterrorism strategy-

1) Host Country-
Ending drones key to host country cooperation
Streeter ’13 (Devin C. Streeter, Helms School Of Government, Liberty University “Boko Haram, Drone Policy, And Port Security: Issues For Congress”, http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

A new set of drone operating procedures would help to repair international relations and decrease
AND
agenda, for the purpose of improving foreign policy and repairing international relations.

Host country cooperation key
Cordesman ’13 (Anthony Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, “The Common Lessons of Benghazi, Algeria, Mali, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Arab Spring”, http://csis.org/publication/common-lessons-benghazi-algeria-mali-tunisia-egypt-syria-iraq-yemen-afghanistan-pakistan, January 28, 2013)

Working with Regional and Host Country Partners The third lesson is that in most cases
AND
, as will support to regional security structures like the Gulf Cooperation Council.

2) The plan shifts the CIA to focus to intel – solves better
Anderson ’13 (Kenneth Anderson, Professor of law at Washington College of Law, American University; a visiting fellow of the Hoover Institution and member of its Task Force on National Security and Law; and a non-resident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution. He writes on international law, the laws of war, and national security, and his most recent book is "Living with the UN: American Responsibilities and International Order.", “Taking the CIA Out of Drone Strikes? The Obama Administration’s Yemen Experience”, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/05/taking-the-cia-out-of-drone-strikes-the-obama-administrations-yemen-experience/, May 28, 2013)

Washington Post national security reporter Greg Miller has an excellent story in Sunday’s paper on
AND
some cautions about how easy it is to create this division of labor.

3) Over-reliance on drones causes failed policy
Schwartz ’13 (Bernard L. Schwartz, Senior Fellow New America Foundation, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights”, April 23, 2013)

3. The true costs of current US drone policy When we come to rely
AND
it, drone strikes remain “a tactic in search of a strategy.” 

4) International and Alliance Blowback
Streeter ‘13 (Devin C, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment at Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, “US Drone Policy: Tactical Success and Strategic Failure,” http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

The first category of nations, while not targeted by drone strikes, is intimidated
AND
Europe are to be fixed, a change in drone protocol is needed.
Advantage {Y}: Sovereignty Violations
Unrestrained executive drone policy violates sovereignty claims and undermines rule of law- sends a global signal
Schwartz ’13 (Bernard L. Schwartz, Senior Fellow New America Foundation, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights”, April 23, 2013)

Once you take targeted killings outside hot battlefields, it’s a different story . The
AND
are they , as some human rights groups have argued, unlawful murder? 

A hard signal is key- exceptions break the norm- each strike goes loud
Kels ‘12 Maj. Charles G. Kels is an attorney for the Department of Homeland Security and an individual mobilization augmentee with the U.S. Air Force Office of the Judge Advocate General, “Mixed messages on drone strikes,” July 16, https://wiki.nps.edu/display/CRUSER/2012/07/16/Mixed+messages+on+drone+strikes

Finally, the administration emphasizes its "rigorous standards and process of review ... when
AND
targeting rules to degrade the efficient and lawful application of our military might.

Drones outside battlefield specifically causes aggressive arms race based off of US modeling
Bergen and Rowland ’12 Peter Bergen, director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, a research fellow at New York University's Center on Law and Security and CNN's national security analyst, former adjunct lecturer at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and an Adjunct Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, CNN National Security analyst, and Jennifer Rowland, research associate at the New America Foundation, “A dangerous new world of drones,” http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/01/opinion/bergen-world-of-drones/index.html

A decade ago, the United States had a virtual monopoly on drones. Not
AND
the future as much as tanks and bombers did during the 20th century.

This “world as a battlefield” precedent risk accidental miscalc that escalates
Dowd ’13 (Alan Dowd, Writes on   national defense, foreign   policy, and international   security. His writing has   appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy   Review, The Journal of Diplomacy   and International Relations,   World Politics Review, American   Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The   Washington Times, The National   Post, The Wall Street Journal   Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and   The Financial Times Deutschland. He holds a B.A. with high honors from Butler University and an M.A. from Indiana University, “Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings”, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf, Winter/Spring 2013)

First, if the battlespace is the entire earth, the enemy would seem to   
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Breaks down deterrence
Boyle ‘13 Michael J. Boyle, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. He was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews. He is also an alumnus of the Political Science Department at La Salle, research interests are on terrorism and political violence, with particular reference to the strategic use of violence in insurgencies and civil wars, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, 2013

The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147

Independently- Executive uncertainty of US Drone policy cause accident and escalatory wars
Dean ‘13 Adriana, degree from the University of Southern California in Philosophy, Politics and Law, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, an organization with over 125,000 members nationwide, “Targeted Killings Behind the Veil of Ignorance,” http://www.academia.edu/3832442/Targeted_Killings_Behind_the_Veil_of_Ignorance

While there are some justifiable points for the targeted killing program that individuals behind the
AND
haunt not only the executive, but the United States as a whole.

Two scenarios

First- Armenian and Caucasus conflicts- draws in Israel/Iran/Russia
Clayton ’12 (Nicholas Clayton, “Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war”, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war, October 23, 2012)

Armenia and Azerbaijan could soon be at war if drone proliferation on both sides of
AND
 will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of.” 

Israel-Iran conflict escalates
Russell ‘9 (James, Senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at NPS, Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East. Proliferation Papers, 2009)

America’s disapproval of Israeli pre-emption may reflect a reduced national appetite for military
AND
centers by Hezbollah rockets in Southern Lebanon could also trigger an escalation spiral. 

Caucus wars go nuclear
Blank ‘99 (Stephen, Director of Strategic Studies Institute at US Army War College, “Every Shark East of Suez: Great Power Interests, Policies and Tactics in the Transcaspian Energy Wars”, Central Asian Survey (18; 2),)

Past experience suggests Moscow will even threaten a Third World War if there is Turkish
AND
or the so-called arc of crisis from the Balkans to China.

Second- China and Asian drone wars
Brimley et al 9/17 (Shawn Brimley, Ben Fitzgerald, Ely Ratner,  Shawn Brimley, Ben FitzGerald, and Ely Ratner are, respectively, vice president, director of the Technology and National Security Program, and deputy director of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, Foreign Policy, “The Drone War Comes to Asia”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia, September 17, 2013)

How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. It's now been a year since
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war. 

That goes nuclear
Lowther ‘13 (William Lowther, Staff Rreporter in Washington, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report”, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211, March 16, 2013)

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
uncertain endeavor, could be especially difficult in any conflict,” it says.

Contention {Z}: Solvency
Congress should restrict the use of remote controlled aerial vehicle targeted killings outside of geographic locations housing active American combat troops.

That solves- the executive branch being the arbiter is the problem
Brooks ‘13 (Rosa Brooks is a law professor at Georgetown University and a Schwartz senior fellow at the New America Foundation. She served as a counselor to the U.S. defense undersecretary for policy from 2009 to 2011 and previously served as a senior advisor at the U.S. State Department, 2013, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights April 23, 2013”, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Brooks_05-16-13.pdf- see the Appendix)

Here is an additional reason to worry about the U.S. overreliance on
AND
them to justify the  killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Legislative restrictions prevent circumvention
Barron ‘8 (Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)

In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
AND
the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Congress key --- self-restraint HURTS Obama’s credibility- seen as continuing to circumvent Congress
Goldsmith ’13 (Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Before coming to Harvard, Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003-2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002-2003, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror The President promised not to undercut the rule of law for expedience's sake. He did. Now we face the consequences”, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism, May 1, 2013)

Questions grew when the administration continued to withhold legal memos from Congress, and when
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Tournament: Kentucky Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU TR | Judge: Adri Brov
Affirmative vs. MSU

Advantage {X}: Drone Failure 1/

Drone strikes are causing instability and terrorist backlash in Pakistan - creating a failed state syndrome and killing relations
Rohde ’12 (David Rohde, American author and investigative journalist for Thomson Reuters. While a reporter for The Christian Science Monitor, he won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1996 for his coverage of the Srebrenica massacre. From July 2002 until December 2004, he was co-chief of The New York Times' South Asia bureau, based in New Delhi, India. He shared a second Pulitzer Prize for Times 2008 team coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan, While in Afghanistan, Rohde was kidnapped by members of the Taliban in November 2008, but managed to escape in June 2009 after seven months in captivity, “How Obama’s drone war is backfiring”, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, March/April issue of Foreign Policy, March 1, 2012)
When Barack Obama took the oath of office three years ago, no one associated
AND
he asked me. “I don’t think we’ve answered that question yet.”
?
Pakistan collapse causes nuclear war
Pitt ‘9 (William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.", “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183, May 8, 2009)
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
?
Yemen instability causes terrorist to strike India
Roychowdhury ‘11 (Gen. Shankar Roychowdhury is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, “India needs a 360° terror appraisal”, Deccan Chronicle, http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/india-needs-360C2B0-terror-appraisal-659, September 6, 2011)
In this context, Al Qaeda and its emerging connections in Yemen have become very
AND
take due note of other threats as well and exercise the requisite caution. 

Terrorist attack on India causes Indo-Pak war- escalates
Zarate ’11 (Juan C. Zarate,  “An alarming South Asia powder keg”, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html, February 20, 2011)
In 1914, a terrorist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo - unleashing geopolitical forces
AND
for broader geopolitical crises may be the greatest threat we face from terrorism.
?
The plan is key to effective drone usage-

1) Host Country-

Ending drones key to host country cooperation
Streeter ’13 (Devin C. Streeter, Helms School Of Government, Liberty University “Boko Haram, Drone Policy, And Port Security: Issues For Congress”, http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)
A new set of drone operating procedures would help to repair international relations and decrease
AND
agenda, for the purpose of improving foreign policy and repairing international relations.

Host country cooperation key
Cordesman ’13 (Anthony Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, “The Common Lessons of Benghazi, Algeria, Mali, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Arab Spring”, http://csis.org/publication/common-lessons-benghazi-algeria-mali-tunisia-egypt-syria-iraq-yemen-afghanistan-pakistan, January 28, 2013)
Working with Regional and Host Country Partners The third lesson is that in most cases
AND
, as will support to regional security structures like the Gulf Cooperation Council.
?
2) The plan shifts the CIA to focus to intel – key to drone effectiveness
Anderson ’13 (Kenneth Anderson, Professor of law at Washington College of Law, American University; a visiting fellow of the Hoover Institution and member of its Task Force on National Security and Law; and a non-resident senior fellow of the Brookings Institution. He writes on international law, the laws of war, and national security, and his most recent book is "Living with the UN: American Responsibilities and International Order.", “Taking the CIA Out of Drone Strikes? The Obama Administration’s Yemen Experience”, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/05/taking-the-cia-out-of-drone-strikes-the-obama-administrations-yemen-experience/, May 28, 2013)
Washington Post national security reporter Greg Miller has an excellent story in Sunday’s paper on
AND
some cautions about how easy it is to create this division of labor.

3) Over-reliance on drones causes failed policy
Schwartz ’13 (Bernard L. Schwartz, Senior Fellow New America Foundation, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights”, April 23, 2013)

3. The true costs of current US drone policy When we come to rely
AND
it, drone strikes remain “a tactic in search of a strategy.” 

4) International and Alliance Blowback
Streeter ‘13 (Devin C, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment at Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, “US Drone Policy: Tactical Success and Strategic Failure,” http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

The first category of nations, while not targeted by drone strikes, is intimidated
AND
Europe are to be fixed, a change in drone protocol is needed.

Advantage {Y}: Sovereignty Violations

Unrestrained executive drone policy violates sovereignty claims and undermines rule of law- sends a global signal
Schwartz ’13 (Bernard L. Schwartz, Senior Fellow New America Foundation, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights”, April 23, 2013)
Once you take targeted killings outside hot battlefields, it’s a different story . The
AND
are they , as some human rights groups have argued, unlawful murder? 

Drones outside battlefield specifically causes aggressive arms race based off of US modeling
Bergen and Rowland ’12 Peter Bergen, director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, a research fellow at New York University's Center on Law and Security and CNN's national security analyst, former adjunct lecturer at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and an Adjunct Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, CNN National Security analyst, and Jennifer Rowland, research associate at the New America Foundation, “A dangerous new world of drones,” http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/01/opinion/bergen-world-of-drones/index.html
A decade ago, the United States had a virtual monopoly on drones. Not
AND
the future as much as tanks and bombers did during the 20th century.

This “world as a battlefield” precedent risk accidental miscalc that escalates
Dowd ’13 (Alan Dowd, Writes on   national defense, foreign   policy, and international   security. His writing has   appeared in multiple publications including Parameters, Policy   Review, The Journal of Diplomacy   and International Relations,   World Politics Review, American   Outlook, The Baltimore Sun, The   Washington Times, The National   Post, The Wall Street Journal   Europe, The Jerusalem Post, and   The Financial Times Deutschland. He holds a B.A. with high honors from Butler University and an M.A. from Indiana University, “Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings”, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf, Winter/Spring 2013)
First, if the battlespace is the entire earth, the enemy would seem to   
AND
spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.  

