Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Erpenbach-McGrath | Judge: Zendeh

CIR Will pass and its top of the docket

Josh Lederman, Associated Press, 12-27-13 ("Obama’s 2014 agenda could be a race against the clock", http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/12/obamas-2014-agenda-could-be-a-race-against-the-clock.html-http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/12/obamas-2014-agenda-could-be-a-race-against-the-clock.html)
The last vestiges of 2013’s political wrangling officially behind him, President Barack Obama is
AND
, who negotiated the budget deal for Republicans, said in a statement.

Congressional restrictions kill PC

Ackerman and Hathaway 11 (Bruce and Oona, Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science, Yale Law School; Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School; LIMITED WAR AND THE CONSTITUTION: IRAQ AND THE CRISIS OF PRESIDENTIAL LEGALITY, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 447, lexis)
President Bush had now transformed a war authorized by Congress into a war authorized by
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posed by Iraq’s turn to parliamentary participation and Washington’s embrace of executive unilateralism.

Political capital sustains Boehner support for Immigration reform

Juliet Eilperin; Karen Tumulty, The Washington Post , 12/11/13 ("Podesta, Schiliro to return to White House:" P. Nexis)
The decision to enlist influential Democratic strategist John D. Podesta, just days after
AND
advisers know how to do it as well as it can be done."

Immigration reform expands skilled labor—Key to relations

LA Times 12 - ~Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html~~

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
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see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

US-Indian relations avert South Asian nuclear war

Schaffer 02 ~Spring 2002, Teresita—Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, Lexis~
Washington’s increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India’s economic expansion and position
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people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oklahoma Leonardi-Masterson | Judge: Cheek

Debate should be a site of political contestation where the affirmative should answer the resolutional question through macropolitical government action

This form of debate is key to critical activism – debating both sides of hegemonic power structures empirically creates powerful liberal coalitions

Guilhot, research fellow – Social Science Research Council, prof sociology – LSE, ’5
(Nicolas, The Democracy Makers, p. 13-14)
Finally, there can be double agents only where there is conflict and con¬tending agendas
AND
, democratic activism has obviously changed its signification, if not its sides. 

The Resolution is the Stasis Point for deliberation – framing your advocacy in that context is key to contestation and meaningful debate

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 (Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

This year’s resolution offers a crucial opportunity for political engagement —- policy relevant debate about war powers decision-making is critical to hold the government accountable for their hypocrisy —- only engaging specific proposals and learning the language of the war-machine solves

Ewan E. Mellor ~European University Institute, Political and Social Sciences, Graduate Student, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, "Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs"~

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
country" that we are "especially obligated to criticise its policies."51

The aff undermines this goal —- by rejecting engagement with the presidency in favor of reliance on purely local politics they contribute to the decline of liberalism and the resurgence of conservative movements

Milkis et. al ’13, ~Sidney M. Milkis is the White Burkett
AND
Presidency, Social Movements, and the Transformation of American Politics, Proquest~

For a time, LBJ’s "careful practicality" and moral leadership made him an
AND
Right than Johnson had been in seeking to leverage the civil rights revolution.

Next is Dialogue. Debate’s critical axis is a form of dialogic communication within a confined game space.

Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate

Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor. 

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
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dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion

Morson 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331-http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. 

A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
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most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Missouri - Kansas City Jones-Worrell | Judge: Munday

Sanctions won’t pass now but Obama’s PC is key to keep McCain opposed

Abdi 11-15-2013 (Jamal, Policy Director, National Iranian American Council, Tide Turns Towards Diplomacy as Key Senators Oppose New Iran Sanctions, Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamal-abdi/tide-turns-towards-diplom_b_4283626.html)
President Obama and the White House have been engaged in a battle in the Senate
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to conduct talks and secure a framework for a deal without Congressional interference.

Plan would be massively unpopular – Obama will oppose it

Crook Arbitrator in NAFTA Case Western Law Review ’12 (John, "Presidential Powers and Foreign Affairs: The War Powers Resolution at 40: Still Controversial: The War Powers Resolution—A Dim and Fading Legacy," 45 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 157, Mike)
BIO: * John R. Crook is an arbitrator in NAFTA and other investment disputes and served on the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission. He is Vice-President of the American Society of International Law and former General Counsel of the Multinational Force and Observers, the peacekeeping force in the Sinai. He teaches international arbitration at George Washington University Law School.
The War Powers Resolution has, at most, only influenced decisions involving the use
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their duties in a world separate and apart from most of us. n71
New sanctions destroy negotiations and force a war
Zunes 11/5/2013 (Stephen, Professor of Politics and Chair of Mid-Eastern Studies, University of San Francisco, Congressional Hardliners vs. Obama on Iran, Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-zunes/congress-iran_b_4213538.html)
Noting that there are other issues with Iran, such as the regime’s political repression
AND
the likely consequence, sooner or later, could be a disastrous war.

