Tournament: ALL VANDY NOVICES | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL

Advantage: Cybersecurity

A. Current focus on offensive operations has undermined our cyber-defenses

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. x-xi.~ (NSB)
The force that prevented nuclear war, deterrence, does not work well in cyber
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policies that make it impossible to defend the nation effectively from cyber attack.

A. The US is currently almost defenseless in the area of cybersecurity.

Rosenthal 12- Editor in chief of the New York Times.
~Andrew Rosenthal, Editor in chief of the New York Times, July 31, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/01/opinion/cybersecurity-at-risk.html?_r=0~~
Officials and experts have warned about cybersecurity dangers for years; now the alarms are
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down the stock exchange, for instance — as "around a 3."

B. Cybercrime is the most serious threat we currently face. It already does tremendous economic damage—more than all the illegal drugs in the world combined

Senate Select Committee on Homeland Security 12
~2/14/12, http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/media/majority-media/lieberman-collins-rockefeller-feinstein_offer-bipartisan-comprehensive-bill-to-secure-fed-and-critical-private-sector-cyber-systems~~
Collins said: "Our nation’s vulnerability has already been demonstrated by the daily attempts
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the widespread and devastating effects that cyber intrusions are having on our country."

C. Solvency: The federal government is currently focused on offense and on military solutions, which undermines civilian and defensive options. Shifting away from an offensive focus improves true cybersecurity.

Schneier ’10 – Leading cybersecurity expert
~Bruce Schneier, Chief Security Technology Officer of BT (formerly British telecom), CNN, July 7, 2010. Threat of "Cyberwar" Has Been Hugely Hyped, http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/schneier.cyberwar.hyped/~~
We need to be prepared for war, and a Cyber Command is just as
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within the myriad structure of public and private security institutions we already have.

Tournament: ALL VANDY NOVICES | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL

Advantage: Financial Sector

A US cyber attack on a non-military target could lead to retaliation against the financial system

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. 259.~ (NSB)
When an American President sends U.S. forces to bomb a rogue state’s
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tempt other nations, and perhaps criminal cartels and terrorist groups as well.

Attacks on financial sector snowball, affecting world economic infrastructure

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. 245-6.~ (NSB)
Even an agreement limited to protecting civilian infrastructure may pose problems. Some nations,
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result from the identification of an attacking nation could cripple a nation’s economy.

Financial sector attack has devastating economic consequences—all transactions would stop

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. 246-7.~ (NSB)
The belief that cyber attacks on banks could unravel the entire global financial system has
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participate in an international agreement to forswear cyber attacks targeted on financial institutions.

Economic growth and integration prevent terrorist attacks

Schaub 4 – Drew, Department of Political Science, Penn State
~Apr, JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION, Vol. 48 No. 2, 230-258~cn
The indirect, negative effects of the globalization variables, as hypothesized in hypotheses 2
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, their indirect negative effect through influencing economic development appears large and important.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction

Morgan 9 – Dennis Ray, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
~Dec, "World on fire," 41 South Korea Futures 10, 683-693~cn
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
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, to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.

Econ decline prevents democracy assistance from being effective – it triggers identity politics and power grabs

Mitchell 8 – Lincoln A., Ph.D., Professor of International Politics at Columbia U, has worked on democracy assistance in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia
~Jan 5, ENHANCING DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE, http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/Enhancing20Democracy20Assistance.pdf~~cn
Democratization does not occur in a vacuum. Measures are needed to address the insecurity
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– Prevent spoilers from fomenting violence as part of a power grab.

Maintaining democracy is critical to prevent extinction – it prevents war, terrorism, and environmental destruction

Diamond 95 – Senior Fellow the Hoover Institution
~Larry Diamond, a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives, A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, December 1995, http://carnegie.org/fileadmin/Media/Publications/PDF/Promoting20Democracy20in20the201990s20Actors20and20Instruments,20Issues20and20Imperatives.pdf~ (NSB)
This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
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with its provisions for legality, accountability, popular sovereignty, and openness.
The experience of this century offers important lessons. Countries that govern themselves in a
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which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Econ decline turns disease

Robertson 9 – Dr Andrew, Physician
~June 12th, http://www.physorg.com/news163993567.html-http://www.physorg.com/news163993567.html~~cn
There are concerns that the financial crisis has already hit tuberculosis control, which has
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, global downturn is currently "impossible to quantify," according to Robertson.