Breaks down deterrence
Boyle ‘13 Michael J. Boyle, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. He was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews. He is also an alumnus of the Political Science Department at La Salle, research interests are on terrorism and political violence, with particular reference to the strategic use of violence in insurgencies and civil wars, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, 2013
The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147

Independently- Executive uncertainty of US Drone policy cause accident and escalatory wars
Dean ‘13 Adriana, degree from the University of Southern California in Philosophy, Politics and Law, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, an organization with over 125,000 members nationwide, “Targeted Killings Behind the Veil of Ignorance,” http://www.academia.edu/3832442/Targeted_Killings_Behind_the_Veil_of_Ignorance
While there are some justifiable points for the targeted killing program that individuals behind the
AND
haunt not only the executive, but the United States as a whole.

Specifically- Armenian and Caucasus conflicts- draws in Israel/Iran/Russia
Clayton ’12 (Nicholas Clayton, “Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war”, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war, October 23, 2012)
Armenia and Azerbaijan could soon be at war if drone proliferation on both sides of
AND
 will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of.” 

Israel-Iran conflict escalates
Russell ‘9 (James, Senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at NPS, Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East. Proliferation Papers, 2009)
America’s disapproval of Israeli pre-emption may reflect a reduced national appetite for military
AND
centers by Hezbollah rockets in Southern Lebanon could also trigger an escalation spiral. 

Caucus wars go nuclear
Blank ‘99 (Stephen, Director of Strategic Studies Institute at US Army War College, “Every Shark East of Suez: Great Power Interests, Policies and Tactics in the Transcaspian Energy Wars”, Central Asian Survey (18; 2),)
Past experience suggests Moscow will even threaten a Third World War if there is Turkish
AND
or the so-called arc of crisis from the Balkans to China.

Contention {Z}: Solvency

Congress should permit remote controlled aerial vehicle targeted killings only under purposes of self-defense to geographic locations housing active American combat troops 

That solves without hamstringing presidential power or military capabilities
Brooks ’13 (Rosa Brooks is a law professor at Georgetown University and a Schwartz senior fellow at the New America Foundation. She served as a counselor to the U.S. defense undersecretary for policy from 2009 to 2011 and previously served as a senior advisor at the U.S. State Department, 2013, “The Law of Armed Conflict, the Use of Military Force, and the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force May 16, 2013 Statement for the Record Submitted the Senate Committee on Armed Services”, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Brooks_05-16-13.pdf, May 16, 2013)
For this reason, I believe that if Congress wishes to refine or clarify the
AND
principles of self-defense rather  than by the law of armed conflict.

Congress is key to that signal
Ellison ’13 (Keith Ellison, “Time for Congress to build a better drone policy”, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-13/opinions/36311903_1_drone-strikes-drone-program-drone-policy, January 13, 2013)
An unmanned U.S. aerial vehicle — or drone — reportedly killed eight
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will demonstrate to the world that we believe in the rule of law. 

All relevant officials will comply with the plan
Goldsmith ’12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, “Fire When Ready,” 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, March 19, 2012
When the Obama administration made the decision to kill Awlaki, it did not rely
AND
inclination to do so, and it appears to support the current arrangement.

Obama will comply --- the plan walks the fine-line --- failure to walk the constitution is worse
Barron ‘8 (Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center (David J. Barron, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis)
In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
AND
the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

Congress key --- self-restraint HURTS Obama’s credibility- seen as continuing to circumvent Congress
Goldsmith ’13 (Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Before coming to Harvard, Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003-2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002-2003, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror The President promised not to undercut the rule of law for expedience's sake. He did. Now we face the consequences”, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism, May 1, 2013)
Questions grew when the administration continued to withhold legal memos from Congress, and when
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fresno HT | Judge: Herndon, Scott Packer, Poaps

1AC

Adv 1

Contention 1: Drones are legal

This white paper sets forth a legal framework for considering lethal force in a foreign country against a U.S. citizen, who is a force of al-Qa’ida planning to kill Americans. Congress authorized the President to use all necessary force against those entities. See AUMF. The President’s use of force is lawful under U.S. and international law, including constitutional responsibility to protect the nation and national self-defense. See, e.g., U.N. Charter art. 51. A U.S. citizen would not alter this conclusion. See Hamdi. Ex Parte Quirin. The U S is in a non-international armed conflict with al-Qa’ida. See Hamdan, quoting Article 3 of Geneva. It would be lawful for the U S to conduct lethal operation under the following conditions: (1) the U.S. government has determined that the individual poses an imminent threat (2) capture is infeasible and (3) the operation is consistent with the laws of war

That was a secret White House memo that got leaked in 2013

This law of targeted killing can only be understood as a function of contingent practice —— we have scholarly obligations to utilize this 1AC to discuss how we bring that knowledge into play through a re-reading of the law and the method to change law

Krasmann 12—prof. Dr, Institute for Criminological Research, University of Hamburg ~added the word "the" for correct sentence structure—denoted by brackets~
(Susanne, "Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship", Leiden Journal of International Law (2012), 25, pp. 665–682, dml)

It was only with President Barack Obama’s ’drone program’30 that targeted killing operations were
AND
norms proves to be a tool for introducing a new reading of law.

Adv 2

Thus,

Advocacy Statement: Lee and I believe the United States Federal Government’s legal authority for targeted killing should be repudiated

Repudiation is key —— the authority to conduct drone strikes is the most problematic

LEMIEUX 2013 - assistant professor of political science at the College of Saint Rose (Scott Lemieux, "Three Questions Obama Needs to Answer in His Speech", http://prospect.org/article/three-questions-obama-needs-answer-his-speech)
The first question Obama should clearly answer is where the administration derives the authority to
AND
announce a shift away from the use of military attacks to right terrorism.

This is contention 2: the global is now the local

Our advocacy begins with a criticism of drones —— the argument is not that drones are the only way to create effective discussion surrounding violence and oppression, but it is ONE important starting method21 Specifically, this discussion is critical to further interrogate the post-colonial legacy that the US military complex perpetrates

As scholars, the discussions and knowledge we produce about the impacts of drones are key because epistemological debates create law vis-à-vis how law re-creates knowledge —— this discussion reveals the manner in which drones become a prosthetic between the human and non-human, analyzing the complex nature behind the drone system, operator, and victims

CHANDLER 2012 - Ph.D. Candidate, University of California, Berkeley (Chandler, Katherine, "5,000 FEET IS THE BEST: RE-VIEWING THE POLITICS OF UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS") 

ACRONYM NOTE: *UAS = Unmanned Aerial Systems*
Operators far from the battlefield in Afghanistan used a satellite data- link to remotely
AND
to social forms, at once, personal, political, and intercultural.

Our aff is an attempt to recognize the way that drones operate as a product of coloniality, an alternative which attempts to know the world through identity can never be accurate why it is we bomb light-skinned, brown citizens in Yemen but don’t bomb in dark-skinned so-called terrorists in Mali

The drones have changed what it means to produce knowledge —— it demonstrates that the distinction between the body and technology are about to disappear. Absent a more global, post-colonial analysis into the drone system, any project to resuscitate politics will fail. If it’s true that debate constellates our political subjectivity, then we need to better understand and challenge the system that produces that subjectivity in the first place. The prosthetic of drones have bracketed off geographical spaces, which has enabled the extermination of both indigenous Americans and the global periphery—— identity has become flattened to streams of information understood only through signatures and patterns of life, which has changed the game of violence as we know it

PUGLIESE 2013 – Native American Scholar, Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University (Pugliese, Joseph. State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones. Routledge, 2013)
The categories of law and technology would seem to be at once non- interchangeable
AND
, past and present, that have harrowed the homelands of Native Americans.

Voting aff combines the best of both worlds —- we should synthesize modern notions of solidarity, alliances, consensus, universal rights, macropolitics and institutional struggle with postmodern notions of difference, plurality, multiperspectivalism, identity, and micropolitics

(A) The alternative to this synthesis is a conservative version of liberalism and identity politics crowding out the debates over drones —— both are complicit with drone strikes —— we need a strong coalition of stakeholders in the community to challenge the drone empire

KISHORE 2011 - National Secretary of the Socialist Equality Party (Kishore, Joe, December 29, 2011, http://www.globalresearch.ca/obama-s-global-murder-inc/28388?print=1)

The Obama administration has erected a vast apparatus of global assassination involving unmanned aerial drones
AND
the Obama administration, the Democratic Party and its "left" apologists.

(B) The answer is not a reactionary rejection of either liberalism and identity politics whole-heartedly, but an epistemological intervention that can negotiate those tensions can better give us the tools to navigate the social world —— liberalism is here to stay, but utilizing a global frame to challenge its more local, problematic materializations can help create coalitions for a better future to come

BEST AND KELLNER 1998 – Steven Best is an associate prof of philosophy at Univ. of Texas AND* Douglas Kellner is chair in philosophy of education at UCLA (Best, Steven. Douglas Kellner, "Postmodern Politics and the Battle for the Future," Illuminations, http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell28.htm)

The postmodern turn which has so marked social and cultural theory also involves conflicts between
AND
world postmodern politics have affixed themselves to new social movements and localized struggles.
The emphasis on local struggles and micropower, cultural politics which redefine the political,
AND
politics of alliance and solidarity equal to the challenges of the coming millennium.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

Circumvention

No means- Power of the purse solves

Elsea et al ’13 (Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative Attorney; Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney; Thomas J. Nicola, Legislative Attorney; CRS Report for Congress, "Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations", http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/206121.pdf, February 19, 2013)
The Purpose Statute states that funds may be used only for purposes for which they
AND
the amount— zero—that Congress has appropriated for the prohibited purpose.

No motivation- Obama already conformed us to UNCLOS (and the plan is popular, others push the aff, and other treaties thump the DA)

Block 13 (Ben- taff writer with the Worldwatch Institute, "U.S. Leaders Support Law of the Sea Treaty", http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5993)**
During last week’s Cabinet confirmation hearings, leaders in both the U.S.
AND
groups, and the mining, fishing, shipping, and telecommunications industries.

Exposing secrecy and furthering public engagement through the 1AC resolves Glennon

ACLU 14, Privacy SOS campaign from Massachusetts ACLU, "When it comes to fighting the ’double state’, knowledge is power", 1/20, http://privacysos.org/node/1304
As Glennon argues in the Harvard National Security Journal, the danger in the United
AND
, no matter what the Bill of Rights has to say about it.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

1AC

Plan Text

Plan: The United States federal government should increase statutory restrictions on the President of the United States’ war power authority to introduce naval forces into hostilities by codifying the appropriate articles of the Law of the Sea Treaty.

Contention 1- China

South China sea conflict coming now- naval disputes- firebrand nationalist are taking control of Chinese foreign policy

Smith 14 (Jeff is the director of South Asia Programs and the Kraemer Strategy Fellow at the American Foreign Policy Council in Washington, D.C., 1/15, "Drawing a Red Line for China", http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2014/01/15/us-must-draw-red-line-for-china-in-the-western-pacific)**
In recent months, the world’s attention has been focused on China’s provocative behavior in
AND
S. to be a firewall against Chinese aggression in the Western Pacific.

No defense- nuclear escalation is guaranteed

Klare 13 — (Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College,  "The Next War", Realclearworld.com, January 23, 2013, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html)
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

That goes nuclear

Lowther ’13 (William Lowther, Staff Rreporter in Washington, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report", http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211, March 16, 2013)

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
uncertain endeavor, could be especially difficult in any conflict," it says.

No self-fulfilling prophecy

Blumenthal et al ’11 (Dan Blumenthal, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Mark Stokes, Michael Mazza, 9/6/11, "Avoiding Armageddon with China" http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china?wpisrc=obinsite)

The balancing and hedging strategy should involve options to avoid what Traub rightfully describes as
AND
quo. Not doing so, we fear, would lead to Armageddon.

Contention 2- Arctic

Scenario one is border conflict

Arctic border disputes go nuclear

Wallace and Staples 10 (Michael Wallace and Steven Staples. *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,"http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 62

Realism defines these energy escalations

Stephan et al. ’11 (Hannes R. Stephan, John Vogler, and Fariborz Zelli, "Energy Security and Climate Security: Synergy or Conflict?", Paper presented at the Third Global International Studies Conference (17-20 August 2011, Porto, Portugal), August 17-20, 2011)

Historically, realist theoretical assumptions have dominated thinking on energy security. Widespread recognition of
AND
the costs – could achieve a degree of autarchy in this sector too.

Scenario two is the Environment

Arctic overfishing leads to arctic cod extinction- they are a keystone species

PEW 10 (Environmental group studying northern oceans, "COMMERCIAL FISHING", http://www.oceansnorth.org/commercial-fishing**)**
Fortunately, the North American Arctic has largely been spared this legacy of overfishing,
AND
Conservation Alliance (organization representing 60 percent of Bering Sea Commercial fishing industry)

Keystone species loss results in an avalanche affect- collapses overall biod

Wooldridge 09, Frosty. Guest lecturer at Cornell University. "Our troubled country; species extinction" March 16 2009 http://www.examiner.com/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~~y2009m3d16-Our-troubled-country-species-extinction
What might be the optimum number of extinct species that would fall short of the
AND
moves forward in this century. What causes it? The human race21

That outweighs your impacts- guarantees extinction and is irreversible

Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Ellipses in original 

Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire
AND
Homo sapiens — in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348

Causes risks food wars

Roughhead 11 – US Navy Four Star Admiral (Gary, quoted in "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", 6/15/12; original statement made 6/20/11;  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf)//AB
The U.S. Navy’s interests in the Arctic are not new, of
AND
and when to build forces capable and competent for the harsh northern climes.

