Aff - Targeted Killing Secrecy Bad 1NC - FW Terror DA 2NC - FW 1NR - Terror DA 2NR - FW
Kentucky
4
Opponent: Kansas GR | Judge: Mike Weitz
1AC - Drone Secrecy changed some highlighting 1NC - T-restriction coloniality k ableism k war fighting DA exec cp dronedetention da case 2AC - Critical Conditionality 2NC - Case Coloniality Ableism 1NR - A2 conditionality T 2NR - A2 Conditionality Coloniality Case 2AR - Conditionality and substance
Kentucky
5
Opponent: Houston JJ | Judge: Stephen Weil
1AC same cards changed highlighting and tags 1NC Targeted PIC NB disclosing targeted puts covert ops in danger ethics impact Heidegger K FW Case
2NC CP K
1NR FW
2NR CP
Kentucky
8
Opponent: Cal Berkeley MS | Judge: Geoff Lundeen
Aff Drone Secrecy 1NC FW Targetted Killing PIC (replace with word assassination) (nb targeted killing makes the strategy more effective) War K 2NC K 1NR answer scriptocentrism on cp FW 2NR K
1NC - Framework T - Covert == War Power Self Restraint CP Case (Drones Good)
Block - Self Restraint T
2NR - Self Restraint
UMKC
4
Opponent: Cal EM | Judge: Paul Johnson
1AC - Read 2 Extra Cards Rana and McMahon in Open Ev and cites
1NC - Framework Cap K Readiness DA Case 2NC - FW 1NR - DA Case 2NR - FW Case and DA as solvency deficits
UMKC
5
Opponent: Stanford GR | Judge: Jason Russell
1AC - Added McMahon to 1AC from Round 2 in cites and open ev 1NC - FW Rights Malthus Case (Drones Good) 2NC - Rights Malthus Case 1NR - FW 1AR - FW must be unconditional 2NR - Answer conditionality Rights Malthus Case D
UMKC
Doubles
Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Teddy Albiniak, Ryan Cheek, Juan Garcia-Jugo
1AC - Same as Round 5 and 8 new advocacy text Vote aff to remove the curtain of secrecy to politicize drone policy 1NC - Rodriguez K Ableism PIC T Case (Secrecy Turns) 2NC - T Ableism 1NR - K 2NR - K 2AR - Neg linked to ableism aff didn't reject neg and answering k
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
====Drones policy is shrouded in secrecy – debate is impossible because of the lack of transparency – instead of assessing the information selectively leaked by the government, focus should be on the production of knowledge behind policy.==== Toth, ’13 ~Kate Toth, London School of Economics, Dissertation; "REMOTE-CONTROLLED WAR: IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISTANCING OF STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE ON AMERICAN DEMOCRACY"; Apr 27, 2013; http://www.academia.edu/3125323/REMOTE-CONTROLLED_WAR_IMPLICATIONS_OF_THE_DISTANCING_OF_STATE-SPONSORED_VIOLENCE_ON_AMERICAN_DEMOCRACY~~**
With regard to drones, what the public knows has been released through leaks to AND is also indicative of the weakness of current American civil society and media.
The past two weeks have seen an escalation in drone strikes more dramatic than any AND the sting of government secrecy, but it does not cure the disease.
The paradoxical situation of the ruling was put well by David Kravets who writes McMahon AND from the American political system entirely." Unfortunately it seems I was right.
In addition, each type of secrecy as currently applied is visible in the abstract AND changeable choice, must be seen as dehumanizing and consequently, unethical.57
The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often AND with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.
====All of us are in the shooting gallery – this isn’t just about drones OR even transparency – state sanctioned targeted killing encompasses countless atrocities against those deemed expendable – debate centering on government secrecy is key to foster hope for individual change.==== Giroux, ’13 ~Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy"; February 12, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy~~**
This retreat from moral responsibility reveals more than political failure, more than a perverse AND are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.
====The battlefield extends eternally throughout the universe and even into the mind, causing cycles of invisible violence – presidential power will expand indefinitely until Armageddon unless we break the cycle.==== Swanson, ’10 ~David Swanson, activist, blogger and author, former coordinator for ACORN; "Wars Are Not Fought on Battlefields" chapter from book "War is a Lie"; chapter published online January 19, 2011; book published 2010; http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/93978:david-swanson—wars-are-not-fought-on-battlefields~
At first glance, our battlefields do not appear to be where we live and AND or not civilians), and the Drone War on Pakistan 98 percent civilians.
====Vote aff to politicize targeted killing secrecy – there is no wizard behind the curtain – legal solutions will fail until we refuse to defer authority knowledge to experts.==== Cole, ’12 ~David Cole teaches constitutional law, national security, and criminal justice at Georgetown University Law Center. He is also a volunteer attorney for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the legal affairs correspondent for The Nation, a regular contributor to the New York Review of Books, and a commentator on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered. He has been published widely in law journals and the popular press, including the Yale Law Journal, California Law Review, Stanford Law Review, New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times. He has litigated constitutional cases in the Supreme Court; "Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy"; Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44, JULY 2012, NUMBER 5; http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=209326context=facpub~~**
Thus, deference to experts need not preclude independent or democratically accountable decision-making AND the survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose
====Voting aff is necessary to challenge the secrecy of the authoritarian war machine.==== Giroux, ’9/4 ~Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "Hope in a Time of Permanent War"; September 4, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war~~**
War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United AND which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed.
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
====Government means the people – this is the original meaning.==== Radovanovi?, ’12 ~Olivera Radovanovi?; "Society as a Garden: Justification and Operationalization of Foucaldian of "Right to Kill" in the Contemporary World" ; Masters Thesis for Masaryk University, Department of Sociology; May 2012; http://is.muni.cz/th/236868/fss_m/Ma_Thesis_Olivera_Radovanovic.pdf~~**
Government and state are often considered to be one and the same institution, but AND is involved in, and the institutions. (Hindness 2006: 112)
Definition of should in English should Pronunciation: /??d/ verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone’s actions: he should have been careful I think we should trust our people more you shouldn’t have gone - indicating a desirable or expected state: by now pupils should be able to read with a large degree of independence - used to give or ask advice or suggestions: you should go back to bed what should I wear? - (I should) used to give advice: I should hold out if I were you
As these situations become more and more common—where¶ postwar assessments look at AND potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives¶ to enforce the WPR.
====Our pedagogy of hope comes before evaluating FW – politics as a point of contestation creates fragmented knowledge and decreases educational opportunities to access debaters’ political agency.==== Giroux, ’9/4 ~Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "Hope in a Time of Permanent War"; September 4, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war~~**
Unlike some theorists who suggest that politics as a site of contestation, critical exchange AND public good, power, the future and the nature of politics itself.
For several decades now, feminist theorists have criticized modern epistemic norms, revealing male AND my proposal, commenting that such people are "not academically-oriented."
The same insincerity and hollowness of promise infect another formula that is popular with the AND determination to make sure that the present imbalances persist as long as possible.
Terrorism DA
====Representations of savage terrorists cannot be separated by historical racism—critiquing faulty assumptions is key to eliminate racist mythologies.==== Sharp, ’7 ~2007, Patrick B. Sharp, Chair, Department AND Savage Perils: Racial Frontiers and Nuclear Apocalypse in American Culture" pdf~ This history provides the necessary context for understanding President Bush’s rhetoric about the "war AND is essential if we want to eliminate such racist mythologies from American life.
====Zero risk of terrorism- their impact is alarmism==== Mueller ’12 (John, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security AND , No. 1, pp. 81–110, Summer 2012)
Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized AND reasonably be considered "massive," particularly in comparison with nuclear ones. 52
The notion that these two individuals — or anyone like them — are entitled to AND centrist" expert hath thus decreed it, and thus is it proven.
====War powers’ experticism uniquely fails AND is supercharged by secret information – aff prevents serial policy failure.==== Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**
Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept AND fundamentally by epistemological uncertainty as opposed to verifiable fact – than policymakers admit.
1AR
Framework
====Southern literary societies prove that switch side debate reinforces dominant power structures.==== Westbrook, ’2 ~B. Evelyn Westbrook- PhD Rhetoric University of Texas Debating Both Sides: What Nineteenth-Century College Literary Societies Can Teach Us about Critical Pedagogies, Rhetoric Review, 21:4, 339-356 Taylor Francis~
If societies like the Athenian and Clariosophic did, in fact, train students for AND exercises that ask them to put their ideas and ideologies on the line.
Terror DA
Their threats are socially constructed Lipschutz 1998 Ronnie, Director – Politics PhD Program, UC Santa Cruz, "On Security" p. 8
Security is, to put Wæver’s argument in other words, a socially constructed concept AND fears onto the other; in this respect, their relationship is intersubjective.
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas GR | Judge: Mike Weitz
1AC
====Drones policy is shrouded in secrecy – debate is impossible because of the lack of transparency – instead of assessing the information selectively leaked by the government, focus should be on the production of knowledge behind policy.==== Toth, ’13 ~Kate Toth, London School of Economics, Dissertation; "REMOTE-CONTROLLED WAR: IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISTANCING OF STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE ON AMERICAN DEMOCRACY"; Apr 27, 2013; http://www.academia.edu/3125323/REMOTE-CONTROLLED_WAR_IMPLICATIONS_OF_THE_DISTANCING_OF_STATE-SPONSORED_VIOLENCE_ON_AMERICAN_DEMOCRACY~~**
With regard to drones, what the public knows has been released through leaks to AND is also indicative of the weakness of current American civil society and media.
The past two weeks have seen an escalation in drone strikes more dramatic than any AND the sting of government secrecy, but it does not cure the disease.
