Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: Blake Hallinan

1NC

K

Starting at 6:12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EFnfairLes-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EFnfairLes

Silence on the human exploitative gaze towards non-humans ensures that anthropocentrism continues

Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,” CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 192)

We come to critical pedagogy with a background in environmental thought and education. Of
AND
, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1¶ p. 190-192

Their calls for widespread change fall into the same logic of progress that has resulted in speciesist violence and the destruction of the environment
Kochi, Queen's University School of Law lecturer, and Ordan, linguist, 08 (Tarik and Noam, Borderlands Volume 7 Number 3, 2008, "An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,")

In another sense the ethical demand to respond to historical and present environmental destruction runs
AND
only so long as it understands itself as a part of the latter.

Obsession with discourse and narratives is anthropocentric.
Bell and Russell 2k (anne and constance, Canadian journal of education, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)JFS
Although we acknowledge the important contribution of poststructuralism to analyses of oppression, privilege,
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thought and practice move in directions compatible with our own aspirations as educators.

(scratched from speech, but discourse arg came up in debate it’s so included) The post-human leads to the total triumph of anthropocentrism—this is impacted on the speciesism debate.
Sanbonmatsu 04
John Sanbonmatsu, Asst Professor of Philosophy and Religion at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2004, The Postmodern Prince p. 206-207

The neologism metahumanism intentionally conveys a contradiction or tension. By emphasizing metahumanism, I
AND
in a positive account of our natural capacities and qualities as human beings.
Ontology has been in the news lately. Scientists have begun to arro¬gate to themselves godlike powers, creating entirely novel kinds of
species in the lab, inserting rogue DNA (taken from other plants r
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as an exhibition piece (the genome) and is threatened with extinction.
Meanwhile, in the Western academy, cultural studies theorists and other academic intellectuals hold
AND
dangerously in collusion with the final obliteration of things "human" by capital

The Alternative is to reject the affirmative’s anthropocentrism.

Discursive criticism is necessary to challenge the framework of Anthropocentrism- the domination of the non-human world is maintained through discourse and communal meanings.
Turner 09
Summer 09 (Rita Turner UMBC: An Honors University in Maryland “The Discursive Construction of Anthropocentrism”. Environmental Ethics; Summer2009, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p183-201, 19p. 2009 EBSCO http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3andhid=106andsid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr110andbdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=aphandAN=42988162#db=aphandAN=42988162-http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3andhid=106andsid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr110andbdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl)

Our businesses, policies, and lifestyles cause unexamined consequences for other people and other
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the sort of ecological consciousness that will be essential for creating a sustainable future

Case

Situated Knowledge rejects IDENTITY as ordering principles – it relies upon a completely constructivist view of the world obscuring MATERIAL OPPRESSION that exists beyond language – Her situated knowledge theory also offers no hope for emancipation away from the social science model

Campbell 4 (The Promise of Feminist Reflexivities: Developing Donna Haraway's Project for Feminist Science Studies¶ Kirsten Campbell Hypatia 19.1 (2004) 162-182)

In these terms, "situated knowledges" functions as a deconstructive concept because it
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Knowledges" (1991) does not answer the science question in feminism.

Haraway cannot successfully break from modern science – her process of emancipation relies upon traditional assumptions of what it means to BE RATIONAL

Campbell 4 (Hypatia 19.1 (2004) 162-182The Promise of Feminist Reflexivities: Developing Donna Haraway's Project for Feminist Science Studies¶ Kirsten Campbell)

Allessandra Tanesini argues that Haraway's "Situated Knowledges" (1991) is a "
AND
of feminist science studies ask how we produce difference patterns in the world.

Haraway’s conception of the cyborg is a counterproductive trope for understanding oppression – it only reinforces harmful standpoint epistemologies instead of Situated Knowledge that the affirmative seeks – 

Bartsch 1 (Configurations 9.1 (2001)127-164 Access article in PDF¶ Witnessing the Postmodern Jeremiad: (Mis)Understanding Donna Haraway's Method of Inquiry¶ Ingrid Bartsch University of South Florida¶ Carolyn DiPalma University of South Florida¶ Laura Sells Louisiana State University)

"The heuristic value of scientific analogies," rhetorician Kenneth Burke tells us, "
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and it is too comparativist a position to allow categories to move freely.

Back on the K

Their attempt to bind the language of law with the language of war masks the species war at the foundation of the law of war. Their framing of what war is allows for all forms of suffering to continue

Kochi 9

“species war: law, violence, and animals”, 353-359

In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors,
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-human animals well inside the framework of religious and moral legitimacy.12

2NC

Rejecting humanism is the only way to avoid the replication of violence
Kochi, Queen's University School of Law lecturer, and Ordan, linguist, 08 (Tarik and Noam, Borderlands Volume 7 Number 3, 2008, "An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,")

In another sense the ethical demand to respond to historical and present environmental destruction runs
AND
only so long as it understands itself as a part of the latter.

Alt Solves

Changing the way we conceive our relationship to nature is critical to revealing the social construction of bodies within discourses of oppression

Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,” CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 198-99)

So far, however, such queries in critical pedagogy have been limited by their
AND
1997; Robertson, 1994; Robottom, 1991; Stevenson, 1993).

Basing rights on sentience applies rights towards nonhumans
Best 5 “The New Abolitionism: Capitalism, Slavery and Animal Liberation
Just as nineteenth century abolitionists sought to awaken people to the greatest moral issue of
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beginning to grasp that speciesism is another unsubstantiated form of oppression and discrimination.
Perm
The permutation devolves into self-serving rationalizations—ethical compromises are unacceptable.

Lupisella and Logsdon 97
(Mark, masters degree in philosophy of science at university of Maryland and researcher working at the Goddard Space Flight Center, and John, Director, Space Policy Institute The George Washington University, Washington, “DO WE NEED A COSMOCENTRIC ETHIC?” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.7502-http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.7502)

Steve Gillett has suggested a hybrid view combining homocentrism as applied to terrestrial activity combined
AND
of ad hoc rationalizations for merely expedient or self-serving actions.”33
The permutation is worse—The combination of aesthetics and ethics still reifies the ethical differential—ethical concerns always take a back seat to material concerns in the policy resolution.

Doremus, Winter 2k. Holly, Professor of Law, University of California at Davis, J.D., University of California at Berkeley, Ph.D., Cornell University, “The Rhetoric and Reality of Nature Protection: Toward a New Discourse,” 57 Wash and Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis. JLH

Combining aesthetic and ethical arguments with the material discourse does not automatically solve this problem
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that systematically underestimate, or even deny, the nonmaterial values of nature.
2NC – Ethics Impact

All species have intrinsic value

Shepard 3
Florence Shepard. DEEP ECOLOGY FOR TIlE 21 ST CENTURY, 2003 h ttp :/lwww . newd imensions .org/on 1 ine-j ournal/artic les/deep-eco logyhtm 1 

The diverse voices of leading ecologists and activists inspire us to renew our efforts to
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the personal and local level as well as thoughtful involvement in global issues.

This means if we win a link, they lose - The debate is not a question of whether or not they benefit people – it’s about whether or not the 1AC violates the intrinsic value of human and non-human animals

Eric Katz, Director of Science, Technology, and Society Program at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, 1997
Nature as Subject p. 9-10

Utilitarianism might be salvaged for use in the environmental debate if it is stripped of
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a difficult undertaking, but it is the only choice open to preservationists. 

2NC – Root Cause

We control root cause – their impacts are just the extension of anthropocentric logic
Kochi, Queen's University School of Law lecturer, and Ordan, linguist, 08 (Tarik and Noam, Borderlands Volume 7 Number 3, 2008, "An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,")

When taking a wider view of history, one which focuses on the relationship of
AND
, from killing to economic exploitation to abusing minorities, individually and collectively.

1NR

The claim that everyone is always already a cyborg is a dangerous form of cultural essentialism that universalizes the western subject and internal link turns all their ethics offense.
Ben-Tov 1995
Sharona, Assistant Professor of Creative Writing and English, Bowling Green State University, The Artificial Paradise: Science Fiction and American Reality, pg. 144-145
Moreover, we have to be careful about using the cyborg myth appropriately across cultures
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, but—speaking to Westerners—knowing ourselves, caution is indicated.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wyoming CB | Judge: Phillip DiPiazza

1NC

Security

War powers policy analysis is plagued with flawed scholarship based on constructed threats to US national security – these threats reify the power of the executive while resulting in endless warfare – questioning the underlying assumptions of the knowledge presented in the 1AC is critical to creating a base for substantive political change

Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~

Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept
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, we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched. 

Insert specific links

Constructs a cancer of pathological individuals that needs cutting out before they spread.

Egan 02 (R. Danielle, Assistant Professor of Sociology at St. Lawrence University, 2002, Collateral Language, ed. Collins and Glover, p. 23
This panic blinds the population by warping their perceptions through fear. Attorney General John
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of violations past rearing its ugly head, similitude in its worst form.

Economic security discourse attempts to violently re-order the world
Mark Neocleous, Professor of Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University (UK), 2008 ("Critique of Security." Pg. 101-102. )
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
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only nestled, settled and established connections, but also ’secured’ everywhere. 

Their representations of the savage terrorist and the "axis of evil" trying to acquire the bomb are reminiscent of the racist civilizational distinctions used throughout history to justify atrocity.
Sharp, ’7 ~2007, Patrick B. Sharp, Chair, Department
AND
Savage Perils: Racial Frontiers and Nuclear Apocalypse in American Culture" pdf~
On 29 January 2002, President George W. Bush gave the first post-
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racist society that was built on the notion of civilized progress replacing savagery.

Descriptions of China are not neutral or objective – Their strategies are self-fulfilling prophecies that must be critically interrogated

Pan 4 (Chengxin, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Arts, Deakin University, Discourses Of ’China’ In International Relations: A Study in Western Theory as (IR) Practice, p. 305-307
While U.S. China scholars argue fiercely over "what China precisely is
AND
It is in this context that this article seeks to make a contribution.

The mindset of endless threats is a self-fulfilling prophecy leading to the constant creation of more threats

Lipschutz 1998
Ronnie, Director – Politics PhD Program, UC Santa Cruz, "On Security" p. 8

Security is, to put Wæver’s argument in other words, a socially constructed  concept
AND
fears onto the other; in this respect, their relationship is intersubjective. 

Security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to power imbalances—-causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable—adopt the role of a critical intellectual to question the claims of the 1AC

Ahmed, ’11 ~2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development ~IPRD~, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, Taylor Francis~
This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the
AND
, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Drone Prolif

Drone policy is shrouded in secrecy – debate about targeted killing is impossible because of the lack of transparency – instead of assessing the information selectively leaked by the government, debate must center on the production of knowledge behind drone secrecy.

Toth, ’13 ~Kate Toth, London School of Economics, Dissertation; "REMOTE-CONTROLLED WAR: IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISTANCING OF STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE ON AMERICAN DEMOCRACY"; Apr 27, 2013; http://www.academia.edu/3125323/REMOTE-CONTROLLED_WAR_IMPLICATIONS_OF_THE_DISTANCING_OF_STATE-SPONSORED_VIOLENCE_ON_AMERICAN_DEMOCRACY~~

With regard to drones, what the public knows has been released through leaks to
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is also indicative of the weakness of current American civil society and media.

No Asian war- China creates stability

Carlson ’13 (Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell University’s Government Department.
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Sea Why the Dragon Doesn’t Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013)

At times in the past few months, China and Japan have appeared almost ready
AND
or especially conducive to improving Sino-Japanese relations, will be enduring.

Terror

No risk of a bioterror attack, and there won’t be retaliation - your evidence is hype

Matishak ’10 (Martin, Global Security Newswire, "U.S. Unlikely to Respond to Biological Threat With Nuclear Strike, Experts Say,", http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100429_7133.php-http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100429_7133.php, April 29, 2010)

WASHINGTON — The United States is not likely to use nuclear force to respond to
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biological weapons as ’the poor man’s atomic bomb,’" he added. 

Economy instability doesn’t affect international security

Barnett ’9 (Thomas P.M. Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis," 8/25/2009, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
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great resilience of America’s post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Drones have become the technological symbol of disorder – debate about targeted killing must avoid impossible questions of "drones good or bad" that echo the polarization of status quo political discourse – facts alone will never be enough – instead, we must learn from the complexities surrounding drones and apply them to the concerns of so many about personal security.

Rothenberg, ’13 ~Daniel Rothenberg is a professor of practice at the School of Politics and Global Studies, ASU and the Lincoln fellow for Ethics and International Human Rights Law. He is editing a book with Peter Bergen on drones to be published later this year. "What the Drone Debate Is Really About"; May 6, 2013; http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/05/drones_in_the_united_states_what_the_debate_is_really_about.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/05/drones_in_the_united_states_what_the_debate_is_really_about.html~~**

The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often
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with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.

2NC

That genocidal violence creates priming that psychologically structures escalation

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ’4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)  
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

The status quo disproves the effectiveness of procedural solutions focus – securitization results in a faith in experts centralizes political decision-making while excluding the public
Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/**~~**
Today politicians and legal scholars routinely invoke fears that the balance between liberty and security
AND
watch those branches delegate such power back to the very same executive bodies. 

Combinations of the alternative and the state result in the cooption of intellectuals into a political, interventionist sphere

BISWAS 07 (Shampa, Prof – Politics, Whitman, 2007 "Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist" Millennium 36 (1)

While it is no surprise that the US academy should find itself too at  that
AND
resonant in the  contemporary context preceding and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq.  