Strikes cause extinction

Nazemroaya 11 ~Research Associate at the Centre for Research on Globalization, Mahdi, "The Next World War: The "Great Game" and the Threat of Nuclear War," 1/10, Global Research~

Any attack on Iran will be a joint operation between Israel, the U.
AND
war and theextinction of most life on this planet as we know it.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Taylor-Dimitrijevic | Judge: Bagwell

The 1AC depicts proliferation as a spreading cancerous infection—this abstracted focus on the technological threat posed by nuclear weapons obscures the underlying motives for proliferation—results in poorly formed policy like safeguards that makes proliferation irresolvable

Mutimer, 00—Assistant Professor of Political Science at York University (The Weapons State, Questia) *~make sure to highlight the part of this card that talks about foreign nuclear power programs~
When the language of proliferation was used in thinking about the development of nuclear technology
AND
. Read in either direction, the contingent becomes seen as the natural. 

Representations of "proliferation" as a threat legitimize an unenforceable security paradox and displace concerns for justice—this relies on an ethnocentric and racialized view of third world people

Biswas, 1 – Professor of Political Science at Whitman College (Shampa, Nuclear Apartheid" as Political Position: Race as a Postcolonial Resource? Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 26, , Questia)
International relations in general, and security studies more specifically, have tended to privilege
AND
of a racist global discourse on Islam and Muslims that serves this project.

The terminal impact’s extinction—a division of the world into the elect and the deviant privileges a mentality that sanctions genocidal apocalypse

Fasching, 93 – Professor of Religious Studies at University of South Florida (Darrell, The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima, p. 175-176)
The fundamental problem as Richard Rubenstein viewed it is how we treat the stranger.
AND
for unquestioning obe¬dience to the genocidal imperative—killing in order to heal.

The Alternative is Renunciation—rather than projecting our fears upon the identities of another, we should criticize the existence of the bomb itself.  The problem is not that it’s spreading, but that it exists.  Vote negative to repudiate the existence of weapons of mass destruction.

Gusterson, 99—Associate Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology (Hugh, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination, JSTOR, Cultural Anthropology 14(1):111-143)
This article has critiqued policy talk grounded in an unsustainable binary opposition between nations that
AND
quoted in Lichterman, Cabasso, and Burroughs 1995:22-23~

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Missouri - Kansas City Jones-Worrell | Judge: Munday

Text: The United States federal government should statutorily increase the war powers authority of the President of the United States to engage in peacekeeping operations by: appropriating funds sufficient for the United States to fully pay its current United Nations peacekeeping assessments; permanently repealing the 25 cap on United States contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations; supporting an increase in reimbursement rates for troop-committing countries; and supporting peacekeeping reforms directed at the Global Field Support Strategy.

The CP ensures sustained peacekeeping operations and reverses the international negative signal toward the U.S.

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf-http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
In light of the negative impacts of U.S. failures to fulfill its
AND
achievement of the missions mandates, which reduces the overall cost of operations.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Erpenbach-McGrath | Judge: Zendeh

The President of the United States should issue an executive order requiring the establishment of a quantum of information framework requiring a clear and convincing standard for targeted killing outside zones of active hostilities in order to comply with international laws of armed conflict. The Executive Branch of the United States federal government should repudiate legal interpretations which allowed unrestricted targeted killing outside of zones of active hostilities, and issue a Fact Sheet articulating its modified legal position.

Internal checks are comparatively more effective than external restrictions

Radsan 2010 (Afsheen, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law, BUSH AND OBAMA FIGHT TERRORISTS¶ OUTSIDE JUSTICE JACKSON’S TWILIGHT¶ ZONE, 26 Const. Comment. 551 2009-2010)
Back to my focus on the CIA, not only do I question the¶
AND
often classified. This paradox¶ applies to both Presidents Bush and Obama.

Executive legal interpretation solves- the CP isn’t the SQ because it makes clear the basis of executive changes

Anthony Dworkin 13, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, "Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position", July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf-http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf
In some respects, these standards remain unclear: the¶ president did not specify
AND
to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.

The Fact Sheet plank ensures public and international perception of compliance with accepted legal standards

Nachber 2013 —- Law Professor at Virginia (Spring, Executive Branch Policy Meets International Law in the Evolution of the Domestic Law of Detention, Virginia Journal of International Law, 53 Va. J. Int’l L. 201, Lexis)
This paper considers the role that the executive branch can play in modifying international law
AND
in litigation within U.S. courts and in international legal circles.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Taylor-Dimitrijevic | Judge: Bagwell

Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order declaring that the sole purpose of its nuclear weapons is to deter and, if necessary, respond to nuclear attacks against ourselves or our allies