The paradoxical situation of the ruling was put well by David Kravets who writes McMahon AND from the American political system entirely." Unfortunately it seems I was right.
In addition, each type of secrecy as currently applied is visible in the abstract AND changeable choice, must be seen as dehumanizing and consequently, unethical.57
The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often AND with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.
====All of us are in the shooting gallery – this isn’t just about drones OR even transparency – state sanctioned targeted killing encompasses countless atrocities against those deemed expendable – debate centering on government secrecy is key to foster hope for individual change.==== Giroux, ’13 ~Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy"; February 12, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy~~**
This retreat from moral responsibility reveals more than political failure, more than a perverse AND are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.
====The battlefield extends eternally throughout the universe and even into the mind, causing cycles of invisible violence – presidential power will expand indefinitely until Armageddon unless we break the cycle.==== Swanson, ’10 ~David Swanson, activist, blogger and author, former coordinator for ACORN; "Wars Are Not Fought on Battlefields" chapter from book "War is a Lie"; chapter published online January 19, 2011; book published 2010; http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/93978:david-swanson—wars-are-not-fought-on-battlefields~
At first glance, our battlefields do not appear to be where we live and AND or not civilians), and the Drone War on Pakistan 98 percent civilians.
====Vote aff to politicize targeted killing secrecy – there is no wizard behind the curtain – legal solutions will fail until we refuse to defer authority knowledge to experts.==== Cole, ’12 ~David Cole teaches constitutional law, national security, and criminal justice at Georgetown University Law Center. He is also a volunteer attorney for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the legal affairs correspondent for The Nation, a regular contributor to the New York Review of Books, and a commentator on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered. He has been published widely in law journals and the popular press, including the Yale Law Journal, California Law Review, Stanford Law Review, New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times. He has litigated constitutional cases in the Supreme Court; "Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy"; Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44, JULY 2012, NUMBER 5; http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=209326context=facpub~~**
Thus, deference to experts need not preclude independent or democratically accountable decision-making AND the survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose
====Voting aff is necessary to challenge the secrecy of the authoritarian war machine.==== Giroux, ’9/4 ~Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "Hope in a Time of Permanent War"; September 4, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war~~**
War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United AND which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed.
As these situations become more and more common—where¶ postwar assessments look at AND potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives¶ to enforce the WPR.
====Their belief that debate is just a game and their view of Conditionality eliminate an ethic of accountability necessary for empowering non-white bodies.==== Collins, 90(Patricia Hill, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park, Former head of the Department of African American Studies at the University of Cincinnati, and the past President of the American Sociological Association Council, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment, p. 62-65) A second component of the ethic of caring concerns the appropriateness of emotions in dialogues AND passes as truth and simultaneously challenges the process of arriving at the truth.
Focusing on language distracts from the real problems – actions speak louder than words. Rose ’04 Damon Rose "Don’t call me handicapped21"Editor of BBC disability website Ouch21 Monday, 4 October, 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3708576.stm It differentiates them from normal, but in a saccharine manner. Disabled people are AND through a fear of getting sued - but positive action is often lacking.
K
====Perm is a prerequisite to the alternative – pedagogy must critically question subjectivity to contest broader systems of domination.==== Giroux, ’1 ~Henry A. Giroux, currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "Pedagogy of the Depressed: Beyond the New Politics of Cynicism"; College Literature, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Fall, 2001)~
In opposition to these increasingly dominant views of education and cultural politics, I want AND which are potentially able to transform it" (Eagleton 2000, 22).
The perm’s bottom up movements solve better than the alternative – the alt’s revolution fails because it ignores how power operates on an individual level. Cho, ’7 ~Seehwa Cho University of St. Thomas, Minnesota; "Politics of Critical Pedagogy and New Social Movements" 26 October 2007; Accepted: 22 November 2007; Educational Philosophy and Theory,Vol. 42, No. 3, 2010~
Foucault, who was heavily influenced by Nietzsche, presents a different conceptualization of power AND emphasis has very much been on anti-authority and anti-hierarchy.
DA Flex
====Presidents empirically proven to fail at war planning – hasty decision-making leads to unintended conflicts.==== Griffin, ’12 ~Stephen M. Griffin is a Rutledge C. Clement, Jr. Professor in Constitutional Law at Tulane University Law School, served as a Bigelow Fellow at the University of Chicago and research instructor in law at New York University, received the Sumter Marks Award in recognition of his publications; "The Tragic Pattern of the War Power: Presidential Decisions for War since 1945"; 2012~
This is an essential pillar of the reasoning of enthusiasts of unilateral presidential decisionmaking in AND hard choices are too great to be overcome by one branch working alone.
====Their narratives of U.S. hegemony rely on images of anarchy and racial inferiority that colonize knowledge production and lead to perpetual intervention==== Kaplan, humanities prof, ’4—President of the American Studies Association as well as a professor of English and the Edmund J. and Louise W. Kahn Endowed Term Professor in the Humanities at the University of Pennsylvania (Amy, American Quarterly 56.1 (2004) 1-18, "Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, October 17, 2003," Project MUSE) This coming-out narrative, associated primarily with neoconservatives, aggressively celebrates the United AND
rather, resistance means irrational opposition to modernity and universal human values.
"Drones are capable of taking surveillance to a whole new level," Mr AND M.B.Y., short for Not Over My Back Yard.
Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**
If both objective sociological claims at the center of the modern security concept are themselves AND , we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched.
10/5/13
Kentucky Round 5
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston JJ | Judge: Stephen Weil
1AC
Drones policy is shrouded in secrecy – debate is impossible because of the lack of transparency – instead of assessing the information selectively leaked by the government, focus should be on the production of knowledge behind policy.
With regard to drones, what the public knows has been released through leaks to AND is also indicative of the weakness of current American civil society and media.
The past two weeks have seen an escalation in drone strikes more dramatic than any AND the sting of government secrecy, but it does not cure the disease.
The paradoxical situation of the ruling was put well by David Kravets who writes McMahon AND from the American political system entirely.” Unfortunately it seems I was right.
In addition, each type of secrecy as currently applied is visible in the abstract AND changeable choice, must be seen as dehumanizing and consequently, unethical.57
The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often AND with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.
All of us are in the shooting gallery – this isn’t just about drones OR even transparency – state sanctioned targeted killing encompasses countless atrocities against those deemed expendable – debate centering on government secrecy is key to foster hope for individual change. Giroux, ‘13 Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; “The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy”; February 12, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy
This retreat from moral responsibility reveals more than political failure, more than a perverse AND are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.
The battlefield extends eternally throughout the universe and even into the mind, causing cycles of invisible violence – presidential power will expand indefinitely until Armageddon unless we break the cycle. Swanson, ‘10 David Swanson, activist, blogger and author, former coordinator for ACORN; “Wars Are Not Fought on Battlefields” chapter from book “War is a Lie”; chapter published online January 19, 2011; book published 2010; http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/93978:david-swanson~-~-wars-are-not-fought-on-battlefields
At first glance, our battlefields do not appear to be where we live and AND or not civilians), and the Drone War on Pakistan 98 percent civilians.
Vote aff to politicize targeted killing secrecy – there is no wizard behind the curtain – legal solutions will fail until we refuse to defer authority knowledge to experts. Cole, ‘12 David Cole teaches constitutional law, national security, and criminal justice at Georgetown University Law Center. He is also a volunteer attorney for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the legal affairs correspondent for The Nation, a regular contributor to the New York Review of Books, and a commentator on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered. He has been published widely in law journals and the popular press, including the Yale Law Journal, California Law Review, Stanford Law Review, New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times. He has litigated constitutional cases in the Supreme Court; “Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy”; Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44, JULY 2012, NUMBER 5; http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2093andcontext=facpub
Thus, deference to experts need not preclude independent or democratically accountable decision-making AND the survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose
Voting aff is necessary to challenge the secrecy of the authoritarian war machine. Giroux, ‘9/4 Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; “Hope in a Time of Permanent War”; September 4, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war
War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United AND which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed.
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
Government means the people – this is the original meaning. Radovanovi?, ‘12 Olivera Radovanovi?; “Society as a Garden: Justification and Operationalization of Foucaldian of “Right to Kill” in the Contemporary World” ; Masters Thesis for Masaryk University, Department of Sociology; May 2012; http://is.muni.cz/th/236868/fss_m/Ma_Thesis_Olivera_Radovanovic.pdf
Government and state are often considered to be one and the same institution, but AND is involved in, and the institutions. (Hindness 2006: 112)
Definition of should in English should Pronunciation: /??d/ verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone’s actions: he should have been careful I think we should trust our people more you shouldn’t have gone - indicating a desirable or expected state: by now pupils should be able to read with a large degree of independence - used to give or ask advice or suggestions: you should go back to bed what should I wear? - (I should) used to give advice: I should hold out if I were you
It’s not mutually exclusive – the aff is not the death of resolutional debating – policy engagement in other rounds solve their standards.
Our pedagogy of hope comes before evaluating FW – politics as a point of contestation creates fragmented knowledge and decreases educational opportunities to access debaters’ political agency. Giroux, ‘9/4 Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; “Hope in a Time of Permanent War”; September 4, 2013; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war
Unlike some theorists who suggest that politics as a site of contestation, critical exchange AND public good, power, the future and the nature of politics itself.
For several decades now, feminist theorists have criticized modern epistemic norms, revealing male AND my proposal, commenting that such people are “not academically-oriented.”
The same insincerity and hollowness of promise infect another formula that is popular with the AND determination to make sure that the present imbalances persist as long as possible.
