Tournament: Northridge | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pepperdine Elechyan  Rear | Judge: Brian McBride

1NC

Text: The President of the United States should exhibit executive restraint in regards to drone strikes in Yemen

Executive actors solve restrictions and oversight, enable independent review, and are the only way to avoid leaking intel

Radsan and Murphy 2011 (Afsheen and Richard, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law; ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, MEASURE TWICE, SHOOT ONCE:¶ HIGHER CARE FOR¶ CIA-TARGETED KILLING, http://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2011/4/Murphy.pdf)

There are other candidates to conduct
AND
they are feasible under the laws of war, IHL¶ requires them.

Judicial review of drone strikes fails and leaks key intelligence- causes terrorism

Radsan and Murphy 2011 (Afsheen and Richard, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law; ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, MEASURE TWICE, SHOOT ONCE:¶ HIGHER CARE FOR¶ CIA-TARGETED KILLING, http://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2011/4/Murphy.pdf)

Determining an appropriate scope of review still leaves open who
AND
who else could be a proper plaintiff

Nuclear war

Speice, J.D. Candidate at Marshall-Wythe School of Law at William and Marry, 6 (Patrick, “NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,” William and Marry Law Review, February, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427)

Organizations such as the Russian military and Minatom
AND
triggering a full-scale nuclear conflict.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Nierman | Judge: Kephart III

1NC

Text: The President of the United States should request authorization from congress prior to initiating offensive use of military force. The President of the United States should comply with congress’s authorization.

The CP is the only way to solve- the President will refuse to follow restrictions from Congress

Delahunty and Yoo 2013 (Robert and John, Associate Professor of Law, University of St. Thomas School of Law, Minneapolis; Professor of Law, University of California Berkeley School of Law and a Visiting Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute; Dream On: The Obama Administration's Nonenforcement of Immigration Laws, the DREAM Act, and the Take Care Clause, Texas Law Review91.4 (2013): 781-857, proquest)

A. Unconstitutional Statutes¶ Presidents have
AND
breach of constitutional duty.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Smith-Smith | Judge: Keeton

1NC

University students engaging in macro-political discussions are preventing the Right’s ascendancy—The AFF’s retreat from policy implementation chokes off effective solutions ensuring their advocacy is anti-political

Gitlin 5 (Todd formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 200 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 9/25/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_04.pdf)

Weak thinking on the American left is
AND
secession from the world where most people live

The AFF’s attempt to resist biopolitics fails and is anti-political—Those oppressed cannot take action and makes suffering inevitable

Vacarme 4 interviewing Agamben (Vacarme is a French Journal, translated by Smith, RETHINKING MARXISM, v16, n2, April, p. 120-121)

Vacarme: This is probably where we have the hardest time
AND
no other choice than to confront it.

Anti-politics causes extinction, turns the case, and destroys solvency

Boggs 97 (CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false sense of empowerment that comes
AND
interests that had vanished from civil society

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pepperdine Elechyan  Rear | Judge: Brian McBride

1NC

Obamas foreign policy presidential powers are high but he will show strategic restraint if they decline

Joseph S. Nye Jr. is University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University and is the former Dean of the Kennedy School. 5-31-13 (“The Cult of Transformational Leadership”, the diplomat)

In contrast to Bush, the crisis that Obama faced was economic
AND
more on repairing relationships and reacting to crises—most notably global economic crisis.”¶ 

Targeted killings results in elimination of legal and necessary targeted killings

Jack Goldsmith, 2012, (Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and former legal adviser to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, Power and Constraint, W.W. Norton Publishing,  p.199-200)

These sorts of institutional ripples were what the ACLU
AND
in the interest of U.S. national security.