3. This proves a fundamental inconsistency between the aff the justifications behind the aff – state attempts to seek security impose limits on the publics liberty
Neocleous 08.  Mark Neocleous is a Professor of the critique of Political Economy at Brunel University, UK and a member of the Editorial Collective of "Radical Philosophy". Critique of Security. 11-12
So if these are bad days for equality, then they are also bad days
AND
on these issues accept to some degree the need to find a ’balance’

Studies prove that the more specific forecasts are the less probable they are – causes flawed threat evaluation that results in serial policy failure

Yudkowsky ’6 Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence "Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks" Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks,  eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan CirkovicDraft of August 31, 2006. Eliezer Yudkowsky(yudkowsky@singinst.org)

The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent sets of professional analysts
AND
-response capabilities that could respond to any disaster. (Schneier 2005.)

====No methodological basis for accurate political predictions – their scholarship is co-opted by governmental institutions and obscures the root causes of the case harms - overwhelming empirical evidence votes negative ====
Stevens 12 (Jacqueline, Prof of Polisci at Northwestern U, "Political Scientists Are Lousy Forecasters," www.nytimes.com/2012/06/24/opinion/sunday/political-scientists-are-lousy-forecasters.html?_r=126pagewanted=all)
DESPERATE "Action Alerts" land in my in-box. They’re from the
AND
very rare in nature; and modern society is not one of them."

1NR

AT Realism

They don’t access this – the aff is not realist because they utilize a liberal solution through legal institutions – that was cx – their advantages may be realist but their solvency mechanism is not, means they cannot access their advantages because a liberal solu

Their realism defenses are epistemologically bankrupt – they naturalize political assumptions to legitimize violence and oppressive political structures – Their method causes self-fulfilling prophesies – the alt is key to reclaim agency from inevitable violence

Busser 6 (Mark Busser, Masters Candidate at the Dept of Political Science at York University. Aug 2006, "The Evolution of Security: Revisiting the Human Nature Debate in International Relations ", http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/documents/WP40-Busser.pdf-http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/documents/WP40-Busser.pdf)
Responding directly to Thayer, Duncan Bell and Paul MacDonald have expressed concern at the
AND
a scientific version, but similar problems remain with his ’scientific’ conclusions.

AT Discourse

Not a discourse K – This is about the 1ACs knowledge production not about the effects that discourse have on participants in the debate round– the way they choose to assemble and frame the 1AC compromises the political action of the plan –– that’s Scrase and Ockwell

Rhetoric matters – it constrains our perception of problems and solutions

Doremus 0 (Holly Doremus is Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, and co-faculty director of the California Center for Environmental Law and Policy "The Rhetoric and Reality of Nature Protection:Toward a New Discourse" 1-1-2000scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=131126context=wlulr)
Rhetoric matters. That is almost too basic to be worth saying, but it
AND
and ideas, provide a shared language for envisioning problems and solutions.4

Epist

On flow

China

No Asian war- economic and regional cooperation

Bitzinger 26 Desker 8 – senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, "Why East Asian War is Unlikely," Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)

The Asia-Pacific region can be regarded as a zone of both relative insecurity
AND
this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely. 

More warrants-

Interdependence and democracy

Vannarith 10—Executive Director of the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace. PhD in Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific U (Chheang, Asia Pacific Security Issues: Challenges and Adaptive Mechanism, http://www.cicp.org.kh/download/CICP20Policy20brief/CICP20Policy20brief20No203.pdf) 

Large scale interstate war or armed conflict is unthinkable in the region due to the
AND
the region and those elements are present and being improved in this region. 

Resilient regional cooperation

Alagappa 8 (Muthia, Distinguished Fellow @ Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy @ Tufts, "The Long Shadow," International Affairs p. 512)

International political interaction among Asian states is for the most part rule governed, predictable
AND
regional institutions in pre- serving and enhancing security and stability in Asia. 

Terror Reps

Bioterrorism draws divisions between the civilized US and the uncivilized outside world
Loeppke, ’05 ~2005, Rodney, Prof. Int’l Relations and Politics @ U of Sussex, "Bioterrorizing US Policies," Millennium, Vol 34, Issue 1~

More specifically in relation to bioterror, there has been an amplification of threat perception
AND
state and capital relations that prop up this vague yet powerful threat discourse.

No extinction - history proves

Easterbrook ’3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, "We’re All Gonna Die21", Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set=)

3. Germ warfare21Like chemical agents, biological weapons have never lived up
AND
out humanity before, and it seems unlikely to happen in the future.

Their evidence is exaggerated

Leitenberg ’5 (Milton, Senior Research Scholar @ University of Maryland, "ASSESSING THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS AND BIOTERRORISM THREAT," December 2005) 

Framing "the threat" and setting the agenda of public perceptions and policy prescriptions
AND
the overwhelming proportion of its relevant resources to prepare for the wrong contingency. 

Trade

Zero risk of trade war- the concept isn’t real

Alden ’12 (Edward, Bernard L. Schwartz senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), specializing in U.S. economic competitiveness "What Exactly Is a "Trade War"? Time to Abolish a Silly Notion," http://blogs.cfr.org/renewing-america/2012/10/23/what-exactly-is-a-trade-war-time-to-abolish-a-silly-notion/, October 23, 2012)

I have a suggestion for everyone who writes about international trade: it is time
AND
just an unfavorable WTO decision with which a Romney administration would quickly comply.

Econ AT Royal

Royal is wrong – No rally-around-the-flat effect- political suicide for leaders

Boehmer ’2 (Charles Boehmer, Ph.D. in Political Science @ Penn. State University, Department of Political Science, Aassistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Texas at El Paso, "Domestic Crisis and Interstate Conflict: The Impact of Economic Crisis, Domestic Discord, and State Efficacy on the Decision to Initiate Interstate Conflict", http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/boehmer.html-http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/boehmer.html, March 24, 2002)

Many studies of diversionary conflict argue that lower rates of economic growth should heighten the
AND
foreign enemy).  Diversionary conflict would thus seem to be a risky gambit.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cornell WP | Judge: Devon Cooper

1NC

1NC

Silence on the human exploitative gaze towards non-humans ensures that anthropocentrism continues

Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 192)

We come to critical pedagogy with a background in environmental thought and education. Of
AND
, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1¶ p. 190-192

The topic is demonstrative of this – their attempt to bind the language of law with the language of war masks the species war at the foundation of the law of war. Their framing of what war is allows for all forms of suffering to continue

Kochi 9

"species war: law, violence, and animals", 353-359

In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors,
AND
-human animals well inside the framework of religious and moral legitimacy.12

Anthropocentrism sets up the binary to cause extinction

Trenell, 2006
~Paul, September, Department of International Politics, University of Wales, "The (Im)possibility of ’Environmental Security’"~

It is a relatively recent realisation that human activity over the past two centuries has
AND
only just undergoing its industrial revolution" (Brown: 1995: 7).
Before tracing the response to the emergence of environmental hazards it is necessary to say
AND
a sound basis for redressing the imbalance in the humanity-nature relationship. 

The Alternative is to reject the affirmative’s anthropocentrism.

Discursive criticism is necessary to challenge the framework of Anthropocentrism- the domination of the non-human world is maintained through discourse and communal meanings.

Turner 09
Summer 09 (Rita Turner UMBC: An Honors University in Maryland "The Discursive Construction of Anthropocentrism". Environmental Ethics; Summer2009, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p183-201, 19p. 2009 EBSCO http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=326hid=10626sid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr11026bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl~~23db=aph26AN=42988162~~23db=aph26AN=42988162-http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=326hid=10626sid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr11026bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl)

Our businesses, policies, and lifestyles cause unexamined consequences for other people and other
AND
the sort of ecological consciousness that will be essential for creating a sustainable future

Case

The plan’s legal solutions merely mask sovereign power and legitimatize exclusion

Kohn, 6 — University of Florida political science assistant professor
~Margaret, "Bare Life and the Limits of the Law," Theory 26 Event, 9:2, 2006, muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v009/9.2kohn.html, accessed 9-12-13, mss~

Giorgio Agamben is best known for his provocative suggestion that the concentration camp – the
AND
the law, in effect, both produces and legitimizes marginality and exclusion.

Due process rights claims are easily overridden and legitimate the biopolitical order

Parry, 5 — University of Pittsburgh law professor
~John, "’Society Must Be ~Regulated~’: Biopolitics and the Commerce Clause in Gonzales v. Raich," Lewis 26 Clark Law Review, Winter 2005, 9. Lewis 26 Clark L. Rev. 853, l/n, accessed 9-12-13, mss~ 

What, then, about individual rights-based resistance to biopolitics? For several
AND
for the very sovereign power from which they wanted to liberate themselves. n83

Aff’s definition of "person will be circumvented" –  the law is not enough – their Gregory evidence establishes that lawful solutions are embedded within Eurocentric power structures that only demand even more power, means the supreme court will redefine those detained to "enemy combatants" and get around it.

Legal restraints legitimizes violence and enables the state to move targets outside the zone of law- allows killing with impunity, turns the case because the policies that get modeled are worse than the squo only the alt can remedy

Pugliese, 13 — Macquarie University Cultural Studies professor
~Joseph, Macquarie University MMCCS (Media, Music, Communication and Cultural Studies) research director, State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitcal Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones, 3-15-13, ebook accessed via EBL on 8-30-13, mss~

In examining the violence of useless suffering in the context of the genocides of the
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) are already inside the US state (Immigration and Customs Enforcement prisons). 

Discursive archeology re-entrenches domination- empirics prove

Hernando ’13 ~Dr. Almudena Hernando Gonzalo, Associate Professor at the Department of Prehistory of the Complutense University of Madrid, her work focuses on archeological theory, "Change, individuality and reason, or how Archaeology has legitimized a patriarchal modernity," http://www.academia.edu/3984983/Change_individuality_and_reason_or_how_archaeology_has_legitimized_a_patriarchal_modernity._In_A._Gonzalez-Ruibal_ed._Reclaiming_Archaeology._Beyond_the_tropes_of_Modernity._Routledge_London_pp._155-67._2013-http://www.academia.edu/3984983/Change_individuality_and_reason_or_how_archaeology_has_legitimized_a_patriarchal_modernity._In_A._Gonzalez-Ruibal_ed._Reclaiming_Archaeology._Beyond_the_tropes_of_Modernity._Routledge_London_pp._155-67._2013~~

In terms of legitimation procedures, archaeology as a discourse was actually not much different
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;C. Gnecco and A. Haber, both in this volume).

Discursive archaeology fails- we’ll re-embrace old methods

Calvert-Minor ’10 ~Chris, PhD, Associate Professor of Philosophy¶ Department of Philosophy 26 Religious Studies¶ University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, "Archeology and Humanism: An Incongruent Foucault," June, http://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_7/calvert-minor_june2010.pdf-http://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_7/calvert-minor_june2010.pdf~~

To engage in the act of trying to imagine an unperceived object is ¶ already
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conclusions, his archaeological project is unstable and in need ¶ of revision. 

2NC

We control root cause – their impacts are just the extension of anthropocentric logic

Kochi, Queen’s University School of Law lecturer, and Ordan, linguist, 08 (Tarik and Noam, Borderlands Volume 7 Number 3, 2008, "An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,")

When taking a wider view of history, one which focuses on the relationship of
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, from killing to economic exploitation to abusing minorities, individually and collectively.

Anthro K link

Their calls for widespread change fall into the same logic of progress that has resulted in speciesist violence and the destruction of the environment

Kochi, Queen’s University School of Law lecturer, and Ordan, linguist, 08 (Tarik and Noam, Borderlands Volume 7 Number 3, 2008, "An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,")

In another sense the ethical demand to respond to historical and present environmental destruction runs
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only so long as it understands itself as a part of the latter.

2NC – Ethics Impact

All species have intrinsic value

Shepard 3
Florence Shepard. DEEP ECOLOGY FOR TIlE 21 ST CENTURY, 2003 ~h ttp :/lwww . newd imensions .org/on 1 ine-j ournal/artic les/deep-eco logyhtm 1~ 

The diverse voices of leading ecologists and activists inspire us to renew our efforts to
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the personal and local level as well as thoughtful involvement in global issues.

This means if we win a link, they lose - The debate is not a question of whether or not they benefit people – it’s about whether or not the 1AC violates the intrinsic value of human and non-human animals

Eric Katz, Director of Science, Technology, and Society Program at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, 1997
~Nature as Subject p. 9-10~

Utilitarianism might be salvaged for use in the environmental debate if it is stripped of
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a difficult undertaking, but it is the only choice open to preservationists. 

The permutation devolves into self-serving rationalizations—ethical compromises are unacceptable.

Lupisella 26 Logsdon 97
(Mark, masters degree in philosophy of science at university of Maryland and researcher working at the Goddard Space Flight Center, and John, Director, Space Policy Institute The George Washington University, Washington, "DO WE NEED A COSMOCENTRIC ETHIC?" http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.7502-http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.7502)

Steve Gillett has suggested a hybrid view combining homocentrism as applied to terrestrial activity combined
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of ad hoc rationalizations for merely expedient or self-serving actions."33

2NC – Alternative

Changing the way we conceive our relationship to nature is critical to revealing the social construction of bodies within discourses of oppression

Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 198-99)

So far, however, such queries in critical pedagogy have been limited by their
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1997; Robertson, 1994; Robottom, 1991; Stevenson, 1993).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas State KM | Judge: Jishnu Guha-Majumdar

Round 3 K State KM

1NC

1NC

====War powers policy analysis is plagued with flawed scholarship based on constructed threats to US national security – these threats reify the power of the executive while resulting in endless warfare – questioning the underlying assumptions of the knowledge presented in the 1AC is critical to creating a base for substantive political change====
Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~

Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept
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, we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched. 

====Economic security discourse attempts to violently re-order the world====
Mark Neocleous, Professor of Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University (UK), 2008 ("Critique of Security." Pg. 101-102. )
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
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only nestled, settled and established connections, but also ’secured’ everywhere. 