---AT Switch Side Debate
Southern literary societies prove that switch side debate reinforces dominant power structures. Westbrook, ‘2 B. Evelyn Westbrook- PhD Rhetoric University of Texas Debating Both Sides: What Nineteenth-Century College Literary Societies Can Teach Us about Critical Pedagogies, Rhetoric Review, 21:4, 339-356 Taylor Francis
If societies like the Athenian and Clariosophic did, in fact, train students for AND exercises that ask them to put their ideas and ideologies on the line.
Warming
Climate change is not anthropocentric and isn’t just the extinction of humanity—climate change is a product of white culture and means the extinction of minorities—their neutral representations of climate make warming inevitable Wynter, ‘07 2007, Sylvia, Professor Emeritus in Spanish and Romance Languages at Stanford Univeristy, “The Human being as noun? Or being human as praxis? Towards the Autopoietic turn/overturn: A Manifesto,” otl2.wikispaces.com/file/view/The+Autopoetic+Turn.pdf For if, as Time magazine reported in January 2007 (Epigraph 2), a AND our present "economic and social order" is itself the empirical actualization.
2AC
Engaging in strategies for political change and ontological exploration are not mutually exclusive, they are inevitably part of one another. The perm expresses the best way to come to terms with the technological instrumentalization of being and is the only way to encounter dasien and resist oppressive power structures. Hicks ’03 Steven V., Professor and chair of philosophy at Queens College of the CUNY, “Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Foucault: Nihilism and Beyond,” Foucault and Heidegger: Critical Encounters, Ed. Alan Milchman and Alan Rosenberg, p. 109, Questia
Why a “philosophical shock”? The answer, in part, may be AND ” and blatant disregard for tradition (cf. DP, 27). 67
Their alternative leaves no room for radical democratic action – makes oppression and technological disorder inevitable. Zimmerman ’90 Michael E., Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University, 90 (Heidegger’s Confrontation with Modernity p. 264
The same criticism of early Foucault's "all-encompassing theory of power" may AND metaphysically" the same in that both were manifestations of subjectivism and humanism.
This "gap" does not mean that calculative thought is somehow "bad," AND it. He desires to open a space for other forms of thinking.
Ethics must come before ontology. Bulley, ‘4 (2004, Dan, PhD Candidate @ Department of Politics and International Studies--University of Warwick, "Ethics and Negotiation," www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/politics/events/aber/ethics20and20negotiation20-20bulley.doc)
Crucially an openness to justice cannot be an a priori good thing. Indeed, AND things differently, while still accepting the exigency to prevent the ’worst’.
10/6/13
Kentucky Round 8
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Cal Berkeley MS | Judge: Geoff Lundeen
2AC
K
====Perm is a prerequisite to the alternative – pedagogy must critically question subjectivity to contest broader systems of domination.==== Giroux, ’1 ~Henry A. Giroux, currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "Pedagogy of the Depressed: Beyond the New Politics of Cynicism"; College Literature, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Fall, 2001)~
In opposition to these increasingly dominant views of education and cultural politics, I want AND which are potentially able to transform it" (Eagleton 2000, 22).
The perm’s bottom up movements solve better than the alternative – the alt’s revolution fails because it ignores how power operates on an individual level. Cho, ’7 ~Seehwa Cho University of St. Thomas, Minnesota; "Politics of Critical Pedagogy and New Social Movements" 26 October 2007; Accepted: 22 November 2007; Educational Philosophy and Theory,Vol. 42, No. 3, 2010~
Foucault, who was heavily influenced by Nietzsche, presents a different conceptualization of power AND emphasis has very much been on anti-authority and anti-hierarchy.
====Focus on linguistic precision makes effective activism and leftist coalition politics impossible. ====
====Churchill 1996 ==== Ward, Keetoowah Cherokee, 25+ year member of the American Indian Movement and prof of Indigenous Studies at University of Colorado Boulder. From a Native Son, pg. 460 There can be little doubt that matters of linguistic appropriateness and precision are of serious AND nonsense, and on with the real work of effecting positive social change.
In my west coast copy of the New York Times today, two stories are AND how might they reassert their voice as a check on executive war power.
====The alternative alone does not solve – no one knows that the language is being challenged by simply avoiding it.====
Pure textualism discourages active politics and promotes Western knowledge systems by erasing the experiences of those unable or unwilling to comply.
Conquergood ’02 ~The Drama Review 46, 2 (T174), Summer 2002. Copyright 2002 New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Performance Studies Interventions and Radical Research pp 147. Dwight Conquergood was a professor of anthropology and performance studies at Northwestern University~
In even stronger terms, Raymond Williams challenged the class-based arrogance of scriptocentrism AND to do so" (1997:48; see also Scott 1990)?
====Masking Turn – rejecting the term in one instance does not change the overall attitudes – just creates a false perception==== William C. Gay, Prof. -http://philosophy.uncc.edu/faculty/61-gay-william.htmlDept. of Philosophy, College of Arts and Sciences, UNC-Charlotte, ’98 ~"The Practice of Linguistic Nonviolence," www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/publingnonvio.htm, Peace Review 10, n4 545-547, ACC. 1-29-09~
The specific discourse that is analogous to negative peace can actually perpetuate injustice. AND pressure that can erupt in subsequent outbursts of linguistic violence and physical violence.
====Rejection of particular terms locks them into place==== Butler ’97 (Judith Butler Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature – University of California-Berkeley 1997 Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative p. 38)
Keeping such terms unsaid and unsayable can also work to lock them in place, AND an originary subordination for another purpose, one whose future is partially open.
Word PIC
====Pure textualism discourages active politics and promotes Western knowledge systems by erasing the experiences of those unable or unwilling to comply.====
====Conquergood ’02 ~The Drama Review 46, 2 (T174), Summer 2002. Copyright 2002 New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Performance Studies Interventions and Radical Research pp 147. Dwight Conquergood was a professor of anthropology and performance studies at Northwestern University~==== In even stronger terms, Raymond Williams challenged the class-based arrogance of scriptocentrism AND to do so" (1997:48; see also Scott 1990)?
====Masking Turn – rejecting the term in one instance does not change the overall attitudes – just creates a false perception==== William C. Gay, Prof. -http://philosophy.uncc.edu/faculty/61-gay-william.htmlDept. of Philosophy, College of Arts and Sciences, UNC-Charlotte, ’98 ~"The Practice of Linguistic Nonviolence," www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/publingnonvio.htm, Peace Review 10, n4 545-547, ACC. 1-29-09~
The specific discourse that is analogous to negative peace can actually perpetuate injustice. AND pressure that can erupt in subsequent outbursts of linguistic violence and physical violence.
====Rejection of particular terms locks them into place==== Butler ’97 (Judith Butler Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature – University of California-Berkeley 1997 Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative p. 38)
Keeping such terms unsaid and unsayable can also work to lock them in place, AND an originary subordination for another purpose, one whose future is partially open.
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
====Government means the people – this is the original meaning.==== Radovanovi?, ’12 ~Olivera Radovanovi?; "Society as a Garden: Justification and Operationalization of Foucaldian of "Right to Kill" in the Contemporary World" ; Masters Thesis for Masaryk University, Department of Sociology; May 2012; http://is.muni.cz/th/236868/fss_m/Ma_Thesis_Olivera_Radovanovic.pdf~~**
Government and state are often considered to be one and the same institution, but AND is involved in, and the institutions. (Hindness 2006: 112)
Definition of should in English should Pronunciation: /??d/ verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone’s actions: he should have been careful I think we should trust our people more you shouldn’t have gone - indicating a desirable or expected state: by now pupils should be able to read with a large degree of independence - used to give or ask advice or suggestions: you should go back to bed what should I wear? - (I should) used to give advice: I should hold out if I were you
As these situations become more and more common—where¶ postwar assessments look at AND potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives¶ to enforce the WPR.
For several decades now, feminist theorists have criticized modern epistemic norms, revealing male AND my proposal, commenting that such people are "not academically-oriented."
====Their caging of dissent prevents productive advocacy – framework fosters a faith-based politics of protest that turns government reform.==== Elmer and Opel, ’8 (Greg- Director of the Infoscape research lab and Bell Globemedia Research Chair @ Ryerson University, and Andy, associate professor Dept. of Communication @ Florida State University, Preempting Dissent: The Politics of an Inevitable Future, p. 9-16)
IN 2003 THE PENTAGON RELEASED A PLAN to create a terrorism futures market," a AND articulate a politics of hope in a climate of continued fear and insecurity.
—-AT Switch Side Debate
====Southern literary societies prove that switch side debate reinforces dominant power structures.==== Westbrook, ’2 ~B. Evelyn Westbrook- PhD Rhetoric University of Texas Debating Both Sides: What Nineteenth-Century College Literary Societies Can Teach Us about Critical Pedagogies, Rhetoric Review, 21:4, 339-356 Taylor Francis~
If societies like the Athenian and Clariosophic did, in fact, train students for AND exercises that ask them to put their ideas and ideologies on the line.
The same insincerity and hollowness of promise infect another formula that is popular with the AND determination to make sure that the present imbalances persist as long as possible.
The metaphor of war is ingrained into our thinking. The lexicon of war filters thought and guides action. The US declares "war on terror", and assumes that it can triumph. But terror is not a clear enemy but instead an idea. We pretend to understand the enemy’s actions, reactions, and motivations, but we never identify exactly what is being fought against or even fought for. While policymakers and –takers alike don’t ask any of the tough questions for fear of being labeled a dissenter, the war metaphor continues and the executive’s authority increases exponentially. The figurative becomes literal as reality reinforces the initial metaphor and the Other is devalued and marked for extermination.