That destroys US leadership and flips all of their terminal impacts

Gonzalez, founder of NationandState.org an open-source foreign policy think tank, 7 (Nathan, Engaging Iran: The Rise of a Middle East Powerhouse and America’s Strategic Choice, p. 112)

In today’s unipolar world—one that has not yet been directly
AND
United States must be resourceful in order remain strong.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Nierman | Judge: Kephart III

1NC

Obamas foreign policy presidential powers are high but he will show strategic restraint if they decline

Joseph S. Nye Jr. is University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University and is the former Dean of the Kennedy School. 5-31-13 (“The Cult of Transformational Leadership”, the diplomat)

In contrast to Bush, the crisis that Obama faced was economic
AND
most notably global economic crisis

Perception of Obama as a strong leader is key to climate negotiations – solves GHG

MARK LANDLER, 7-2-13 (Obama Seeks New U.S. Role in Climate Debate, NYT)

When President Obama barged into a meeting
AND
fresh air from the president could revive things

Prez Powers necessary to improve environmental regulations and reduce pollution

Anita Kumar, 3-19-13 (McClatchy Newspapers, “Obama turning to executive power to get what he wants”, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/03/19/186309/obama-turning-to-executive-power.html#.Uer7vL-n3FI#storylink=cpy) 

President Barack Obama came into office four years ago skeptical of pushing
AND
emissions at existing power plants.

Warming guarantees multiple positive feedbacks triggering extinction, adaptation cannot solve

Tickell ‘8 (Oliver, Climate Researcher, “On a Planet 4C Hotter, All We Can Prepare for is Extinction,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange, Mike)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson
AND
us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 5 | Opponent: Fresno State Tate-Holley | Judge: Copenhaver

1NC

The 1AC should have came with a trigger warning- Vote Neg

Louise McCudden, 3- ’12 (“Trigger warnings are nothing to do with censorship. They give people more choice, not less.”, The F word Blog)

It's a small but important win in terms of awareness for
AND
none of them have anything to do with freedom.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Smith-Smith | Judge: Keeton

1NC

The aff must defend a topical plan and change in USFG policy to answer the resolutional question

Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum

Army Officer School ‘04(5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following
AND
this council petition the mayor.

“USFG should” means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging
AND
action that you propose. 

The Resolution is the Stasis Point for deliberation – framing your advocacy in that context is key to contestation and meaningful debate

Steinberg and Freeley 8 (Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45)

Debate is a means of settling differences
AND
outlined in the following discussion.

This year’s resolution offers a crucial opportunity for political engagement --- policy relevant debate about war powers decision-making is critical to hold the government accountable for their hypocrisy --- only engaging specific proposals and learning the language of the war-machine solves

Ewan E. Mellor European University Institute, Political and Social Sciences, Graduate Student, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs”

This section of the paper considers
AND
obligated to criticise its policies

Decisionmaking---- linking the ballot to a should question in combination with USFG simulation teaches the skills to organize pragmatic consequences and philosophical values into a course of action

Hanghoj 8 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor

 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s
AND
processes of problem-based scenarios. 

Decisionmaking is the most portable skill---Key to all facets of life and advocacy

Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)

¶ After several days of intense debate
AND
favored political candidate

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wayne State Nagel-Wirth | Judge: Cook

1NC

The 1AC posits value in accumulation and production, destroying any value not found in utility. Instead we must restore the sacredness of expenditure and excess.

Land 92 – lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University (Nick, “The Thirst for Annihilation” pg. 23-24)rkezios

Belonging alongside ‘sacrifice’ in Bataille’s work
AND
which does not serve anything’ VII 298.

Morality is nothing more than an obsession of utility, structuring reality into the ‘good’ and ‘evil’

Itzkowitz 99 – Assoc Prof Philosophy at Marietta College (Kenneth, College Literature 26.1)

Bataille rejects the notion of a unified good. When he
AND
, the practitioner of vice; the role model would be closer to Sade

Their aff merely establishes political redistributions onto others, maintaining the system

Katz 2000 (Adam Katz, English Instructor at Onodaga Community College. 2000. Postmodernism and the Politics of “Culture.” Pg. 146-147)

"Habermas’s understanding of undistorted
AND
of the formation of the cultural studies public intellectual.