CP solves the whole case

Flitton 9 Diplomatic Editor of the Age, author on world affairs 12/16 (2009, Daniel, "The bomb squad", http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-bomb-squad-20091215-kuku.html-http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-bomb-squad-20091215-kuku.html)
The report’s key recommendation is to change perceptions about the role of nuclear weapons in
AND
the spectre of nuclear attack during a conventional war. It’s a start.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Sacramento State Hampton-Bruce-Golsch | Judge: Peters

Their attempt to epistemologically rupture ensures a transition from rationalism to tradition- allowing eastern authoritarian modernity to fill in

Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y Prado, 7-20-11 (Cambridge University, and taught at Tsukuba University, Japan. He has published many articles on the Roman emperor commonly but wrongly known as Elagabalus. , "Modernity’s best defence is liberal modernity itself", http://www.newsecuritylearning.com/index.php/feature/134-modernitys-best-defence-is-liberal-modernity-itself~-~-http://www.newsecuritylearning.com/index.php/feature/134-modernitys-best-defence-is-liberal-modernity-itself-)
Modernity as such, in promoting rationalism over credulous obedience to tradition and authority,
AND
far from modern. So Hindu nationalism’s threat to modernity is locally contained.

The alternatives to liberal modernity are worse- irrational ideologies fill in

Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y Prado, 7-20-11 (Cambridge University, and taught at Tsukuba University, Japan. He has published many articles on the Roman emperor commonly but wrongly known as Elagabalus. , "Modernity’s best defence is liberal modernity itself", http://www.newsecuritylearning.com/index.php/feature/134-modernitys-best-defence-is-liberal-modernity-itself~-~-http://www.newsecuritylearning.com/index.php/feature/134-modernitys-best-defence-is-liberal-modernity-itself-)
The distinction between the West and modernity is categorical: the West is a place
AND
of liberal modernity depends to some large degree on that of the West.¶ 

Representing human impacts is necessary to environmental ethics

Plumwood 2 (Val, PF PHILOSOPHY - UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason, PG. 138-40)
Recognition, prudence and survival But by providing reasons for considering nature based on human  
AND
, as the fallacious view of prudence as always instrumental and egocentric suggests.

Environmental solutions must be sustainable—ignoring human needs means there will be an inevitable backlash that dismantles the alternative

Farber 99 (Daniel Professor of Law at the University of Minnesota. Eco-Pragmatism, Pg. 12-3.)
The ultimate challenge for environmental law is social sustainability.  It will do little good
AND
a few years.  Environmental protection is a marathon, not a sprint.

Their approach entrenches patriarchy-ONLY HUMAN CENTEREDNESS solves the root cause
Lee, Phil Prof @ Bloomsburg, 9 ~Wendy, Spring, "Restoring Human-Centeredness to Environmental Conscience: The Ecocentrist’s Dilemma, the Role of Heterosexualized Anthromorphizing, and the Significance of Language to Ecological Feminism" Ethics and the Environment, Vol 14, No 1, Project Muse~
By insisting that the only way to escape ecocide is to disavow precisely that which
AND
to anthropocentrism, they manifest their own ethnocentrism" (2002, 32).
That male privilege is built into Bender’s view is not surprising—it follows from
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the welcome mat for women—particularly feminists—ecocentrism is in trouble.
That ecological feminists might respond to Bender’s moral axiom "form one body with all
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the responsibility only human beings can take (1953, para.19).

Patriarchy causes war and turns the case
Reardon 93 (Betty A. Reardon
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generated considerable pressure for standing armies to be used. (Spretnak 1983) 

Human centered approaches acknowledge behavior that is detrimental to the entire environment- checks any impact to the criticism.
Donahue 10 ~Thomas J. Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Institute for Philosophical Research, "Anthropocentrism and the Argument from Gaia Theory," Ethics and the Environment vol. 15 number 3 Fall 2010, pgs. 59-61~

If anthropocentrism did imply the Dominion Thesis, that would, in my opinion,
AND
here, it seems that the No-obligation Thesis is also false. 

Humans are different from other animals – inevitably causes human-centeredness

Lee, Phil Prof @ Bloomsburg, 9 ~Wendy, Spring, "Restoring Human-Centeredness to Environmental Conscience: The Ecocentrist’s Dilemma, the Role of Heterosexualized Anthromorphizing, and the Significance of Language to Ecological Feminism" Ethics and the Environment, Vol 14, No 1, Project Muse~
However plastic and evolving the somatic, perceptual, cognitive, psychological, epistemic and
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no "outside" to my experience as a member of Homo sapiens.

2 Philosophy of language and empirically oriented philosophies of mind/brain may offer the
AND
a shell. It doesn’t go in for self-representation at all.

Human centeredness is the only ethical system and prevents the collapse of civilization

Schmahmann and Polacheck, legal rights lawyers, 1995 ~The Case Against Rights for Animals, 22 B.C. Environmental Aff. Law Review, 747~

These forms of doctrinaire "animal riehtism" ignore the value that society has placed
AND
of animals derive from the fact that we are part of these processes.