The metaphor of war is ingrained in our thinking and actions, forcing us to attempt to understand the enemy without identifying the cause for fighting – the figurative becomes literal as reality reinforces the initial metaphor and the Other is devalued and marked for extermination, allowing exponential increase of executive authority
Steuter and Willis, ’8 ~Erin Steuter is associate professor of Sociology at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada. She also conducts community workshops and visits schools. ; Deborah Wills teaches in the English Department at Mount Allison University. She has received awards for her Excellence in Teaching. ; "At War with Metaphor: Media, Propaganda, and Racism in the War on Terror"; 2008; p. 7-15~
The phrase "the war on terror" has been used so frequently that it AND another, new analogies might lead to new possibilities for response and resolution. Why has the White House narrowed its metaphorical message so successfully that the war metaphor AND powerful: the simplification of the complex, the clarification of the subtle. There is a certain clarifying quality to an extreme metaphor such as the metaphor of AND , for pillorying what he saw as the worst outpourings of the left." Similarly, John Edwards, candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, was also called AND comfort and encouragement to the enemy should be hanged as a traitor."l6 The war metaphor has also allowed the use of the term "Fifth Column" AND traitorous: once we have war, it seems, we have traitors. Just as wars involve two clearly defined sides, so the metaphor of war enticingly AND What will be the front lines in this terrain of abstraction and symbolism? In spite of its difficulties, the war metaphor has remained dominant. If we AND the conflict first-hand, and therefore less deserving of a voice. The lexicon of war tacitly endorses the military’s valuing of hierarchy and authority. Within AND told by an angry fan, to "shut up and sing."20 In this way the discourse of war enlists us into particular roles, and offers AND that have given rise to the world’s escalating cycles of unrest and violence. Another important aspect of the war metaphor is its inherent selfjustification. It offers us AND look weak and indecisive. Alternative metaphors are so badly needed. "22 Many who urge a cautious, critical, or reflective attitude towards the war on AND Within the war metaphor, any hesitation to support the war becomes unpatriotic. While the war metaphor encourages the government to "do what it wants" internally AND a challenge to the "moral clarity" required to sustain a war. The importance of how things are defined, then, cannot be underestimated. Frank AND outcome; define it another way, you have a different outcome."30 Luntz’s words suggest that governments may rise or fall on the meaning of a word AND we continue to indulge it, risks reducing our own value ~sic~.
The traditional conception of peace doesn’t exist – increased war powers conditions social systems to require declaring war on one population for peace for another – only reflective analysis on the state of war is effective
Mansfield, ’8 ~Nick Mansfield; As the Dean Higher Degree Research at AND Palgrave Macmillan, November 11, 2008; p. 150-155~
It is not simply wrong to argue that the difference between war and its other AND nuanced account of how that complex is experienced or what it might mean. Although he includes the War on Terror in his discussion, to Achille Mbembe, AND a crisis in the definition of war as much as of the social. Mbembe’s aim is to reveal a style of sovereignty whose function is not the achievement AND war’ and ’the means of war’ collapses" (p. 25). Mbembe evokes Deleuze and Guattari’s trope of the "war-machine" to describe the related death-world where warfare has become dissociated from the state. He uses Africa as an example: Here, the political economy of statehood dramatically changed over the last quarter of the AND , mercenaries and privateers. (Mbembe, 2003, p. 32) We have witnessed how such arrangements, entangled with struggles over resources destined for western AND would be foolish therefore to dismiss these developments as of only local interest. Herfried Münkler picks up this very point in an account of The New Wars. AND suffering but not to enforce a political will" (p. 86). This development in which war has become a self-generating activity is perhaps the AND the monopolist of war. (Münkler, 2005, p. 2) This spread of war sweeps up even the organisations whose aim is to bring peace AND achieve nothing more than this state of permanent unsettling of the social order. Here, we find ~sic~ the historical realisation of a non-Clausewitzian AND it. Mbembe and Münkler show that this situation is not merely theoretical. It is thus too simple to think of ~sic~ this complex state of AND only attain their co-ordination because of the irreducible disjunction between them.
Our current conditions of war can’t be changed if we don’t seek to understand war itself. War as a term can only be defined in relation to its opposite, such as peace, love, et cetera, BUT that opposite is always changing. Rejection of war in favor of its opposites ignores how war is always fought in the name of realizing these states of peace. The future will inevitably bring new social, political problems that will be impossible to address with one grand solution. Instead we must understand war not as a stable concept but as ever evolving.
We must understand war as constantly evolving – attempting to strive for peace ignores that peace is always the goal of war – changing how we think war relates to the world creates a better understanding for how to resolve conflict
Mansfield, ’8 ~Nick Mansfield; As the Dean Higher Degree Research at AND Palgrave Macmillan, November 11, 2008; p. 162-167~
The aim of this book has been to show that war is always defined in AND complexity of this relationship that our future fortunes of war will be determined. As we have found ~sic~, this relationship can never be thought ~sic AND repugnance and endless official lamentations for those of us whom it has annihilated. To say that war is double and that it is implicated conceptually in other values AND 1989 wars but the most brutal and oppressive attempt to spread human rights? These complex situations can and should not be disguised by an eternal but vacuous resort AND ? Does not this make the rejection of war merely automatic and adolescent? The refusal to debate these values results in both an impotent and unworldly rejection of AND politics of war must also provide a properly critical account of war’s other. Our inherited models of politics have opted either for the grand narrative approach to the AND constructs in the name of which war can be both defended and critiqued. My argument is that, given the unpredictability of our political future and the superannuation AND events, it may take over the function of our previous political paradigms.
====Metaphor is everywhere and unavoidable BUT there are certain metaphors that are detrimental.==== The argument-as-war metaphor utilized by debate becomes a form of rhetorical violence that puts participants and critics at odds with each other. The metaphorical guides the literal as conceptions of argument-as-war makes it so. Lakoff and Johnson, ’80 ~George Lakoff, Richard and Rhoda Goldman Distinguished Professor of Cognitive Science and Linguistics at the University of California at Berkeley; Mark Johnson, Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon; excerpt from "Metaphors We Live By"; http://theliterarylink.com/metaphors.html~~**
Metaphor is for most people device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish— AND of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. The concepts that govern our thought are not just matters of the intellect. They AND do every day is very much a matter of metaphor. But our conceptual system is not something we are normally aware of. in most AND language is an important source of evidence for what that system is like. Primarily on the basis of linguistic evidence, we have found that most of our ordinary conceptual system is metaphorical in nature. And we have found a way to begin to identify in detail just what the metaphors are halt structure how we perceive, how we think, and what we do. To give some idea of what it could mean for a concept to be metaphorical and for such a concept to structure an everyday activity, let us start with the concept ARGUMENT and the conceptual metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR. This metaphor is reflected in our everyday language by a wide variety of expressions: ARGUMENT IS WAR Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my argument. His criticisms were right on target. I demolished his argument. I’ve never won an argument with him. you disagree? Okay, shoot21 If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out. She ~sic~ shot down all of my arguments. It is important to know ~sic~ that we don’t just talk about arguments AND structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured. Moreover, this is the ordinary way of having an argument and talking about one AND that way—and we act according to the way we conceive of thing The most important claim we have made so far is that metaphor is not just AND ARGUMENT IS WAR, it should be understood that metaphor means metaphorical concept. THE SYSTEMATICITTY OF METAPHORICAL CONCEPTS Arguments usually follow patterns; that is, there are certain things we typically do and do not do in arguing. The fact that we in part conceptualize arguments in terms of battle systematically influences the shape argument stake and the way we talk about what we do in arguing. Because the metaphorical concept is systematic, the language we use to talk about that aspect of the concept is systematic. We saw in the ARGUMENT IS WAR metaphor that expressions from the vocabulary of war AND concepts and to gain an understanding of the metaphorical nature of our activities.
====Vote aff to affirm the instability of "war."==== Just like there’s no one perfect definition of war, there’s no perfect definition of debate; the activity constitutes a multitude of different things in various contexts.