Utility fetishism results in a destructive telos – it finds fault in reality and strives to ‘fix it’ – the impact is ressantimant. The only escape is through a chaotic embrace of life.

Turanli 3 (Aydan, Associate Prof. at Istanbul Technical University, “Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World,” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies issue 26 pg 55-63)

The craving for absolutely general specifications
AND
fly the way out of the fly-bottle"

Telos focus is the root cause of oppression

Baudrillard 76 (Jean, “Symbolic Exchange and Death”, pg. 125-126)rkezios

Racism is modern. Previous races or cultures were ignored
AND
the exclusion of the dead and of death.

Our alternative is to refuse the 1AC’s calls for epistemological assemblage - All action mutilates the totality of our existence, tapering it off in subordination to a goal. Only through positive processes of enactment can we truly encounter freedom

Bataille 45 (Georges, “On Nietzsche”, pg. xxiii-xxv)rkezios

Nonetheless, I don't want my inclination to make fun of myself
AND
longing for laughter, longing for pleasure, holiness, or death. Entirety jacks further tasks to fulfill.)

Vote negative on presumption.  Humans are cosmic dust, mere nothings in the grand scheme that is the universe.  The negative embodies disaster.  We are neither good nor evil.

SINECULPA 93 (Felix, pseudonym, “Discourse No. 2: The Lament of the Lamb,” in Against Ethics: Contributions to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction by John D. Caputo, Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Humanities at Syracuse University, pg.186 – 190)

Auschwitz is not Evil, not Absolute Evil. Auschwitz
AND
the cosmic ear, disappear without a trace.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wayne State Nagel-Wirth | Judge: Cook

1NC

The 1AC posits value in accumulation and production, destroying any value not found in utility. Instead we must restore the sacredness of expenditure and excess.

Land 92 – lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University (Nick, “The Thirst for Annihilation” pg. 23-24)rkezios

Belonging alongside ‘sacrifice’ in Bataille’s work
AND
which does not serve anything’ VII 298.

Morality is nothing more than an obsession of utility, structuring reality into the ‘good’ and ‘evil’

Itzkowitz 99 – Assoc Prof Philosophy at Marietta College (Kenneth, College Literature 26.1)

Bataille rejects the notion of a unified good. When he
AND
, the practitioner of vice; the role model would be closer to Sade

Their aff merely establishes political redistributions onto others, maintaining the system

Katz 2000 (Adam Katz, English Instructor at Onodaga Community College. 2000. Postmodernism and the Politics of “Culture.” Pg. 146-147)

"Habermas’s understanding of undistorted
AND
of the formation of the cultural studies public intellectual.

Utility fetishism results in a destructive telos – it finds fault in reality and strives to ‘fix it’ – the impact is ressantimant. The only escape is through a chaotic embrace of life.

Turanli 3 (Aydan, Associate Prof. at Istanbul Technical University, “Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World,” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies issue 26 pg 55-63)

The craving for absolutely general specifications
AND
fly the way out of the fly-bottle"

Telos focus is the root cause of oppression

Baudrillard 76 (Jean, “Symbolic Exchange and Death”, pg. 125-126)rkezios

Racism is modern. Previous races or cultures were ignored
AND
the exclusion of the dead and of death.

Our alternative is to refuse the 1AC’s calls for epistemological assemblage - All action mutilates the totality of our existence, tapering it off in subordination to a goal. Only through positive processes of enactment can we truly encounter freedom

Bataille 45 (Georges, “On Nietzsche”, pg. xxiii-xxv)rkezios

Nonetheless, I don't want my inclination to make fun of myself
AND
longing for laughter, longing for pleasure, holiness, or death. Entirety jacks further tasks to fulfill.)

Vote negative on presumption.  Humans are cosmic dust, mere nothings in the grand scheme that is the universe.  The negative embodies disaster.  We are neither good nor evil.