The markets efficiency and civilization are necessary for space exploration

Murphy , Phd Econ. NYU ,  1-’5 ( Robert , "A Free Market In Space", Volume 26, Number 1 , Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. )
On October 4, 2004, the privately funded SpaceShip-One climbed to an
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politically possible to axe NASA and return its budget to the private sector.  

Exploration solves inevitable extinction

Oberg,  99’ (James, Space Writer and former Space Flight Engineer, Space Power Theory, http://www.jamesoberg.com/books/spt/new-CHAPTERSw_figs.pdf)
We have the great gift of yet another period when our nation is not threatened
AND
back, it may be to the detriment of more than our country.

Life in some form is inevitable but human life is uniquely good—radical ecology makes extinction inevitable.

Grey 93 — William Grey, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland, 1993 ("Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology," Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Volume 71, Number 4, Available Online at http://www.uq.edu.au/~~pdwgrey/pubs/anthropocentrism.html, Accessed 07-27-2011)
A great deal of hyperbole has been deployed in articulating the claims of deep ecology
AND
However from an anthropocentric point of view such fears may be well founded.
If the concerns for humanity and nonhuman species raised by advocates of deep ecology are
AND
us and, with a few exceptions, our biotic co-existents.

Rejecting Technological innovation dooms us to extinction
Heaberlin, 4 – nuclear engineer, led the Nuclear Safety and Technology Applications Product Line at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Scott, A Case for Nuclear-Generated Electricity, p. 31-40) 

Well, then let’s not do that, huh? Well, no, not
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use technology wisely and win free to make a better life for everyone.

Tournament: Csun | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Rodriguez-Su | Judge: kovacs

University students engaging in policy implementation now is preventing the Right’s ascendancy—The AFF’s retreat from policy implementation chokes off effective solutions ensuring their advocacy is anti-political

Gitlin 5 (Todd formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 200 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 9/25/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_04.pdf)
Weak thinking on the American left is especially glaring after September 11, 2001,
AND
useless. It amounts to secession from the world where most people live. 

Anti-politics causes extinction, turns the case, and destroys solvency

Boggs 97 (CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles — Theory and Society 26: 741-780)
The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a
AND
universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75  

Only State-based, macro political approaches solve—The AFF is comparatively worse

Bronner 4 Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and a Member of the Graduate Faculty in Comparative Literature and German Studies at Rutgers University, 2004 (Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, Published by Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231126090, p. 151-153)
Enlightenment thinkers wished neither to abolish the state nor to bring about some utopian alternative
AND
alienation has been abolished and a world of direct democracy has been achieved.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Erpenbach-McGrath | Judge: Zendeh
Restrictions not coming – no significant political opposition
Holmes, 13 ~Stephen, Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, July, "What’s in it for Obama,?" The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama-http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama~~
This is the crux of the problem. We stand at the beginning of the
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against which antiwar forces are apparently unable to rally even modest public support.

Even if it exists, government won’t take up the backlash-Consensus is on our side

Wittes, 13 ~Benjamin, editor in chief of Lawfare and a Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at Brookings, author of several books and a member of the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law, 2/27, "In Defense of the Administration on Targeted Killing of Americans, 
www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/in-defense-of-the-administration-on-targeted-killing-of-americans/~
This view has currency among European allies, among advocacy groups, and in the
AND
which the executive branch is entitled to rely in formulating its legal views.

Near-zero risk of accidental launch—their probability estimates are flawed.

Smil 08 - Professor in the Faculty of Environment at the University of Manitoba, Vaclav, Global Catastrophes and Trends, p. 56-7
The probabilities of such mishaps escalating out of control rose considerably during periods of heightened
AND
so it is impossible to calculate the probabilities of any future clean escape.

Nuclear terrorism has too many obstacles even if terrorists got access

Clarke, 2013 ~Michael, Pakistan and Nuclear Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?, Comparative Strategy, Volume 32, Issue 2, 2013, Senior Fellow at Griffith Asia Institute at Griffith University~
The collapse or failure of a state with a nuclear arsenal would raise the potential
AND
or the separation of plutonium from the depleted uranium in MOX fuel. 29

No US precedent—-not causal

Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, "What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/~~23more-51516-http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/
New York Times national security correspondent Scott Shane has an opinion piece in today’s Sunday
AND
states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.