Those escalate

CRIBB 2010 (Julian, Julian Cribb is a science communicator, journalist and editor
AND
crisis and what we can do to avoid it," p. 26)
This is the most likely means by which the coming famine will affect all citizens
AND
widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples’ need to secure them.

Independently- Arctic ecosystem collapse leads to extinction

WWF 2010 (December 1, 2010 "Drilling for Oil in the Arctic: Too Soon, Too Risky" World Wildlife Fund http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/arctic/WWFBinaryitem18711.pdf)
Planetary Keystone The Arctic and the subarctic regions surrounding it are important for many reasons
AND
of climate change, the Arctic is a keystone ecosystem for the entire planet

Neglect of the environment causes extinction- some management key

Soule ’95 (Michael E., Professor and Chair of Environmental Studies, UC-Santa Cruz, REINVITING NATURE? RESPONSES TO POSTMODERN DECONSTRUCTION, Eds: Michael E. Soule and Gary Lease, p. 159-160)

Should We Actively Manage Wildlands and Wild Waters? The decision has already been made
AND
So if we must manage, where do we look for ethical guidance?

Contention 3- Solvency

Solves China-

Having a seat at EEZ disputes is key to solve China and freedom of navigation laws solves the reason for escalation- codification independently solves Asian arms races

Glaser 12 (Bonnie S. Glaser, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, April, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea", http://www.cfr.org/world/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883)**
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
and global issues and more tightly integrate China into the prevailing international system.

There are no alt causes- EEZ disputes necessary and sufficient to prevent conflict- SCS resolution is key to overall LOST credibility

Bower and Poling 12 (Ernest Z- Senior Adviser and Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies CSIS, Gregory B- Fellow, Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies and Pacific Partners Initiative CSIS, May 25, "Advancing the National Interests of the United States: Ratification of the Law of the Sea", http://csis.org/publication/advancing-national-interests-united-states-ratification-law-sea)**
The credibility of the United States in the Asia Pacific is at stake on a
AND
is more like the competitive free-for-all of the nineteenth.

Specifically- China is claiming it’s EEZ policies through Article 301 of LOST

David 10 (Conrad- Captain US Navy, "Lawfare in the Near Seas: How China’s Maritime Claims Impact Regional Security", pdf)
The PRC often cites the provisions of UNCLOS that it feels are to the coastal
AND
301 of the Convention, but also a violation of Article 300." 31

Codification is key to prevent ambiguity over article 301- US lead key

David 10 (Conrad- Captain US Navy, "Lawfare in the Near Seas: How China’s Maritime Claims Impact Regional Security", pdf)
Lastly, while it has long operated within its dictates of the law of the
AND
by freedom loving nations to preserve freedoms of navigation and overflight going forward.

Solves Arctic disputes-

Codification is key to resolve Arctic border and Northwest Passage sovereignty disputes, overfishing, and arctic ecosystem collapse

Huebert 9 (Rob- Associate Professor, Department of Political Science¶ University of Calgary, May, "THE RELUCTANT¶ ARCTIC POWER", pdf)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the
AND
could soon¶ collapse. It is unclear how to resolve the situation.

It’s reverse casual- our refusal to codify navigational provisions increases Arctic aggression

Smith 11~Reginald, Militray Professor in National Security Studies, Colonel, Masters in National Security and strategic Studies from U.S. Naval War College, "The Arctic A New Partnership Paradigm or Next ’Cold War’?", 2011, pdf~
The significance of the declaration is paramount to cooperation in that UNCLOS provides the international
AND
in the region are those available through military collaboration of the Arctic nations. 

Plan: The United States federal government should increase statutory restrictions on the President of the United States’ war power authority to introduce naval forces into hostilities by codifying the appropriate articles of the Law of the Sea Treaty.

LOST Codification is key to credibility- voluntary adherence makes your DA’s non-unique, and the executive CP is the status quo

Glaser 12 (Bonnie S. Glaser, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, April, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea", http://www.cfr.org/world/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883)**
First, the United States should ratify UNCLOS; though it voluntarily adheres to its
AND
rights, and generally advance U.S. economic and strategic interests.

The plan adopts a Madisonian approach to international treaties- allows us to get the seat at LOST tribunal discussions over navigational rights, but doesn’t bind us into the bad parts of treaties

Kyl 12 (Jon- United States Senator, June 4, "The Perils of Global Governance¶ Jon Kyl¶ United States Senator¶ Conference on Global Governance and the Challenge to the U.S. Constitution¶ American Enterprise Institute", pdf)
I want to emphasize that this view does not arise out of any aversion on
AND
contributing its practices and legal opinions on the law of¶ the sea.

The plan is the necessary starting point to resolve coastal states concerns and remedy EEZ disputes- total ratification isn’t needed

Beckman and Davenport 12 (Robert Beckman is the Director, Centre for International Law (CIL)¶ and Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, National University of¶ Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Tara Davenport is a Research Fellow,¶ Centre for International Law (CIL), Faculty of Law, National¶ University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, May, "Securing the Ocean for the Next Generation", pdf) 
However, it is also fair to say that some coastal States such as Brazil
AND
military activities, such as reconnaissance on naval assets or coastal¶ defenses.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

Stuck in senate

Williams 3/27 (Andrew Williams, Andrew W. Williams is a partner with McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert 26 Berghoff LLP. Dr. Williams’ practice primarily consists of patent litigation, prosecution, and opinion work in the areas of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and chemistry., Dr. Williams is a contributing author to the Patent Docs weblog, a site focusing on biotechnology and pharmaceutical patent law,  "Senate Judiciary Committee Takes Up, Then Tables, Patent Reform", http://www.patentdocs.org/2014/03/senate-judiciary-committee-takes-up-then-tables-patent-reform.html, March 27, 2014)

Earlier today, the Senate Committee on the Judiciary held an Executive Business Meeting in
AND
progress of this bill, and any amendments that are made to it.

THAT MEANS Link uniqueness shapes uniqueness – not issue specific uniqueness

Galen, 3-17 – former Press Secretary for the Speaker of the House
~Rich, "Obama is Poisonous," Real Clear Politics, 3-17-14, www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/03/17/obama_is_poisonous_121954.html, accessed 3-20-14~

There is not much statistical difference between an approval rating of 42 and 39 (
AND
identified, said Mr. Obama was becoming ’poisonous’ to the party’s candidates."

Especially true on fights over war powers- rally around the flag

Werner, 7 — University of Wisconsin-Madison political science professor
~Timothy, Ph.D. in Political Science from University of Wisconsin–Madison and Peter Holm, UWM political science, "Political Capital and Presidential War Powers: Sources of Congressional Assertiveness on the Use of Force," March 2007, users.polisci.wisc.edu/Holm/uof-march2007-draft.pdf, accessed 2-5-14~ 

At the same time, the pressures on members to support the president in his
AND
but the taboo against withdrawing support from troops in the field remains intense. 

We control uniqueness- Obama’s approval is below 50; dems are avoiding him

Friedman, 14 — NY Daily News staff
~Dan, "As Obama’s approval rating slips, Democrats are avoiding him," NY Daily News, 2-24-14, www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/obama-negative-approval-rating-dems-ducking-article-1.1700590, accessed 3-9-14~

As Obama’s approval rating slips, Democrats are avoiding him Dems dodge Obama, whose
AND
Democrats hope to gain seats. Obama lost all those states in 2012.

That’s key- 50 approval is try or die for Obama’s agenda

Kuhn, 9 — Politico staff
~David, "Obama Below 50 in Gallup, What it Means," 11-20-9, Real Clear Politics, http://realclearpolitics.blogs.time.com/2009/11/20/gallup-obama-below-50-percent/, accessed 11-20-9~

For the first time, Barack Obama fell below 50 percent in the Gallup tracking
AND
the mean of major public polls, is at 50.6 percent.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

Patent reform will get delayed

Brown et al 3-28-14 ~Brendan Sasso, Laura Ryan, and Dustin Volz – Writers for the National Journal, "Patent Action Delayed and the FCC’s Tech is Outdated" http://www.nationaljournal.com/tech-edge/patent-action-delayed-and-the-fcc-s-tech-is-outdated-20140328~~

SENATE JUDICIARY DELAYS PATENT MARKUP: The committee Thursday delayed the long-awaited markup
AND
for his part, said he would continue fighting for the controversial measure.

No litigation explosion AND reform fails- not enough data and bill fails

-addresses the wrong issue
- there’s not enough data to get the solution right
Merritt, 3-12 – EE Times news correspondent, Silicon Valley bureau chief; citing Daniel F. Spulber, research director of Northwestern University’s Searle Center on Law
~Rick, "Patent Data Missing in Troll Debate," EE Times, 3-12-14, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=132136426_mc=MP_IW_EDT_STUB, accessed 3-13-14~

Patent Data Missing In Troll Debate
Congress and the Supreme Court are poised to take action on patent suits, but
AND
blue) in the 1991-2011 period, the GAO report said.

XOs solve

Kash, 3-3 — InformationWeek Government editor
~Wyatt, "Vowing to combat patent trolls, the White House recently announced a series of executive actions," 3-3-14, InformationWeek, www.informationweek.com/government/leadership/patent-reform-tech-firms-attorneys-weigh-in/d/d-id/1114070, accessed 3-13-14~
Among other measures, the White House and the USPTO: • established new educational
AND
art, to try to resolve disputes before they turn into costly lawsuits.

AT: Losers Lose

Loser’s lose is wrong- dems and GOP feed a false narrative- there’s an epistemology disad to their arguments

Beutler, 13 — Salon staff writer
~Brian, "GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term," Salon, 9/9/13, www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/, accessed 3-29-14~

It’s factually and morally wrong to say his agenda is doomed if war vote loses
AND
or a farm bill, or a budget deal, or anything else.

2AC – Methane Thumper

Backlash against Obama over emissions annoucnement

Roberta Rampton and Timothy Gardner (writers for Reuters) March 28, 2014 "Obama considers new climate regulations for oil, gas sector" http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/28/us-usa-climatechange-obama-idUSBREA2R10P20140328
The White House said on Friday it will take a hard look at whether new
AND
wells on public lands, one way to begin cutting emissions of methane.

2AC- Weak Now

Backlash now against Obama’s anti-terror policies

The Washington Post 3/27/14 (Jennifer Rubin, "Bipartisan Second-Thoughts on National Security")
There are signs of a bipartisan pushback against the passive foreign policy and hostility to
AND
, and they’re not grateful to him for giving them what they want."

2AC – IMF Thumper

IMF reform thumps losers lose

Wiesman, 3-25 – NY Times congressional reporter
~Jonathan, "Senate Democrats Drop I.M.F. Reforms From Ukraine Aid," NY Times, 3-25-14, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/europe/senate-democrats-drop-imf-reforms-from-ukraine-aid-package.html, accessed 3-26-14~

Democrats, bowing to united House Republican opposition, dropped reforms of International Monetary Fund
AND
the Republican leader. "I agree with these two important House Democrats.

2AC – NSA

NSA reform triggers the link

Cohen, 3-25 — CNN ~Tom, Lisa Desjardins, and Jim Acosta, "Obama, Congress working on changes to NSA," CNN, 3-2-14, www.cnn.com/2014/03/25/politics/white-house-nsa/, accessed 3-26-14~

President Barack Obama and congressional leaders described similar proposals Tuesday for ending the National Security
AND
current system was legal, but needed changing to reassure a skeptical public.

2AC – Immigration

Obama immigration order triggers the link- thumps prez powers args

Gomez, 3-23 — USA Today ~Alan, "Obama ’humane’ order roils immigration debate," WTSP News, 3-23-14, www.wtsp.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/03/23/obama-humane-deportation-order-immigration-debate/6787289/, accessed 3-26-14~

Obama ’humane’ order roils immigration debate
President Obama’s recent order to his administration to find ways to deport people living in
AND
through federal courts about the limits of presidential power that goes back decades.

2AC- Econ Thumper

Collapse inevitable- fiscal/regulatory policies, export market crashes, market speculation

Epoch Times 3/11 (Interview conducted by Valentin Schmid, Epoch Times. Peter Schiff is the CEO of investment firm Euro Pacific Capital. He correctly predicted the subprime crash and the ensuing financial crisis of 2008. Peter Schiff: US Economy ’Screwed Up,’ Stock Market a ’Bubble’ (+Video) http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/553225-peter-schiff-us-economy-screwed-up-stock-market-a-bubble-video/)

Epoch Times: Mr. Schiff, what’s your view on the U.S
AND
from? It’s coming from the productive efforts of people outside of America.