SINECULPA 93 (Felix, pseudonym, “Discourse No. 2: The Lament of the Lamb,” in Against Ethics: Contributions to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction by John D. Caputo, Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Humanities at Syracuse University, pg.186 – 190)

Auschwitz is not Evil, not Absolute Evil. Auschwitz
AND
the cosmic ear, disappear without a trace.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: NYU Zhan-DeJohn | Judge: Magallon

1NC

The political is dead

Baudrillard 1993 (Transparency of Evil, pages 39-40)

Once upon a time there was much
AND
, to the interests of statistical disorder.

Hence the aff’s differentiated resistance will fail. Their aff merely establishes political redistributions onto others, maintaining the system

Katz 2000 (Adam Katz, English Instructor at Onodaga Community College. 2000. Postmodernism and the Politics of “Culture.” Pg. 146-147)

"Habermas’s understanding of undistorted
AND
of the formation of the cultural studies public intellectual.

Even if their strategy is effective – the taxonomy used in the 1AC to construct cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism as external and existential threats is only representative of a simulacra of omnipresent warfare used to manipulate the public

Debrix 01 Assistant Professor of International Relations at Florida International University 2001 François “Cyberterror and Media-Induced Fears: The Production of Emergency Culture” Strategies 14.1 EBSCOhost

A National Security Agency adviser
AND
population can and is encouraged to do: be afraid, be very afraid. 

Furthermore their constructions of cyberwarfare produces a flawed understanding of death – death is nothing more than a natural occurrence, it is not an end, nor a beginning, but a continuation of a labyrinthine ontology of nature.

Land 92 – lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University (Nick, “The Thirst for Annihilation” pg. 122-123)rkezios

A provisional differentiation is obviously
AND
constellation into the dissipative mass of the labyrinth.

Death focus creates an artificial telos where we decide not to evaluate knowledge until what it addresses has reached its finitude – means we can only view knowledge through the lens of the past and death

Baudrillard 76 (Jean, “Symbolic Exchange and Death”, pg. 185)rkezios

Pursued and censured everywhere
AND
reaches the point of no return when it is nothing more than a system of writing.

The impact is value to life

Baudrillard 76 (Jean, “Symbolic Exchange and Death”, pg. 177-178)rkezios

Security is another form of social
AND
locking every risk into its sarcophagus.

The drive to make pondering ‘productive’ is symptomatic of the aff’s failure to step outside of the politics of speed – the idea that we must be productive is a teleological enslavement dedicated to eliminating uncertainty and excess

Land 92 – lecturer in Continental Philosophy at Warwick University (Nick, “The Thirst for Annihilation” pg. 23-24)rkezios

Belonging alongside ‘sacrifice’
AND
which does not serve anything’ VII 298.

This telos turns case – by defining what is and is not productive the aff posits themselves as the unitary executive, attempting to transpose their vision of ‘just’ politics to the future. The impact is ressantimant

Turanli 3 (Aydan, Associate Prof. at Istanbul Technical University, “Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World,” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies issue 26 pg 55-63)

The craving for absolutely general specifications
AND
terms aims "to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle"

Instead, breathe the sigh of the masses. The only response we have left is to give up on the political, to stop injecting images of resistance to sustain the current political order. Only by letting the speed of images implode on themselves can we have any hope of solvency

Baudrillard 1983 (Jean, In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities or The End of the Social and Other Essays.  Pages 30-48)

"The mass realizes that the paradox
AND
whatsoever; for any useless and absurd purpose.”

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Georgia Ard-Muhammad | Judge: Leeson-Schatz

1NC

The 1AC’s critical pedagogy recreates a naïve and dangerous form of hegemonic knowledge—prioritization of experience and self-evidence devolves into a foundationalist view of knowledge production that privileges certain views over others

Gur-Ze’ev, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Israel, 1998 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/Critpe39.html)

From this perspective, the consensus reached by the reflective subject taking part
AND
against the self-evidence of other groups.       