Zero chance that U.S. self-restraint causes any other country to give up their plans for drones

Max Boot 11, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 10/9/11, "We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes," Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/
The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams
AND
in the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states

No risk of drone wars- Wont escalate

Joseph Singh 12, researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race," http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2eSvaZnfQ
In short, the doomsday drone scenario Ignatieff and Sharkey predict results from an excessive focus on rapidly-evolving military technology.
Instead, we must return to what we know about state behavior in an anarchistic international order. Nations will confront the same principles of deterrence, for example, when deciding to launch a targeted killing operation regardless of whether they conduct it through a drone or a covert amphibious assault team.
Drones may make waging war more domestically palatable, but they don’t change the very serious risks of retaliation for an attacking state. Any state otherwise deterred from using force abroad will not significantly increase its power projection on account of acquiring drones.
What’s more, the very states whose use of drones could threaten U.S. security – countries like China – are not democratic, which means that the possible political ramifications of the low risk of casualties resulting from drone use are irrelevant. For all their military benefits, putting drones into play requires an ability to meet the political and security risks associated with their use.
Despite these realities, there remain a host of defensible arguments one could employ to discredit the Obama drone strategy. The legal justification for targeted killings in areas not internationally recognized as war zones is uncertain at best.
Further, the short-term gains yielded by targeted killing operations in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen, while debilitating to Al Qaeda leadership in the short-term, may serve to destroy already tenacious bilateral relations in the region and radicalize local populations.
Yet, the past decade’s experience with drones bears no evidence of impending instability in the global strategic landscape. Conflict may not be any less likely in the era of drones, but the nature of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers

China won’t use drones offensively
Erickson, associate professor – Naval War College, associate in research – Fairbank Centre @ Harvard, 5/23/’13
(Andrew, China Has Drones. Now What?", www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136600/andrew-erickson-and-austin-strange/china-has-drones-now-what)

Beijing, however, is unlikely to use its drones lightly. It already faces
AND
caution - something Washington must bear in mind with its own drone programme.

Japan-China Relations sustainable

Takahara, Tokyo Foundation, 4-7-’11 (Akio, "Issues and Future Prospects for Japan-China Relations" http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/articles/2011/Japan-China-Relations)
The most significant factor in terms of resilience in the Japan-China relationship,
AND
and other elements, with numerous contests being held in China every year.
?
Even if, SCS wouldn’t escalate
Kania 13 ~Elsa Kania, Harvard Political Review, 1/11/13, "The South China Sea: Flashpoints and the U.S. Pivot," http://www.iop.harvard.edu/south-china-sea-flashpoints-and-us-pivot-http://www.iop.harvard.edu/south-china-sea-flashpoints-and-us-pivot, accessed 9/14/13,~
One paradox at the heart of the South China Sea is the uneasy equilibrium that
AND
, and he claims that "Chinese behavior is not understandable or clear."

Armenian Azerbaijan war empirically denied – they both have drones and have used them against each other already –
Global Post 12, "Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war," Global Post, Oct 23rd, 2012, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war?page=0,1

To some extent, these countries are already being pulled towards conflict. Last September, Armenia shot down an Israeli-made Azerbaijani drone over Nagorno-
Karabakh and the government claims that drones have been spotted ahead of recent incursions by
AND
published in February 2011 that the sporadic violence has claimed hundreds of lives.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Oklahoma Massey-Maddy | Judge: Davis

Essentialism DA—-The AFF’s claims of racism deny other systems of oppression creating an either/or dichotomy that is inherently masculine—-It denies validity to the claims of those who are not otherwise privileged turning the case

Collins 90 Patricia Hill, Associate Professor of African American Studies University of Cincinnati, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment p. 225
Additive models of oppression are firmly rooted in the either/or dichotomous thinking of
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, a member of an oppressed group, or simultaneously oppressor and oppressed. 

Activism DA—-

a. The Affirmative team are not activists—-Neither of them have done a single thing to forward their cause outside of the debate space but we’ve been taking steps to address neoliberal issues on our campus like the drones minor being implemented at UNLV—-We’re comparatively better activists

b. Vote Negative—-They provide a solution for the people instead of with and by the people—That causes cultural destruction turning the case

Freire 70 (Paulo, Educator and Philosopher, key theorist of Critical Pedegogy) Pedegogy of the Oppressed Continuum Publishing. New York London.
In their political activity, the dominant elites utilize the banking concept to encourage passivity
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. Such a program constitutes cultural invasion,~11~good intentions notwithstanding.

Experience DA—-

a. The 1AC’s critical pedagogy recreates a naïve and dangerous form of hegemonic knowledge—-Prioritization of experience and self-evidence devolves into a foundationalist view of knowledge production that privileges certain views over others

Gur-Ze’ev 98, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Israel, 1998 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, "Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy," http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~~ilangz/Critpe39.html)
From this perspective, the consensus reached by the reflective subject taking part in the
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-evident knowledge ultimately realized against the self-evidence of other groups.       

b. Their commitment to a certain positive utopia recreates normalizing educational practices and dehumanizes other victims of oppression

Gur-Ze’ev 5, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Israel, 2005 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, "Critical Theory, Critical Pedagogy and Diaspora Today – Toward a New Critical Language in Education," construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/critical-pedagogy-critical-theory.pdf)
Old conceptions of class-struggle and traditional emancipatory sensitivities, vocabularies and practices are
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and genuine creativity is not to be abandoned in favor of fashionable rhetoric?  