====The meaning behind language is not stagnant, but instead constantly fluctuating.==== There are a vast number of replacements to the metaphor of argument as war. Instead of choosing just one, we should expand our rhetorical possibilities and never end the search for how to define and relate to debate. Cohen, ’95 ~Daniel H. Cohen, Ph.D., Philosophy, Indiana University. Professor of Philosophy at Colby College; "Argument is War ... and War is Hell: Philosophy, Education, and Metaphors for Argumentation"; Informal Logic Vol. 17, No.2 (Spring 1995)~
To be sure, there are alternative understandings of argumentation available. I think it AND a kind of justification, and justification generally is the province of argument. This points to a way to articulate the connection between interpretation and argumentation that was AND attitude we want in the classroom, we should think along different lines: (1) Argument is not war; it is reciprocal reading. Speech-act approaches have shown that they can shed light on the subject of AND creating the brilliant metaphors that permanently reshape our thoughts is no mean feat). I sometimes think that what good philosophizing and, more generally, effective teaching of AND when philosophy and education are being sung in a Pragmatist key. The meaning of a metaphor is invariably, and notoriously, under-determined. AND . Interpreting metaphors is nearly the art that creating them is. In some respects, interpreting metaphors may actually be the greater art. The exercise AND ideas or even better as (xiii) conceptual roads under construction. Conceptual connections like these can be constructed almost at will. The list can be AND about their internal dynamics and the possible interactions that can arise from them. In contrast to the argument-as-traffic metaphors, the argument-is AND lost a great deal, and there is surely a counterpart for arguments. Of course, there are also great differences that might be offered as counterexamples or AND .) If arguments are to be a positive way of addressing differences, then (2) Argument is not war; it is diplomatic negotiation. Two of these just-mentioned features common to war and argument merit particular attention AND history books offer differ from the answers given by those wars’ own contemporaries. Something very similar happens in arguments, especially when they are thought of as verbal AND proceeds, and this is no less applicable to other kinds of arguments. (3) Thus, argument is not war; it is growth or adaptation. Wittgenstein reached a very similar conclusion about mathematical proofs, albeit for different reasons. AND sorts of historiographic revisions as the casus belli? It seems so. (4) That is, argument is not war; it is metamorphosis. The other feature common to wars and arguments I want to note is that they AND a legitimate pedagogical role for arguments. In the classroom, then, (5) Argument should not even be like war; it should be a kind of cross-pollination, leading to hybridization. Alternatively, arguments can end in with the construction of a new conceptual order, as the Second World War gave birth to the United Nations. Ideally, in seminar (6) Argument is not at all war; it is brainstorming. The best arguments, then, rather than being destructively adversarial, involve a constructive co-operation between their participants. If debate is to be contstructive for everyone involved, then (7) Instead of being a kind of war, argument can be more like a barnraising. Although the language of warfare is so readily used to describe arguments, there is AND out" does not have to mean "let’s fight it out." Perhaps arguments are more like town meetings than anything else, because they are sometimes contentious, but sometimes co-operative; there may be several opposing factions, or only interested but as yet undecided citizens; sometimes they are divisive and inconclusive, but sometimes they are indeed constructive; they may begin with a consensus for action, and serve merely as strategy sessions for orchestrating actions, or they may begin with a cacophony of voices-and end the same way. For all its openness to the variety of forms arguments can take, the purposes AND traffic in as many metaphors as possible-including all those traffic metaphors21
2AC
Case
—-2AC AT Apolitical
====Aff reclaims politics – current system isn’t capable of meaningful solutions without ====
====Sokoloff ’5 ~Political Research Quarterly Vol. 58, No. 2 (Jun., 2005) "Between Justice and Legality: Derrida on Decision" William W. Sokoloff pp. 341-352~====
Derrida places imperatives of paradox in the heart of the legal order in order to connect political action to a higher conception of responsibility but without abandoning the need for political action today. For Derrida, politics does not happen when one follows a program or when one dreams about an impossible notion of justice but in the non-programmatic interface between justice and legality. His re-conceptualization of decision is a strategy intended to make political decisions more difficult but without abandoning the call for more responsible modes of political action. He prevents us from deciding too quickly but also rules out as irresponsible the deferral of decision. He breaks the unhelpful opposition between premature action and irresponsible indifference in the name of more responsible modes of engagement. Even if I have somewhat arbitrarily brought Derrida and Rawls’s work into contact in this essay; Derrida attempts to rescue the word politics from the weakening ~sic~ malaise that has resulted from the cramped political imagination and narrow view of citizenship that we can see in Rawls. Signs at the exhaustion of politics are the signs of our time: a narrowing of credible political alternatives that have rendered elections almost irrelevant, the corporate domination of the political sphere that casts an ominous shadow over the voter, the disappearance of substantive dialogue, the gag order on dissent, widespread apathy, dubious unilateral foreign ventures, a crisis in education and health care, public contempt for politicians; and little faith that anything can be done to address this. Interpreted affirmatively, decision is a strategy of political renewal. It creates an extralegal ethical space from which one can launch a permanent critique of the legal order. This permanent critique appears as a spontaneous politics that cannot be represented by a party or a leader. Like Socrates in Apology (Plato 200:3) it is annoying, defiant, and it stings; but unlike him in Crito (Plato 2003) it never passively submits to state power. This spontaneous politics is the scourge of tyrants and their flatterers. As Sheldon Wolin (1996. 37) reminds us, citizenship is more than merely following the rules of a particular legal order; for him, "democracy is born in transgressive acts."
Cap
FW Contradicts Cap
====Framework is a double turn with cap – alternative must escape control – proves the inauthenticity of the alternative and means the perm solves.====
====Invisible Committee 1==== The Invisible Committee. The Cybernetic Hypothesis. 2001
But that also means that its first objective must be to resist all attempts to AND the intensification of their interrelations, will give rise to an irreversible disequilibrium.
2AC
====Perm – vote aff and endorse historical materialism.====
Specific cultural priorities, habits of family life, religious belief and ritual, underground AND imperfectly incorporated into it, and to present an apolitical orientation to it.
====Clear the ground first – deconstructing outdated concepts and starting afresh solves best, otherwise our old remedies become hegemonic ==== Galli 10, Carlo Galli, Professor of Political Philosophy at the Univeristy of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, p. 188
Rather than denying the theoretico-political novelty of Global War, ratherthan closing our AND the ground—for today, that rubble hinders more than it helps.
—-The Indian caste system proves capitalism isn’t the root of all exploitation —- This is a 100 takeout since their totalizing claim that all history is organized by class means all we need is one example to disprove it.
Steele 1992 David Ramsay, author and Editorial Director of Open Court Publishing Company - From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation pg. 361-362 To contradict historical materialism, it’s only necessary to claim that the relations changed once AND limited set of claims about the relations between forces and relations of production.
FW
2AC Overall Interp of Debate
====Before we answer what debate should be like, we must ask what debate IS – debaters are obsessed with finding monolithic interpretations of debate instead of ever leaving it open for possibility – framework assumes we’ve broken a cardinal rule, but the best part of debate is there are no written rules – instead we have norms that should be up for contestation – the activity means something different to every participant and audience member – that’s Cohen – framework attempts to impose order on an inherently chaotic system, causing rhetorical warfare, foreclosing evolutionary potential – that’s Lakoff – their interpretation functions as the worst form of conservativism.====
====—-Framework imposed rules stifles creative evolution and leads to the downfall of debate.====
For Nietzsche Europe is in crisis. It has a growing power to make life AND excellent (who may well need a mask to prevent themselves being recognized).
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
Definition of should in English should Pronunciation: /??d/ verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone’s actions: he should have been careful I think we should trust our people more you shouldn’t have gone - indicating a desirable or expected state: by now pupils should be able to read with a large degree of independence - used to give or ask advice or suggestions: you should go back to bed what should I wear? - (I should) used to give advice: I should hold out if I were you
====Role playing leads to political monologue – supports oppressive structures and eliminates agency to question power.==== Smith, ’97 (Steve, University of Wales, Professor and Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University, University of Wales, Aberystwyth "Power and Truth, A Reply to William Wallace," Review of International Studies, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Oct., 1997), p. 513, NAP)
Those academics who do get involved in talking truth to power must accept that in AND that any of this has anything to do with truth and academic objectivity.
I spent several years in the early sixties studying Underdevelopment. It was frustrating, AND initiate draconian repression against internal dissent in order to achieve "domestic tranquility".
1AR
Embrace instability of argumentation – a turn to openness is the most meaningful decision – star this card. Corder, ’85 ~Jim W. Corder is Professor of English at Texas Christian University. In 1975 he received the NCTE’s Braddock Prize. He has published articles on rhetoric in various journals and has written several textbooks on writing.; "Argument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love"; Rhetoric Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Sep., 1985); Taylor 26 Francis~
d. We arguers can learn the lessons that rhetoric itself wants to teach us AND thus be elevated, may grow to hold both arguer and other.
The same insincerity and hollowness of promise infect another formula that is popular with the AND determination to make sure that the present imbalances persist as long as possible.
1/19/14
UMKC Doubles
Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Teddy Albiniak, Ryan Cheek, Juan Garcia-Jugo
1AC
====Drone policy is shrouded in secrecy – debate about targeted killing is impossible because of the lack of transparency – instead of assessing the information selectively leaked by the government, debate must center on the production of knowledge behind drone secrecy.==== Toth, ’13 ~Kate Toth, London School of Economics, Dissertation; "REMOTE-CONTROLLED WAR: IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISTANCING OF STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE ON AMERICAN DEMOCRACY"; Apr 27, 2013; http://www.academia.edu/3125323/REMOTE-CONTROLLED_WAR_IMPLICATIONS_OF_THE_DISTANCING_OF_STATE-SPONSORED_VIOLENCE_ON_AMERICAN_DEMOCRACY~~**
With regard to drones, what the public knows has been released through leaks to AND is also indicative of the weakness of current American civil society and media.
====Drone secrecy is the norm of the Obama administration – May’s disclosure of information was calibrated to avoid public scrutiny.====
The past two weeks have seen an escalation in drone strikes more dramatic than any AND the sting of government secrecy, but it does not cure the disease.
====The executive’s justification for targeted killing secrecy is secret – debating about the logic behind government secrecy is the key starting point.====
====McMahon, ’13 ~J. McMahon; UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK; "AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION and THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, Plaintiffs, -against- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, including its component the Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, including its Component U.S. Special Operations Command, and CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY"; filed 1/3/13 ;http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/550558/updated-drone-decision.pdf~~====
Plaintiffs in these consolidated actions have filed Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") requests AND Final rulings on that discrete issue must abide further information from the Government.
In addition, each type of secrecy as currently applied is visible in the abstract AND changeable choice, must be seen as dehumanizing and consequently, unethical.57
The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often AND with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.
====Regulating disorder through state mechanisms of security justifies racist violence – this is the precondition to all violent and immoral actions.====
As an instrument of governance, security operates quite separately from discipline and law. AND least of our ability to be citizens, democrats, or even humans."
====Securitized otherization causes cycles of systemic violence that make genocide and extinction inevitable.==== Ahmed, ’11 ~2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development ~IPRD~, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, Taylor Francis~ Hence, they neglect the profound irrationality of collective state behaviour, which systematically erodes AND which that programme derives can the emergence of genocidal intent become explicable.104
====The question of "who decides" cannot be foreclosed by asserting deference to elite knowledge – this topic is not a question of law but political culture – there is nothing inherently special about the knowledge of government experts – sustained debate that empowers the role of us as actors within politics is a prerequisite to restrictions on executive authority.==== Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**
Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept AND , we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched.