1NC/ 2AC- Nuclear Primacy

No scenario for losing deterrence

Kristensen ’12 — FAS nuclear weapons expert ~Hans, "DOD: Strategic Stability Not Threatened Even by Greater Russian Nuclear Forces," FAS, 10-10-12, www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2012/10/strategicstability.php, accessed 1-27-13, mss~

DOD: Strategic Stability Not Threatened Even by Greater Russian Nuclear Forces A Department of Defense (DOD) report on Russian nuclear forces, conducted in coordination with the Director of National Intelligence and sent to Congress in May 2012, concludes that even the most worst-case scenario of a Russian surprise disarming first strike against the United States would have "little to no effect" on the U.S. ability to retaliate with a devastating strike against Russia. I know, even thinking about scenarios such as this sounds like an echo from the Cold War, but the Obama administration has actually come under attack from some for considering further reductions of U.S. nuclear forces when Russia and others are modernizing their forces. The point would be, presumably, that reducing while others are modernizing would somehow give them an advantage over the United States. But the DOD report concludes that Russia "would not be able to achieve a militarily significant advantage by any plausible expansion of its strategic nuclear forces, even in a cheating or breakout scenario under the New START Treaty" (emphasis added). The conclusions are important because the report come after Vladimir Putin earlier this year announced plans to produce "over 400" new nuclear missiles during the next decade. Putin’s plan follows the Obama administration’s plan to spend more than 24200 billion over the next decade to modernize U.S. strategic forces and weapons factories. The conclusions may also hint at some of the findings of the Obama administration’s ongoing (but delayed and secret) review of U.S. nuclear targeting policy. No Effects on Strategic Stability The DOD report – Report on the Strategic Nuclear Forces of the Russian Federation Pursuant to Section 1240 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 – was obtained under the Freedom of Information Act. It describes the U.S. intelligence community’s projection for the likely development of Russian nuclear forces through 2017 and 2022, the timelines of the New START Treaty, and possible implications for U.S. national security and strategic stability. Much of the report’s content was deleted before release – including general and widely reported factual information about Russian nuclear weapons systems that is not classified. But the important concluding section that describes the effects of possible shifts in the number and composition of Russian nuclear forces on strategic stability was released in its entirety. The section "Effects on Strategic Stability" begins by defining that stability in the strategic nuclear relationship between the United States and the Russian Federation depends upon the assured capability of each side to deliver a sufficient number of nuclear warheads to inflict unacceptable damage on the other side, even with an opponent attempting a disarming first strike. Consequently, the report concludes, "the only Russian shift in its nuclear forces that could undermine the basic framework of mutual deterrence that exists between the United States and the Russian Federation is a scenario that enables Russia to deny the United States the assured ability to respond against a substantial number of highly valued Russian targets following a Russian attempt at a disarming first strike" (emphasis added). The DOD concludes that such a first strike scenario "will most likely not occur." But even if it did and Russia deployed additional strategic warheads to conduct a disarming first strike, even significantly above the New START Treaty limits, DOD concludes that it "would have little to no effects on the U.S. assured second-strike capabilities that underwrite our strategic deterrence posture" (emphasis added). In fact, the DOD report states, the "Russian Federation…would not be able to achieve a militarily significant advantage by any plausible expansion of its strategic nuclear forces, even in a cheating or breakout scenario under the New START Treaty, primarily because of the inherent survivability of the planned U.S. Strategic force structure, particularly the OHIO-class ballistic missile submarines, a number of which are at sea at any given time." Implications These are BIG conclusions with BIG implications. They reaffirm conclusions made by DOD in 2010 ~http://www.foreign.senate.gov/publications/download/executive-report-111-06-treaty-with-russia-on-measures-for-further-reduction-and-limitation-of-strategic-offensive-arms-the-new-start-treaty~~, but the new report is important because it comes after Russia earlier this year announced plans to produce "over 400" nuclear missiles over the next decade. In the real world, however, Russian nuclear forces are not increasing. Even with Putin’s missile production plan, simultaneous retirement of older missile will continue the downward trend and result in a net reduction of Russian strategic nuclear forces over the next decade and a half. This fact has not stopped some from arguing against additional U.S. nuclear reductions. Their argument is that reductions are unwise at a time when Russia and others are modernizing their nuclear forces. Others have even argued that Russia could break out of the New START Treaty by cheating and presumably achieve some strategic advantage. Even the U.S. Senate’s advice and consent resolution that in 2010 approved the New START Treaty required that "the President should regulate reductions in United States strategic offensive arms so that the number of accountable strategic offensive arms under the New START Treaty possessed by the Russian Federation in no case exceeds the comparable number of accountable strategic offensive arms possessed by the United States to such an extent that a strategic imbalance endangers the national security interests of the United States" (emphasis added). A similar obsession with numbers was echoed in the 2012 report by the State Department’s International Strategic Advisory Board on future U.S.-Russian "Mutual Assured Stability," which concluded that it requires some "rough parity" of nuclear forces. (A similar number obsession has evolved with NATO about non-strategic nuclear weapons, but that’s another story). But the DOD report appears to conclude that such warnings and parity requirement are missing the point. Strategic stability and deterrence today are provided by a secure retaliatory capability, primarily ballistic missile submarines. In fact, although ICBMs and bombers also play a role in the U.S. nuclear posture, they seem oddly absent from the report’s description of what is required to maintain strategic stability based on a sufficient secure retaliatory capability. Retaining that capability, it seems, does not even require the ballistic missile submarines to be on alert (although the report doesn’t explicitly say so). It only requires that a sufficient number of submarines "are at sea" and secure at any given time – or perhaps even only in a crisis. Likewise, the conclusion that a Russian disarming first strike "will most likely not occur" may be obvious to most but, if formal, seems to remove the need for having ICBMs on alert, as long as a sufficient number of submarines are at sea to provide the basic deterrence that underpins strategic stability.

WOT Navy

Plan is key to naval operations- especially those necessary to win the war on terror

Schachte 4 (Rear Adm. William L. Schachte, USN, April 8, "¶ MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED¶ NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF¶ THE SEA", http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg99782/html/CHRG-108shrg99782.htm)
If we are going to successfully curtail this disturbing trend of ¶ creeping jurisdiction,
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diminishing resources more efficiently and ¶ effectively by concentrating on their primary missions.

2AC – LINK TURNS

Popularity

Loss on war powers bolsters Obama’s popularity- proves he is principled with no costs

Thompson, 13 — Forbes contributor
~Loren, "The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses," Forbes, 9-9-13, www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/09/09/the-syria-vote-why-obama-wins-if-he-loses/, accessed 2-8-13~

The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses
Sometime this week, Congress will begin voting on a resolution that would support President
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faced in the Middle East understands how involvement there can wreck domestic agendas.

Principled loss even on unpopular issues is good politics- key to approval ratings

Davis, 11 — special counsel to President Clinton
~Lanny, formerly served under the Clinton and Bush W. administrations, Washington attorney specializing in legal crisis management, "Column: Obama, be a sharp-elbowed centrist," USA Today, 8-17-11, www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2011-08-17-obama-leadership-economy_n.htm, accessed 3-8-14~

Such bold and decisive moves by this president would be criticized as brash by some
AND
good politics for 2012. It would also be good for the nation.

Popularity is key to the agenda

Friedman, 8 — Stratfor chief intelligence officer
~George, "Obama: First Moves," Stratfor, 2008, www.stratfor.com/weekly/20081124_obama_first_moves?ip_auth_redirect=1, accessed 11-16-10)

Presidents are not as powerful as they are often imagined to be. Apart from
AND
is undoubtedly getting the honeymoon bounce now. He needs to hold that.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

Senate action, and ratification are key- independently solves OCS development

Lugar, 10/4/07 (Richard, Senate Foreign Relations Expert, CQ Congressional Testimony)
In absenting ourselves from the Law of the Sea Convention, we are risking making
AND
long term on issues of vital importance to our economy and national security.

Naval power prevents flash point escalation and global war – shipbuilding is key

NLUS, 12 – a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, "Maritime Primacy 26 Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13", Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, http://www.navyleague.org/files/legislative_affairs/maritime_policy20122013.pdf | AK)
Global engagement is critical to the U.S. economy, world trade and
AND
an effective fighting force. Taking care of our wounded warriors is fundamental.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

Security/ Legalism

Defense 1AC epist
Bluementhal
Stephan- realism- arctic

Discursive theory hurts political theory

Tuathail ’96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
AND
needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

No impact and Libya and Syria show complexity

Traub ’12 (James Traub, columnist at foreignpolicy.com, a fellow at the Center on International Cooperation and the author of "The Freedom Agenda.", "The End of American Intervention"
http://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/the-end-of-american-intervention/, February 20, 2012) 

FOR the last 20 years we have lived amid the furious clangor of war —
AND
at least relative austerity, modesty and realism. Should we feel relieved?

The world is complex- pragmatic realism key- one-size models fail

Pillar ’13 (Paul R. Pillar, Paul R. Pillar is a contributing editor at The National Interest. He is also a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and a nonresident senior fellow at Georgetown University’s Center for Security Studies, "The Age of Nationalism", September-October 2013)

THE URGE to apply era-defining labels to global affairs is strong and enduring
AND
the power that can be generated by nationalist sentiments within nation-states.

Rejecting security causes violent lashout

Weaver 2k (Ole, International relations theory and the politics of European integration, pages 284-285)

The other main possibility is to stress’ responsibility. Particularly in a field like security
AND
that could lead to security dilemmas and escalations, violence and mutual vilification.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

T- Prohibit

We meet – plan changes the rules of combat for naval ops- that’s a restriction

Lobel 8 (Jules – Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War", 2008, Ohio State Law Journal, 69 Ohio St. L.J. 391, lexis)
More generally, the Court held that Congress has the power to authorize limited,
AND
short, it could dramatically restrict the President’s power to conduct the war.

C/I —- Restriction is limitation, NOT prohibition

CAC 12,COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINAL CANNABIS COLLECTIVE et al., Defendants and Appellants, DIVISION ONE, 207 Cal. App. 4th 601; 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 716; 2012 Cal. App. LEXIS 772
We disagree with County that in using the phrases "further restrict the location or
AND
and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana."

Counter-interpretation- Judicial interpretation of treaty authority is the same as interpreting statutory authority

Morrison, professor of law at Minnesota, 2010
(Fred L., The Protection of Foreign Investment In The United States of America+, 58 Am. J. Comp. L. 437, Lexis)
Treaties, like federal law, are also part of the supreme law of the
AND
They have essentially the same authority in domestic law as formal treaties. n20
Some treaties and executive agreements are, however, non-self-executing and
AND
Supreme Court has found several international treaties not to be self-executing.
~NOTE: RELEVANT FOOTNOTES—~
n14. U.S. Const. art 2, § 2, cl. 2.
n15. See, Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (third) § 115 (1987) (An act of Congress supersedes an earlier rule of international law or a provision of an international agreement as law of the United States if the purpose of the act is to supersede the earlier rule or provision is clear or if the act and the earlier rule or provision cannot be fairly reconciled.).
n16. According to the Supreme Court, a "self executing treaty" needs "no domestic legislation" to "give it force of law in the United States." Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Franklin Mint Corp., 466 U.S. 243, 252 (1984). Chief Justice Marshall asserted that a self-executing treaty "operates of itself, as : a rule for the Court," "equivalent to an act of the legislature." Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S. 253, 314 (1829).
n17. 1. U.S.C.A. § 112b (West 2009).
n18. Dames 26 Moore v. Regan, 453 U.S. 654 (1981).
n19. U.S. Const. art 2, § 2.
n20. See, e.g., Dames 26 Moore v. Regan, 453 US 654 (1981); U.S. v. Pink, 313 U.S. 203 (1942).
n21. Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (third) § 111 ("Courts in the United States are bound to give effect to international law and to international agreements of the United States, except that a "non-self-executing" agreement will not be given effect as law in the absence of necessary implementation.").
n22. Medellin v. Texas, 128 S.Ct. 1346 (2008) ("The interpretation of a treaty, like the interpretation of a statue, begins with its text."); (a treaty is "equivalent to an act of the legislature," and hence self-executing, when it "operates of itself without the aid of any legislative provision.") (Citing Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S. 253, 254 (1829).).
n23. Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States
AND
and state courts to give full faith and credit to judgments of A.").

Our aff IS the exception to your T argument – legislation means that it falls under the auspices of the WPR.

Niksch 94 (Larry A., Specialist in Asain Affairs, Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, Congressional REsearch Service, "Congressional Research Service: Report for Congress, No 94-300, April 1, 1994)
The question was raised at that time as to whether statutory¶ authorization was given
AND
to constitute specific statutory authorization¶ within the meaning of this joint resolution.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

2NC kicked DA wrong- it had a proliferation and deterrence impact- more evidence on it causing extinction- not a new argument- and means turns the ptx

Taylor 6 ~Theodore B., Chairman of NOVA. July 6 2006, "Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons," http://wwwee.stanford.edu/~~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/taylor.html~~
Nuclear proliferation - be it among nations or terrorists - greatly increases the chance of
AND
, the small nuclear war could easily escalate into a global nuclear war.

Constraints improve decision-making

Deborah NPearlstein 9, lecturer in public and international affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public 26 International Affairs, July 2009, "Form and Function in the National Security Constitution," Connecticut Law Review, 41 ConnLRev1549, lexis nexis
It is in part for such reasons that studies of organizational performance in crisis management
AND
something more than arbitrary attention has been paid before transcendent priorities are overridden.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MV | Judge: 

Navigational rights link turns the DA

Galdorisi and Truver, ’05 (George, Director Space and Naval Warfare Center @ San Diego, Scott, National Security Programs @ Anteon Corp, Washington Times, 3/29)
*gender modified
The evolving U.S. strategic paradigm, dependent as it is on littoral
AND
role at the State Department, will add to an already burgeoning portfolio.

Congress key to credible posture and commitments

Waxman 13 (Matthew C-  Professor of Law at Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War", Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), 8/25/2013, PDF)
A second argument, this one advanced by some congressionalists, is that stronger legislative
AND
by pointing foreign actors to the appropriate institution or process for reading them.