====Soft power is a euphemism for hegemonic coercion ====
Bilgin, 08 – Pinar Prof. of IR @ Bilkent, Berivan Elis, PhD Candidate in IR @ Ankara, ’8 ~Hard Power, Soft Power: Toward a More Realistic Power Analysis, http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~~pbilgin/Bilgin-Elis-IT-2008.pdf-http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~pbilgin/Bilgin-Elis-IT-2008.pdf~~
On another level, Nye’s (soft) power analysis is problematic insofar as his
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’real interests’ are shaped by other actors or by the existing structures.

====The mindset of endless threats is a self-fulfilling prophecy leading to the constant creation of more threats====
Lipschutz 1998
Ronnie, Director – Politics PhD Program, UC Santa Cruz, "On Security" p. 8

Security is, to put Wæver’s argument in other words, a socially constructed  concept
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fears onto the other; in this respect, their relationship is intersubjective. 

====Security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to power imbalances—-causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable—adopt the role of a critical intellectual to question the claims of the 1AC ====
Ahmed, ’11 ~2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development ~IPRD~, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, Taylor Francis~

This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the manner in which political actors construct discourses of ’scarcity’ in response to ecological, energy and economic crises ~critical security studies~ in the context of the historically-speci?c socio-political and geopolitical relations of domination by which their power is constituted, and which are often implicated in the acceleration of these very crises ~historical sociology and historical materialism~. Instead, both realist and liberal orthodox IR approaches focus on different aspects of interstate behaviour, con?ictual and cooperative respectively, but each lacks the capacity to grasp that the unsustainable trajectory of state and inter-state behaviour is only explicable in the context of a wider global system concurrently over-exploiting the biophysical environment in which it is embedded. They are, in other words, unable to addressthe relationship of the inter-state system itself to the biophysical environment as a key analytical category for understanding the acceleration of global crises. They simultaneously therefore cannot recognise the embeddedness of the economy in society and the concomitant politically-constituted nature of economics.84 Hence, they neglect the profound irrationality of collective state behaviour, which systematically erodes this relationship, globalising insecurity on a massive scale – in the very process of seeking security.85 In Cox’s words, because positivist IR theory ’does not question the present order ~it instead~ has the effect of legitimising and reifying it’. 86 Orthodox IR sanitises globally-destructive collective inter-state behaviour as a normal function of instrumental reason – thus rationalising what are clearly deeply irrational collective human actions that threaten to permanently erode state power and security by destroying the very conditions of human existence. Indeed, the prevalence of orthodox IR as a body of disciplinary beliefs, norms and prescriptions organically conjoined with actual policy-making in the international system highlights the extent to which both realism and liberalism are ideologically implicated in the acceleration of global systemic crises.87 By the same token, the incapacity to recognise and critically interrogate how prevailing social, political and economic structures are driving global crisis acceleration has led to the proliferation of symptom-led solutions focused on the expansion of state/regime military–political power rather than any attempt to transform root structural causes.88 It is in this context that, as the prospects for meaningful reform through inter-state cooperation appear increasingly nulli?ed under the pressure of actors with a vested interest in sustaining prevailing geopolitical and economic structures, states have resorted progressively more to militarised responses designed to protect the concurrent structure of the international system from dangerous new threats. In effect, the failure of orthodox approaches to accurately diagnose global crises, directly accentuates a tendency to ’securitise’them– and this, ironically, fuels the proliferation of violent con?ict and militarisation responsible for magni?ed global insecurity. ’Securitisation’ refers to a ’speech act’ – an act of labelling – whereby political authorities identify particular issues or incidents as an existential threat which, because of their extreme nature, justify going beyond the normal security measures that are within the rule of law. It thus legitimises resort to special extra-legal powers. By labelling issues a matter of ’security’, therefore, states are able to move them outside the remit of democratic decision-making and into the realm of emergency powers, all in the name of survival itself. Far from representing a mere aberration from democratic state practice, this discloses a deeper ’dual’ structure of the state in its institutionalisation of the capacity to mobilise extraordinary extra-legal military– police measures in purported response to an existential danger.89 The problem in the context of global ecological, economic and energy crises is that such levels of emergency mobilisation and militarisation have no positive impact on the very global crises generating ’new security challenges’, and are thus entirely disproportionate.90 All that remains to examine is on the ’surface’ of the international system ~geopolitical competition, the balance of power, international regimes, globalisation and so on~, phenomena which are dislocated from their structural causes by way of being unable to recognise the biophysically-embedded and politically-constituted social relations of which they are comprised. The consequence is that orthodox IR has no means of responding to global systemic crises other than to reduce them to their symptoms. Indeed, orthodox IR theory has largely responded to global systemic crises not with new theory, but with the expanded application of existing theory to ’new security challenges’ such as ’low-intensity’ intra-state con?icts; inequality and poverty; environmental degradation; international criminal activities including drugs and arms traf?cking; proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; and international terrorism.91 Although the majority of such ’new security challenges’ are non-military in origin – whether their referents are states or individuals – the inadequacy of systemic theoretical frameworks to diagnose them means they are primarily examined through the lenses of military-political power.92 In other words, the escalation of global ecological, energy and economic crises is recognised not as evidence that the current organisation of the global political economy is fundamentally unsustainable, requiring urgent transformation, but as vindicating the necessity for states to radicalise the exertion of their military–political capacities to maintain existing power structures, to keep the lid on.93 Global crises are thus viewed as amplifying factors that could mobilise the popular will in ways that challenge existing political and economic structures, which it is presumed ~given that state power itself is constituted by these structures~ deserve protection. This justi?es the state’s adoption of extra-legal measures outside the normal sphere of democratic politics. In the context of global crisis impacts, this counter-democratic trend-line can result in a growing propensity to problematise potentially recalcitrant populations – rationalising violence toward them as a control mechanism. 3.2 From theory to policy Consequently, for the most part, the policy implications of orthodox IR approaches involve a redundant conceptualisation of global systemic crises purely as potential ’threat-multipliers’ of traditional security issues such as ’political instability around the world, the collapse of governments and the creation of terrorist safe havens’. Climate change will serve to amplify the threat of international terrorism, particularly in regions with large populations and scarce resources.94 The US Army, for instance, depicts climate change as a ’stress-multiplier’ that will ’exacerbate tensions’ and ’complicate American foreign policy’; while the EU perceives it as a ’threat-multiplier which exacerbates existing trends, tensions and instability’. 95 In practice, this generates an excessive preoccupation not with the causes of global crisis acceleration and how to ameliorate them through structural transformation, but with their purportedly inevitable impacts, and how to prepare for them by controlling problematic populations. Paradoxically, this ’securitisation’ of global crises does not render us safer. Instead, by necessitating more violence, while inhibiting preventive action, it guarantees greater insecurity. Thus, a recent US Department of Defense report explores the future of international con?ict up to 2050. It warns of ’resource competition induced by growing populations and expanding economies’, particularly due to a projected ’youth bulge’ in the South, which ’will consume ever increasing amounts of food, water and energy’. This will prompt a ’return to traditional security threats posed by emerging near-peers as we compete globally for depleting natural resources and overseas markets’. Finally, climate change will ’compound’ these stressors by generating humanitarian crises, population migrations and other complex emergencies.96 A similar study by the US Joint Forces Command draws attention to the danger of global energy depletion through to 2030. Warning of ’the dangerous vulnerabilities the growing energy crisis presents’, the report concludes that ’The implications for future con?ict are ominous.’ 97 Once again, the subject turns to demographics: ’In total, the world will add approximately 60 million people each year and reach a total of 8 billion by the 2030s’, 95 per cent accruing to developing countries, while populations in developed countries slow or decline. ’Regions such as the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, where the youth bulge will reach over 50 of the population, will possess fewer inhibitions about engaging in con?ict.’ 98 The assumption is that regions which happen to be both energy-rich and Muslim-majority will also be sites of violent con?ict due to their rapidly growing populations. A British Ministry of Defence report concurs with this assessment, highlighting an inevitable ’youth bulge’ by 2035, with some 87 per cent of all people under the age of 25 inhabiting developing countries. In particular, the Middle East population will increase by 132 per cent and sub-Saharan Africa by 81 per cent. Growing resentment due to ’endemic unemployment’ will be channelled through ’political militancy, including radical political Islam whose concept of Umma, the global Islamic community, and resistance to capitalism may lie uneasily in an international system based on nation-states and global market forces’. More strangely, predicting an intensifying global divide between a super-rich elite, the middle classes and an urban under-class, the report warns: ’The world’s middle classes might unite, using access to knowledge, resources and skills to shape transnational processes in their own class interest.’ 99 3.3 Exclusionary logics of global crisis securitisation? Thus, the securitisation of global crisis leads not only to the problematisation of particular religious and ethnic groups in foreign regions of geopolitical interest, but potentially extends this problematisation to any social group which might challenge prevailing global political economic structures across racial, national and class lines. The previous examples illustrate how securitisation paradoxically generates insecurity by reifying a process of militarisation against social groups that are constructed as external to the prevailing geopolitical and economic order. In other words, the internal reductionism, fragmentation and compartmentalisation that plagues orthodox theory and policy reproduces precisely these characteristics by externalising global crises from one another, externalising states from one another, externalising the inter-state system from its biophysical environment, and externalising new social groups as dangerous ’outsiders’. Hence, a simple discursive analysis of state militarisation and the construction of new ’outsider’ identities is insuf?cient to understand the causal dynamics driving the process of ’Otherisation’. As Doug Stokes points out, the Western state preoccupation with the ongoing military struggle against international terrorism reveals an underlying ’discursive complex’, where representations about terrorism and non-Western populations are premised on ’the construction of stark boundaries’ that ’operate to exclude and include’. Yet these exclusionary discourses are ’intimately bound up with political and economic processes’, such as strategic interests in proliferating military bases in the Middle East, economic interests in control of oil, and the wider political goal of ’maintaining American hegemony’ by dominating a resource-rich region critical for global capitalism.100 But even this does not go far enough, for arguably the construction of certain hegemonic discourses is mutually constituted by these geopolitical, strategic and economic interests – exclusionary discourses are politically constituted. New conceptual developments in genocide studies throw further light on this in terms of the concrete socio-political dynamics of securitisation processes. It is now widely recognised, for instance, that the distinguishing criterion of genocide is not the pre-existence of primordial groups, one of which destroys the other on the basis of a preeminence in bureaucratic military–political power. Rather, genocide is the intentional attempt to destroy a particular social group that has been socially constructed as different. 101 As Hinton observes, genocides precisely constitute a process of’othering’in which an imagined community becomes reshaped so that previously ’included’ groups become ’ideologically recast’ and dehumanised as threatening and dangerous outsiders, be it along ethnic, religious, political or economic lines – eventually legitimising their annihilation.102 In other words, genocidal violence is inherently rooted in a prior and ongoing ideological process, whereby exclusionary group categories are innovated, constructed and ’Otherised’ in accordance with a speci?c socio-political programme. The very process of identifying and classifying particular groups as outside the boundaries of an imagined community of ’inclusion’, justifying exculpatory violence toward them, is itself a political act without which genocide would be impossible.103 This recalls Lemkin’s recognition that the intention to destroy a group is integrally connected with a wider socio-political project – or colonial project – designed to perpetuate the political, economic, cultural and ideological relations of the perpetrators in the place of that of the victims, by interrupting or eradicating their means of social reproduction. Only by interrogating the dynamic and origins of this programme to uncover the social relations from which that programme derives can the emergence of genocidal intent become explicable.104 Building on this insight, Semelin demonstrates that the process of exclusionary social group construction invariably derives from political processes emerging from deep-seated sociopolitical crises that undermine the prevailing framework of civil order and social norms; and which can, for one social group, be seemingly resolved by projecting anxieties onto a new ’outsider’ group deemed to be somehow responsible for crisis conditions. It is in this context that various forms of mass violence, which may or may not eventually culminate in actual genocide, can become legitimised as contributing to the resolution of crises.105 This does not imply that the securitisation of global crises by Western defence agencies is genocidal. Rather, the same essential dynamics of social polarisation and exclusionary group identity formation evident in genocides are highly relevant in understanding the radicalisation processes behind mass violence. This highlights the fundamental connection between social crisis, the breakdown of prevailing norms, the formation of new exclusionary group identities, and the projection of blame for crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence. Conclusions While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward a ’human security’ approach are valid, this cannot be achieved without confronting the deeper theoretical assumptions underlying conventional approaches to ’non-traditional’ security issues.106 By occluding the structural origin and systemic dynamic of global ecological, energy and economic crises, orthodox approaches are incapable of transforming them. Coupled with their excessive state-centrism, this means they operate largely at the level of ’surface’ impacts of global crises in terms of how they will affect quite traditional security issues relative to sustaining state integrity, such as international terrorism, violent con?ict and population movements. Global crises end up fuelling the projection of risk onto social networks, groups and countries that cross the geopolitical fault-lines of these ’surface’ impacts – which happen to intersect largely with Muslim communities. Hence, regions particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, containing large repositories of hydrocarbon energy resources, or subject to demographic transformations in the context of rising population pressures, have become the focus of state security planning in the context of counter-terrorism operations abroad. The intensifying problematisation and externalisation of Muslim-majority regions and populations by Western security agencies – as a discourse – is therefore not only interwoven with growing state perceptions of global crisis acceleration, but driven ultimately by an epistemological failure to interrogate the systemic causes of this acceleration in collective state policies ~which themselves occur in the context of particular social, political and economic structures~. This expansion of militarisation is thus coeval with the subliminal normative presumption that the social relations of the perpetrators, in this case Western states, must be protected and perpetuated at any cost – precisely because the ef?cacy of the prevailing geopolitical and economic order is ideologically beyond question. As much as this analysis highlights a direct link between global systemic crises, social polarisation and state militarisation, it fundamentally undermines the idea of a symbiotic link between natural resources and con?ict per se. Neither ’resource shortages’ nor ’resource abundance’ ~in ecological, energy, food and monetary terms~ necessitate con?ict by themselves. There are two key operative factors that determine whether either condition could lead to con- ?ict. The ?rst is the extent to which either condition can generate socio-political crises that challenge or undermine the prevailing order. The second is the way in which stakeholder actors choose to actually respond to the latter crises. To understand these factors accurately requires close attention to the political, economic and ideological strictures of resource exploitation, consumption and distribution between different social groups and classes. Overlooking the systematic causes of social crisis leads to a heightened tendency to problematise its symptoms, in the forms of challenges from particular social groups. This can lead to externalisation of those groups, and the legitimisation of violence towards them. Ultimately, this systems approach to global crises strongly suggests that conventional policy ’reform’ is woefully inadequate. Global warming and energy depletion are manifestations of a civilisation which is in overshoot. The current scale and organisation of human activities is breaching the limits of the wider environmental and natural resource systems in which industrial civilisation is embedded. This breach is now increasingly visible in the form of two interlinked crises in global food production and the global ?nancial system. In short, industrial civilisation in its current form is unsustainable. This calls for a process of wholesale civilisational transition to adapt to the inevitable arrival of the post-carbon era through social, political and economic transformation. Yet conventional theoretical and policy approaches fail to ~1~ fully engage with the gravity of research in the natural sciences and ~2~ translate the social science implications of this research in terms of the embeddedness of human social systems in natural systems. Hence, lacking capacity for epistemological self-re?ection and inhibiting the transformative responses urgently required, they reify and normalise mass violence against diverse ’Others’, newly constructed as traditional security threats enormously ampli?ed by global crises – a process that guarantees the intensi?cation and globalisation of insecurity on the road to ecological, energy and economic catastrophe. Such an outcome, of course, is not inevitable, but extensive new transdisciplinary research in IR and the wider social sciences – drawing on and integrating human and critical security studies, political ecology, historical sociology and historical materialism, while engaging directly with developments in the natural sciences – is urgently required to develop coherent conceptual frameworks which could inform more sober, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Retaliation