Speaking for others DA—-The AFF’s privileged social location makes any claim to political empowerment suspect—-It’s an act of commodification and colonial domination, turning the case

Alcoff 92 Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. "The Problem of Speaking For Others" Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.)
Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for others
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restricting the practice to speaking for groups of which one is a member.

Narratives DA—-Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform—-When autobiographical narrative "wins," it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
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Professor Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too."

Anti-Politics DA—-

a. The AFF’s use of poetry fails to create political change—Ensures they’re anti-political and causes conservative takeover

Daniel 97 Jamie Owen Daniel, English Department, The University of Illinois at Chicago, "Does "poetry makes nothing happen?": The Case for Public Poetry as a Counter-Public Sphere", 1997,
http://english.rutgers.edu/does.htm , accessed January 30, 2002.
Thus, as attractive as the idea of public poetry may be as an alternative
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in a society based on a system that remains fundamentally anti-democratic.

b. That spills over to the debate curriculum and guarantees the right maintain control—-Only pragmatic approaches solve—-Educational policy analysis proves

Plank et al 94 et al, David N. Plank is Executive Director of Policy Analysis for California Education (PACE), an independent policy research center based at the University of California-Berkeley, Stanford University, and the University of Southern California. He was previously a professor at Michigan State University, where he founded and directed the Education Policy Center. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1983. American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Summer, 1994), pp. 263-281 Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1163309
Among the consequences of antipolitics is a variety of increasingly explicit threats to the traditional
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, at worst treasonous (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983). 

Multi-Dimensionality DA—-

a. The AFF’s anti-racist scholars marginalize bodies affected by heteronormativity—-That causes violent exclusion and more racial oppression, turning the case

Hutchinson 99 ~Darren Leonard, Assistant Professor, Southern Methodist University School of Law, "Ignoring the Sexualization of Race: Heteonormativity, Critical Race Theory and Anti-Racist Politics," Buffalo Law Review, Winter, 47 Buffalo L. Rev. 1, pg. lexis, ALB~
My analysis expands the emergent race-sexuality critiques and my own ongoing analysis of
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racist advocacy, and creates a discriminatory and heteronormative model of racial justice.

b. That prevents coalition building ensuring conservative organizations win—-Guarantees broader oppression

Hutchinson 99 ~Darren Leonard, Assistant Professor, Southern Methodist University School of Law, "Ignoring the Sexualization of Race: Heteonormativity, Critical Race Theory and Anti-Racist Politics," Buffalo Law Review, Winter, 47 Buffalo L. Rev. 1, pg. lexis, ALB~
2. Other Problems Caused by Anti-Racist Heteronormativity. In addition to rendering
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legitimization of subordination by a progressive movement is (again) patently contradictory.

c. Gender inclusion fails—-The AFF’s intersectional analysis over privileges black feminism which excludes other bodies affected by the same forces from participating
Hutchinson 99 ~Darren Leonard, Assistant Professor, Southern Methodist University School of Law, "Ignoring the Sexualization of Race: Heteonormativity, Critical Race Theory and Anti-Racist Politics," Buffalo Law Review, Winter, 47 Buffalo L. Rev. 1, pg. lexis, ALB~¶
I. Multidimensionality: A Challenge to Narrow Conceptions of Oppression and Identity¶ A
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dimensions of these experiences but have limited their analyses primarily to uncovering the multidimensionality

Tournament: Usc | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Rosa-Saipramouk | Judge: McBride

(Anti-politics DA, Commodification, SFO from Oklahoma MM

God isn’t real

Hall and Hall 4 (Dr. Norman F. Hall and Dr. Lucia K. B. Hall, "Religion and skepticism: can (and should21) skeptics challenge religion?"  http://www.talkreason.org/index.cfm?category=17 2004)
Now let’s look again at statement four. What if the supernatural power behind the
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either exists or interferes with the world is vanishingly smalL and getting smaller. 

Thermodynamics prove

Hall and Hall 04  (Dr. Norman F. Hall and Dr. Lucia K. B. Hall, "Religion and skepticism: can (and should21) skeptics challenge religion?"   http://www. talkreason.org/index.cfm ?category= 17 2004)
We dare because we don’t have any other choice, not and remain honest with
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not be fulfilled in a universe where the four laws of thermodynamics hold. 

Claims of the supremacy of their methodology is the idolatrous sin of spiritual pride, which turns the ethical and moral claims of the aff

Heyer 2005
(KRISTIN E. HEYER received her Ph.D. in theological ethics from Boston College in 2003. She is currently assistant professor of theological studies at Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, "Bridging the Divide in Contemporary U.S. Catholic Social Ethics", Theological Studies, Vol. 66, 2005)

This provisional quality of our grasp on the fullness of God’s revelation and its directives
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126) In short, it risks an exclusivity challenged by Catholic universalism.
In his recent discussion of religious radicalism in public life in the wake of the
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they engage "outsiders") at least risk the idolatry that Hooper signals. 