No extinction - history proves

Easterbrook ’3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, "We’re All Gonna Die21", Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set=)

3. Germ warfare21Like chemical agents, biological weapons have never lived up
AND
out humanity before, and it seems unlikely to happen in the future.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: 

1AC

Advantage ~{X~}: US Aggression 

US drone policy in Pakistan is violating Pakistan consent and setting an aggressive international precedent

Entous at. al ’12 (Adam Entous (National security correspondent for The Wall Street Journal), Siobhan Gorman (reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering terrorism, counter terrorism, and intelligence, which includes the activities of the sixteen intelligence agencies and the national security threats they aim to combat) and Evan Perez (reporter in the Washington bureau of The Wall Street Journal where he covers the Justice Department), "U.S. Unease Over Drone Strikes", http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444100404577641520858011452-http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444100404577641520858011452, September 26, 2012)

Obama Administration Charts Delicate Legal Path Defending Controversial Weapons About once a month, the
AND
be involved in detaining suspected militants in secret sites during the Bush administration.

Us legal silence is the issue- Pakistani sovereignty creates a global precedent for sovereignty violations

Rogers ’11 (Chris Rogers, Human rights lawyer, Open Society Foundations, "Can U.S. Defend Drones Without Pakistani Consent?", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-rogers/us-pakistan-drone-attacks_b_855112.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-rogers/us-pakistan-drone-attacks_b_855112.html, April 28, 2011)

Drones may be new, futuristic weapons, but the U.S. drone
AND
it is time for U.S. officials to make the case. 

Miscalc escalates gobally- China, Indo-Pak, and Iran escalate

Bergen and Rowland ’12 ~Peter Bergen, director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, a research fellow at New York University’s Center on Law and Security and CNN’s national security analyst, former adjunct lecturer at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and an Adjunct Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, CNN National Security analyst, and Jennifer Rowland, research associate at the New America Foundation, "A dangerous new world of drones," http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/01/opinion/bergen-world-of-drones/index.html-http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/01/opinion/bergen-world-of-drones/index.html~~

A decade ago, the United States had a virtual monopoly on drones. Not
AND
the future as much as tanks and bombers did during the 20th century.

Breaks down deterrence

Boyle ’13 ~Michael J. Boyle, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. He was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews. He is also an alumnus of the Political Science Department at La Salle, research interests are on terrorism and political violence, with particular reference to the strategic use of violence in insurgencies and civil wars, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, 2013~

The emergence of this arms race for drones raises at least five long-term
AND
the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147

Two scenarios

First- Armenian and Caucasus conflicts- draws in Israel/Iran/Russia

Clayton ’12 (Nicholas Clayton, "Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war", http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war-http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war, October 23, 2012)

Armenia and Azerbaijan could soon be at war if drone proliferation on both sides of
AND
~ will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of." 

Israel-Iran conflict escalates

Russell ’9 (James, Senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at NPS, Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East. Proliferation Papers, 2009)

America’s disapproval of Israeli pre-emption may reflect a reduced national appetite for military
AND
centers by Hezbollah rockets in Southern Lebanon could also trigger an escalation spiral. 

Second- China and Asian drone wars

Brimley et al 9/17 (Shawn Brimley, Ben Fitzgerald, Ely Ratner,  Shawn Brimley, Ben FitzGerald, and Ely Ratner are, respectively, vice president, director of the Technology and National Security Program, and deputy director of the Asia Program at the Center for a New American Security, Foreign Policy, "The Drone War Comes to Asia", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia, September 17, 2013)

How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race. It’s now been a year since
AND
political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war. 

That goes nuclear

Lowther ’13 (William Lowther, Staff Rreporter in Washington, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report", http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211-http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211, March 16, 2013)

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
uncertain endeavor, could be especially difficult in any conflict," it says.

Independently- Executive uncertainty of US Drone policy cause accident and escalatory wars

Dean ’13 ~Adriana, degree from the University of Southern California in Philosophy, Politics and Law, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, an organization with over 125,000 members nationwide, "Targeted Killings Behind the Veil of Ignorance," http://www.academia.edu/3832442/Targeted_Killings_Behind_the_Veil_of_Ignorance-http://www.academia.edu/3832442/Targeted_Killings_Behind_the_Veil_of_Ignorance~~

While there are some justifiable points for the targeted killing program that individuals behind the
AND
haunt not only the executive, but the United States as a whole.

Creating a legal drone regime with Pakistan key

Hauri ’10 (Andrin Hauri, Andrin Hauri is a research assistant for the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich. He holds a master’s of philosophy in political science from the University of Lausanne, Analyst @ International Relations and Security Network, ISN Security Watch, "Obama’s Drone Handicap", http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en26id=116243-http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en26id=116243, May 17, 2010)

The CIA drone campaign in Pakistan has been stepped up under President Barack Obama without
AND
this war and may sooner rather than later rebound upon the US itself.

Congress is key to a binding regime

Webb ’13 (Jim Webb is a former U.S. senator from Virginia and served as Secretary of the Navy in the Reagan administration, http://www.jameswebb.com/articles/natlinterest-congabdication.html-http://www.jameswebb.com/articles/natlinterest-congabdication.html, March/April Edition 2013)

The Obama administration has proven itself to be acutely fond of executive orders designed to
AND
law binds it and how, and against whom it would be enforced?

Law is key to modeling- only statutory restrictions scale-up

Maxwell ’12 (Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html-http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, Winter 2012)

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.  

Advantage ~{X~}: Sharif Legitimacy

Drones will ruin Sharif’s political leadership in the squo- this risk total kickout and backlash
Toosi ’13 (Nahal Toosi, Associated Press Editor, "Pakistan Summons U.S. Envoy Over Drone Strike", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/08/pakistan-us-envoy-summoned_n_3407803.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/08/pakistan-us-envoy-summoned_n_3407803.html, June 8, 2013)

ISLAMABAD — Just days after taking power, Pakistan’s new government summoned a top U
AND
party. Khan has been especially strident in campaigning against the drone strikes.

Obama has recently halted Pakistani drone strikes but it isn’t sufficient- still undermines Sharif

Goodman 2/6 (Ryan Goodman, co-editor-in-chief of Just Security. He is the Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Professor of Law and Co-Chair of the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice at New York University School of Law, and he is also Professor of Politics and Professor of Sociology at NYU. He was the inaugural Rita E. Hauser Professor of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law and the Director of the Human Rights Program at Harvard Law School. He received a JD from Yale Law School, a Ph.D. from Yale University, and a B.A. from the University of Texas at Austin. He is a member of the Department of State’s Advisory Committee on International Law, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and member of the Board of Editors of the American Journal of International Law, "US to Reduce Drone Program in Pakistan – But Does Pakistan "Agree"? ", http://justsecurity.org/2014/02/06/reduce-drone-program-pakistan-pakistan-agree/-http://justsecurity.org/2014/02/06/reduce-drone-program-pakistan-pakistan-agree/, February 6, 2014) 

A must-read story in the Wall Street Journal this morning details a "
AND
still apparently opposes the current drone program—even the tapering off approach.

And Sharif’s election means relations are in a position to skyrocket but drones are acting as a floodgate

Riechmann ’13 (Deb Riechmann, writer for The Associated Press, "US, Pakistan to Resume High-Level Negotiations", http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/08/01/us-pakistan-to-resume-high-level-negotiations.html-http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/08/01/us-pakistan-to-resume-high-level-negotiations.html, August 1, 2013)

ISLAMABAD - U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and his Pakistani counterpart
AND
Zayed Al-Nahyan to discuss Egypt, Syria and Middle East peace.

Two scenarios- first energy

Sharif solves Pakistan economic collapse and trading blocs- key to solve multiple scenarios for escalatory great power war

Younus ’13 ~Uzair, international security studies analyst for the Fletcher Security Review, focusing on international trade in South West Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa, graduated summa cum laude from Bentley University, "PAKISTAN LOOKS TO NAWAZ SHARIF WITH HOPE," June 10, http://foreignpolicy.com.pk/pakistan-looks-to-nawaz-sharif-with-hope/~~

In his first speech as Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif spoke with a seriousness rarely
AND
all but guarantee further militancy, instability, and increases in defence spending.

Central Asian resource crunch causes war

Makarenko ’9 (Dr Tamara Makarenko is Associate Lecturer, University of Dundee and Partner, West Sands Advisory LLP. She was also a key speaker at a NATO Science for Peace and Security workshop, "Central Asia: where power, politics and economics collide", http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2009/Asia/central_asian_geopolitics/EN/index.htm-http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2009/Asia/central_asian_geopolitics/EN/index.htm, 2009)
Central Asia: where power, politics and economics collide 

In an increasingly energy hungry world, Central Asia’s resources are attracting growing interest Having
AND
the catalyst that leads the region to slide back into more overt instability. 

Pakistan instability causes indo-pak war

Pitt ’9 (William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.", "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183-http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183, May 8, 2009)

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all. 

India-Pakistan causes extinction

Starr ’11 (Consequences of a Single Failure of Nuclear Deterrence by Steven Starr February 07, 2011      * Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation     * Senior Scientist for PSR)
Only a single failure of nuclear deterrence is required to start a nuclear war,
AND
the currently operational and deployed U.S. and Russian nuclear forces. 

2) Afghanistan withdrawal

US-Pakistan relations key Afghan withdrawal

Waqas ’13 (Muhammad Waqas, Arab News, "US-Pak ties key to region’s stability", http://www.arabnews.com/news/461598-http://www.arabnews.com/news/461598, August 18, 2013)

WHEN the relationship between Pakistan and United States turned sour after Salala incident in May
AND
challenges, while at the same time promote US interests in the region. 

Afghanistan withdrawal key to prevent nuclear war

Cronin 13 (Audrey Kurth Cronin is Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University and author of How Terrorism Ends and Great Power Politics and the Struggle over Austria. Thinking Long on Afghanistan: Could it be Neutralized? Center for Strategic and International Studies The Washington Quarterly • 36:1 pp. 55_72 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751650-http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2013.751650)

With ISAF withdrawal inevitable, a sea change is already underway: the question is
AND
except this time the outcome could be not just terrorism but nuclear war.

Failed withdrawal causes Russian war

Blank ’12 (Stephen Blank, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College- he studies this stuff, January 27, "Whither the new great game in Central Asia?", pdf)
Although many scholars dislike the term "great game"¶ or "new great game
AND
great, regional, and local powers for influence in¶ Central Asia.¶ 

US- Russian war causes extinction

Barrett et al. 13 (Anthony M. Barrett- Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Seth D. Baum- Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, Kelly R. Hostetler- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, 2013, "Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia", http://sethbaum.com/ac/fc_NuclearWar.pdf)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
AND
likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 60,61,62,63

Solvency

The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeted killing authority by requiring that targeted killing operations be taken under agreed upon specified areas with the Pakistani Defense Committee of the Cabinet.

Solves case

Markey ’13 (Daniel Markey, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and author of the forthcoming No Exit From Pakistan: America’s Tortured Relationship with Islamabad, "A New Drone Deal For Pakistan How to Bargain With a Newly Drone-Skeptical Islamabad", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139584/daniel-markey/a-new-drone-deal-for-pakistan?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139584/daniel-markey/a-new-drone-deal-for-pakistan?page=show, July 16, 2013)

For all its successes, the U.S. drone program in Pakistan is
AND
is one that Washington would be wise to learn how to bargain with.

Ending drones strikes isn’t enough- Pakistanis want a voice in the process- that’s key to increase relations and boost Sharif legitimacy

Rodriquez ’13 (Alex Rodriquez, Los Angeles Times , "Obama’s drone limits may bolster ties with Pakistan", http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/24/world/la-fg-pakistan-drones-20130525-http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/24/world/la-fg-pakistan-drones-20130525, March 24, 2013)

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — President Obama’s commitment to scaling back the use of unmanned aircraft
AND
a role for the people in the countries where the drones are used."

Congress key —- self-restraint HURTS Obama’s credibility

Goldsmith ’13 (Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Before coming to Harvard, Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003-2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002-2003, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror The President promised not to undercut the rule of law for expedience’s sake. He did. Now we face the consequences", http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism, May 1, 2013)

Questions grew when the administration continued to withhold legal memos from Congress, and when
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Obama strictly adheres to legal policy- status quo policy is firmly backed by legal grounding- their evidence doesn’t assume Congressional change

Goldsmith ’12 ~Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, "Fire When Ready," 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, March 19, 2012~

When the Obama administration made the decision to kill Awlaki, it did not rely
AND
inclination to do so, and it appears to support the current arrangement.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: 

1ar

Pakistan

They say yes to strikes

Foust ’12 (Joshua Foust, Fellow at the American Security Project and the author of Afghanistan Journal, "U.S. Drones Make Peace With Pakistan Less Likely", http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/us-drones-make-peace-with-pakistan-less-likely/259756/-http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/us-drones-make-peace-with-pakistan-less-likely/259756/, July 12, 2012)

The U.S. wants to repair its relationship with Pakistan while carrying out
AND
So it’s not clear that a mutually beneficial balance could really be struck.

Cp

Self-restraint hurts credibility more

Goldsmith ’13 (Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Before coming to Harvard, Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003-2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002-2003, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror The President promised not to undercut the rule of law for expedience’s sake. He did. Now we face the consequences", http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism, May 1, 2013)

Questions grew when the administration continued to withhold legal memos from Congress, and when
AND
for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.