====Vote aff to remove the curtain of secrecy to politicize drone policy – there is no wizard behind the curtain – the structural powers of those with the authority to make war should be the focus of a discussion of war powers authority.==== Cole, ’12 ~David Cole teaches constitutional law, national security, and criminal justice at Georgetown University Law Center. He is also a volunteer attorney for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the legal affairs correspondent for The Nation, a regular contributor to the New York Review of Books, and a commentator on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered. He has been published widely in law journals and the popular press, including the Yale Law Journal, California Law Review, Stanford Law Review, New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times. He has litigated constitutional cases in the Supreme Court; "Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy"; Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44, JULY 2012, NUMBER 5; http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=209326context=facpub~~
Thus, deference to experts need not preclude independent or democratically accountable decision-making AND survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose.
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
====Government is the people — it’s in the context of resolved. ==== Abraham Lincoln 1864, Gettysberg Address
It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the AND by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
====Secrecy is a war power.==== Bush 94 (October, 1994¶ 80 Va. L. Rev. 1723¶ LENGTH: 28213 words BOOK REVIEW: THE BINDING OF GULLIVER: CONGRESS AND COURTS IN AN ERA OF PRESIDENTIAL WARMAKING War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath. By John Hart Ely. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Pp. x, 244. 24 24.95. NAME: Reviewed by Jonathan A. Bush * BIO:¶ * Visiting Associate Professor of Law, Santa Clara University Law School.)
Only the perm accesses the root cause – Even if there are some instances of our discourse that may implicate ableism the result of our methodology breaks it down – Whiteness is the root cause of ableism – technologies of violence and surveillance used against people with disabilities originated in Eurocentric thought. Smith ’4 ~Phil, Executive Director, Vermont Developmental Disabilities Council, "Whiteness, Normal Theory, and Disability Studies", Disability Studies Quarterly Spring 2004, Volume 24, No. 2, http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/491/668~~ This point, that ableism is created by those who define themselves as able- AND broad disability studies approach if either whiteness or ability is to be reconceptualized.
Focusing on language distracts from the real problems – actions speak louder than words. Rose ’04 Damon Rose "Don’t call me handicapped21"Editor of BBC disability website Ouch21 Monday, 4 October, 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3708576.stm It differentiates them from normal, but in a saccharine manner. Disabled people are AND through a fear of getting sued - but positive action is often lacking.
K 2AC
====Rejection of the state accomplishes NOTHING – they need a pragmatic reimagination of politics to prevent failure of their movement – this card SMOKES the K.==== Pasha ’96 ~July-Sept. 1996, Mustapha Kamal, Professor and Chair of the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Aberdeen, "Security as Hegemony", Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 283-302, JSTOR~
An attack on the postcolonial state as the author of violence and its drive to AND more savage and less capable of ad- justing to rhythms dictated by globalization
====We’ll turn their Settler Colonialism link – SILENCE IS NOT THE ANSWER – white debaters must find ways to SPEAK ABOUT RACE or else they REPRODUCE OPPRESSION.==== Dr. Crenshaw ’97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278. Another difficulty related to talking about race is what Alcoff has called "the problem AND and political work of resisting racism is left solely to people of color.
The practical effects of this move toward a technology-driven, and¶ therefore AND conducive¶ to the formation of a substantial check on presidential action.134
There are obvious similarities between the causes and effects of¶ the public scrutiny associated AND , as we¶ will see, the converse is true as well.
2AC AT Guerilla Tactics
====Violence backfires – the military could decimate entire cities and move others in smaller towns to camps to dissuade any would be revolutionaries from joining in the fight – numerous examples prove.==== Welsh, ’9 ~March 30, 2009, Ian Welsh, work appeared at Huffington Post, Alternet, and Truthout, "Guerrilla Warfare: The Way of the Weak", http://www.ianwelsh.net/guerrilla-warfare/~~
Let’s talk about the easy way first. Scare and weaken the population into no AND green-light to commit massive atrocities and kill a few million Iraqis.
====Lack of popular support tanks solvency – ballots within a debate round accomplish nothing.==== Welsh, ’9 ~March 30, 2009, Ian Welsh, work appeared at Huffington Post, Alternet, and Truthout, "Guerrilla Warfare: The Way of the Weak", http://www.ianwelsh.net/guerrilla-warfare/~~** The relationship between locals and guerrilla troops is the most important point in Mao’s entire AND Iraqi Sunnis have supported more than enough insurgents to keep entire provinces in anarchy
1AR
====Their own author says the alternative fails.==== Herod 7 (James, awesome theorist-character, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/5thEd/PrintEd.htm)** We cannot destroy capitalism by dropping out, either as an individual, a small group, or a community. It’s been tried over and over, and it fails every time. There is no escaping capitalism; there is nowhere left to go. The only escape from capitalism is to destroy it. Then we could be free (if we try). In fact, capitalists love it when we drop out. They don’t need us. They have plenty of suckers already.
What do they care if we live under bridges, beg for meals, AND . Until they are defeated, there will be no freedom for anyone.
Drone policy is shrouded in secrecy – debate about targeted killing is impossible because of the lack of transparency – instead of assessing the information selectively leaked by the government, debate must center on the production of knowledge behind drone secrecy.
With regard to drones, what the public knows has been released through leaks to AND is also indicative of the weakness of current American civil society and media.
The past two weeks have seen an escalation in drone strikes more dramatic than any AND the sting of government secrecy, but it does not cure the disease.
This secrecy provides the executive power to selectively target and exterminate – insulated bureaucracy of warfare distances war from the warmakers causing dehumanization and depoliticization.
A "new – and very real – virtual era" has dawned for war AND for all its sterile trappings," is still war (Mayer, 2009).
Government secrecy mystifies security practices by making elite decisions invisible, subjecting all to unknown risk – this devaluation of individual decisionmaking is unethical.
In addition, each type of secrecy as currently applied is visible in the abstract AND changeable choice, must be seen as dehumanizing and consequently, unethical.57
Drones have become the technological symbol of disorder – debate about targeted killing must avoid impossible questions of "drones good or bad" that echo the polarization of status quo political discourse – facts alone will never be enough – instead, we must learn from the complexities surrounding drones and apply them to the concerns of so many about personal security.
The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often AND with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.
Regulating disorder through state mechanisms of security justifies racist violence – this is the precondition to all violent and immoral actions. Bell, ’5 (Colleen, Biopolitical Strategies of Security: Considerations on Canada’s New National Security Policy, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/documents/WP34-Bell.pdf)**
As an instrument of governance, security operates quite separately from discipline and law. AND least of our ability to be citizens, democrats, or even humans."
====Securitized otherization causes cycles of systemic violence that make genocide and extinction inevitable.==== Ahmed, ’11 ~2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development ~IPRD~, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, Taylor Francis~ Hence, they neglect the profound irrationality of collective state behaviour, which systematically erodes AND which that programme derives can the emergence of genocidal intent become explicable.104
The question of "who decides" cannot be foreclosed by asserting deference to elite knowledge – this topic is not a question of law but political culture – there is nothing inherently special about the knowledge of government experts – sustained debate that empowers the role of us as actors within politics is a prerequisite to restrictions on executive authority.
Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**
Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept AND , we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched.
Vote aff to lift the veil of secrecy to politicize drone policy – there is no wizard behind the curtain – the structural powers of those with the authority to make war should be the focus of a discussion of war powers authority.
Cole, ’12 ~David Cole teaches constitutional law, national security, and criminal justice at Georgetown University Law Center. He is also a volunteer attorney for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the legal affairs correspondent for The Nation, a regular contributor to the New York Review of Books, and a commentator on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered. He has been published widely in law journals and the popular press, including the Yale Law Journal, California Law Review, Stanford Law Review, New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times. He has litigated constitutional cases in the Supreme Court; "Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy"; Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44, JULY 2012, NUMBER 5; http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=209326context=facpub~~
Thus, deference to experts need not preclude independent or democratically accountable decision-making AND survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose.
2AC
Whatever Being K
====Their ethical "view from nowhere" universalizes the experience of the privileged philosopher – the erasure of identity from their subject position reifies racism and impedes alt solvency.==== Yancy ’5~George, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University, "Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body," The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 19(4), p. 215-216~
I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source AND of power expressed in the "comprehension" of a range of materials.
====The critique reifies racial divisions – we cannot wish away difference.==== Randall, ’8 ~January 10th, 2008, Vernillia- professor of Law @ the University of Dayton web editor of RACE, RACISM AND THE LAW; Racism v. Colorism: A Wrong Headed Debate; ; http://academic.udayton.edu/race/01race/racism03.htm~~**
Recently, I have been asked to stop using the term race and racism. AND to change terminology and will continue to use the words race and racism.
Defining ethics in relation to suffering is the only way to avoid reproducing it – if we can’t demand universal principles of human rights then people are free to justify their value of life through torture, violence, or anything else
Paul C. Santilli, Professor of Philosophy @ Siena College, 5/22/2003 ("Radical Evil, Subjection, and Alain Badiou’s Ethic of the Truth Event" – World Congress of the International Society for Universal Dialogue") http://www.isud.org/papers/pdfs/Santilli.pdf** What, then, is the ground of moral duty with respect to suffering? AND no matter how good and free they are, could not be ours.
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
====Government is the people — it’s in the context of resolved. ==== Abraham Lincoln 1864, Gettysberg Address
It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the AND by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
shall ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then AND to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what ’thoroughly’ means).
====Any move to methodologically bracket out our discussion cannot be viewed as value neutral, it is the worst form of conservatism favoring the established order at the expense of the oppressed. ==== Meszaros, ’89 (Istvan, likes Marx not Adam Smith. The Power of Ideology, p 232-234)
Nowhere is the myth of ideological neutrality – the self-proclaimed Wertfreiheit or value AND relationship between methods and values which no social theory or philosophy can escape.
