Tournament: CSUN | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Rodriguez-Su | Judge: Loy Jr
The aff’s abstraction conceals the way institutions specifically embody ideas and decontextualizes them from historical conditions. They give narrative evidence but then abstract out – there is a disconnect between their story and their solution. This abstraction becomes a cop out for scholars to avoid making hard choices about where and how to struggle.
Sultany 13
Sultany Baldy Postdoctoral Fellow in Interdisciplinary Legal Studies, SUNY Buffalo Law School. SJD (Harvard Law School); LL.M. (University of Virginia); LL.M. (Tel Aviv University); LL.B. (College of Management) Boston University International Law Journal Summer, 2013 31 B.U. Int'l L.J. 435 SYMPOSIUM: AGAINST CONCEPTUALISM: ISLAMIC LAW, DEMOCRACY, AND CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE ARAB SPRING
To assume that the concepts ... the need to make hard choices and tradeoffs.

The alternative is to reject the aff’s conceptualisms in favor of a contextualized, consequentialist-style analysis. They can use their narrative but only to produce specific, concrete changes
Sultany 13 Nimer Sultany Baldy Postdoctoral Fellow in Interdisciplinary Legal Studies, SUNY Buffalo Law School. SJD (Harvard Law School); LL.M. (University of Virginia); LL.M. (Tel Aviv University); LL.B. (College of Management) Boston University International Law Journal Summer, 2013 31 B.U. Int'l L.J. 435 SYMPOSIUM: AGAINST CONCEPTUALISM: ISLAMIC LAW, DEMOCRACY, AND CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE ARAB SPRING
Therefore, instead of a conceptualist-style ... of conceptual analysis.

Rejecting conceptualisms means challenging the way the aff has construed the debate community.
Michelman 90 Frank I. Michelman Robert Walmsley University Professor, Emeritus, Harvard University of Law Southern California Law Review September, 1990 63 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1783 SYMPOSIUM ON THE RENAISSANCE OF PRAGMATISM IN AMERICAN LEGAL THOUGHT: COMMENT: PRIVATE PERSONAL BUT NOT SPLIT: RADIN VERSUS RORTY.
Before us in Radin's text are two statements....towards what good -- do you talk (construe) that way? n12

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Brooks-Stanfield | Judge: Sydnor
The aff is an example of exploitation that cannot be undone unless we examine the unequal power in capital first
Noumoff, prof @ McGill University, 1 (Sam, “Globalization and Marginalization,” Labour, Capital, and Society, Vol. 34, Issue 1, p51-91)
¶ Exploitation is an inevitable consequence of unequal ... responses which test its limits.

Resistance to capital must be a total negation from the system—reform restabilizes capital and marginalizes labor as a social alternative.
Mezaros, prof Emeritus @ University of Sussex, 95 (Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition, p. 738)
¶ Thus the role of labour’s extra-parliamentary... extra-parliamentary power of capital

Capitalism’s preoccupation with endless accumulation will result in total ecological destruction and extinction
Foster, 11 John Bellamy  Dec. 2011, Capitalism and the Accumulation of Catastrophe, Monthly Review, Vol. 63 Issue 07, http://monthlyreview.org/2011/12/01/capitalism-and-the-accumulation-of-catastrophe (Aug 2012)
Yet, the continued pursuit of Keynes’s convenient ... a socialism for the twenty-first century.

Vote neg—It’s try or die for the revolution. The capitalism is unsustainable and reforms only insure the crash is worse—this makes total rejection key
Magdoff and Foster, 2010 (Fred and John Belamy, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon, “What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know about Capitalism”, Monthly Review, Volume 61, Issue 10) NG
The foregoing analysis, if correct, points to the fact ... is of and by, and not just ostensibly for, the people.57

Tournament: SFSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: CSU Northridge Agbonwaneten-Lindo | Judge: Anderson
The Executive Branch of the United States should create “executive v. executive” divisions as per our Katyal evidence to promote internal separation of powers via separate and overlapping cabinet offices, mandatory review of government action by different agencies, civil-service protections for agency workers, reporting requirements to Congress, and an impartial decision-maker to resolve inter-agency conflicts.

Presidential veto power and executive deference mean external restraints fail – internal separation of powers constrains the president and leads to better decision making
Katyal ’6 Neal Katyal, Professor of Law @ Georgetown, The Yale Law Journal, “Internal Separation of Powers: Checking Today’s Most Dangerous Branch from Within” 115 Yale L.J. 2314, 2006
After all, Publius's view of separation of powers presumes ...the principles envisioned by our Founders. 21

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State Butterfield-Shoell | Judge: Magallon
Our interpretation is that the aff must defend an advocacy in the direction of the topic, which is an increase in statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President. 