Infections disease spread risks global extinction

Steinbruner 98 – John D., Senior Fellow at Brookings Institution
~Foreign Policy, Dec 22, LN~cn
It is a considerable comfort and undoubtedly a key to our survival that, so
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health, but a fundamental security problem for the species as a whole.

Economic strength is the key factor in maintaining heg

Looney 3 – Robert, Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School
~Nov, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/nov03/middleEast.asp~~cn
The benefits of "power and prestige" are nebulous. Nevertheless, the loss
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as the global reserve currency as on U.S. military muscle.

Heg is key to prevent multiple scenarios for conflict

Kagan 11 – Robert, editor, The Weekly Standard, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution
~Jan 24, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?nopager=1~~cn
Today the international situation is also one of high risk. • The terrorists who
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and striking out on their own, possibly by building nuclear weapons. • 

Economic collapse will spawn regional wars around the globe, fuel weapons proliferation, and ensure US intervention in numerous foreign conflicts

Lopez 98 – Freelance Journalist and Frequent Author on International Economic Issues
~Beranrdo V., "Global Recession phase two" Catastrophic", BusinessWorld, September 10, p. 12, LN~bg
What would it be like if global recession becomes full bloom? The results will
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on the use of force and its superiority to get its ways internationally. 

Even a slowdown in the global economy will trigger a nuclear World War 3

Mead 92 – Senior Fellow for US Foreign Policy at Council on Foreign Relations
~Walter Russell, "Depending on the kindness of strangers," New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer, p. 28, Academic Search Elite~
If so, this new failure—the failure to develop an international system to
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greater danger to world order than Germany and Japan did in the ’30s.

Tournament: ALL VANDY NOVICES | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL

International Law Advantage

~I’m actually not positive when this was run, but I know one of our Novices teams ran it at some point. I’m putting it here because this is our most consistent novice pairing.~

A. Current OCO targeting of civilian infrastructure violate international laws of war

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. 202.~ (NSB)
Trying to strike at navy bases, the two•cyber combatants hit the power
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cyber war weapons that have the potential to be indiscriminate in their attacks.

B. US adherence to international law is critical. If we comply, others will. If we don’t, others won’t

Beard 7 – Jack, Lecturer at UCLA and former Deputy General Counsel at the DOD
~"The Geneva Boomerang: The Military Commissions Act of 2006 And US Counterterror operations," The American Journal of International Law~cn
At a fundamental level, unilateral revision of the Geneva Conventions by the United States
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that other countries are unlikely to maintain the stringency of their own commitments.

C. Abiding by international law is the key to preventing genocide

Aeschlimann 4 – Alan, J.D. and head of protection activities at the International Committee of the Red Cross
~Mar 29, "Genocide, a ’serious crime’: the 1948 convention," http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/5XFP5A~~
The term "genocide" is not used in the Geneva Conventions or in their
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armed conflict is a violation of common Article 3 and of Protocol II.

D. Genocide outweighs other impacts.  Genocide comes first – only it goes beyond physical death to social death, which destroys the ability to make life and death meaningful

Card 3 – Claudia, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin
~"Genocide and Social Death," Hypatia 18.1 (2003) 63-79, project muse~cn
Genocide is not simply unjust (although it certainly is unjust); it is also
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, producing a consequent meaninglessness of one’s life and even of its termination.

Tournament: ALL VANDY NOVICES | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL

OCO Aff Plan- Districts 2014

Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of offensive cyber operations by prohibiting first use of Offensive Cyber Effects Operations against non-military targets.

Tournament: GSU-ALL VANDY NOVICES | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL

OCO-1AC

The United States is currently expanding Offensive Cyber Operations—OCO—in ways that threaten Separation of Powers and risk accidental conflicts. Congress needs to step in.

Plan:

The United States Federal Government, specifically Congress, should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of offensive cyber operations by prohibiting first use of destructive cyber operations against civilian networks.  Funding, enforcement, and intent assured through normal means.