====No accidental launch====
Williscroft ’10 (Six patrols on the John Marshall as a Sonar Technician, and four on the Von Steuben as an officer – a total of twenty-two submerged months. Navigator and Ops Officer on Ortolan 26 Pigeon – Submarine Rescue 26 Saturation Diving ships. Watch and Diving Officer on Oceanographer and Surveyor. "Accidental Nuclear War" http://www.argee.net/Thrawn20Rickle/Thrawn20Rickle2032.htm, 2010)

Is there a realistic chance that we could have a nuclear war by accident?
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missile can be accidentally launched...ever...under any circumstances...period21

====Soft power is a gimmick- only based on GDP not credibility====
Doctorow ’13 (Gilbert Doctorow, Research Fellow of the American University in Moscow, "Soft power is largely an American PR gimmick", May 20, 2013)

The recent nose-thumbing at Russia and China by Professor Joseph Nye in Foreign
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in Great Post-Cold War American Thinkers on International Relations (2010)

Authority

====Their heg authors are ethnocentric – two reasons ====

====A- Heg causes more conflict than it solves- historical data proves====
Human Security Report ’10 ( Embargoed until 2 December 2010, 11:00am EST Human Security Report Project. Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 

As with other realist claims, there are reasons for skepticism about the peace through
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. Few countries have this capacity; major powers have it by definition. 

====B-Heg causes colonialist conflicts that turn any reason heg is good====
Human Security Report ’10 ( Embargoed until 2 December 2010, 11:00am EST Human Security Report Project. Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 

But there is a more serious challenge to the preponderance thesis. From the end
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explanations for the strategic successes of militarily weak insurgents in national liberation wars. 

====Maintaining hegemony accelerates paranoid imperial violence – their obsession manufactures threats and conceals the US’ role in enemy construction – the alternative makes visible power relationships that enable endless warfare ====
McClintock 9 (Anne, Simone de Beauvoir Professor of English and Women’s and Gender Studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, "Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib," Muse)  
By now it is fair to say that the United States has come to be
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unspeakable violence. For how else can we understand such debauches of cruelty? 

====Economic predictions impossible – small errors can wreck fore-casts ====
Kaul, 2011 – Writer for The Economic Times (Vivek, "The perils of prediction: Why do we believe in predictions even when they fail", http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-12/news/29880664_1_economists-predictions-oil-prices/2-http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-12/news/29880664_1_economists-predictions-oil-prices/2, accessed 7/19/12)BZ
The perils of prediction: Why do we believe in predictions even when they fail
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account a wide range of futures and pays off in any of them."

Security fears of disease cause emergency measures that are counterproductive at the domestic level and undermine critical international cooperation
- Enemark ’9 (Is Pandemic Flu a Security Threat? Author: Christian Enemark DOI: 10.1080/00396330902749798 Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: journal Survival, Volume 51, Issue 1 February 2009 , pages 191 - 214      

Most infectious diseases do not attract heightened political attention because their effects are mild,
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from the need for long-term international cooperation on resisting pandemic influenza. 

Technological solutions to global warming only ensure further environmental destruction and are destined to fail
Joronen, ’10 ~Mikko, Dept of Geography and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, U of Turku, The Age of Planetary Space: On Heidegger, Being, and Metaphysics of Globalization, pg 224-5~
Perhaps one of the most striking examples of the need for non-violent resistance
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a source of abyssal being, an earth-site for our dwelling.

2NC

Fiat is illusory- no coherent reason why simulating the case is good at best the judge too default to what he has control over- the discourse in this round.

The status quo disproves the effectiveness of procedural solutions focus – securitization results in a faith in experts centralizes political decision-making while excluding the public
Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/**~~**
Today politicians and legal scholars routinely invoke fears that the balance between liberty and security
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watch those branches delegate such power back to the very same executive bodies. 

Combinations of the alternative and the state result in the cooption of intellectuals into a political, interventionist sphere

BISWAS 07 (Shampa, Prof – Politics, Whitman, 2007 "Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist" Millennium 36 (1)

While it is no surprise that the US academy should find itself too at  that
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resonant in the  contemporary context preceding and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq.  

Especially in the context of the apocalypse

Masco 08 (Joseph, ""Survival Is Your Business": Engineering Ruins and Affect in Nuclear America" Cultural Anthropology, May 2008. Vol. 23, Issue 2)
Facing clear evidence of peril, we cannot wait for the final proof, the
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the nuclear state for three generations as part of its emotional management strategy.

 The Bush administration, in other words, mobilized a well-established logic
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the psychosocial space defined by the once and future promise of nuclear ruins.¶
 

Studies prove that the more specific forecasts are the less probable they are – causes flawed threat evaluation that results in serial policy failure

Yudkowsky ’6 Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence "Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks" Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks,  eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan CirkovicDraft of August 31, 2006. Eliezer Yudkowsky(yudkowsky@singinst.org)

The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent sets of professional analysts
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-response capabilities that could respond to any disaster. (Schneier 2005.)

That genocidal violence creates priming that psychologically structures escalation

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ’4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)  
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

1NR

The theory of deterrence is wrong- they ignore cognative bias and relative perspectives- empirical examples like Pearl Harbor prove miscalculation
Larkin ’11 (Colonel Sean P. Larkin, USAF, is Commander of the Global Threat Analysis Group, National Air and Space Intelligence Center, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, "The Limits of Tailored Deterrence", issue 63, 4th quarter 2011) 

Deterrence is back. Although the Cold War concept lost its centrality in security policy
AND
Egypt’s leaders reversed their estimate a few weeks later and chose war.67 

Economic crisis rhetoric causes a self-fulfilling prophecy – rhetoric and framing circumscribes the possibilities for political action

Hanan 10 (Joshua Stanley, PHD communication studies, professor of communication at Temple University ("Managing the Meltdown Rhetorically: Economic Imaginaries and the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008" dissertation The University of Texas at Austin)
"Economic crisis rhetoric" describes the art of mitigating or exacerbating crises in capitalism
AND
of this literature review is to substantiate the basis for making such claims.

The rhetoric of "soft power" is a discursive move to insulate US Hegemony from criticism and obfuscates the fact that the ontological impulse is fundamentally the same as neoconservative calls for global dominance
Sakellaropoulos and Soitris, ’8 ~Spyros, Ass’t Prof of Social Policy Panteion University, and Panagiotis, Department of Sociology, University of the Aegean 2008 Science 26 Society proquest~
American neoconservative thinkers have the virtue of not retorting to cosmopolitan rhetoric, when talking
AND
attack anyone ~even a present ally~ who opposes its dominant position.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dartmouth BP | Judge: Lindsay Van Luvanee

1NC

1NC

====War powers policy analysis is plagued with flawed scholarship based on constructed threats to US national security – these threats reify the power of the executive while resulting in endless warfare – questioning the underlying assumptions of the knowledge presented in the 1AC is critical to creating a base for substantive political change====
Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**

Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept
AND
, we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched. 

Describing Iran as a security threat crowds out discussions on root causes of conflict and cause self-fulfilling prophecies

Limbert 12 (John, "We Need to Talk to Iran, But How? Thirty-two years of sanctions and bluster haven’t worked. It’s time to try something different)
It was easy enough to miss amid all the chest-thumping, threats,
AND
have accomplished nothing. Both sides need to stop shouting and start listening.

====Security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to power imbalances—-causes cycles of violence that make extinction and war power abuses inevitable ====
Ahmed, ’11 ~2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development ~IPRD~, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, Taylor Francis~

This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the
AND
, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Reject the 1AC – focusing on knowledge production is critical to changing power relationships

Neocleous 08 (Mark Neocleous is a Professor of the Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University London, "Critique of Security", 2008, p. 160-86)

In a letter of 3 August 1931, written from his fascist prison cell,¶
AND
it requires us to be brave¶ enough to return the gift.’43

1NC

====Interpretation – ====

====Armed forces only includes United States troops – explicitly excludes weapons systems====
Lorber 13 (Eric, JD U of Penn Law School, Phd Duke U, Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol 15: 3 "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?")
As is evident from a textual analysis,177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
conceptualized "armed forces" to mean U.S. combat troops.

====- Hostilities require troops====
Mataconis 2011 ~Doug Mataconis June 15, 2011 "President Obama To Congress: War Powers Act Doesn’t Apply To Libya" http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/president-obama-to-congress-war-powers-act-doesnt-apply-to-libya/~~
The question then is whether United States military forces are still involved in "hostilities
AND
wants to insist that the operation can’t continue without affirmative authorization from Congress."

====Violation – the affirmative prevents the introduction of a type of weapon into the battlefield which doesn’t quality as armed forces or hostilities. ====

====Prefer our interp – limits outweigh they blow the lid off the resolution allowing hundreds of small weapons affs and affs that restrict parts of the nuclear triad. They crush negative ground by removing generic links to core topic DAs. The aff would always get more specific link turns to topic DAs and mechanism counter-plans. ====

Strikes

====No Iran Strikes – Washington pressure, public backlash====
Kershner ’13 ~ISABEL KERSHNER, "Israeli Official Hints Pentagon Plans May Make Lone Strike on Iran Unnecessary", New York Times, January 26, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/world/middleeast/defense-official-hints-that-israel-is-stepping-back-from-plans-to-unilaterally-attack-iran.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/world/middleeast/defense-official-hints-that-israel-is-stepping-back-from-plans-to-unilaterally-attack-iran.html, am~

Herbert Krosney, an American-Israeli analyst and the author of a book about
AND
, the prospect of an imminent unilateral Israeli strike receded in recent months.

====No Israeli attack- we cite research- just blustering====
Rubin ’12 (Barry Rubin, Professor at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, Israel, the Director of the Global Research and International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, and a Senior Fellow at the International Policy Institute for Counterterrorism, "Israel Isn’t Going to Attack Iran and Neither Will the United States." http://pjmedia.com/barryrubin/2012/01/26/israel-is-not-about-to-attack-iran-and-neither-is-the-united-states-get-used-to-it/-http://pjmedia.com/barryrubin/2012/01/26/israel-is-not-about-to-attack-iran-and-neither-is-the-united-states-get-used-to-it/, 2012)

The radio superhero The Shadow had the power to "cloud men’s minds." But
AND

Is Israel about to attack Iran? The answer is "no."

Prolif
No impact to Iran prolif – their ev is biased – rationality, nuclear deterrence and defense posture check escalation
Waltz 12 – Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University (Kenneth N., Jul/Aug, "Why Iran Should Get the Bomb," EBSCO)

UNFOUNDED FEARS One reason the danger of a nuclear Iran has been grossly exaggerated is
AND
nuclear. There is little reason to believe Iran would break this mold.

====No Middle East prolif ====
Miklos 3/3 (Timothy, 2nd year M.A. student at the Elliott School of International Affairs in Security Policy Studies with a focus on nuclear weapons. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Political Science from the University of Michigan. Prior to his undergraduate studies he served honorably in the United States Marine Corps for 8 years. He is fluent in Russian. "Iran Proliferation Triggering a Nuclear Domino Effect in the Middle East: An Unrealistic Scenario." International Affairs Review. http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/468-http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/468)

President Obama has stated that Iranian acquisition of a nuclear weapon will spark an arms
AND
is unjustified and not conducive to reaching an agreeable diplomatic settlement with Iran.