Their commitment to a certain positive utopia recreates normalizing educational practices and dehumanizes other victims of oppression

Gur-Ze’ev, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Israel, 2005 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, “Critical Theory, Critical Pedagogy and Diaspora Today – Toward a New Critical Language in Education,” construct.haifa.ac.il/ilangz/critical-pedagogy-critical-theory.pdf) 

Old conceptions of class-struggle and traditional
AND
is not to be abandoned in favor of fashionable

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Georgia Ard-Muhammad | Judge: Leeson-Schatz

1NC

The aff’s use of the term “Islamophobia” conflates bigotry and oppression with mental illness-This creates new forms of oppression

Clark, 11 Nicky, writes for Liberal Conspiracy, “The ‘madness’ of terrorism and other offensive terms”, http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/07/26/the-madness-of-terrorism-and-other-offensive-terms/

Without the slightest medical evidence to back
AND
he must be a “mad man."

Recreates oppression and stigmatizes mental illness

Clark, 11 Nicky, writes for Liberal Conspiracy, “The ‘madness’ of terrorism and other offensive terms”, http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/07/26/the-madness-of-terrorism-and-other-offensive-terms/

So I’m asking for a small thing, before you use
AND
in time face this same stigma too

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 5 | Opponent: Fresno State Tate-Holley | Judge: Copenhaver

1NC

The affirmative’s performance trades off with political struggles against neoliberalism – their blanket criticism of a falsely universal liberalism weakens the anti-neoliberal movement

Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz's teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., “A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?”, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)

This article explores why self-defined radical and “subversive”
AND
democratic majoritarian political change.11

Discursive critiques alone fail to combat neoliberalism – only a state-oriented approach allows debate pedagogy to transcend racist ideologies and practices

Giroux Global TV Network Chair in Communication @ McMaster University 6-4-10 (Henry, “Spectacles of Race and Pedagogies of Denial: Anti-Black Racist Pedagogy Under the Reign of Neoliberalism,” Communication Education (52), Issue 3-4, pgs. 191-211 Mike)
Any attempt to address the politics of the new racism
AND
also as a reprehensible attack on the very nature of democracy itself.

Neoliberalism results in an indiscriminate death drive for production – this is the same logic that produced Stalinism and Nazism

Santos ‘3 (Boaventura de Sousa, director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, EUROZINE, COLLECTIVE SUICIDE OR GLOBALIZATION FROM BELOW, http://www.eurozine.com/article/2003-03-26-santos-en.html)
Sacrificial genocide arises from a totalitarian
AND
health costs of the world's poorest countries for four years

The Alternative is to use this academic space to oppose neoliberalism.

The Role of the Ballot is to affirm the team who best confronts hegemonic structures of oppression.

We have the best starting point for anti-racial critique – neoliberalism frames racial discourses and praxis

Giroux Global TV Network Chair in Communication @ McMaster University 6-4-10 (Henry, “Spectacles of Race and Pedagogies of Denial: Anti-Black Racist Pedagogy Under the Reign of Neoliberalism,” Communication Education (52), Issue 3-4, pgs. 191-211 Mike)
The public morality of American life and social policy regarding
AND
prominent emerging racial discourses and practices.

Neolib re-appropriates anti-racist discourse to serve profit motives – prevents their in-round discourse from having any spill-over effect

Giroux Global TV Network Chair in Communication @ McMaster University 6-4-10 (Henry, “Spectacles of Race and Pedagogies of Denial: Anti-Black Racist Pedagogy Under the Reign of Neoliberalism,” Communication Education (52), Issue 3-4, pgs. 191-211 Mike)
Under the reign of neoliberalism in the United States
AND
corporate power, and neoliberal ideologies.