They criticize war powers but don’t defend a restriction on the President.

We believe the aff is important to debate, but if inclusion is to mean anything in a debate round, it should mean debateable ideas. There are multiple different gender criticisms on this year’s topic, each one is different and unique. The neg’s ground shouldn’t be reduced to just saying “gender criticism bad” – that doesn’t produce good debates. It doesn’t pay attention to the uniqueness of their performance.

First is Limits – resolutional limits encourage aff innovation, predictive research on a designated topic, and clash—a precursor to productive education. The inherent value of arguments within limits is greater, which link turns education arguments

Second is Fair ground – the resolution is the only neutral site of stasis for controversy – changing this allows them to define the debate in ways that make it impossible for us to compete and really easy for them to win

Third is decision-making – only maintaining a limited topic of discussion and a clear stasis for both teams provides the necessary and requisite foundation for decision-making and advocacy skills – even if they are contestable, that is different from being valuably debatable

Discussions of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development – we control uniqueness: students already have dogmatic notions about the world – government policy discussions is vital to force engagement with competing perspective to improve social outcomes and break down pre-conceived barriers of what is right – this turns case
Esberg and Sagan 12 – *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think ... and act on information.14

Topical version of the aff disproves any silencing arguments – all they have to do is defend a statutory or
judicial restriction such as closing Gitmo or reducing armed forces in Afghanistan.

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State Butterfield-Shoell | Judge: Magallon
*Grief K
These are stories of the War on Terror in 2013:
Victim Stories” 2012 http://www.livingunderdrones.org/victim-stories//
Tahir Afzal’s brother died in a drone strike.6 “It was in the afternoon around two o’clock and he was on his way to work. They were in a car. A drone struck and four people died in it, including children who were walking on the road. . . . There were lots of drones wandering over that day. They were wandering all over, and as the car passed by, it was targeted.” Tahir told our team, “He was my older brother, and I miss him a lot.” “Before, everybody was involved in their own labor work. We were all busy. But since the drone attacks have started, everybody is very scared and everybody is terrorized. . . . People are out of business, people are out of schools, because people are being killed by these drone attacks.” Tahir emphasized, “It’s not a fictional story. It’s brutality that we are undergoing and that needs to be stopped.” Khairullah Jan’s brother was killed in a drone attack. 7 “One day, my brother was coming from college . . . . dropping his friend to his house, which is located behind our house a few kilometers away. . . . I was coming from Mir Ali Bazaar . . . going to my house. That’s when I heard a drone strike and I felt something in my heart. I thought something had happened, but we didn’t get to know until next day. That’s when all the villagers came and brought us news that my brother had been killed . . . I was drinking tea when I found out. My entire family was there. They were crying . . . . To lose such a young one; everybody is sad and it also affects the tribe, our community, as well. My mother is really affected. She is sad all the time, and my father is also heavily affected. At times he used to go to Peshawar or Karachi, he was outgoing, but now he sits at home.” “I have been affected. The love that I had for studies—that has finished. My determination to study—that is also gone. . . . if, for instance, there is a drone strike and four or five of your villagers die and you feel sad for them and you feel like throwing everything away, because you feel death is near— death is so close, so why do you want to study?” Ismail Hussain’s cousin was killed in a drone strike. 8 “We were sitting together and my mother said Sajid did not come home. She said there was a drone attack and so my mother said to go ask about Sajid. . . . When I came to know that the drone attack had happened in the other village, I took my motorcycle to go to that village. . . . When I reached that village, people told me Sajid and some others were injured and were taken to the hospital. They didn’t want to make me sad. Then I went to Miranshah hospital. I didn’t meet with him because before I arrived he died. The body of my uncle’s son was put into a box. I took it to my village. I placed it in the house of my neighbor during Fajr dawn prayers. At the time of Fajr, I took it to my home.” Ismail informed us, “His mother hangs his picture on the wall. She looks at it 24 hours a day and cries.” Hisham Abrar’s cousin was killed in a drone strike. 9 “When the weather is clear, three or four drones can be seen . . . . They are in the air 24 hours a day, seven days a week, but not when it’s raining. Every time they are in the air, they can be heard. And because of the noise, we’re psychologically disturbed—women, men, and children. . . . When there were no drones, everything was all right. There was business, there was no psychological stress and the people did what they could do for a living.” “The drone strikes have caused many problems: first, it’s psychological. Diseases that people have—psychological, mental illnesses. And that’s a huge issue. Secondly, a lot of men have been killed, so they’re the wage earners for the house, and now the kids and the families don’t have a source of income because of that.” Hisham noted that “others in the community help sometimes, but in Waziristan, there are poor people, and victims usually rely on . . . daily wage earning. That’s only sufficient for themselves, so it’s hard to help others. But whenever they can, they do.” Khalid Raheem is an elder member of his community.10 “We did not know that America existed. We did not know what its geographical location was, how its government operated, what its government was like, until America invaded Iraq and Afghanistan. We do know that Americans supported the Taliban in our area, North Waziristan, to fight off the Soviets. But now with the Soviets divided and broken . . . we have become victims of Americans. We don’t know how they treat their citizens or anything about them. All we know is that they used to support us, and now they don’t. . . . We didn’t know how they treated a common man. Now we know how they treat a common man, what they’re doing to us.” “We know that the consequences of drone strikes are extremely harsh. Our children, our wives know that our breadwinners, when husbands go out to earn a livelihood, they might not come back, and life may become very miserable for them in the years to come.” Khalid further explained, “Now we are always awaiting a drone attack and we know it’s certain and it’s eventual and it will strike us, and we’re just waiting to hear whose house it will strike, our relatives’, our neighbors’, or us. We do not know. We’re just always in fear.” Firoz Ali Khan is a shopkeeper in Miranshah.11 “I have been seeing drones since the first one appeared about four to five years ago. Sometimes there will be two or three drone attacks per day. . . . We see drones hovering 24 hours a day but we don’t know when they will strike.” Firoz explained, “People are afraid of dying. . . . Children, women, they are all psychologically affected. They look at the sky to see if there are drones. Firoz told us, “The drones make such a noise that everyone is scared.” Marwan Aleem is a malik in his community.12 “My name is Marwan and I am from North Waziristan, in the area of Manzar Khel. I was born and raised here, as was my grandfather. . . . Drone attacks create widespread devastation. They have killed so many young men, who have left behind helpless young orphans. We cannot figure out when a drone will strike—they may strike in two days, three days, ten days, or a month—but they are always there.” Najeeb Saaqib is a malik in his community.13 “I belong to the Wazir nation. . . . I have an extended family of 60 to 70 people. My sons and daughters were going to schools, but the schools were affected by the drones. I mean these attacks have been on schools, on maliks, on elders, and on different buildings. . . . Sometimes when people are moving in cars, they are hit. Sometimes when they are gathering with friends, they are hit. Sometimes when people are gathering to offer prayers to those killed, there are drone attacks on those people. . . . My own relatives, close family relatives, have been killed. Elders of the villages, the maliks, the children of the schools, other children, all have been victims of strikes. “In one case, there was a drone attack on a religious teacher while he was coming in a car with some other people, after which he was brought to the village. A lot of people were gathering, the small children and families were gathered, and another drone attack happened, killing the small children. Two drone attacks in a single day.” Najeeb later told us, “We love unity. We love peace. We love to live in peace with other people as well.”