False objectivity is the worst form of subjectivity – their framework propagates dominating power structures behind research and policymaking.
Shaw ’4 ~Jan. - Feb, 2004, Katharine, Associate Professor of Urban Studies at Ohio State Using Feminist Critical Policy Analysis in the Realm of Higher Education: The Case of Welfare Reform as Gendered Educational Policy Source: The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 75, No. 1, Special Issue: Questions of Research and Methodology, pp. 56-79~
The methods and theoretical frameworks that dominate current policy analysis have been developed and implemented AND tied to prevailing relations of power" (1997a, p. 3).
====Southern literary societies prove that switch side debate reinforces dominant power structures.==== Westbrook, ’2 ~B. Evelyn Westbrook- PhD Rhetoric University of Texas Debating Both Sides: What Nineteenth-Century College Literary Societies Can Teach Us about Critical Pedagogies, Rhetoric Review, 21:4, 339-356 Taylor Francis~
If societies like the Athenian and Clariosophic did, in fact, train students for AND exercises that ask them to put their ideas and ideologies on the line.
Legal debates about targeted killing are impossible – the justification for their secrecy is secret –debating about the logic of secrecy is the key starting point. McMahon, ’13 ~J. McMahon; UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK; "AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION and THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, Plaintiffs, -against- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, including its component the Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, including its Component U.S. Special Operations Command, and CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY"; filed 1/3/13 ;http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/550558/updated-drone-decision.pdf~~
Plaintiffs in these consolidated actions have filed Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") requests AND Final rulings on that discrete issue must abide further information from the Government.
The same insincerity and hollowness of promise infect another formula that is popular with the AND determination to make sure that the present imbalances persist as long as possible.
9/14/13
UMKC Round 4
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cal EM | Judge: Paul Johnson
1AC Extra Cards
- rest of the 1AC is under the round 2 header
====All procedural solutions backfire, meaning they teach unrealistic forms of advocacy.==== Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; and#34;Who Decides on Security?and#34;; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**
Widespread concerns with the government’s security infrastructure are by no means a new phenomenon. AND role has not been explored in any sustained way in the scholarly literature.
Legal debates about targeted killing are impossible – the justification for their secrecy is secret –debating about the logic of secrecy is the key starting point. McMahon, ’13 ~J. McMahon; UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK; and#34;AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION and THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, Plaintiffs, -against- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, including its component the Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, including its Component U.S. Special Operations Command, and CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCYand#34;; filed 1/3/13 ;http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/550558/updated-drone-decision.pdf~~
Plaintiffs in these consolidated actions have filed Freedom of Information Act (and#34;FOIAand#34 requests AND Final rulings on that discrete issue must abide further information from the Government.
2AC
Case
Utilitarianism’s attempt at neutrality tramples over efforts toward individual equality. Byrnes, ’99 ~Erin E. Byrnes, Arizona Law Review, Summer, 1999, 41 Ariz. L. Rev. 535, We don’t endorse this article’s employment of ableist language~ A functionalist critique of utilitarianism could also be employed in this context to advocate the AND competition with societal goals, individual rights will be annihilated every time. 296
====Their reps of savage terrorists cannot be separated by historical racism.==== Sharp, ’7 ~2007, Patrick B. Sharp, Chair, Department AND Savage Perils: Racial Frontiers and Nuclear Apocalypse in American Cultureand#34; pdf~ This history provides the necessary context for understanding President Bush’s rhetoric about the and#34;war AND is essential if we want to eliminate such racist mythologies from American life.
K
====Criticizing security is a prerequisite to capitalism.==== Neocleous, ’8 ~Mark Neocleous is a Professor of the critique of Political Economy at Brunel University, UK and a member of the Editorial Collective of and#34;Radical Philosophyand#34;. Critique of Security. 31~
Marx spotted that as the concept of bourgeois society, security plays a double role AND state and thus a new rationale for state action: the ’free economy’.
Specific cultural priorities, habits of family life, religious belief and ritual, underground AND imperfectly incorporated into it, and to present an apolitical orientation to it.
Marxism doesn’t consider the historical and social significance of Africa – their falsely objective evaluation of history utilizes the same epistemic ignorance that justified enslavement and the formation of modern capitalism, turns their impacts.
Harris ’5 ~2005, DARYL B., Howard University POSTMODERNIST DIVERSIONS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN THOUGHT, pg. 208-209~
Jean’s discourse, we should add, is not concerned with rhythm only, nor AND multicultural renaissance but what usually ends up being a monocultural insistence on uniformity.
====Alt fails to build coalitions and leads to racial suppression.==== Ross Assc. Director of the Center for AfroAmerican and African Studies @ U Mich 2000 Marlon-Professor of English; Pleasuring Identity, or the Delicious Politics of Belonging; NEW LITERARY HISTORY, Vol. 31, No. 4, Is There Life after Identity Politics?; Autumn, 2000; pp.827-850.
Although in his contribution Eric Lott targets Professor Michaels’s comments and his own recent feud AND workingand#34; and and#34;unemployedand#34; if not class-based identity formations?
====White debaters must find ways to SPEAK ABOUT RACE or else they REPRODUCE OPPRESSION.==== Dr. Crenshaw ’97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278. Another difficulty related to talking about race is what Alcoff has called and#34;the problem AND and political work of resisting racism is left solely to people of color.
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
====Government is the people — it’s in the context of resolved. ==== Abraham Lincoln 1864, Gettysberg Address
It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the AND by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
shall ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then AND to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what ’thoroughly’ means).
Plan focus promotes scriptocentrism – pure textualism discourages active politics and promotes Western knowledge systems by erasing the experiences of those unable or unwilling to comply. Conquergood ’02 ~The Drama Review 46, 2 (T174), Summer 2002. Copyright 2002 New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Performance Studies Interventions and Radical Research pp 147. Dwight Conquergood was a professor of anthropology and performance studies at Northwestern University~ In even stronger terms, Raymond Williams challenged the class-based arrogance of scriptocentrism AND to do soand#34; (1997:48; see also Scott 1990)?
====They make dogmatism worse – Southern literary societies prove that switch side debate reinforces dominant power structures.==== Westbrook, ’2 ~B. Evelyn Westbrook- PhD Rhetoric University of Texas Debating Both Sides: What Nineteenth-Century College Literary Societies Can Teach Us about Critical Pedagogies, Rhetoric Review, 21:4, 339-356 Taylor Francis~
If societies like the Athenian and Clariosophic did, in fact, train students for AND exercises that ask them to put their ideas and ideologies on the line.
DA
Their narratives of U.S. hegemony rely on images of anarchy and racial inferiority that colonize knowledge production and lead to perpetual intervention Kaplan, humanities prof, ’4—President of the American Studies Association as well as a professor of English and the Edmund J. and Louise W. Kahn Endowed Term Professor in the Humanities at the University of Pennsylvania (Amy, American Quarterly 56.1 (2004) 1-18, and#34;Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, October 17, 2003,and#34; Project MUSE) This coming-out narrative, associated primarily with neoconservatives, aggressively celebrates the United AND
rather, resistance means irrational opposition to modernity and universal human values.
1AR
DA
Heg Peace theory wrong - biased Montiero 12—Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University Nuno, Unrest Assured, International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Winter 2011/12), http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Unrest_Assured.pdf In contrast, the question of unipolar peacefulness has received virtually no attention. Although AND ., the debate on durability) has all but monopolized our attention. .,
A- Heg causes more conflict than it solves- historical data proves Human Security Report ’10 ( Embargoed until 2 December 2010, 11:00am EST Human Security Report Project. Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
As with other realist claims, there are reasons for skepticism about the peace through AND . Few countries have this capacity; major powers have it by definition.
10/4/13
UMKC Round 5
Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Stanford GR | Judge: Jason Russell
1AC
====Drone policy is shrouded in secrecy – debate about targeted killing is impossible because of the lack of transparency – instead of assessing the information selectively leaked by the government, debate must center on the production of knowledge behind drone secrecy.==== Toth, ’13 ~Kate Toth, London School of Economics, Dissertation; "REMOTE-CONTROLLED WAR: IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISTANCING OF STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE ON AMERICAN DEMOCRACY"; Apr 27, 2013; http://www.academia.edu/3125323/REMOTE-CONTROLLED_WAR_IMPLICATIONS_OF_THE_DISTANCING_OF_STATE-SPONSORED_VIOLENCE_ON_AMERICAN_DEMOCRACY~~**
With regard to drones, what the public knows has been released through leaks to AND is also indicative of the weakness of current American civil society and media.
====Drone secrecy is the norm of the Obama administration – May’s disclosure of information was calibrated to avoid public scrutiny.====
The past two weeks have seen an escalation in drone strikes more dramatic than any AND the sting of government secrecy, but it does not cure the disease.
====The executive’s justification for targeted killing secrecy is secret – debating about the logic behind government secrecy is the key starting point.====
====McMahon, ’13 ~J. McMahon; UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK; "AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION and THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION, Plaintiffs, -against- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, including its component the Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, including its Component U.S. Special Operations Command, and CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY"; filed 1/3/13 ;http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/550558/updated-drone-decision.pdf~~====
Plaintiffs in these consolidated actions have filed Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") requests AND Final rulings on that discrete issue must abide further information from the Government.
In addition, each type of secrecy as currently applied is visible in the abstract AND changeable choice, must be seen as dehumanizing and consequently, unethical.57
The term drone draws attention, elicits passions, and sparks heated discussions. Often AND with a respect and acknowledgement for the very real fears of so many.
====Regulating disorder through state mechanisms of security justifies racist violence – this is the precondition to all violent and immoral actions.====
As an instrument of governance, security operates quite separately from discipline and law. AND least of our ability to be citizens, democrats, or even humans."