Our position against neoliberalism is necessary to reinvigorate movements against the state – the alternative recovers the possibility of performative resistance against dominant structures through its political praxis of solidarity

Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz's teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., “A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?”, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)
Given how divided the United States is, not only politically
AND
radical democracy can adequately ground.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Smith-Smith | Judge: Keeton

1NC

Ivory tower academia abandons any potential of solidarity against neoliberalism

Simons 95 (Jon, University of Nottingham, The Exile of Political Theory: the Lost Homeland of Legitimation Politid Sfudies ( I 995), XLIII, 683-697)

A somewhat contrary set of complaints
AND
brought about by its own efforts

Social solidarity against neoliberalism is the only way to prevent social regression

Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz's teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., “A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?”, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)

Just as the right's growing hegemony from the 1980s
AND
rather than expand, Social Security

Impact- Neoliberalism recreates racist and sexist politics

Giroux 05 (Henry, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, “The Terror of Neoliberalism”, College Literature, 2005)PM

Neoliberal ideology, on the one hand
AND
security, and productiveness. 

Alternative- Solidarity against neoliberalism first is necessary to secure difference while confronting racial, gender and economic domination

Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz's teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., “A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?”, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)

Given how divided the United States is,
AND
radical democracy can adequately ground.

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pepperdine Elechyan  Rear | Judge: Brian McBride

1NC

Security speech acts define difference as threatening otherness, to secure state identity, which causes a self-fulfilling prophecy based on false regimes of truth.

Jæger 2000 (Øyvind @ Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. Peace and Conflict Studies 7.2 “Securitizing Russia: Discoursive Practice of the Baltic States” shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf”)

Security is a field of practice into which subject
AND
Everyone is expected to defend everything with every possible means. 

Enmity motivated by security will cause extinction, the threats they name aren’t real but are invented by leaders manipulating us.

Mack 1990 (John E., M.D. an American psychiatrist, writer, and professor at Harvard Medical School. He was a Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer. “The Enemy System” 1988. http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/passport/enemysystem.html)

The threat of nuclear annihilation
AND
The security of each depends on the other, and the communication of this reality must become a major focus of our educational system.

Political reality only comes into being after we describe the world. Thus we have to deal with how the Affirmative represents the world before we can move on to any other question

Blieker 2000 (Roland, Professor of IR at University of Queensland, “Contending Images of World Politics”, p. 227-228, MT)

While the conceptual contours of the postmodern will always
AND
the object it seeks to represent. 

Our alternative is to reject the security fetishism of the 1AC, their flawed methodology and discourse to eschew the logic of security.

The alternative solves - breaking out of our obsession with security allows alternative relationships to the future - their predictions are ideologically loaded and suspect.

Neocleous 2008 (Mark is a Professor at Brunel University, Critique of Political Economy; Head of Department of Politics and History, he joined Brunel University in the Department of Government in 1994. Since then he has published numerous books and articles. His most recent work has been towards the development of a critique of security. “CRITIQUE OF SECURITY” 2008. Pg. 185-186, MT)

The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish
AND
it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman College Hauck-Kochman | Judge: Kirk

1NC

Security speech acts define difference as threatening otherness, to secure state identity, which causes a self-fulfilling prophecy based on false regimes of truth.

Jæger 2000 (Øyvind @ Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. Peace and Conflict Studies 7.2 “Securitizing Russia: Discoursive Practice of the Baltic States” shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf")

Security is a field of practice into which
AND
defend everything with every possible means. 

Enmity motivated by security will cause extinction, the threats they name aren’t real but are invented by leaders manipulating us.

Mack 1988 (John E., M.D. an American psychiatrist, writer, and professor at Harvard Medical School. He was a Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer. “The Enemy System” 1988. http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/passport/enemysystem.html)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has
AND
this reality must become a major focus of our educational system.

Our alternative is to reject the security fetishism of the 1AC, their flawed methodology and discourse to eschew the logic of security.

Critical praxis outweighs policy making- voting affirmative guarantees error replication. Only a radical break from dominant paradigms can avoid becoming a self fulfilling prophecy

Cheeseman and Bruce 1996 (Graeme, Senior Lecturer at the University of  New South Wales, and Robert, Associate Professor in social sciences at Curtin university, “Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers”, p. 5-8)

This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional
AND
to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

The alternative solves - breaking out of our obsession with security allows alternative relationships to the future - their predictions are ideologically loaded and suspect.