Links to must-pass

Counterplan links to "muss pass"

Lexis No date (http://www.lexisnexis.com/help/cu/Serial_Set/About_Bills.htm)

Senate Joint Resolution
A joint resolution, H.J. Res. or S.J. Res., is a legislative proposal that requires the approval of both Chambers and the signature of the President, just as a bill does, in order to have the force of law.

A2 arctic conflict

Military build-up does not mean conflict is likely —- Arctic countries still pursuing cooperation.

Will Rogers-http://www.cnas.org/node/943, 4/5/2012. Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. "New Study Highlights Military Capabilities in the Arctic," CNAS, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2012/04/new-study-highlights-military-capabilities-arctic.html.

A new report-http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=442 from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) finds that
AND
Arctic states are continuing to pursue new avenues of cooperation, mollifying concerns –

 at least for the time being – that tensions will worsen as the region
AND
17 new search-and-rescue aircraft in the next several years.

A2 Arctic enviro impact

The environment is resilient and indestructible

Easterbrook ’95 (Distinguished Fellow, Fullbright Foundation (Gregg, A Moment on Earth pg 25) 

IN THE AFTERMATH OF EVENTS SUCH AS LOVE CANAL OR THE Exxon Valdez oil spill
AND
are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge:
Firebreak

Independently, US targeted killing is driving a global shift in strategic doctrine toward preventive self-defense—-causes nuclear war

Kerstin Fisk 13, visiting assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University, and Jennifer M. Ramos, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Loyola Marymount University, PhD in Political Science from UC Davis, April 15 2013, "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm," International Studies Perspectives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/doi/10.1111/insp.12013/full
How and to what extent is the preventive use of force becoming the future of
AND
by discussing possibilities for further research and considering the implications of this phenomenon.

The impact is an endless, global series of preventive wars—-those go nuclear

Ariel Colonomos 13, Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ph.D. in political science from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, "The Gamble of War: Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War?" p 72-75, google books
John Yoo holds that the American interventions in Afghanistan or Iraq fulfilled the criteria of
AND
United States to its new enemies and of their greater number and dispersal.

JAB

Specifically- this unable or unwilling doctrine collapses jus ad bellum firebreak and international precedent

ACLU et al. ’13 (American Civil Liberties Union Amnesty, International Center for Human Rights 26 Global Justice, NYU School of Law* Center for Civilians in Conflict Center for Constitutional Rights Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law* Human Rights First Human Rights Institute, Columbia Law School, Human Rights Watch, Open Society Foundations, "Joint Letter to President Obama on US Drone Strikes and Targeted Killings", April 11, 2013

Senior officials have claimed that the administration applies international humanitarian law to its targeted killing
AND
government’s ability to argue for constraints on lethal targeting operations of other states.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge:
2AC- Circumvention

Doesn’t assume congress steps up when presidents violate oversight- empirically proven

Ettinger, 3-28 – former Ambassador, lecturer, insider on US-Israel relations
~Yoram, "Congressional muscle and US foreign policy," Israel Hayom, 3-28-14, www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=7879, accessed 3-28-14~

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the inherently pro-Israel Congress possesses the muscle to
AND
, expanding U.S.-Israel strategic cooperation, despite presidential opposition.

Obama strictly adheres to legal policy- status quo policy is firmly backed by legal grounding- their evidence doesn’t assume Congressional change

Goldsmith ’12 ~Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, "Fire When Ready," 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, March 19, 2012~

When the Obama administration made the decision to kill Awlaki, it did not rely
AND
inclination to do so, and it appears to support the current arrangement.
2AC- Tacit Consent

No tacit consent

Times 10/24 (Times of India, "Former Pakistan PM, officials deny US drone collusion", http://m.timesofindia.com/world/pakistan/Former-Pakistan-PM-officials-deny-US-drone-collusion/articleshow/24666851.cms-http://m.timesofindia.com/world/pakistan/Former-Pakistan-PM-officials-deny-US-drone-collusion/articleshow/24666851.cms, October 24, 2013)

ISLAMABAD: Pakistani officials and former prime minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on Thursday denied a
AND
has been very clear regarding its policy on the issue," he said.
2AC- Middle Ground

There is a middle ground on strikes

Siddiqui ’13 (Taha Siddiqui, Correspondent, Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2013/0529/After-drone-kills-Taliban-deputy-what-will-new-Pakistan-government-do-video-http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2013/0529/After-drone-kills-Taliban-deputy-what-will-new-Pakistan-government-do-video, May 29, 2013)

With the first drone strike in Pakistan after its landmark elections, all eyes are
AND
named Sharif as one of the guarantors, though talks did not materialize.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: 

Hard law is key to legal certainty—-Congress key

Gregory Shaffer 11, Professor of Law, University of Minnesota Law School, and Mark Pollack, Professor of Political Science and Jean Monnet Chair, Temple University., Sept, ARTICLE: HARD VERSUS SOFT LAW IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, 52 B.C. L. Rev 1147
To effect specific policy goals, state and private actors increasingly turn to legal instruments
AND
are great but the potential for opportunism and its costs are high." n85

means it doesn’t solve international precedent

Webb ’13 (Jim Webb is a former U.S. senator from Virginia and served as Secretary of the Navy in the Reagan administration, http://www.jameswebb.com/articles/natlinterest-congabdication.html-http://www.jameswebb.com/articles/natlinterest-congabdication.html, March/April Edition 2013)

Unless Americans accept that we have by fiat devolved into a political system where the
AND
America is united and not acting merely at the discretion of one individual.

Congress hand on the trigger key

Woods ’12 (Chris Woods, won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism in 2013, Journalist for The Bureau Investigates and Salon, "Pakistani objection to US drones puts ’nations at war’, says Democrat", http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/06/29/pakistani-objection-to-us-drones-puts-nations-at-war-says-leading-democrat/-http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/06/29/pakistani-objection-to-us-drones-puts-nations-at-war-says-leading-democrat/, June 29, 2012)

President Obama’s continued bombing of Pakistan, despite Islamabad’s repeated calls for the CIA to
AND
we had officially adopted as our own and cherished throughout the years.’

The risk and fear of Obama reneging on the CP means it doesn’t solve signal

Groll 8/8 (Elias Groll, "The Sudden and Unexpected Return of the Drone War", http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/08/08/the_sudden_and_unexpected_return_of_the_drone_war_yemen-http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/08/08/the_sudden_and_unexpected_return_of_the_drone_war_yemen, August 8, 2013)

The drone war is back. Amid fears that al Qaeda-affiliated terrorists in
AND
administration’s commitment to dialing back the war on terror are likely to persist.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge:
Pakistan cp

====The Defense Committee of the Cabinet or DCC is key to Sharif legitimacy and Pakistan stability====
Rafiq ’13 (Arif Rafiq, Arif Rafiq is an adjunct scholar at the Middle East Institute and president of Vizier Consulting, LLC, which provides strategic guidance on Middle East and South Asian political and security issues, "Nawaz Sharif 3.0 – How Will He Govern?", http://thediplomat.com/2013/06/17/nawaz-sharif-3-0-how-will-he-govern/3/?all=true-http://thediplomat.com/2013/06/17/nawaz-sharif-3-0-how-will-he-govern/3/?all=true, June 17, 2013)

On June 5, Pakistan’s National Assembly elected Nawaz Sharif as the country’s prime minister
AND
, would far outweigh the risks from continued stagflation and near-insolvency.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: 

Politics

2AC – Methane Thumper

Backlash against Obama over emissions annoucnement

Roberta Rampton and Timothy Gardner (writers for Reuters) March 28, 2014 "Obama considers new climate regulations for oil, gas sector" http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/28/us-usa-climatechange-obama-idUSBREA2R10P20140328
The White House said on Friday it will take a hard look at whether new
AND
wells on public lands, one way to begin cutting emissions of methane.

2AC- Weak Now

Backlash now against Obama’s anti-terror policies

The Washington Post 3/27/14 (Jennifer Rubin, "Bipartisan Second-Thoughts on National Security")
There are signs of a bipartisan pushback against the passive foreign policy and hostility to
AND
, and they’re not grateful to him for giving them what they want."
2AC – NSA

NSA reform triggers the link

Cohen, 3-25 — CNN ~Tom, Lisa Desjardins, and Jim Acosta, "Obama, Congress working on changes to NSA," CNN, 3-2-14, www.cnn.com/2014/03/25/politics/white-house-nsa/, accessed 3-26-14~

President Barack Obama and congressional leaders described similar proposals Tuesday for ending the National Security
AND
current system was legal, but needed changing to reassure a skeptical public.

2AC – Immigration

Obama immigration order triggers the link- thumps prez powers args

Gomez, 3-23 — USA Today ~Alan, "Obama ’humane’ order roils immigration debate," WTSP News, 3-23-14, www.wtsp.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/03/23/obama-humane-deportation-order-immigration-debate/6787289/, accessed 3-26-14~

Obama ’humane’ order roils immigration debate
President Obama’s recent order to his administration to find ways to deport people living in
AND
through federal courts about the limits of presidential power that goes back decades.

2AC

Obama success inevitable- veto threat and security rhetoric

Rosenberg 2-7-14 ~M.J. Rosenberg is a Special Correspondent for The Washington Spectator, was most recently a Foreign Policy fellow at Media Matters For America, spent 15 years as a Senate and House aide, former editor of AIPAC’s newsletter Near East Report, "When Obama Made the Lobby Stand Down," http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Chuck-Schumer.html~~23.UzQ9bahdWMU~~

But it is less likely now, not after Obama issued his veto threat and
AND
that is the question, he wins. And so do us all. 

Reid delays

McAuliff 2-26-14 ~Michael, was a Washington correspondent for the New York Daily News, where he covered Sen. Hillary Clinton, the 2008 presidential campaign, and the fight over the 9/11 health and compensation law, worked as a national and metro desk editor, he was the national editor of ABCNews.com, "Top Foreign Relations Republican Predicts Iran Sanctions Won’t Get A Vote," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/26/bob-corker-iran-sanctions_n_4861429.html~~

The top Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee is admitting that the GOP push
AND
fashion, I think that’s probably helpful to the process," he said. 

There’s literally momentum for more sanctions—-and those will independently ruin any negotiations

Benari 3/23 Elad Senators Urge Obama to Stand Firm Against Iran http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178782~~23.UzXs9_ldWSo
The 23 senators said they embraced Obama’s two-track approach twinning sanctions against Tehran
AND
his country, the nuclear deal reached in Geneva would be "dead".

Loss on war powers bolsters Obama’s popularity- proves he is principled with no costs

Thompson, 13 — Forbes contributor
~Loren, "The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses," Forbes, 9-9-13, www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/09/09/the-syria-vote-why-obama-wins-if-he-loses/, accessed 2-8-13~

The Syria Vote: Why Obama Wins If He Loses
Sometime this week, Congress will begin voting on a resolution that would support President
AND
faced in the Middle East understands how involvement there can wreck domestic agendas.

AT: Israel strikes

And no impact to first strike

Bronner ’12 (Ethan, NYT staff reporter, 1/26/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/world/middleeast/israelis-see-irans-threats-of-retaliation-as-bluff.html?_r=126hp)

JERUSALEM — Israeli intelligence estimates, backed by academic studies, have cast doubt on
AND
Qaddafi or Saddam Hussein if they had a nuclear capability? No way."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: 

We Meet

Chesney ’11 (Bobby Chesney is the Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, as well as a non-resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, "Offensive Cyberspace Operations, the NDAA, and the Title 10-Title 50 Debate", http://www.lawfareblog.com/2011/12/cyberoperations/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2011/12/cyberoperations/, December 14, 2011)

       B. Requirement of Presidential Authorization

Substantive conditions aren’t the only way to limit how an authority can be used.  Procedural constraints, such as requiring the affirmative approval of senior officials, can contribute to this end as well.  We see this in the context of "covert action" under Title 50, for example, in the requirement of a presidential finding approving such actions.

C/I —- Restriction is limitation, NOT prohibition

CAC 12,COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINAL CANNABIS COLLECTIVE et al., Defendants and Appellants, DIVISION ONE, 207 Cal. App. 4th 601; 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 716; 2012 Cal. App. LEXIS 772
We disagree with County that in using the phrases "further restrict the location or
AND
and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU CZ | Judge: 

Green investment dead

WSJ ’12 (Wall Street Journal, "Silicon Valley’s Green Energy Mistake Political venture capital turns out to be a loser.", http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323401904578159660625274422.html~~23-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323401904578159660625274422.html, December 27, 2012)

Silicon Valley’s investment wizards are fleeing the so-called green economy, and not
AND
Kleiner has enjoyed very few of them in its clean-tech portfolio.

IMF reform thumps rider

Wiesman, 3-25 – NY Times congressional reporter
~Jonathan, "Senate Democrats Drop I.M.F. Reforms From Ukraine Aid," NY Times, 3-25-14, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/europe/senate-democrats-drop-imf-reforms-from-ukraine-aid-package.html, accessed 3-26-14~

Democrats, bowing to united House Republican opposition, dropped reforms of International Monetary Fund
AND
the Republican leader. "I agree with these two important House Democrats.

Force is mishandled- provokes war

Bacevich 1-12-14 ~Andrew J. Bacevich is a professor of history and international relations at Boston University, "The misuse of American might, and the price it pays," http://articles.latimes.com/2014/jan/12/opinion/la-oe-bacevich-failed-wars-20140112~~

Indeed, these days the United States absolves itself of any responsibility to finish wars
AND
creating new problems, this alternative approach just might solve some old ones.