Solvency Deficit—-The belief that humans are intrinsically above other animals means their Christian community will wreck the environment

Elizabeth Mensch, Professor of Law, SUNY at Buffalo School of Law, and Alan Freeman, Professor of Law, SUNY at Buffalo School of Law, Spring 1991, Georgia Law Review, 25 Ga. L. Rev. 923, p. 946-47
In contrast, pro-life advocates support their position by reliance on the single
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well to rationalize our indifference to the plight of non-human animals.

And, it also turns the AFF

Robert H. Nelson, professor of environmental policy at the School of Public Policy of the University of Maryland, Fall 2004, Case Western Reserve Law Review, 55 Case W. Res. 51, p. 67-68
In current environmental religion, although there are fewer explicit references to "God,"
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some of the most important evidences of God’s own plan for the world.

Theology isn’t a trump card against evaluating the effects of the outcome – it’s both possible and good to evaluate theological arguments according to rational and logical standards. If we win solvency takeouts and disads to the aff, their Christian ethic can’t outweigh them.

Robert H. Nelson, professor of environmental policy at the School of Public Policy of the University of Maryland, Fall 2004, Case Western Reserve Law Review, 55 Case W. Res. 51, p. 71-72
Americans tend to think that religion is beyond public criticism; debating religion in public
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when applied to forests that have been subject to constant change over millenia.

Tournament: Csun | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Rodriguez-Su | Judge: kovacs

The criticism of the limit of rationalism, universalism and objecitvity encourages epistemological pluralism –  this is seized on by conservatives to justify and project their radical ideologies.

Sherry 96 – Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law and the University of Minnesota (Suzanna, Georgetown Law Journal, "The Sleep of Reason," February 1996, 84 Geo. L.J. 453
We all know the Enlightenment story, but this article recounts — and criticizes —
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all point to Enlightenment epistemology as the one best suited for public governance.

Enlightenment reason is necessary to prevent a new wave of domestic conflicts.  Epistemological pluralism leads to power as the only legitimate means for resolving disputes.  The affirmative cedes the political sphere to those in power.

Sherry 96 – Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law and the University of Minnesota (Suzanna, Georgetown Law Journal, "The Sleep of Reason," February 1996, 84 Geo. L.J. 453
Some, however, have suggested that the historical era of the Enlightenment was unique
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over those currently in favor, they are likely to be sorely disappointed.

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism

Phelan 96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded,
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only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production

Phelan ’96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005,
In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson
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reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.

Resistance/empowerment via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
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so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative "wins," it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
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Professor Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too."

Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism .

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)

Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
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, rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.

Using personal experience to establish the legitimacy of argument essentializes difference.  This prevents an analysis of the ideological systems that shape the construction of experience

Joan W. SCOTT is professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, 91 ~"The Evidence of Experience," Critical Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Summer, 1991), pp. 773-797, JSTOR~

When the evidence offered is the evidence of "experience," the claim for referentiality
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what ways it constitutes subjects who see and act in the world.7
To put it another way, the evidence of experience, whether conceived through a
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importance-of the category ’homosexual,’" writes Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick,
comes not necessarily from its regulatory relation to a nascent or already-constituted minority of homosexual people or desires, but from its potential for giving whoever wields it a structuring definitional leverage over the whole range of male bonds that shape the social constitution.9 

Their appeal to the experience of an oppressed identity to establish the authenticity of a political claim reinforces exclusion. Experience is defined in self-serving terms to eliminate questioning of its foundational status.

Joan W. SCOTT is professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, 91 ~"The Evidence of Experience," Critical Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Summer, 1991), pp. 773-797, JSTOR~

The unifying aspect of experience excludes whole realms of human activity by simply not counting
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and homogenizing, providing the common denominator on which class consciousness is built.
Thompson’s own role in determining the salience of certain things and not others is never
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moral vision that permits identification with the experiences of workers in the past).
In Thompson’s account class is finally an identity rooted in structural relations that preexist politics
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ontological foundation of working-class identity, politics, and history.24
This kind of use of experience has the same foundational status if we substitute "
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and of women historians who can recognize something of themselves in their foremothers.
Judith Newton, a literary historian writing about the neglect of feminism by contemporary critical
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said to rest on, to follow from, a preexisting women’s experience.
"Because of its drive towards a political massing together of women," writes Denise
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add that it masks the necessarily discursive character of these experiences as well.

We should not use experience as the basis for authority. Exposing the existence of racist ideology on the basis of experience does not provide the means to undermine it.  My experience of being oppressed doesn’t provide the path to getting outside oppression.  If the only way to resist is based on experience of racist oppression, then there is no way to get outside of the system of racism.