====Iran is restrained by new leaders- costly signals prove====
Walt 9-20-13 ~Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, where he served as academic dean from 2002-2006, previously taught at Princeton University and the University of Chicago, where he served as master of the social science collegiate division and deputy dean of social sciences, has been a resident associate of the Carnegie Endowment for Peace and a guest scholar at the Brookings Institution, and he has also been a consultant for the Institute of Defense Analyses, the Center for Naval Analyses, and Singapore’s S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, "Is the Iranian President Sincere in Wanting a Nuclear Deal?" http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/20/is_rouhani_sincere_iran_nuclear_deal~~

By all indications, Iran’s new president wants a deal with the United States on
AND
-line backlash in the event that their more conciliatory approach leads nowhere.

====Long timeframe and no iran prolif – no hard evidence of prolif, no capability, IAEA detection====
Colin H. Kahl 12, security studies prof at Georgetown, senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, was Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East, "Not Time to Attack Iran", January 17, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137031/colin-h-kahl/not-time-to-attack-iran?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137031/colin-h-kahl/not-time-to-attack-iran?page=show

Kroenig argues that there is an urgent need to attack Iran’s nuclear infrastructure soon,
AND
much more quickly or out of sight, which could be years off.

Proxy

====No proxy wars - leaders weak====
Cook ’7 (Steven, CFR senior fellow for Mid East Studies. BA in international studies from Vassar College, an MA in international relations from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, and both an MA and PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania, Ray Takeyh, CFR fellow, and Suzanne Maloney, Brookings fellow, Why the Iraq war won’t engulf the Mideast, http://www.iht.com/bin/print.php?id=6383265-http://www.iht.com/bin/print.php?id=6383265, June 28, 2007)

Underlying this anxiety was a scenario in which Iraq’s sectarian and ethnic violence spills over
AND
its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East. 

2NC

• • 
    The status quo disproves the effectiveness of procedural solutions focus – securitization results in a faith in experts centralizes political decision-making while excluding the public
    Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**
    Today politicians and legal scholars routinely invoke fears that the balance between liberty and security
    AND
    watch those branches delegate such power back to the very same executive bodies. 

Impact Calc/AT: Extinction Outweighs

That genocidal violence creates priming that psychologically structures escalation

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ’4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)  
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

—-Confronting the threat of iran strikes implicitly maintains sovereign violence. The plan displays American benevolence while reifying the state of exception that makes the extermination of populations possible.   
Dabashi 2007
Hamid, Thinking beyond the US invasion of Iran, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/831/focus.htm
More than being at war, what works best for the US/Israeli warlords
AND
its potential and actual evidence, that we must learn how to respond.

Cooption DA

Combinations of the alternative and the state result in the cooption of intellectuals into a political, interventionist sphere
BISWAS 07 (Shampa, Prof – Politics, Whitman, 2007 "Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist" Millennium 36 (1)

While it is no surprise that the US academy should find itself too at  that
AND
resonant in the  contemporary context preceding and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq.  

Nuclear fear is mobilized to preemptively intervene in countries – causes 1NC impacts and turns the case
Masco, ’8 (Joseph, ""Survival Is Your Business": Engineering Ruins and Affect in Nuclear America" Cultural Anthropology, May 2008. Vol. 23, Issue 2)
Facing clear evidence of peril, we cannot wait for the final proof, the
AND
the psychosocial space defined by the once and future promise of nuclear ruins.¶ 

Risk Calc Bad

Risk calculus causes endless threats

Bachrach 13 (Theodore Bachrach works for a non profit organization and has worked in the UK Parliament, International Security Observer, "The Rise of Risk in International Security Policy", http://securityobserver.org/the-rise-of-risk-in-international-security-policy/, April 24, 2013)

Risk is the defining feature of modern society. Citizens today are risk averse and
AND
established and managed in order for societies to convince themselves they are secure.

Threats are inflated and violence by the US is downplayed – history flows neg

Herman 03 ( Edward S. Herman is an economist, author, media analyst, and a regular contributor to Z since 1988. Z Magazine, "Threat Inflation Going after hapless countries", http://www.zcommunications.org/threat-inflation-going-after-hapless-countries-by-edward-herman.html, March 2003)

One of the most striking features of the working of the U.S.
AND
business constituency here and for Sharon’s accelerated ethnic cleansing and transfer in Palestine.
Studies prove that the more specific forecasts are the less probable they are – causes flawed threat evaluation that results in serial policy failure

Yudkowsky ’6 Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence "Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks" Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks,  eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan CirkovicDraft of August 31, 2006. Eliezer Yudkowsky(yudkowsky@singinst.org)

The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent sets of professional analysts
AND
-response capabilities that could respond to any disaster. (Schneier 2005.)

Epistemology focus is good

• • 1. All knowledge is socially conditioned
       John Agnew, Professor of Geography at UCLA, 2007, International Political Sociology, (2007) 1, p. 143

Various ’’social studies’’ of science take these insights down to the level of the
AND
enough, they can become guides to action that make their own reality.

AT: No Root Cause

Not responsive – we’ve not saying that energy production is the root cause of all impacts – we’re saying their knowledge production is circular and insolates a privileged view of policy making – their discourse becomes hegemonic and crowds out alternative viewpoints

Hegemonic forms of knowledge is the biggest internal link to global violence

Burke 7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse)
My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant’s moral demand for the eventual abolition
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

1NR

==K==

====Discourse first – speech acts that legitimize security create the only scenario for extinction====
John Collins, Ass. Prof. of Global Studies at St. Lawrence, and Ross Glover, Visiting Professor of Sociology at St. Lawrence University, 2002, Collateral Language, p. 6-7
The Real Effects of Language
As any university student knows, theories about the "social con¬struction" and social
AND
less likely to avert our mental gaze from the physical effects of violence.

==Strikes==

Discourse on Israeli strikes create a militarized atmosphere that prevent even the possibility of diplomacy

Parsi 9, Trita(Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies). "Netanyahu and Threat of Bombing Iran — The Bluff that Never Stops Giving?-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/trita-parsi/netanyahu-and-threat-of-b_b_183822.html" April 8 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/trita-parsi/netanyahu-and-threat-of-b_b_183822.html accessed August 24-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/trita-parsi/netanyahu-and-threat-of-b_b_183822.html accessed August 24, 2009.

Yet, the threat of military action, or rather the bluff, serves a
AND
the opposite — it fuels Iranian insecurity and closes the window for diplomacy. 

Racism DA

Policy regarding Iran and the middle east as threats is warped by securitization- ensures violence and stereotype replication.

Izadi ’7 (Foad Izadi 26 Hakimeh Saghaye-Biria, @ LSU Baton Rouge, ’7 ~Journal of Communication Inquiry 31.2, "A Discourse Analysis of Elite merican Newspaper Editorials," p. sage~

U.S. policy makers and strategists have repeatedly stressed Iran’s important geopolitical and
AND
, particularly the image of ’Arab terrorism’" (p. 214).

Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease – prerequisite to morality.
Memmi ’00 ~2000, Albert is a Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris, Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165~
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
.  True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible. 

Prolif

====Proliferation discourse relies on racist, ideological machinery that distorts effective nuclear policy and results in the purging of dangerous, otherness====
Gutterson, 99 ~Hugh - Anthopology prof at MIT, "Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination," Cultural Anthropology, 14.1~ p. 111-145
According to the literature on risk in anthropology, shared fears often re- veal
AND
ideology is also to be found in U.S. national security discourse

Proxy

====Their Orientalist security rhetoric constructs the Middle East according to US interests – causes conflict.====
Bilgin, ’4—assistant prof, IR, Bilkent U. PhD, IR, U Wales (Pinar, Whose ’Middle East’? Geopolitical Inventions and Practices of Security, http://www.arts.yorku.ca/politics/ncanefe/docs/readings20for20the20curious20mind/Pinar20Bilgin20on20Whose20Middle20East.pdf)
The significance of conceiving the relationship between regions and security as mutually constitutive becomes more
AND
in the ’Middle East’ as voiced by myriad non-state actors.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Juan Garcia-Lugo

1NC

Anthro

====The affirmative’s purposeful choice of silence on animals maintains the human exploitative gaze towards non-humans ensures that anthropocentrism continues – this is not a question of can they make a bind, but a question of starting points – the 1AC is a starting point that can’t be taken back.====
Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 192)

We come to critical pedagogy with a background in environmental thought and education. Of
AND
, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1¶ p. 190-192

====The topic is demonstrative of this – their attempt to bind the language of law with the language of war masks the species war at the foundation of the law of war. Their framing of what war is allows for all forms of suffering to continue====
Kochi 9
"species war: law, violence, and animals", 353-359

In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors,
AND
-human animals well inside the framework of religious and moral legitimacy.12

The political is already ceded—investigation of values offer the only hope for radical change in the face of environmental destruction.

====Best 4 ====
(Steven, professor of philosophy at Texas El Paso, "From Earth Day to Ecological Society" http://www.drstevebest.org/Essays/FromEarthDay.htm, date accessed: 7/27/11 

Homo sapiens have embarked on an insane, destructive, and unsustainable path of existence
AND
par excellence — not "nature’s favorite" but rather nature’s bete noir. 

The proclaims benefits of civil society operation under the ideology of alternative hedonism- the current existence of niche cultures disprove the ability to produce large scale structural changes needed.
Bluhdorn 7/11
~Ingofur, Associate Professor in Politics / Political Sociology at the Department of European Studies at the University of Bath, UK http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2011-07-11-bluhdorn-en.html-http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2011-07-11-bluhdorn-en.html, "The Sustainability of Democracy: On limits to growth, the post-democratic turn and reactionary democrats" 2011~

Yet, for all their undeniable achievements, techno-managerial policy approaches have so
AND
? More broadly, how are the conditions of contemporary modernity reconfiguring democracy?

====Anthropocentrism sets up the binary to cause extinction====

====Trenell, 2006 ====
~Paul, September, Department of International Politics, University of Wales, "The (Im)possibility of ’Environmental Security’"~

It is a relatively recent realisation that human activity over the past two centuries has
AND
only just undergoing its industrial revolution" (Brown: 1995: 7).
Before tracing the response to the emergence of environmental hazards it is necessary to say
AND
abuse of planetary resources with such disregard for the long-term implications.

 What is at stake in how we respond to environmental insecurity is the healing of this rift and, in turn, the preservation of human life into the future. Any suggested solutions to environmental vulnerability must account for these concerns and provide a sound basis for redressing the imbalance in the humanity-nature relationship. 

====The Alternative is to reject the 1AC.====

====Discursive criticism is necessary to challenge the framework of Anthropocentrism- the domination of the non-human world is maintained through discourse and communal meanings. ====
Turner 09
Summer 09 (Rita Turner UMBC: An Honors University in Maryland "The Discursive Construction of Anthropocentrism". Environmental Ethics; Summer2009, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p183-201, 19p. 2009 EBSCO http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=326hid=10626sid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr11026bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl~~23db=aph26AN=42988162~~23db=aph26AN=42988162-http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=326hid=10626sid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr11026bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl)

Our businesses, policies, and lifestyles cause unexamined consequences for other people and other
AND
the sort of ecological consciousness that will be essential for creating a sustainable future

Case

====The executive will circumvent court restrictions.====
Thrower 12 (Sharece, Department of Politics @ Princeton University, "The President , the Court, and Policy Implementation," http://www.princeton.edu/~~sthrower/The20President,20the20Court,20and20Policy20Implementation.pdf-http://www.princeton.edu/~sthrower/The President, the Court, and Policy Implementation.pdf)
Based on the assumptions that executive orders are difficult to challenge in court and  that  
AND
situations where the court is  likely to be more hostile towards  agency actions.

====Their act of imagination is useless – they have zero concrete argument for how normative thought is connected to actual law====
SCHLAG IN 1991 (PIERRE, COLORADO LAW PROF. 139 U. PA. L. REV.801, APRIL)
One of the consequences of the unquestioned dominance of normative legal thought in the academy
AND
seriously questioned, is how normative legal thought expects to realize these ambitions.
That this question should arise only now is unsurprising.  For most of the history
AND
displace onto the judiciary their own idealized self-images as legal thinkers.

====Legal solutions merely mask sovereign power and legitimatize exclusion.====
Kohn, 6 — University of Florida political science assistant professor
~Margaret, "Bare Life and the Limits of the Law," Theory 26 Event, 9:2, 2006, muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v009/9.2kohn.html, accessed 9-12-13, mss~

Giorgio Agamben is best known for his provocative suggestion that the concentration camp – the
AND
the law, in effect, both produces and legitimizes marginality and exclusion.

====The belief that 9/11 ushered in a "new era" carries with it a host of dangerous assumptions—it legitimates the war on terror and the very civil liberties abuses that the aff indicts====
CAROLINE KENNEDY-PIPE AND NICHOLAS RENGGER, 2006  ("Apocalypse now? Continuities or
disjunctions in world politics after 9/11" International Affairs, vol. 82, 3, accessed via EBSCO)
It is now a commonplace of political reflection that the attacks on New York and
AND
and the introduction of new legislation which might limit many traditional civil liberties.

====Hailings of 9/11 are co-opted by conservatives to justify war and imperialism:  We should reject appeals to the rhetorical tool of 9/11:====
Kalie Gold, 2007 (http://www.watsonblogs.org/matrix/2007/09/from_kalie_gold_should_we_forg.html)**
Should we forget 9/11? My name is Kalie, I am a
AND
, and what has happened since, would be a disservice to history.

====The so called post 9/11 era is merely a fiction—belief in it leads to the manipulation of rhetoric and a time period infected with fear:====
University of Leicester, 9/14/2009 ("9/11 has led to a rhetoric - ’Infected with fear’"
http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=6096926CultureCode=en-http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=6096926CultureCode=en**
Eight years on from the 9/11 terrorist attacks, new research from the
AND
, continue to challenge perceptions and provoke new discussion, eight years on.
 