No accidental launch

Williscroft ’10 (Six patrols on the John Marshall as a Sonar Technician, and four on the Von Steuben as an officer – a total of twenty-two submerged months. Navigator and Ops Officer on Ortolan 26 Pigeon – Submarine Rescue 26 Saturation Diving ships. Watch and Diving Officer on Oceanographer and Surveyor. "Accidental Nuclear War" http://www.argee.net/Thrawn20Rickle/Thrawn20Rickle2032.htm, 2010)

Is there a realistic chance that we could have a nuclear war by accident?
AND
missile can be accidentally launched...ever...under any circumstances...period21

Tournament: Dartmouth RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington | Judge:
NSA 1AC (vs Mary Wash)
Plan Text
US Congress should prohibit National Security Agency offensive cyber operations not authorized by a congressionally elected civilian head.

NSA overreach causes cyber attacks and backlash- Alexander is stepping down now and thus removing joint-command solves
Wheeler ’13 (PhD from Michigan, specialized in researching on politics, Writer for the Guardian, specializing in national security and civil liberties. She has written for blogs The Next Hurrah and Firedoglake, “After General Alexander, Obama should split the NSA to make us all safer”, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/21/general-alexander-obama-split-nsa, October 21, 2013)

The NSA's aggressive pursuit of Big Data has not only invaded our privacy, but
AND
formidable adversaries in the effort to keep the US safe from cyber attacks.

Civilian control best
Strobel and Hosenball ’13 (Warren Strobel (U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security Editor @ Reuters) and Mark Hosenball, Reuters, “U.S. nears decision to split leadership of NSA, Cyber Command: sources”, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/27/us-usa-security-nsa-idUSBRE9AQ1BG20131127?feedType=RSSandfeedName=everythingandvirtualBrandChannel=11563, November 27, 2013)

(Reuters) - The White House is nearing a decision on splitting up the
AND
the position would be split, we are not yet considering preferred candidates."

Advantage 1: NSA Overreach
Cyber war causes nuclear lashout
Fritz ‘9 (Jason - former Captain of the U.S. Army, July, Hacking Nuclear Command and Control)

The US uses the two-man rule to achieve a higher level of security
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.
Escalates to global war
Lawson ‘9 (Sean, Assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict, p. http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477, June 13, 2009)

At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over the
AND
lethal agent is regarded with the same or greater seriousness.” 7
Cyberwarfare draws in space war
Coleman ‘10 (Kevin Coleman, Defense Tech Chief Cyber War Correspondent, Cyber War = Space War, http://defensetech.org/2010/03/01/cyber-war-space-war/#ixzz1948Fvj1r, March 1, 2010)

While the satellite broadband market slowed in 2009 because of the poor economy, it
AND
and are integrated with and dependent on communication satellite systems in outer space.

Space war causes extinction
Mitchell et al ‘1  (Dr. Gordon, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html, July 2001)

The dizzying speed of space warfare would introduce intense ‘use or lose’ pressure into
AND
space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.
A cyber attack has the same fallout as a nuclear weapon- economic and military ruin
Greenemeier ‘7 (Larry Greenemeier and Sharon Gaudin, “The Impact Of Cyberwarfare”, http://www.informationweek.com/the-impact-of-cyberwarfare/199800131, June 2, 2007)

It's a chilling prospect, too potentially devastating to ignore. Cyberwarfare: What will
AND
Teams in other countries, including Finland and Germany, according to ENISA.
NSA overreach will trigger these wars through Tailored Access Operations
Nakashima ’13 (Ellen Nakashima, national security reporter for The Washington Post. She focuses on issues relating to intelligence, technology and civil liberties. She previously served as a Southeast Asia correspondent for the paper. She wrote about the presidential candidacy of Al Gore and co-authored a biography of Gore, and has also covered federal agencies, Virginia state politics and local affairs. She joined the Post in 1995. “Dual-leadership role at NSA and Cyber Command stirs debate”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dual-leadership-role-at-nsa-a

Tournament: Dartmouth RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northwestern | Judge:
The United States Congress should restrict the president’s targeted killing authority by requiring that targeted killing operations be taken under agreed upon specified areas with the Pakistani Defense Committee of the Cabinet.

Advantage {X}: US Aggression
US drone policy in Pakistan is violating Pakistan consent and setting an aggressive international precedent
Entous at. al ’12 (Adam Entous (National security correspondent for The Wall Street Journal), Siobhan Gorman (reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering terrorism, counter terrorism, and intelligence, which includes the activities of the sixteen intelligence agencies and the national security threats they aim to combat) and Evan Perez (reporter in the Washington bureau of The Wall Street Journal where he covers the Justice Department), “U.S. Unease Over Drone Strikes”, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444100404577641520858011452, September 26, 2012)

Obama Administration Charts Delicate Legal Path Defending Controversial Weapons About once a month, the
AND
be involved in detaining suspected militants in secret sites during the Bush administration.
Miscalc escalates gobally- China, Indo-Pak, and Iran escalate
Bergen and Rowland ’12 Peter Bergen, director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, a research fellow at New York University's Center on Law and Security and CNN's national security analyst, former adjunct lecturer at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and an Adjunct Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, CNN National Security analyst, and Jennifer Rowland, research associate at the New America Foundation, “A dangerous new world of drones,” http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/01/opinion/bergen-world-of-drones/index.html

A decade ago, the United States had a virtual monopoly on drones. Not
AND
the future as much as tanks and bombers did during the 20th century.
Independently- Executive uncertainty of US Drone policy cause accident and escalatory wars
Dean ‘13 Adriana, degree from the University of Southern California in Philosophy, Politics and Law, Chapter Officer of Young Americans for Liberty, an organization with over 125,000 members nationwide, “Targeted Killings Behind the Veil of Ignorance,” http://www.academia.edu/3832442/Targeted_Killings_Behind_the_Veil_of_Ignorance

While there are some justifiable points for the targeted killing program that individuals behind the
AND
haunt not only the executive, but the United States as a whole.
Acceding to self-determination claims is an ethical stance that does not endorse Western domination
Bergoffen ‘8 (Debra Bergoffen, Professor of Philosophy and a member of the Women's Studies and Cultural Studies programs at George Mason University, Spring 2008, The Just War Tradition: Translating the Ethics of Human Dignity into Political Practices, Hypatia Volume 23, Number 2)

In its beginnings, these strictures were vulnerable to being co-opted by the
AND
shared point of departure that makes both their differences and their commonality possible.

Advantage {X}: Sharif Legitimacy

Drones will ruin Sharif’s political leadership in the squo- this risk total kickout and backlash
Toosi ’13 (Nahal Toosi, Associated Press Editor, “Pakistan Summons U.S. Envoy Over Drone Strike”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/08/pakistan-us-envoy-summoned_n_3407803.html, June 8, 2013)

ISLAMABAD — Just days after taking power, Pakistan's new government summoned a top U
AND
party. Khan has been especially strident in campaigning against the drone strikes.
Newest reports prove
Business Recorder 1/8 (Business Recorder, Pakistan Financial News Agency, “Pakistan protests drone attacks at all levels: Sartaj”, http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/108-pakistan-top-news/152306-pakistan-protests-drone-attacks-at-all-levels-sartaj.html, January 8, 2014)

ISLAMABAD: Advisor to Prime Minister on National Security and Foreign Affairs Sartaj Aziz Wednesday
AND
the people living in tribal areas had to ensured to impr

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard BS | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Hostile environments and profiling IS the status quo ---- the American “Predator Empire” operates under the framework of presumptive guilt, refusing to delineate the distinction between livelihoods of individuals and their “personalities” --- this exemplifies an unaccountable politics of purity that can cast its power, both inclusion and exclusion, to communities abroad and at home
Shaw 2013 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013)

The Double Tap
The debate over whether or not drone strikes are a “success” is usually
AND
Their vulnerability is inseparable from the topological spatial power of the Predator Empire.

Lee and I take a position that there should be restrictions on the United States committing targeted killings
?
There is always a necessity to work on the self --- and that method is anti-thetical to patting oneself on their back, and in the context of the topic the affirmative is necessary to bring to discussion debates that happen in closed doors and is “a noise that few listen to” ---- our affirmative is a form of informing an increasingly disconnected public about the spread of drones to law enforcement
Shaw 2013 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare”, Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013)

Conclusions
By introducing the term Predator Empire I do not want to suggest that U.
AND
security away from this entrenched logic of “death-as-success".

The devils are in the details --- understanding details about policy is critical for us to better debate about the implications of unaccountable profiling and introduction of violence --- it can help us create a community of acknowledgement which is key
Hughes 2012 (Evin, Georgia Southern Univ. Float Like a Plane, Sting Like a Bomb: The Ethics of US Drone Attacks www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/About/Awards/.../Hughes_Evin.pdf. edited for gendered/able-ist language)

What Ali was able to do through his nonviolent rhetoric that is still relevant to
AND
to be “locked into violences we cannot escape” (Amy 69).

The refusal to deliberate over drone policy risks public apathy because of the invisible nature of drone warfare ---- the affirmative brings an opportunity to re-engage the public to challenge presidential action
Druck 2012 Judah A. Druck, law associate at Sullivan and Cromwell LLP, Cornell Law School graduate, magna cum laude graduate from Brandeis University, “Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare,” http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

The practical effects of this move toward a technology-driven, and¶ therefore
AND
conducive¶ to the formation of a substantial check on presidential action.134

Engaging in the political sciences to create solutions for drones helps us learn about the details and clarifies the solutions necessary
Omar Bashir writes on “How to Improve the Drones Debate” in 2012 (Omar, Princeton PhD candidate. How to Improve the Drones Debate http://themonkeycage.org/2012/11/15/how-to-improve-the-drones-debate/)

Most news articles about drones cover some new development, claim to raise new ethical
AND
them in the comments, and feel free to post your own ideas.

Debating about the intricacies about drone policy is that first step
Ishaan Tharoor writes about “The Debate on Drones” in 2013 that (Ishaan, writer for Times. The Debate on Drones: Away from the Politics, the Nameless Dead Remain Read more: http://world.time.com/2013/02/08/the-debate-on-drones-away-from-the-politics-the-nameless-dead-remain/#ixzz2c3KKvqQS)

What complicates those hundreds of civilian deaths is the official silence that surrounds them.
AND
learn about drones, the more we should know about who they kill.

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty BoMu | Judge: Carly
1AC

P Aff – Pakistan Advantage 1/

Drone strikes are causing instability and terrorist backlash in Pakistan - creating a failed state syndrome and killing relations

Rohde ’12 (David Rohde, American author and investigative journalist for Thomson Reuters. While a reporter for The Christian Science Monitor, he won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1996 for his coverage of the Srebrenica massacre. From July 2002 until December 2004, he was co-chief of The New York Timesand#39; South Asia bureau, based in New Delhi, India. He shared a second Pulitzer Prize for Times 2008 team coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan, While in Afghanistan, Rohde was kidnapped by members of the Taliban in November 2008, but managed to escape in June 2009 after seven months in captivity, “How Obama’s drone war is backfiring”, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, March/April issue of Foreign Policy, March 1, 2012)

When Barack Obama took the oath of office three years ago, no one associated
AND
he asked me. “I don’t think we’ve answered that question yet.”

Pakistan collapse causes global nuclear war
Pitt ‘9 (William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: and#34;War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesnand#39;t Want You to Knowand#34; and and#34;The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.and#34;, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183, May 8, 2009)

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all. 

And Pakistan nukes are not secure
Gregory ’11 (Shaun, Director of the Pakistan Security Research Unit at the University of Bradford, UK, a professor who published widely on nuclear and security issues in Pakistan and advises many governments, their agencies, and international organizations, “Terrorist Tactics in Pakistan Threaten Nuclear Weapons Safety,” CTC Sentinel, Vol. 4.6, http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/131002/ichaptersection_singledocument/aa282522-4971-4513-a7ca-ec3afcd259be/en/Art+2.pdf, accessed 10-26-11, June 2011)

Two high-profile attacks by terrorists on highly secure military bases in Pakistan,
AND
odds that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons security will eventually be compromised continue to rise.

And it causes Indo-Pak escalation
Clarke 4-17-13 Michael, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at Griffith Asia Institute with a special focus in terrorism, Griffith University, Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Asian and International Studies, “Pakistan and Nuclear Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?” Comparative Strategy, 32:2, 98-114, online

A delegative system has been construed as holding the potential to open the door for
AND
scale internal subversion of Pakistan to destabilize¶ it (domestic threshold).48

Indo-Pak war causes global nuclear winter- MAD breaks down
Hundley ’12 Tom, senior editor at the Pulitzer Center, MA in international relations from the University of Pennsylvania, former National Endowment for the Humanities journalism fellow at the University of Michigan, was a newspaper journalist for 36 years, including nearly two decades as a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, “Pakistan and India: Race to the End,” 9-5-12, http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-battlefield-india-arms-race-energy-cold-war

Pakistan, however, seems to have embraced this discarded strategy and is now,
AND
it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.

The plan is key to effective drone usage-
1) Host Country-
Ending drones key to host country cooperation
Streeter ’13 (Devin C. Streeter, Helms School Of Government, Liberty University “Boko Haram, Drone Policy, And Port Security: Issues For Congress”, http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

A new set of drone operating procedures would help to repair international relations and decrease
AND
agenda, for the purpose of improving foreign policy and repairing international relations.