The Rehmen family underwent a horrible tragedy--
It was the eve of one of the holiest holidays in Islam, when they would gather for a favorite family dish. Zubair went outside to pick okra with his grandmother.¶ Dum, dum -- the sounds of missiles pierced the air.¶ "All of a sudden things became very dark," Zubair Rehman, 13, remembered. The next thing he knew, his grandmother, Mamana Bibi, was gone

Adnan Farhan Abd Al Latif was a Yemeni citizen detained at Guantanamo on January 17 2002. He was held there for 10 years, 7 months, 25 days. Latif died at Guantanamo on September 10, 2012. He died at the age of 36.

Awal Gul was a citizen of Afghanistan detained at Guantanamo on 2002. Gul died at Guantanamo on February 2, 2011. He was the father of 18 children. He died at the age of 61.
Negate to grieve those lives killed and irrevocably damaged by American militarism. Grief for those specific individuals brings them into our frame of reference and creates an ethical reorientation
Lloyd 08
Moya (pf Loughborough Univ, feminist author) “Towards a cultural politics of
vulnerability Precarious lives and ungrievable deaths” Judith Butler’s Precarious Politics. 2008
Mourning and politics Precarious Life, ... ek-stasis that she deploys throughout her work.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 7 | Opponent: Weber State Shackelford-Soper | Judge: DiPiazza
CIR will pass SOON Obama’s continued push is key
Matthews 10/16
Laura Matthews, MA Columbia, International Business Times “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama” October 16 2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220
When Congress finally passes a bipartisan bill that ...in the House and signed into law.”