2NC

Changing the way we conceive our relationship to nature is critical to revealing the social construction of bodies within discourses of oppression

Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 198-99)

So far, however, such queries in critical pedagogy have been limited by their
AND
1997; Robertson, 1994; Robottom, 1991; Stevenson, 1993).
All species have intrinsic value

Shepard 3
Florence Shepard. DEEP ECOLOGY FOR TIlE 21 ST CENTURY, 2003 ~h ttp :/lwww . newd imensions .org/on 1 ine-j ournal/artic les/deep-eco logyhtm 1~ 

The diverse voices of leading ecologists and activists inspire us to renew our efforts to
AND
the personal and local level as well as thoughtful involvement in global issues.

This means if we win a link, they lose - The debate is not a question of whether or not they benefit people – it’s about whether or not the 1AC violates the intrinsic value of human and non-human animals

Eric Katz, Director of Science, Technology, and Society Program at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, 1997
~Nature as Subject p. 9-10~

Utilitarianism might be salvaged for use in the environmental debate if it is stripped of
AND
a difficult undertaking, but it is the only choice open to preservationists. 

We control root cause – their impacts are just the extension of anthropocentric logic

Kochi, Queen’s University School of Law lecturer, and Ordan, linguist, 08 (Tarik and Noam, Borderlands Volume 7 Number 3, 2008, "An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,")

When taking a wider view of history, one which focuses on the relationship of
AND
, from killing to economic exploitation to abusing minorities, individually and collectively.

This is an independent link – human superiority is socially constructed and not factually accurate – viewing every being as significant allows for a radical change in the way we give meaning to the world

Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 195-97)

The human/nature dichotomy is not a frame of reference common to all cultures
AND
plays an important role in defining our world and giving meaning to it.

AT- Disease Turns

Should not use animals for research — testing on humans solves disease better, and is no more morally reprehensible

Godel 97
~Kelly Godel, writer for the Animal Liberation Front, 1997 ~The evasive tactics and deceptive arguments of animal research proponents.
http://~’w-http://’w/ ww.animalliberationfront.com/Saints/Stories/how to vivisect vivisectors.htrnJ ~

"Anthropocentric Myopia." That is, the glycol and practical arguments they use in
AND
. This betrays their argument that medical research is of the utmost importance.

1NR

====Outweighs the case – Continued militarism guarantees global destruction.====
Kevin Clements, President of the International Peace Research Association, Director of the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution at George Mason, April 3, 1996, Toda Institute Seminar, "The Future of Peace and Conflict Studies," http://www.toda.org/Default.aspx?PageID=39
What I am suggesting by all of this is that peace and conflict studies in
AND
no military utility and are increasingly seen as a political liability as well.

====(—) Military interventions turns the case—it feeds a crisis mentality that prevents solutions to underlying rights violations:====
Karen Engle, 2007 (Professor in Law @ University of Texas).   ""Calling in the Troops": The Uneasy Relationship Among Women’s Rights, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Intervention."  Harvard Human Rights Journal, Spring 2007.  Accessed Sept. 9, 2010, Lexis Academic Universe
I am critical of this emerging consensus because I am uneasy with the idea that
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has condoned, if not facilitated, such crisis-generating interventions. n3

Our criticism comes before the aff – it doesn’t matter if you’re critiquing the response to the event if you aren’t attentive to the naming of it
Derrida 2003 interviewed in Philosophy in a time of terror by Giovanna Borradori – Online excerpt http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html

I believe always in the necessity of being attentive first of all to this phenomenon
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September 11, September 11, le 11 septembre, 9/11."
The naming of 9/11 is a dangerous act – it presupposes a supposedly universal calendar – the affirmative’s repetition is an attempt at neutralizing and distancing ourselves from the text of that day – turns case by making us powerless to get beyond the significance of the date.
Derrida 2003 interviewed in Philosophy in a time of terror by Giovanna Borradori – Online excerpt http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html
Derrida: Le 11 septembre, as you say, or, since we have
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to qualify, that we do not know what we are talking about.
This is the first, indisputable effect of what occurred (whether it was calculated
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for the moment we are simply preparing ourselves to say something about it.

Memories of 9/11 perpetuate further violence—we shouldn’t use this as a benchmark reference point—

Marta da Silva, September 18, 2007(http://www.watsonblogs.org/matrix/2007/09/how_do_we_get_past_911_should.html)
  How do we get past 911? Should we forget 911?
Upon receiving this assignment and processing this question, I reasoned that the dilemma in dealing with the tragic events of 911 is an issue of the perception and obligation of commemoration. People need to (yet often do not) separate living in the past and learning from the past. Instead of moving forward in aims of peace, memories of violence and the perception of the events on 911 perpetuate further violence; in a primitive sense, the reaction is comparable to schoolyard, or playground revenge. Violence becomes synonymous with action and justified as such, upholding a sense of duty to remember and fight for the victims of the terrorist attacks. An article from the New York Times on September 11th illustrated the prevailing question of "whether the war in Iraq has made the United States safer or more vulnerable to terrorists." I would even argue that another question prevails: whether the war in Iraq has made the United States more similar to the terrorists. There is a disturbing video online (http://www.current.tv/pods/controversy/PD04399) that demonstrates a torture technique called "water-boarding," which is one of the methods used against terrorist suspects. The video at one point states that the aim is for torture to prevent terrorism. Which is worse? Does putting a government label on these methods of violence make them logical or acceptable? Does not this method of resolution simply perpetuate the problem? Likewise, are we better off constantly using 911 as our benchmark reference point, or should we move on? Illustrated by the reading from Theories of International Relations, analyses such as that of Maja Zehfuss contend that the "White House has exploited the memory of ’September 11’ to justify the curtailment of civil liberties at home, and an aggressive military response abroad," (167). The politics of memory, as argued by postmodernists, has become a powerful tool in policy decision-making. People must be aware of policy actions and their affiliated interpretations; we must differentiate between honoring the victims and creating some semblance of peace in their memory. A time must come when we can remember and honor the tragedies of 911 without relying on that memory to justify current policies of vengeance and violence. We must commemorate the victims without becoming blinded by the remorse.

Their AFF justifies continued over-reactions to 9-11—9/11 has justified a vast military and intelligence build-up that crushes individual freedoms while expanding the state

Fareed Zakaria, 2010 (http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/04/zakaria-why-america-overreacted-to-9-11.html What America Has Lost)
The error this time is more damaging. September 11 was a shock to the
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plot was foiled only by the bomber’s own incompetence and some alert passengers.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Louisville BL | Judge: Amber Kelsie

1NC

Starting at 6:12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EFnfairLes-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EFnfairLes**

====Their psychoanalytic paradigm traps us in tautology.  As the analyst of our society, the aff positions themselves beyond question—any disagreement is interpreted as "resistance" to the correct diagnosis of the social-analysand.  The relationship between analyst and analyzed remains trap in a cycle of domination masquerading as criticism.====
Brickman ’3 ~Celia (Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago, PhD in Religion and the Human Sciences at the University of Chicago); Aboriginal Populations in the Mind: Race and Primitivity in Psychoanalysis; Columbia University Press; New York; p. 192-3 nick~

This adversarial configuration of the analytic relationship arises out of Freud’s understanding of the transference
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as primitive—the locating of a subject in a position of subordination.

====Silence on the human exploitative gaze towards non-human animals ensures that anthropocentrism continues====
Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 192)

We come to critical pedagogy with a background in environmental thought and education. Of
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, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1¶ p. 190-192

====Discursive criticism is necessary to challenge the framework of Anthropocentrism- the domination of the non-human world is maintained through discourse and communal meanings. ====

====Turner 09====
Summer 09 (Rita Turner UMBC: An Honors University in Maryland "The Discursive Construction of Anthropocentrism". Environmental Ethics; Summer2009, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p183-201, 19p. 2009 EBSCO http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=326hid=10626sid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr11026bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl~~23db=aph26AN=42988162~~23db=aph26AN=42988162-http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=326hid=10626sid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr11026bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl)

Our businesses, policies, and lifestyles cause unexamined consequences for other people and other
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the sort of ecological consciousness that will be essential for creating a sustainable future

====The 1ac’s rhetoric about the yellow body being close to the privileged whites is problematic and recreates the myth of the model minority – this form of discrimination justifies oppression against black bodies and latino bodies such as myself.====
Asian-Americans have become the DARLINGS of the right as the MODEL-MINORITY
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in the averaging as SOUTH EAST ASIANS are lumped into the category of ASIAN
Thrupkaew ’02 THRUPKAEW Prospect Senior Correspondent 2k2 Noy-; The Myth of the Model Minority; THE AMERICAN PROSPECT; April 7; http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority-http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority
The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so
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, so people don’t know the specific needs and contributions of our communities." 

2NC

There has been a long history of oppression against animals that they refused to acknowledge in the 1ac

Best 08

~Dr. Steve Best, "Evolve or Die: Can we shed our moral primitivism before it’s too late?" World Prout Assembley- http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2008/05/evolve_or_die_c.html~~
People often say that animals are "the new slaves". No, they were
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of the twenty-first century is the problem of the species line.

Their attempt to bind the language of law with the language of war masks the species war at the foundation of the law of war. Their framing of what war is allows for all forms of suffering to continue

Kochi 9

"species war: law, violence, and animals", 353-359

In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors,
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-human animals well inside the framework of religious and moral legitimacy.12

====We must contest whiteness as mutliple whitenesses – they cannot be made singular, because that act fixes and reifies monolithic whiteness.  only pluralizing the construction recognizing both their multiple points of intersection with identity and, more importantly, their constructed and historical nature.====
Manson 4 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5859/1/Manson_Richard.pdf-http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5859/1/Manson_Richard.pdf "White Men Write Now: Deconstructed and Reconstructed Borders of Identity in Contemporary American Literature byWhite Men" Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dissertation, LMU Munich
 However, there is no sense of the constant change and redefinition of the
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of whitenesses in mind. Whiteness is not a single system of practices. 

1NR

====The position of an analyst is a position of privilege – psychoanalytic critiques are derived from a racially silent epistemology – race as a structurally contingent concept means the alt can’t solve the case.====
Young, ’87 ~Young, R. M., Robert Maxwell Young, usually
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Structures and Strategies. Sage, 1992, pp. 303-19.~

Here is Anthias’ summary. It is terminologically dense but provides a useful reminder of
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I want to make a noise about this silence. It’s not acceptable.

====Those being analyzed are treating as raw material.  The alt replaces material exploitation with psychic exploitation.====
Brickman ’3 ~Celia (Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago, PhD in Religion and the Human Sciences at the University of Chicago); Aboriginal Populations in the Mind: Race and Primitivity in Psychoanalysis; Columbia University Press; New York; p. 201-2 nick~

The authority of early anthropologists and psychoanalysis alike had been bolstered by the attempts of
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material, rather than part of the final product, of the investigation.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Texas ST | Judge: John Cook

1NC

Security

War powers policy analysis is plagued with flawed scholarship based on constructed threats to US national security – these threats reify the power of the executive while resulting in endless warfare – questioning the underlying assumptions of the knowledge presented in the 1AC is critical to creating a base for substantive political change

Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; and#34;Who Decides on Security?and#34;; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~

Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept
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, we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched. 

The mindset of endless threats is a self-fulfilling prophecy leading to the constant creation of more threats

Lipschutz 1998
Ronnie, Director – Politics PhD Program, UC Santa Cruz, and#34;On Securityand#34; p. 8

Security is, to put Wæver’s argument in other words, a socially constructed  concept
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fears onto the other; in this respect, their relationship is intersubjective. 

Security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to power imbalances—-causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable—adopt the role of a critical intellectual to question the claims of the 1AC

Ahmed, ’11 ~2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development ~IPRD~, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex and#34;The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of societyand#34; Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, Taylor Francis~