Host country cooperation key
Cordesman ’13 (Anthony Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, “The Common Lessons of Benghazi, Algeria, Mali, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Arab Spring”, http://csis.org/publication/common-lessons-benghazi-algeria-mali-tunisia-egypt-syria-iraq-yemen-afghanistan-pakistan, January 28, 2013)

Working with Regional and Host Country Partners The third lesson is that in most cases
AND
, as will support to regional security structures like the Gulf Cooperation Council.

2) Targeted strikes key to effective strikes
Dunn and Wolf ’13 Dr David Hastings Dunn is Reader in International Politics and Head of ¶ Department in the Department of Political Science and International Studies ¶ at the University of Birmingham, UK, Chairman of the ¶ West Midlands Military Education Committee, winner of the the UK’s Political Studies Association’s ¶ Best Article in the British Journal of Politics and International Relations in ¶ 2009 Prize, and Stefan Wolff, PhD, is Professor of International Security at the University of ¶ Birmingham in the UK, “Drone Use in Counter-Insurgency and CounterTerrorism: Policy or Policy Component?” http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/WHR_2-13_Hitting_the_Target.pdf#page=89

The use of drones as weapons has evolved naturally from their use as reconnaissance vehicles
AND
begin a process of taking drones out of the hands of the CIA. 

3) The aff makes the Pakistan army effective - key to solve
Dawn ‘9 (Dawn Editorial, “Drone attacks”, http://archives.dawn.com/archives/145308, May 8, 2009)

Republican Congressman Ronald Earnest Paul`s query to the House regarding the legitimacy of
AND
continue to suffer heavy casualties in the battles underway on our western borders.

4) The aff wins the hearts and the minds and liberal society
Afzal ’13 (Madiha Afzal, Brookings, Nonresident Fellow, Global Economy and Development, “Drone Strikes and Anti-Americanism in Pakistan”, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/02/07-drones-anti-americanism-pakistan-afzal, February 7, 2013)

As President Obama’s second term gets underway, his administration must engage with Pakistan on
AND
.S. government, this narrative can easily be exploited and promoted.

P Aff – Allied Backlash Advantage 1/
Backlash to drone strikes is undermining international credibility and makes drone strikes ineffective
Zenko ’13 (Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, Online, 2013)

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:  “Where force
AND
more likely to use lethal force against the United States  and its allies.

Drone usage causes specifically allied backlash that undermines hegemony
Streeter ‘13 (Devin C, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment at Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, “US Drone Policy: Tactical Success and Strategic Failure,” http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

The first category of nations, while not targeted by drone strikes, is intimidated
AND
Europe are to be fixed, a change in drone protocol is needed.

Credibility is the vital internal link into all foreign policy objectives- military capability is irrelevant to hegemony
CSIS ’11 (Center for Studies in International Security, Joint-Research Project, Jon B. Alterman, Ernest Z. Bower, Victor D. Cha, Heather A. Conley, Stephen J. Flanagan, Bonnie S. Glaser, Michael J. Green, Andrew C. Kuchins, Haim Malka, Teresita C. Schaffer, Craig S. Cohen, “Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power Capacity and Resolve”, June 2011)

This study looks at foreign assessments of U.S. power over the next
AND
key countries and their views and expectations of U.S. power. 

Alliance backlash undermines an effective US hegemonic strategy which prevents global instability
Brooks, Ikenberry and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, John Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, Lean Forward, EBSCO, Jan/Feb 2013)

Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall
AND
an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Legitimacy is key to an effective international order
Finnemore ‘9 (Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1, 2009)

Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s position
AND
an expensive system to run and few unipoles have tried to do so.

Congress is key to that signal
Ellison ’13 (Keith Ellison, “Time for Congress to build a better drone policy”, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-13/opinions/36311903_1_drone-strikes-drone-program-drone-policy, January 13, 2013)

An unmanned U.S. aerial vehicle — or drone — reportedly killed eight
AND
will demonstrate to the world that we believe in the rule of law. 

P Aff – Plan Text
Text: The United States Congress should restrict the use of signature strikes by the President of the United States.

P Aff – Solvency 1/
Plan solves credibility and U.S. drone effectiveness
Zenko ’13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, online

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force
AND
likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.

All relevant officials will comply with the plan
Goldsmith ’12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, “Fire When Ready,” 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, March 19, 2012
 
When the Obama administration made the decision to kill Awlaki, it did not rely
AND
inclination to do so, and it appears to support the current arrangement.

Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: David Heidt
Yemen 1/

Yemen has become the new epicenter of drone warfare- drone are causing backlash and there is no fear factor
Ackerman from August (Spencer Ackerman, “Barrage of drone strikes in Yemen show flaws of US counter-terrorism strategy”, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/yemen-drone-strikes-us-policy, August 12, 2013)

If the barrage of US drone strikes over the last week weakened al-Qaida's
AND
recent actions, the US has become al-Qaida's public relations officer."

?
Signature strikes kill Yemen stability
Rohde ’12 (David Rohde, “How Obama’s drone war is backfiring”, http://blogs.reuters.com/david-rohde/2012/03/01/how-obamas-drone-war-is-backfiring/, March/April issue of Foreign Policy, March 1, 2012)

When Barack Obama took the oath of office three years ago, no one associated
AND
he asked me. “I don’t think we’ve answered that question yet.”
?
The plan solves
1) Host Country-
Ending drones key to host country cooperation
Streeter ’13 (Devin C. Streeter, Helms School Of Government, Liberty University “Boko Haram, Drone Policy, And Port Security: Issues For Congress”, http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

A new set of drone operating procedures would help to repair international relations and decrease
AND
agenda, for the purpose of improving foreign policy and repairing international relations.

Host country cooperation key
Cordesman ’13 (Anthony Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, “The Common Lessons of Benghazi, Algeria, Mali, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Arab Spring”, http://csis.org/publication/common-lessons-benghazi-algeria-mali-tunisia-egypt-syria-iraq-yemen-afghanistan-pakistan, January 28, 2013)

Working with Regional and Host Country Partners The third lesson is that in most cases
AND
, as will support to regional security structures like the Gulf Cooperation Council.

?
2) Limiting strikes key to effectiveness AND the plan increases the local people’s credibility
Johnsen ‘13 (Gregory D. Johnsen, former Fulbright Fellow in Yemen, Ph.D. candidate in Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, co-founder of Waq al-Waq: Islam and Insurgency in Yemen Blog, was a member of the USAID's conflict assessment team for Yemen, “How to Beat Al-Qaeda in Yemen,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-15/how-to-beat-al-qaeda-in-yemen.html, August 15, 2013)

Drone strikes can be an effective weapon. And the administration’s reluctance to put boots
AND
Qaeda, with the U.S. allying with its Yemeni partners.
?
3) Increases Yemeni government --- they want us to pull back
Shiban ‘13 (Baraa Shiban is a member of the Yemeni National Dialogue Conference and Reprieve's project coordinator in Yemen, “Drone strikes in Yemen are an obstacle to democracy,” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/09/2013918595250580.html, September 2, 2013)

One year ago last week, two Yemeni civilians were killed by a US drone
AND
and Yemen respect this fact, they will find their goals rejected too.

4) Signature strikes collapse counter-terror in Yemen – civilian casualties cause blowback, devastates cred, and jacks host-state legitimacy
Greenfield 8/19 - deputy director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, where she leads the Yemen Policy Group. Danya. “The Case Against Drone Strikes on People Who Only 'Act' Like Terrorists” August 19, 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-case-against-drone-strikes-on-people-who-only-act-like-terrorists/278744/
As Mark Bowden discusses in this month's Atlantic cover story, there is great debate
AND
that strengthens the very groups the U.S. seeks to destroy.
?
5) Hadi legitimacy
Al-Muslimi ’13 (Farea Al-Muslimi, “Statement of Farea Al-Muslimi”, United States Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, “Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing”, April 23, 2013)

Widespread Impact of Targeted Killing in Yemen The killing of innocent civilians by U.
AND
or Nader Al-Shadadi, only to be proven wrong days later.
?
AQAP will attack India
Roychowdhury ‘11 (Gen. Shankar Roychowdhury is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, “India needs a 360° terror appraisal”, Deccan Chronicle, http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/india-needs-360C2B0-terror-appraisal-659, September 6, 2011)

In this context, Al Qaeda and its emerging connections in Yemen have become very
AND
take due note of other threats as well and exercise the requisite caution. 

Terrorist attack on India causes Indo-Pak war- escalates
Zarate ’11 (Juan C. Zarate,  “An alarming South Asia powder keg”, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html, February 20, 2011)

In 1914, a terrorist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo - unleashing geopolitical forces
AND
for broader geopolitical crises may be the greatest threat we face from terrorism.
?
Instability spills over to the entire Horn of Africa
Ginny Hill, “Yemen: Fear of Failure; Middle East and North Africa Programme”, Chatham House, January 2010, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/22924953ECE8BBF1492576EA000E8E41-Full_Report.pdf

Future instability in Yemen could expand a lawless zone stretching from northern Kenya, through
AND
endanger the security of countries throughout the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa 

Causes major power wars
Glick ‘7 (Dec. 10, 2007 Caroline Glick , THE JERUSALEM POST)

The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars,
AND
Chinese-run oil installation in April killing nine Chinese and 65 Ethiopians. 

Instability in Gulf of Aden collapses global trade lanes
Yuriditsky ’11 (Associate of the Institute for Gulf Affairs (Lev, “Yemen's Chaos - August 2011,” http://yuriditsky.blogspot.com/2011/09/yemens-chaos-august-2011.html, August 28, 2011)

Towards the end of July, the leader of AQAP, Nasir al Wuhayshi,
AND
world) with Al Shabaab’s reach can make for a particularly challenging situation.
?
The impact is global nuclear war
Panzner ‘8 (Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse”, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Allied Backlash 1/

Backlash to drone strikes is undermining international credibility and makes drone strikes ineffective
Zenko ’13 (Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, Online, 2013)

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:  “Where force
AND
more likely to use lethal force against the United States  and its allies.
?
Drone usage causes international backlash that undermines hegemony and allies turning to China- specifically ends EU cooperation
Streeter ‘13 (Devin C, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment at Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, “US Drone Policy: Tactical Success and Strategic Failure,” http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure, April 19, 2013)

The first category of nations, while not targeted by drone strikes, is intimidated
AND
Europe are to be fixed, a change in drone protocol is needed.

First is Europe-
US-EU relations are key to hegemony
Gordon ‘3 (Philip H. Gordon, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies and Director of the Center on the United States and France at the Brookings Institution, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2003)

Some, of course, would argue that it does not matter whether the Germanys
AND
lend political support, and out to counter American interests at every turn.

US-EU relations prevent Eurasian global nuclear war
Brzezinski ‘3 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, former national security advisor to the president, “Hegemonic quicksand,” National Interest Winter, 2003)

FOR THE next several decades, the most volatile and dangerous region of the world
AND
as a returning colonialist bent on consolidating or regaining its special economic interests. 

Relations key to solve the environment
Vig and Faure ‘4 (Norman J. Vig and Michael G. Faure, professor of science, technology and society at Carleton College, Minnesota and professor of comparative and international environmental law at Maastricht U, the Netherlands, Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union, 2004)

This book stems from our concern that the US and the EU—representing the
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will be willing or able to pursue sustainable development policies in the future.
Ecosystem collapse risks extinction
Coyne and Hoekstra ‘7 (Jerry and Hopi, *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying, September 24, 2007)

But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us. Healthy
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just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.
?
Now leadership-
Credibility is the vital internal link into all foreign policy objectives- military capability is irrelevant to hegemony
CSIS ’11 (Center for Studies in International Security, Joint-Research Project, Jon B. Alterman, Ernest Z. Bower, Victor D. Cha, Heather A. Conley, Stephen J. Flanagan, Bonnie S. Glaser, Michael J. Green, Andrew C. Kuchins, Haim Malka, Teresita C. Schaffer, Craig S. Cohen, “Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power Capacity and Resolve”, June 2011)

This study looks at foreign assessments of U.S. power over the next
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key countries and their views and expectations of U.S. power. 

Alliance backlash undermines an effective US hegemonic strategy which prevents global instability
Brooks, Ikenberry and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, John Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, Lean Forward, EBSCO, Jan/Feb 2013)

Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall
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inclined to support the existing system is because they value their military alliances.
Japan, to name one example, has shown interest in the Trans-Pacific
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an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Legitimacy is key to an effective international order
Finnemore ‘9 (Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1, 2009)

Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s position
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an expensive system to run and few unipoles have tried to do so.

Congress is key to that signal
Ellison ’13 (Keith Ellison, “Time for Congress to build a better drone policy”, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-13/opinions/36311903_1_drone-strikes-drone-program-drone-policy, January 13, 2013)

An unmanned U.S. aerial vehicle — or drone — reportedly killed eight
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will demonstrate to the world that we believe in the rule of law. 

Plan
Text: The United States Congress should restrict the use of signature strikes by the President of the United States in Yemen.

Solvency 1/

Plan solves credibility and U.S. drone effectiveness
Zenko ’13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, online

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared:¶ “Where force
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likely to use lethal force against the United States¶ and its allies.

All relevant officials will comply with the plan
Goldsmith ’12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel, “Fire When Ready,” 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, March 19, 2012
 
When the Obama administration made the decision to kill Awlaki, it did not rely
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inclination to do so, and it appears to support the current arrangement.