Neocleous 2008 (Mark is a Professor at Brunel University, Critique of Political Economy; Head of Department of Politics and History, he joined Brunel University in the Department of Government in 1994. Since then he has published numerous books and articles. His most recent work has been towards the development of a critique of security. “CRITIQUE OF SECURITY” 2008. Pg. 185-186)

The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape
AND
enough to return the gift.143

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Fagan-Nierman | Judge: Kephart III

1NC

Interpretation- Modern legal practice proves the phrase “introducing USAF into hostilities” is limited to US personnel being put into exchanges of fire

Boston College Law Review 2012 (Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating¶ the Evolution of War, Volume 53, Issue 5, Article 4, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3263andcontext=bclrandsei-redir=1andreferer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fq3D2522ARE2BCONGRESSIONALLY2BAUTHORIZED2BWARS2BPERVERSE252226btnG3D26hl3Den26as_sdt3D0252C29#search=22CONGRESSIONALLY20AUTHORIZED20WARS20PERVERSE22)

C. The Conflict in Libya: Illustrating the Limits
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check to this power.272

Tournament: Northridge | Round: 3 | Opponent: Houston Bockmon-Asgari-Tari | Judge: Cochran

1NC

Interpretation- “Introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities” refers to human members of the Armed Forces- we have the best reading of the War Powers Resolution, the only place where this phrase is defined and used

Lorber 2013 (Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961 2012-2013)

C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to Offensive Cyber Operations
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such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Gonzaga Newton-Skoog | Judge: Evans

1NC

Interpretation- “Restrictions” must permanently remove an activity under the President’s authority- allowing the President to do it later isn’t T

DOE ’95 (Personnel Security Administrative Review Cases – DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS Hearing Officer's Opinion Case Name: Personnel Security Hearing Date of Filing:December 5, 1995 – http://www.oha.doe.gov/cases/security/vso0075.htm)

In contrast, it is not clear, as the Army and the DOE alleged
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duty constitute derogatory information under Criterion (l).

Tournament: Northridge | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Bugrov, Copenhaver, Magallon

1NC

Interpretation- Restrictions are direct and legally binding

Law.com, no date (“Restrict,” http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1835andbold=restrict)
The noun ?restriction means direct, on-face limitation.
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recorded and incorporated into the title of each owner.

Violation- the aff doesn’t impose a legally binding restriction- they establish a new court which changes the conditions of authority for the president to detain indefinitely but does not restrict the authority of the president

William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority
AND
were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman College Hauck-Kochman | Judge: Kirk

1NC

A. Interpretation –
“Targeted killing” means extra-judicial, premeditated killing of a specific individual not in government custody

Radsan and Murphy 2010 (Afsheen and Richard, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law; ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF¶ TERRORISTS, 31 Cardozo L. Rev. 405 2009-2010)

The Yemeni strike provides
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Any backlash overseas is a different story

B. Violation – “Signature Strikes” are not targeted killing – they affect wide un-identified groups of individuals

Anderson ‘11(Kenneth, law professor at Washington College of Law, American University and member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law, August 29, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and “Signature” Attacks on Taliban Fighters", http://opiniojuris.org/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/)

From the US standpoint, it is partly
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opening sections of this draft chapter on SSRN.)

1. Precision – they conflate targeted killing and drone strikes – explodes the research base and aff ground

Anderson 13 (Kenneth, Professor of Law, Visiting Fellow, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, "The Case for Drones", 5/24/13, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/24/the_case_for_drones_118548.html)

This feature of Predators and Reapers -- the
AND
might be the fewest civilian casualties

. Limits - They expand the topic to include anything the U.S. does with drones or any form of killing – This devastates limits

Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst.
(John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/)
We must begin with clear terms, and
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public opinion, and basic human decency.