This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the manner in which political actors construct discourses of ’scarcity’ in response to ecological, energy and economic crises ~critical security studies~ in the context of the historically-speci?c socio-political and geopolitical relations of domination by which their power is constituted, and which are often implicated in the acceleration of these very crises ~historical sociology and historical materialism~. Instead, both realist and liberal orthodox IR approaches focus on different aspects of interstate behaviour, con?ictual and cooperative respectively, but each lacks the capacity to grasp that the unsustainable trajectory of state and inter-state behaviour is only explicable in the context of a wider global system concurrently over-exploiting the biophysical environment in which it is embedded. They are, in other words, unable to addressthe relationship of the inter-state system itself to the biophysical environment as a key analytical category for understanding the acceleration of global crises. They simultaneously therefore cannot recognise the embeddedness of the economy in society and the concomitant politically-constituted nature of economics.84 Hence, they neglect the profound irrationality of collective state behaviour, which systematically erodes this relationship, globalising insecurity on a massive scale – in the very process of seeking security.85 In Cox’s words, because positivist IR theory ’does not question the present order ~it instead~ has the effect of legitimising and reifying it’. 86 Orthodox IR sanitises globally-destructive collective inter-state behaviour as a normal function of instrumental reason – thus rationalising what are clearly deeply irrational collective human actions that threaten to permanently erode state power and security by destroying the very conditions of human existence. Indeed, the prevalence of orthodox IR as a body of disciplinary beliefs, norms and prescriptions organically conjoined with actual policy-making in the international system highlights the extent to which both realism and liberalism are ideologically implicated in the acceleration of global systemic crises.87 By the same token, the incapacity to recognise and critically interrogate how prevailing social, political and economic structures are driving global crisis acceleration has led to the proliferation of symptom-led solutions focused on the expansion of state/regime military–political power rather than any attempt to transform root structural causes.88 It is in this context that, as the prospects for meaningful reform through inter-state cooperation appear increasingly nulli?ed under the pressure of actors with a vested interest in sustaining prevailing geopolitical and economic structures, states have resorted progressively more to militarised responses designed to protect the concurrent structure of the international system from dangerous new threats. In effect, the failure of orthodox approaches to accurately diagnose global crises, directly accentuates a tendency to ’securitise’them– and this, ironically, fuels the proliferation of violent con?ict and militarisation responsible for magni?ed global insecurity. ’Securitisation’ refers to a ’speech act’ – an act of labelling – whereby political authorities identify particular issues or incidents as an existential threat which, because of their extreme nature, justify going beyond the normal security measures that are within the rule of law. It thus legitimises resort to special extra-legal powers. By labelling issues a matter of ’security’, therefore, states are able to move them outside the remit of democratic decision-making and into the realm of emergency powers, all in the name of survival itself. Far from representing a mere aberration from democratic state practice, this discloses a deeper ’dual’ structure of the state in its institutionalisation of the capacity to mobilise extraordinary extra-legal military– police measures in purported response to an existential danger.89 The problem in the context of global ecological, economic and energy crises is that such levels of emergency mobilisation and militarisation have no positive impact on the very global crises generating ’new security challenges’, and are thus entirely disproportionate.90 All that remains to examine is on the ’surface’ of the international system ~geopolitical competition, the balance of power, international regimes, globalisation and so on~, phenomena which are dislocated from their structural causes by way of being unable to recognise the biophysically-embedded and politically-constituted social relations of which they are comprised. The consequence is that orthodox IR has no means of responding to global systemic crises other than to reduce them to their symptoms. Indeed, orthodox IR theory has largely responded to global systemic crises not with new theory, but with the expanded application of existing theory to ’new security challenges’ such as ’low-intensity’ intra-state con?icts; inequality and poverty; environmental degradation; international criminal activities including drugs and arms traf?cking; proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; and international terrorism.91 Although the majority of such ’new security challenges’ are non-military in origin – whether their referents are states or individuals – the inadequacy of systemic theoretical frameworks to diagnose them means they are primarily examined through the lenses of military-political power.92 In other words, the escalation of global ecological, energy and economic crises is recognised not as evidence that the current organisation of the global political economy is fundamentally unsustainable, requiring urgent transformation, but as vindicating the necessity for states to radicalise the exertion of their military–political capacities to maintain existing power structures, to keep the lid on.93 Global crises are thus viewed as amplifying factors that could mobilise the popular will in ways that challenge existing political and economic structures, which it is presumed ~given that state power itself is constituted by these structures~ deserve protection. This justi?es the state’s adoption of extra-legal measures outside the normal sphere of democratic politics. In the context of global crisis impacts, this counter-democratic trend-line can result in a growing propensity to problematise potentially recalcitrant populations – rationalising violence toward them as a control mechanism. 3.2 From theory to policy Consequently, for the most part, the policy implications of orthodox IR approaches involve a redundant conceptualisation of global systemic crises purely as potential ’threat-multipliers’ of traditional security issues such as ’political instability around the world, the collapse of governments and the creation of terrorist safe havens’. Climate change will serve to amplify the threat of international terrorism, particularly in regions with large populations and scarce resources.94 The US Army, for instance, depicts climate change as a ’stress-multiplier’ that will ’exacerbate tensions’ and ’complicate American foreign policy’; while the EU perceives it as a ’threat-multiplier which exacerbates existing trends, tensions and instability’. 95 In practice, this generates an excessive preoccupation not with the causes of global crisis acceleration and how to ameliorate them through structural transformation, but with their purportedly inevitable impacts, and how to prepare for them by controlling problematic populations. Paradoxically, this ’securitisation’ of global crises does not render us safer. Instead, by necessitating more violence, while inhibiting preventive action, it guarantees greater insecurity. Thus, a recent US Department of Defense report explores the future of international con?ict up to 2050. It warns of ’resource competition induced by growing populations and expanding economies’, particularly due to a projected ’youth bulge’ in the South, which ’will consume ever increasing amounts of food, water and energy’. This will prompt a ’return to traditional security threats posed by emerging near-peers as we compete globally for depleting natural resources and overseas markets’. Finally, climate change will ’compound’ these stressors by generating humanitarian crises, population migrations and other complex emergencies.96 A similar study by the US Joint Forces Command draws attention to the danger of global energy depletion through to 2030. Warning of ’the dangerous vulnerabilities the growing energy crisis presents’, the report concludes that ’The implications for future con?ict are ominous.’ 97 Once again, the subject turns to demographics: ’In total, the world will add approximately 60 million people each year and reach a total of 8 billion by the 2030s’, 95 per cent accruing to developing countries, while populations in developed countries slow or decline. ’Regions such as the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, where the youth bulge will reach over 50 of the population, will possess fewer inhibitions about engaging in con?ict.’ 98 The assumption is that regions which happen to be both energy-rich and Muslim-majority will also be sites of violent con?ict due to their rapidly growing populations. A British Ministry of Defence report concurs with this assessment, highlighting an inevitable ’youth bulge’ by 2035, with some 87 per cent of all people under the age of 25 inhabiting developing countries. In particular, the Middle East population will increase by 132 per cent and sub-Saharan Africa by 81 per cent. Growing resentment due to ’endemic unemployment’ will be channelled through ’political militancy, including radical political Islam whose concept of Umma, the global Islamic community, and resistance to capitalism may lie uneasily in an international system based on nation-states and global market forces’. More strangely, predicting an intensifying global divide between a super-rich elite, the middle classes and an urban under-class, the report warns: ’The world’s middle classes might unite, using access to knowledge, resources and skills to shape transnational processes in their own class interest.’ 99 3.3 Exclusionary logics of global crisis securitisation? Thus, the securitisation of global crisis leads not only to the problematisation of particular religious and ethnic groups in foreign regions of geopolitical interest, but potentially extends this problematisation to any social group which might challenge prevailing global political economic structures across racial, national and class lines. The previous examples illustrate how securitisation paradoxically generates insecurity by reifying a process of militarisation against social groups that are constructed as external to the prevailing geopolitical and economic order. In other words, the internal reductionism, fragmentation and compartmentalisation that plagues orthodox theory and policy reproduces precisely these characteristics by externalising global crises from one another, externalising states from one another, externalising the inter-state system from its biophysical environment, and externalising new social groups as dangerous ’outsiders’. Hence, a simple discursive analysis of state militarisation and the construction of new ’outsider’ identities is insuf?cient to understand the causal dynamics driving the process of ’Otherisation’. As Doug Stokes points out, the Western state preoccupation with the ongoing military struggle against international terrorism reveals an underlying ’discursive complex’, where representations about terrorism and non-Western populations are premised on ’the construction of stark boundaries’ that ’operate to exclude and include’. Yet these exclusionary discourses are ’intimately bound up with political and economic processes’, such as strategic interests in proliferating military bases in the Middle East, economic interests in control of oil, and the wider political goal of ’maintaining American hegemony’ by dominating a resource-rich region critical for global capitalism.100 But even this does not go far enough, for arguably the construction of certain hegemonic discourses is mutually constituted by these geopolitical, strategic and economic interests – exclusionary discourses are politically constituted. New conceptual developments in genocide studies throw further light on this in terms of the concrete socio-political dynamics of securitisation processes. It is now widely recognised, for instance, that the distinguishing criterion of genocide is not the pre-existence of primordial groups, one of which destroys the other on the basis of a preeminence in bureaucratic military–political power. Rather, genocide is the intentional attempt to destroy a particular social group that has been socially constructed as different. 101 As Hinton observes, genocides precisely constitute a process of’othering’in which an imagined community becomes reshaped so that previously ’included’ groups become ’ideologically recast’ and dehumanised as threatening and dangerous outsiders, be it along ethnic, religious, political or economic lines – eventually legitimising their annihilation.102 In other words, genocidal violence is inherently rooted in a prior and ongoing ideological process, whereby exclusionary group categories are innovated, constructed and ’Otherised’ in accordance with a speci?c socio-political programme. The very process of identifying and classifying particular groups as outside the boundaries of an imagined community of ’inclusion’, justifying exculpatory violence toward them, is itself a political act without which genocide would be impossible.103 This recalls Lemkin’s recognition that the intention to destroy a group is integrally connected with a wider socio-political project – or colonial project – designed to perpetuate the political, economic, cultural and ideological relations of the perpetrators in the place of that of the victims, by interrupting or eradicating their means of social reproduction. Only by interrogating the dynamic and origins of this programme to uncover the social relations from which that programme derives can the emergence of genocidal intent become explicable.104 Building on this insight, Semelin demonstrates that the process of exclusionary social group construction invariably derives from political processes emerging from deep-seated sociopolitical crises that undermine the prevailing framework of civil order and social norms; and which can, for one social group, be seemingly resolved by projecting anxieties onto a new ’outsider’ group deemed to be somehow responsible for crisis conditions. It is in this context that various forms of mass violence, which may or may not eventually culminate in actual genocide, can become legitimised as contributing to the resolution of crises.105 This does not imply that the securitisation of global crises by Western defence agencies is genocidal. Rather, the same essential dynamics of social polarisation and exclusionary group identity formation evident in genocides are highly relevant in understanding the radicalisation processes behind mass violence. This highlights the fundamental connection between social crisis, the breakdown of prevailing norms, the formation of new exclusionary group identities, and the projection of blame for crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence. Conclusions While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward a ’human security’ approach are valid, this cannot be achieved without confronting the deeper theoretical assumptions underlying conventional approaches to ’non-traditional’ security issues.106 By occluding the structural origin and systemic dynamic of global ecological, energy and economic crises, orthodox approaches are incapable of transforming them. Coupled with their excessive state-centrism, this means they operate largely at the level of ’surface’ impacts of global crises in terms of how they will affect quite traditional security issues relative to sustaining state integrity, such as international terrorism, violent con?ict and population movements. Global crises end up fuelling the projection of risk onto social networks, groups and countries that cross the geopolitical fault-lines of these ’surface’ impacts – which happen to intersect largely with Muslim communities. Hence, regions particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, containing large repositories of hydrocarbon energy resources, or subject to demographic transformations in the context of rising population pressures, have become the focus of state security planning in the context of counter-terrorism operations abroad. The intensifying problematisation and externalisation of Muslim-majority regions and populations by Western security agencies – as a discourse – is therefore not only interwoven with growing state perceptions of global crisis acceleration, but driven ultimately by an epistemological failure to interrogate the systemic causes of this acceleration in collective state policies ~which themselves occur in the context of particular social, political and economic structures~. This expansion of militarisation is thus coeval with the subliminal normative presumption that the social relations of the perpetrators, in this case Western states, must be protected and perpetuated at any cost – precisely because the ef?cacy of the prevailing geopolitical and economic order is ideologically beyond question. As much as this analysis highlights a direct link between global systemic crises, social polarisation and state militarisation, it fundamentally undermines the idea of a symbiotic link between natural resources and con?ict per se. Neither ’resource shortages’ nor ’resource abundance’ ~in ecological, energy, food and monetary terms~ necessitate con?ict by themselves. There are two key operative factors that determine whether either condition could lead to con- ?ict. The ?rst is the extent to which either condition can generate socio-political crises that challenge or undermine the prevailing order. The second is the way in which stakeholder actors choose to actually respond to the latter crises. To understand these factors accurately requires close attention to the political, economic and ideological strictures of resource exploitation, consumption and distribution between different social groups and classes. Overlooking the systematic causes of social crisis leads to a heightened tendency to problematise its symptoms, in the forms of challenges from particular social groups. This can lead to externalisation of those groups, and the legitimisation of violence towards them. Ultimately, this systems approach to global crises strongly suggests that conventional policy ’reform’ is woefully inadequate. Global warming and energy depletion are manifestations of a civilisation which is in overshoot. The current scale and organisation of human activities is breaching the limits of the wider environmental and natural resource systems in which industrial civilisation is embedded. This breach is now increasingly visible in the form of two interlinked crises in global food production and the global ?nancial system. In short, industrial civilisation in its current form is unsustainable. This calls for a process of wholesale civilisational transition to adapt to the inevitable arrival of the post-carbon era through social, political and economic transformation. Yet conventional theoretical and policy approaches fail to ~1~ fully engage with the gravity of research in the natural sciences and ~2~ translate the social science implications of this research in terms of the embeddedness of human social systems in natural systems. Hence, lacking capacity for epistemological self-re?ection and inhibiting the transformative responses urgently required, they reify and normalise mass violence against diverse ’Others’, newly constructed as traditional security threats enormously ampli?ed by global crises – a process that guarantees the intensi?cation and globalisation of insecurity on the road to ecological, energy and economic catastrophe. Such an outcome, of course, is not inevitable, but extensive new transdisciplinary research in IR and the wider social sciences – drawing on and integrating human and critical security studies, political ecology, historical sociology and historical materialism, while engaging directly with developments in the natural sciences – is urgently required to develop coherent conceptual frameworks which could inform more sober, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Heg

Maintaining hegemony accelerates paranoid imperial violence – their obsession manufactures threats and conceals the US’ role in enemy construction – the alternative makes visible power relationships that enable endless warfare

McClintock 9 (Anne, Simone de Beauvoir Professor of English and Women’s and Gender Studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and#34;Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib,and#34; Muse)  
By now it is fair to say that the United States has come to be
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unspeakable violence. For how else can we understand such debauches of cruelty? 

Stability will survive without US hegemony

Fettweis ’10 (Chris Fettweis, Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College, Georgetown University Press, and#34;Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peaceand#34; Google Books) 

Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when
AND
worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe.

History disproves effective deterrence

Kober ’10 (Stanley Kober, Research Fellow in foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, and#34;The Deterrence Illusionand#34; http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11898, June 13, 2010)

The world at the beginning of the 21st century bears an eerie — and disquieting — resemblance to Europe at the beginning of the last century.
That was also an era of globalisation. New technologies for transportation and communication were
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the US could not guarantee it in Asia a half-century ago.