====Securitized otherization causes cycles of systemic violence that make genocide and extinction inevitable.==== Ahmed, ’11 ~2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development ~IPRD~, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, Taylor Francis~ Hence, they neglect the profound irrationality of collective state behaviour, which systematically erodes AND which that programme derives can the emergence of genocidal intent become explicable.104
====The question of "who decides" cannot be foreclosed by asserting deference to elite knowledge – this topic is not a question of law but political culture – there is nothing inherently special about the knowledge of government experts – sustained debate that empowers the role of us as actors within politics is a prerequisite to restrictions on executive authority.==== Rana, ’11 ~Aziz Rana received his A.B. summa cum laude from Harvard College and his J.D. from Yale Law School. He also earned a Ph.D. in political science at Harvard, where his dissertation was awarded the university’s Charles Sumner Prize. He was an Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fellow in Law at Yale; "Who Decides on Security?"; 8/11/11; Cornell Law Library; http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/-http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87/~~**
Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept AND , we can expect our prevailing security arrangements to become ever more entrenched.
====Vote aff to lift the veil of secrecy to politicize drone policy – there is no wizard behind the curtain – the structural powers of those with the authority to make war should be the focus of a discussion of war powers authority.==== Cole, ’12 ~David Cole teaches constitutional law, national security, and criminal justice at Georgetown University Law Center. He is also a volunteer attorney for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the legal affairs correspondent for The Nation, a regular contributor to the New York Review of Books, and a commentator on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered. He has been published widely in law journals and the popular press, including the Yale Law Journal, California Law Review, Stanford Law Review, New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Los Angeles Times. He has litigated constitutional cases in the Supreme Court; "Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy"; Connecticut Law Review, VOLUME 44, JULY 2012, NUMBER 5; http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=209326context=facpub~~
Thus, deference to experts need not preclude independent or democratically accountable decision-making AND survival of our polity, but its survival in the form we choose.
2AC
Case
====Representations of savage terrorists cannot be separated by historical racism—critiquing faulty assumptions is key to eliminate racist mythologies.==== Sharp, ’7 ~2007, Patrick B. Sharp, Chair, Department AND Savage Perils: Racial Frontiers and Nuclear Apocalypse in American Culture" pdf~ This history provides the necessary context for understanding President Bush’s rhetoric about the "war AND is essential if we want to eliminate such racist mythologies from American life.
Utilitarianism’s attempt at neutrality tramples over efforts toward individual equality. Byrnes, ’99 ~Erin E. Byrnes, Arizona Law Review, Summer, 1999, 41 Ariz. L. Rev. 535, We don’t endorse this article’s employment of ableist language~ A functionalist critique of utilitarianism could also be employed in this context to advocate the AND competition with societal goals, individual rights will be annihilated every time. 296
Theory driven approaches to IR are key to prioritizing structural violence in impact calculus – their political imagination crowds out alternative narratives of marginalized perspectives
Jeong 99 (Ho-Won, associate professor at the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University, Epistemological Foundations for Peace Research, classweb.gmu.edu/hwjeong/epistemological.htm-http://classweb.gmu.edu/hwjeong/epistemological.htm) Ignoring normative questions would not help find alternative visions. Conditions for building peace are AND outcome of an event would be enhanced by clarifying the specific goals of actors
2AC DA
Climate change is not anthropocentric and isn’t just the extinction of humanity—climate change is a product of white culture and means the extinction of minorities—their neutral representations of climate make warming inevitable Wynter, ’07 ~2007, Sylvia, Professor Emeritus in Spanish and Romance Languages at Stanford Univeristy, "The Human being as noun? Or being human as praxis? Towards the Autopoietic turn/overturn: A Manifesto," otl2.wikispaces.com/file/view/The+Autopoetic+Turn.pdf~ For if, as Time magazine reported in January 2007 (Epigraph 2), a AND our present "economic and social order" is itself the empirical actualization.
Democratic societies foster fight against eco-destruction – no guarantee that authoritarian state will be ruled by ecologist-king
Paehlke, ’5 ~Robert Paehlke, Professor and Chair, Environmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent University, 2005, "Democracy and Environmentalism: Opening a Door to the Administrative State?" in Managing Leviathan: Environmental Politics and the Administrative State, edited by Robert Paehlke and Douglas Torgerson, pp. 26-27~
Writing at about the same time as Heilbroner and Ophuls, but without being explicitly AND to precisely the opposite: popular empowerment with enhanced participation and openness.8
Democracy is a prerequisite to solving the environment
Payne, ’95 (Payne, assistant professor of political science at the University of Louisville, 1995 ~Rodger A., "Freedom and the Environment," Journal of Democracy 6.3 (1995) 41-55, muse~
In articulating their support for global democratization, U.S. political leaders have AND Mikhail Gorbachev instituted glasnost’ and democratization allowed greater expression of ecological concerns. 6
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
====Government is the people — it’s in the context of resolved. ==== Abraham Lincoln 1864, Gettysberg Address
It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the AND by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
shall ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then AND to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what ’thoroughly’ means).
Plan focus promotes scriptocentrism – pure textualism discourages active politics and promotes Western knowledge systems by erasing the experiences of those unable or unwilling to comply. Conquergood ’02 ~The Drama Review 46, 2 (T174), Summer 2002. Copyright 2002 New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Performance Studies Interventions and Radical Research pp 147. Dwight Conquergood was a professor of anthropology and performance studies at Northwestern University~ In even stronger terms, Raymond Williams challenged the class-based arrogance of scriptocentrism AND to do so" (1997:48; see also Scott 1990)?
For several decades now, feminist theorists have criticized modern epistemic norms, revealing male AND my proposal, commenting that such people are "not academically-oriented."
—-AT Role Playing
====Role playing leads to political monologue, preventing self reflection – supports existing power structures and eliminates personal agency.==== Smith, ’97 (Steve, University of Wales, Professor and Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University, University of Wales, Aberystwyth "Power and Truth, A Reply to William Wallace," Review of International Studies, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Oct., 1997), p. 513, NAP)
Those academics who do get involved in talking truth to power must accept that in AND that any of this has anything to do with truth and academic objectivity.
—-AT Switch Side Debate
====Southern literary societies prove that switch side debate reinforces dominant power structures.==== Westbrook, ’2 ~B. Evelyn Westbrook- PhD Rhetoric University of Texas Debating Both Sides: What Nineteenth-Century College Literary Societies Can Teach Us about Critical Pedagogies, Rhetoric Review, 21:4, 339-356 Taylor Francis~
If societies like the Athenian and Clariosophic did, in fact, train students for AND exercises that ask them to put their ideas and ideologies on the line.
1AR
FW
====Their belief that debate is just a game ~{and their view of Conditionality~} eliminate an ethic of accountability necessary for empowering non-white bodies.==== Collins, ’90(Patricia Hill, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park, Former head of the Department of African American Studies at the University of Cincinnati, and the past President of the American Sociological Association Council, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment, p. 62-65) A second component of the ethic of caring concerns the appropriateness of emotions in dialogues AND passes as truth and simultaneously challenges the process of arriving at the truth.
====Representations of savage terrorists cannot be separated by historical racism—critiquing faulty assumptions is key to eliminate racist mythologies.==== Sharp, ’7 ~2007, Patrick B. Sharp, Chair, Department AND Savage Perils: Racial Frontiers and Nuclear Apocalypse in American Cultureand#34; pdf~ This history provides the necessary context for understanding President Bush’s rhetoric about the and#34;war AND is essential if we want to eliminate such racist mythologies from American life.
Topicality
====Secrecy is a war power.==== Bush 94 (October, 1994¶ 80 Va. L. Rev. 1723¶ LENGTH: 28213 words BOOK REVIEW: THE BINDING OF GULLIVER: CONGRESS AND COURTS IN AN ERA OF PRESIDENTIAL WARMAKING War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath. By John Hart Ely. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Pp. x, 244. 24 24.95. NAME: Reviewed by Jonathan A. Bush * BIO:¶ * Visiting Associate Professor of Law, Santa Clara University Law School.)
The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.
====Government is the people — it’s in the context of resolved. ==== Abraham Lincoln 1864, Gettysberg Address
It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the AND by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
shall ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then AND to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what ’thoroughly’ means). Plan focus promotes scriptocentrism – pure textualism discourages active politics and promotes Western knowledge systems by erasing the experiences of those unable or unwilling to comply. Conquergood ’02 ~The Drama Review 46, 2 (T174), Summer 2002. Copyright 2002 New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Performance Studies Interventions and Radical Research pp 147. Dwight Conquergood was a professor of anthropology and performance studies at Northwestern University~ In even stronger terms, Raymond Williams challenged the class-based arrogance of scriptocentrism AND to do soand#34; (1997:48; see also Scott 1990)?
For several decades now, feminist theorists have criticized modern epistemic norms, revealing male AND my proposal, commenting that such people are and#34;not academically-oriented.and#34;
====Southern literary societies prove that switch side debate reinforces dominant power structures.==== Westbrook, ’2 ~B. Evelyn Westbrook- PhD Rhetoric University of Texas Debating Both Sides: What Nineteenth-Century College Literary Societies Can Teach Us about Critical Pedagogies, Rhetoric Review, 21:4, 339-356 Taylor Francis~
If societies like the Athenian and Clariosophic did, in fact, train students for AND exercises that ask them to put their ideas and ideologies on the line.
The same insincerity and hollowness of promise infect another formula that is popular with the AND determination to make sure that the present imbalances persist as long as possible.
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====Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease – prerequisite to morality.==== Memmi ’00~2000, Albert is a Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris, Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165~
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
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