CIR solves multiple internal links to the economy
Beadle 12/10 Amanda Peterson, Reporter/Blogger at ThinkProgress.org. She received her B.A. in journalism and Spanish from the University of Alabama, where she was editor-in-chief of the campus newspaper The Crimson White and graduated with honors. Before joining ThinkProgress, she worked as a legislative aide in the Maryland House of Delegates. “Top 10 Reasons Why The U.S. Needs Comprehensive Immigration Reform” http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/12/10/1307561/top-10-reasons-why-the-us-needs-comprehensive-immigration-reform-that-includes-a-path-to-citizenship/
The nation needs a comprehensive immigration plan, and ... American jobs are created.

Global economic crisis causes nuclear war
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for.. such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Rodriguez-Velto | Judge: Parker
American polity is Schmittian—courts occupy reactionary and marginal roles and produce ineffective constraints on the executive.  
Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
Our thesis is that these modifications t...under the conditions of the administrative state.

Viewing the law as a counter-weight to the executive apparatus is naive--fighting the executive in the legal battlefield is inadequate..
Kinniburgh 13  Colin, writer for Dissent magazine, Dissent, 5-27, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/partial-readings-the-rule-of-law
The shamelessness of the endeavor is impressive—... battlefield and write the laws of war, meeting them on their terms is a dangerous game.

Judicial review normalizes targeted killing and turns case
Jaffer 13, Director of the ACLU's Center for Democracy, Jameel, Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, Harvard Law Review, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php
Since 9/11, the CIA and Joint Special Operations ... imminence requirement, than narrow it.

Restrictions on drones are subject to grey holes that maintain the facade of rule of law, deflecting criticism and precluding cultural restraints.
Osborn 8 Timothy Kaufman is the Baker Ferguson Professor of Politics and Leadership at Whitman College; from 2002-06 as president of the American Civil Liberties of Washington; and he recently completed a term on the Executive Council of the American Political Science Association. Theory and Event  Volume 11, Issue 2
The examples cited in this section suggest... character of its exercise ever less likely.

Our alternative is a methodological rejection of the aff's legalism in favor of building a culture of resiliency for extra legal resistance to executive power.
Vermeule and Posner 11 Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011
We do not yet live under a plebiscitary... of legislative and executive powers

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 7 | Opponent: Weber State Shackelford-Soper | Judge: DiPiazza
A restriction on war powers authority means changing warrant to exercise those powers, not simply the ability to do so.
Zimmerman 09  Fellow, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress
Adam, "The Politics Economics Make." March 22, 2009, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2009/Colgate_Zimmerman.pdf
Skowronek distinguishes between ... president to exercise those powers has narrowed.

They don’t change the authority of the President through a statute or judicial restriction. They just say that the government doesn’t use drone strikes. “the targeted killing war power authority” is not the name of any war powers authority.
1- Field context. When discussing Presidential authority, scholars use the term to mean the Constitutional warrant or justification for his authority, not just that he uses certain powers. Key to predictability and lit base.
2- Other terms check. A true judicial or statutory restriction can only be on exec authority and not on the actual use. War powers are also distinct from commander-in-chief powers, which is the execution of that authority.
3- Predictable limits. They underlimit by allowing ANY barrier to the use of presidential power. There’s an infinite number of functional restrictions that have no lit base and kill clash.

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State Butterfield-Shoell | Judge: Magallon
*Welsh

The central antagonism of debate is that it’s shaped by strategy, theory and a desire to win but also a drive to influence a larger public. The aff’s attempt to change the debate community is always shaped by the norms of debate, which means it will never be receptive to the larger public. We should view outside of the academy as more important than our debate spaces
Welsh 12 Scott Department of Communication Appalachian State University (“Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, Jstor)
Giroux’s concluding words, in which ... immediate, material, political consequences.

Alternative – Reject the affirmative because of their use of debate as a conception of political agency. We should keep competing elements of the antagonism in view to understand the limits of debate as political agency in itself
Welsh 12 Scott Department of Communication Appalachian State University (“Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, Jstor)
In light of Žižek’s account of antagonism, .... ideological fantasies or ready explanations for the gap. 

Our goal as rhetorical scholars should be the exploration and production of inventional resources suitable for the larger public, otherwise we get lost in TOO-EASY ASSURANCES that what we are doing here – in the debate space – is necessary and sufficient
Welsh 12 Scott Department of Communication Appalachian State University (“Coming to Terms with the Antagonism between Rhetorical Reflection and Political Agency”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, Jstor)
The challenge is to resist synthetically ... scholars of responsibility to them.

The question of institutional support is key to expanding wider base for change and caring for other communities – radical exposures fail
Ruggero 9 E. Colin, The New School for Social Research in New York, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, Radical Green Populism: Climate Change, Social Change and the Power of Everyday Practices, 11-11, http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/e-colin-ruggero-radical-green-populism-climate-change-social-change-and-the-power-of-everyday-p
Radicals must carefully deliberate .... important question in the process of broadening the