The Owen card is just a post on the Cato institute- not a study itself and it’s not peer-reviewed- give it little weight compared to our statistical studies

Owen is just citing the Human Security Report - he admits he has no data or methodology to test his armchair theorizing about heg
Owen ’11 (John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard and#34;DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONYand#34; Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
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are now seeing is about much more than the humbling of a superpower.

The Human Security Report Owen is citing concludes neg- prefer the people who actually analyzed the statistical data

A- Heg causes more conflict than it solves- historical data proves
Human Security Report ’10 ( Embargoed until 2 December 2010, 11:00am EST Human Security Report Project. Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 

As with other realist claims, there are reasons for skepticism about the peace through
AND
. Few countries have this capacity; major powers have it by definition. 

B-Heg causes colonialist conflicts that turn any reason heg is good
Human Security Report ’10 ( Embargoed until 2 December 2010, 11:00am EST Human Security Report Project. Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 

But there is a more serious challenge to the preponderance thesis. From the end
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explanations for the strategic successes of militarily weak insurgents in national liberation wars. 

Data proves cred theory wrong ——- leads to intervention and wars  
PRESS ’5 – Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth (Daryl Press, and#34;Calculating credibility: how leaders assess military threatsand#34;, Google Books)

In international politics credibility is a prized asset. A country whose promises are credible can build valuable alliances because potential allies will not fear betrayal or abandonment. A country whose threats are credible can deter many enemies and prevent costly wars rather than fight them. Every country strives to make its threats and promises credible, but how is this done? What causes credibility?
Statesmen, scholars, and pundits believe they know how credibility is won and lost
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credibility, even if doing so exacts serious costs in the short term.
This book argues that the conventional wisdom about credibility is wrong. A country’s credibility
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wasted vast sums of money and, much worse, thousands of lives.
Evidence shows that presidents, prime ministers, and dictators believe the conventional wisdom about
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it would be an open invitation to new acts of aggression elsewhere.and#34;1
Fifteen years later American officials made the same arguments for intervention in Vietnam. Secretary
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damage that would be done to other nations’ confidence in our reliability.and#34;2
Even after suffering through the tragedy of Vietnam, America’s leaders remained concerned that any signs of irresolution would weaken U.S. credibility. In 1983 President Ronald Reagan cautioned that the United States could not let Communists come to power in Latin America or else and#34;our credibility will collapse and our alliances would crumble.and#34;3
Concern for protecting America’s reputation for resolve remains strong in the post-Cold War
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by warnings from the U.S. or by UN resolutions.and#34;5
Americas leaders and pundits also claimed that civil wars in Bosnia and Somalia put American
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believe that they, too, can kill and maim with impunity.and#34;7
Each of these claims—from the Korean War through the post-Cold War period—rests on an idea, which I call and#34;Past Actionsand#34; theory, that tomorrow’s enemies will assess America’s credibility on the basis of U.S. action today. This theory is widely believed. But is it true?
This book tests the conventional wisdom against a competing argument about the sources of credibility
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the adversary’s threats will be credible. Otherwise his threats will seem empty.
In contrast with Past Actions theory—which envisions leaders assessing credibility by peering into the past—Current Calculus theory posits that decisionmakers treat crises as if they were sui generis. If Current Calculus theory is correct, then countries do not need to take costly actions (such as fighting wars) to protect their future credibility. Future commitments will be credible if—and only if—they are backed up by sufficient strength and connected to weighty interests.
This book evaluates these competing theories of credibility by examining decisionmaking during three sets of
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the period on the basis of the current balance of power and interests?
The second set of crises takes us to the Cold War and focuses on American
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the Soviet Union’s growing power, specifically the country’s expanding strategic nuclear arsenal?
The third case picks up a few months after the last Berlin crisis. In
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credibility focused on the current balance of power and the interests at stake?
The results of these cases are striking. First, in the 1930s British and
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to grow dangerously powerful, but it did not cripple the Allies’ credibility.
The Cold War cases reveal similar findings. Evidence from American and British archives demonstrates
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resolute in response to any tough U.S. actions against Cuba.
Furthermore, thousands of pages of documents from British and American archives reveal that during
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over Berlin, and what his past behavior might reveal about his credibility.
What do these results tell us? First, Current Calculus theory performs very well
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to high-stakes military crises such as those examined in this book. 

Soft power is a gimmick- only based on GDP not credibility

Doctorow ’13 (Gilbert Doctorow, Research Fellow of the American University in Moscow, and#34;Soft power is largely an American PR gimmickand#34;, May 20, 2013)

The recent nose-thumbing at Russia and China by Professor Joseph Nye in Foreign
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in Great Post-Cold War American Thinkers on International Relations (2010)

Systemic opposition dooms soft power- drones aren’t key

Wike ’12 ~Richard Wike is associate director of the Pew Global Attitudes Project, and#34;Wait, You Still Don’t Like Us?and#34; September 19, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/19/you_still_don_t_like_us?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/19/you_still_don_t_like_us?page=full~~

Anti-Americanism in the Muslim world, an issue that was front and center
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of the United States among Muslims in Indonesia and Nigeria following Obama’s election.

Their narratives of U.S. hegemony rely on images of anarchy and racial inferiority that colonize knowledge production and lead to perpetual intervention
Kaplan, humanities prof, ’4—President of the American Studies Association as well as a professor of English and the Edmund J. and Louise W. Kahn Endowed Term Professor in the Humanities at the University of Pennsylvania (Amy, American Quarterly 56.1 (2004) 1-18, and#34;Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, October 17, 2003,and#34; Project MUSE)
This coming-out narrative, associated primarily with neoconservatives, aggressively celebrates the United
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rather, resistance means irrational opposition to modernity and universal human values.

We adapt to warming.

Mendelsohn ’9 – Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, and#34;Climate Change and Economic Growth,and#34; online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf-http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

Solvency

Transparency just continues strikes – does not reduce them

Waxman 3-20-13 ~Matthew Waxman is a professor at Columbia Law School, a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, and#34;Going Clear,and#34; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear~~

So, moving operations to the Pentagon may modestly improve transparency and compliance with the
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too, the proposed reforms would put the remaining policy on stronger footing.

Pariah weapons regulation backfires- normalizes militarism and leads to worse forms of violence

Cooper, 11 — University of Bradford International Relations and Security Studies Senior Lecturer
~Neil, PhD from University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Bradford Associate Dean for Research for the School of Social and International Studies, and#34;Humanitarian Arms Control and Processes of Securitization: Moving Weapons along the Security Continuum,and#34; Contemporary Security Policy, Vol 32, Issue 1, 2011, tandfonline, accessed 9-5-13, mss~

In this account of contemporary HAC, powerful actors who aim to uphold the status
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accommodation with the language and economic and security paradigms of contemporary military humanism.

2NC

The status quo disproves the effectiveness of procedural solutions focus – securitization results in a faith in experts centralizes political decision-making while excluding the public
Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; and#34;Who Decides on Security?and#34;; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/**~~**
Today politicians and legal scholars routinely invoke fears that the balance between liberty and security
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watch those branches delegate such power back to the very same executive bodies. 

Security

Alternative

Individual analysis of security allows us to resituate our relationship to others

Burke ’02 ~Anthony, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland.  Alternatives 27, 2002~ 

It is perhaps easy to become despondent, but as countless struggles for freedom,
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world after security, and what its shimmering possi­bilities might be.
AT: Scenario Planning Good

====Our argument isn’t that predictions can’t be made it’s that security interests corrupt their scenario planning====
Stevens 12 (Jacqueline, Prof of Polisci at Northwestern U, and#34;Political Scientists Are Lousy Forecasters,and#34; www.nytimes.com/2012/06/24/opinion/sunday/political-scientists-are-lousy-forecasters.html?_r=126pagewanted=all)
DESPERATE and#34;Action Alertsand#34; land in my in-box. They’re from the
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trivial confirmations of the obvious and policy documents filled with egregious, dangerous errors

. My colleagues now point to research by the political scientists and N.S
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very rare in nature; and modern society is not one of them.and#34;

Especially in the context of the apocalypse

Masco 08 (Joseph, and#34;and#34;Survival Is Your Businessand#34;: Engineering Ruins and Affect in Nuclear Americaand#34; Cultural Anthropology, May 2008. Vol. 23, Issue 2)

Facing clear evidence of peril, we cannot wait for the final proof, the
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the nuclear state for three generations as part of its emotional management strategy. 

The Bush administration, in other words, mobilized a well-established logic of
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the psychosocial space defined by the once and future promise of nuclear ruins.¶ 

Studies prove that the more specific forecasts are the less probable they are – causes flawed threat evaluation that results in serial policy failure

Yudkowsky ’6 Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence and#34;Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risksand#34; Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks,  eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan CirkovicDraft of August 31, 2006. Eliezer Yudkowsky(yudkowsky@singinst.org)

The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent sets of professional analysts
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-response capabilities that could respond to any disaster. (Schneier 2005.)

Experts fail at predictions

Quirk 11 (THE TROUBLE WITH EXPERTS-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08913811.2010.541699, Paul J. Quirk, Critical Review, -http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcri20/22/4Vol. 22, Iss. 4, 2011)
 In his remarkable book Expert Political Judgment, Philip E. Tetlock (2005-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08913811.2010.541699
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suggests, a severe shortage of discipline, accountability, and ultimately competence. 

Cooption DA

Combinations of the alternative and the state result in the cooption of intellectuals into a political, interventionist sphere

BISWAS 07 (Shampa, Prof – Politics, Whitman, 2007 and#34;Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theoristand#34; Millennium 36 (1)

While it is no surprise that the US academy should find itself too at  that
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resonant in the  contemporary context preceding and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq.  

Soft Power

Soft power is a euphemism for hegemonic coercion
Bilgin, 08 – Pinar Prof. of IR @ Bilkent, Berivan Elis, PhD Candidate in IR @ Ankara, ’8 ~Hard Power, Soft Power: Toward a More Realistic Power Analysis, http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~~pbilgin/Bilgin-Elis-IT-2008.pdf-http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~pbilgin/Bilgin-Elis-IT-2008.pdf~~
On another level, Nye’s (soft) power analysis is problematic insofar as his
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exercise of power to prevent people, to whatever degree, from having grievances

 by shaping their perceptions, cognitions and preferences in such a way that they
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’real interests’ are shaped by other actors or by the existing structures.

AT: Realism

Their realism defenses are epistemologically bankrupt – they naturalize political assumptions to legitimize violence and oppressive political structures – Their method causes self-fulfilling prophesies – the alt is key to reclaim agency from inevitable violence

Busser 6 (Mark Busser, Masters Candidate at the Dept of Political Science at York University. Aug 2006, and#34;The Evolution of Security: Revisiting the Human Nature Debate in International Relations and#34;, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/documents/WP40-Busser.pdf-http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/documents/WP40-Busser.pdf)
Responding directly to Thayer, Duncan Bell and Paul MacDonald have expressed concern at the
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which seek to prove them are often created with such assumptions in mind. 

These arguments are seen by their critics as politicized from the very start. Sociobiology
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a scientific version, but similar problems remain with his ’scientific’ conclusions.

Discourse first – speech acts that legitimize security create the only scenario for extinction

John Collins, Ass. Prof. of Global Studies at St. Lawrence, and Ross Glover, Visiting Professor of Sociology at St. Lawrence University, 2002, Collateral Language, p. 6-7
The Real Effects of Language
As any university student knows, theories about the and#34;social con¬structionand#34; and social
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, if necessary, the destruction of the earth itself, is justifiable.

 From our perspective, then, every act of political violence—from the
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less likely to avert our mental gaze from the physical effects of violence.

AT: Proximate Cause

Epistemology focus is good

1. All knowledge is socially conditioned

John Agnew, Professor of Geography at UCLA, 2007, International Political Sociology, (2007) 1, p. 143

Various ’’social studies’’ of science take these insights down to the level of the
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enough, they can become guides to action that make their own reality.

2. Critical to determining what we consider factual

Zachary Lockman, professor  of Modern Middle Eastern History at New York University, 2004, Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism, p. 4-5

I should also acknowledge at the outset that there have been, and con¬tinue to
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up, if in complex ways, with broader contexts and developments.1

1NR

Heg

AT US Lashout

No US lashout

MacDonald ’11 (Paul K. MacDonald, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, and#34;Graceful Decline?: The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,and#34; International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4, p. 7-44, Spring 2011)

With regard to militarized disputes, declining great powers demonstrate more caution and restraint in
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allows vulnerable powers to effectively recover from decline and still deter potential challengers.

No potential conflicts for hotspots to escilate

Fettweis ’11 (Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO, September 26, 2011)

Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments
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their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.

Soft Power

Systemic opposition dooms soft power- drones aren’t key

Wike ’12 ~Richard Wike is associate director of the Pew Global Attitudes Project, and#34;Wait, You Still Don’t Like Us?and#34; September 19, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/19/you_still_don_t_like_us?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/19/you_still_don_t_like_us?page=full~~

Anti-Americanism in the Muslim world, an issue that was front and center
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of the United States among Muslims in Indonesia and Nigeria following Obama’s election.

Racism Turn

====Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease – prerequisite to morality.====
Memmi ’00 ~2000, Albert is a Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris, Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165~

The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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.  True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible. 

Discourse shapes reality and policy – Mobilization using security logic creates a self-fulfilling prophecy
- Bilgin ’5 (Pinar Bilgin, Prof. of IR @ Bilkent Univ, ’5 ~Regional Security in The Middle East, p. 203-6~

First, it was argued only by thinking and writing about the future that one
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knowledge about the future that informs actors’ practices in an often unthinking manner.