Advantage 1: Accidental Escalation

A. Current offensive cyber doctrine leads to preemptive attacks and arms races

Xu ’13 — PhD and Associate Research Fellow at the China Institute of International Studies
~Xu Longdi, PhD and Associate Research Fellow at the China Institute of International Studies in Beijing, April 10, 2013, "Obama Intensifies Cybersecurity Measures," China Institute for International Studies, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2013-04/10/content_5864549.htm~~
Intense moves by the U.S. are the newest in its assiduous efforts
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is doubtful whether it could achieve this much-needed legitimacy for preemption.

B. Our use of destructive cyberweapons, like logic bombs and trapdoors, in other nations’ networks significantly increase the risk of an accidental war escalating out of control

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. 254-5.~ (NSB)
Finally, limits on cyber war attacks against civilian infrastructure would probably mean that we
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with cyber weapons, nations have made starting a war far too easy.

C. Skeptics are wrong. Cyber Impacts outweigh other conflict scenarios for 6 reasons (scale, speed, global nature, affects civilians, blurs peace and war, is unpredictable)

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. 30-31.~ (NSB)
Others look at these
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new dimension of instability.

D. Solvency: Prohibiting the use of OCO on civilian networks improves stability and the benefits outweigh any loss of flexibility

Clarke 26 Knake ’10 – former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Council on Foreign Relations
~Richard Clarke, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism 26 Robert Knake, international affairs fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to do About it, 2010. p. 244-5.~ (NSB)
The main reason for a ban on cyber war against civilian infrastructures is to defuse
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emplacement of trapdoors on networks that control systems such as electric power grids.

Advantage 2: Separation of Powers

A. Current legislation doesn’t cover OCO, giving the President war powers outside Congressional reach

Lorber ’13 – JD 26 PhD Candidate
~Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?, Journal of Constitutional Law, January, 2013. (Lexis)~ (NSB)
The resulting picture
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outside congressional reach.

B. OCO allows the President to essentially circumvent Congressional authority, undermining Separation of Powers in the war powers area

Lorber ’13 – JD 26 PhD Candidate
~Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?, Journal of Constitutional Law, January, 2013. (Lexis)~ (NSB)
Second, the possible employment of these tools adds yet another wrinkle to the battle
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executive’s commander-in-chief power and Congress’s war-making authority. 

C. Each threat to Separation of Powers should be weighed as the equivalent to increased risk of nuclear war

Redish 26 Cisar ’91 – Prof of Law and Law Clerk to United States Court of Appeals
~Martin Redish, Professor of Law and Public Policy, Northwestern University and Elizabeth Cisar, J.D., Northwestern, Law Clerk to United States Court of Appeals, : "If Angels Were To Govern": The Need For Pragmatic Formalism In Separation Of Powers Theory, Duke Law Journal December, 1991. 41 Duke L.J. 449, p473-474~ (NSB)
To underscore the point, one need imagine only a limited modification of the actual
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be forced into the position of saying, "I told you so."

D. Even diluting Separation of Powers risks undermining Democracy

Redish 26 Cisar ’91 – Prof of Law and Law Clerk to United States Court of Appeals
~Martin Redish, Professor of Law and Public Policy, Northwestern University and Elizabeth Cisar, J.D., Northwestern, Law Clerk to United States Court of Appeals, : "If Angels Were To Govern": The Need For Pragmatic Formalism In Separation Of Powers Theory, Duke Law Journal December, 1991. 41 Duke L.J. 449, p 453~ (NSB)
However, we believe that the separation of powers provisions of the Constitution are tremendously
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reducing the likelihood of undue concentration of political power will dramatically increase that vulnerability

E. Maintaining democracy is critical to prevent extinction – it prevents war, terrorism, and environmental destruction

Diamond 95 – Senior Fellow the Hoover Institution
~Larry Diamond, a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives, A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, December 1995, http://carnegie.org/fileadmin/Media/Publications/PDF/Promoting20Democracy20in20the201990s20Actors20and20Instruments,20Issues20and20Imperatives.pdf~ (NSB)
This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
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which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

F. Congressional action now is critical to maintain the balance in this area

Dycus ’10 – Prof of Law
~Stephen Dycus, Professor, Vermont Law School, Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare, Journal of National Security Law 26Policy, Vol 4.155. p. 158. http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf~~ (NSB)
If Congress now fails to enact guidelines for cyber warfare, it might be perceived
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in order to be able to participate in the formulation of national policy.