Joan W. SCOTT is professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, 91 ~"The Evidence of Experience," Critical Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Summer, 1991), pp. 773-797, JSTOR~

The project of making experience visible precludes analysis of the workings of this system and
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explanatory categories usually taken for granted, including the category of "experience."

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Gannon-Hodgman | Judge: Quigley

Simulating high magnitude scenarios in security policy are an exercise in problem-based learning—it’s a unique venue where we can make mistakes and develop strategies to cope with info overload

Donohue, 13 ~2013 Nation al Security Pedagogy: The Role of Simulations, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=217226context=facpub-http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=217226context=facpub~~
V . T OTAL I MMERSION S IMULATION S The concept of simulations as an
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then c o n c l u d e s . 17V I . 

Pragmatic action first—They destroy political change

Owen 2 David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton, Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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to the kind of vicious circle that they can, collectively, generate. 

Squo is structurally improving—War, health, environment and equality

Lomborg 10/16 Bjorn, Adjunct Professor at the Copenhagen Business School, "A Better World Is Here", 2013, www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/on-the-declining-costs-of-global-problems-by-bj-rn-lomborg
COPENHAGEN – For centuries, optimists and pessimists have argued over the state of the
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, but on objective assessments of where we can do the most good.

Fast, technical debate is good—the alternative is getting spread out by real-world fine print and replacing detailed knowledge with "accessible" sound-bites

Lerner 2012 – poet, novelist, essayist, and critic, winner of the Hayden Carruth prize (October, Ben, Harpers, "Contest of Words: High school debate and the demise of public speech", http://harpers.org/archive/2012/10/contest-of-words/?single=126src=longreads26utm_source=buffer26buffer_share=b1dd3)

I’m not interested here in attempting to present these various activities in their considerable internal
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debate can be separated from that separation in the political culture at large.
One of the most common criticisms I’ve heard of the spread was that it detached
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politicians speak very, very slowly about values utterly disconnected from their policies.

Fast debate is beautiful—it pushes the limits of what language can do and teaches you to link values and policy—if you think affirming their style is important enough to vote on, then they have to answer this

Lerner 2012 – poet, novelist, essayist, and critic, winner of the Hayden Carruth prize (October, Ben, Harpers, "Contest of Words: High school debate and the demise of public speech", http://harpers.org/archive/2012/10/contest-of-words/?single=126src=longreads26utm_source=buffer26buffer_share=b1dd3)

If I have recognized the spread in drug warnings and financial doublespeak, where the
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, amid a general sense of doom, that other worlds were possible.

The violence terrorists cause is systemic—-It occurs throughout the world through suicide bombings—-That creates a state of permanent violence

Beres and Messing 4 
(Prof: of International Law) (Cook County radiologist) ~Dr. Louis Rene and Michael L, http://www.israelforum.com/board/archive/index.php/t-5251.html-http://www.israelforum.com/board/archive/index.php/t-5251.html. February 10, 2004~
But what exactly, does the Palestinian suicide bomber really seek? Consider this:
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and children, but their uniquely hideous methods must at last be acknowledged.

Postmodern theorists agree terrorism’s worse and makes ontological questions secondary—Threatens extinction

Derrida 3 - Jacques Derrida, Directeur d’Etudes at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris, and Professor of Philosophy, French and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Irvine, 2003, Philosophy in a Time of Terror, p. 98-99
Why is this threat signaled by the "end of the Cold War"? Why
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movement of the world, life on earth and elsewhere, with¬out remainder.

Imperialism is good—

It has literally averted every scenario for extinction

Barnett 11 Author of Great Powers: America and the World After Bush ’11 (Thomas, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, Mike)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
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in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.  

Imperialism is self-correcting, and solves slavery and human rights

Warraq 7 (Ibn, Founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Study and senior research fellow at the Center for Inquiry, "Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said’s Orientalism" pg. 75-76)
The greatest critics and critiques of the Western tradition are to be found in the
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of women and minorities and to defend freedom of inquiry and expression.84

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Taylor-Dimitrijevic | Judge: Bagwell

Deterrence solves—-Empirics prove

Zakaria 12 – editor at large of Time Magazine
(Fareed, "Deterrence works", The Washington Post. Mar 15, 2012. Proquest)
I am reminded of that turbulent meeting as I listen to the debates over Iran’s
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, Mao’s China, Kim Jong Il’s North Korea and the Pakistani military.

Non-proliferation moves guarantees prolif

Waltz 12 – Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University (Kenneth N., Foreign Affairs. Why Iran Should get the Bomb Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability.http://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/IRBr/pt-br/file/CAD/LXII20CAD/PolC3ADtica/Why20Iran20Should20Get20the20Bomb.pdf)
The past several months have witnessed a heated debate over the best way for the
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country to acquire a¶ sophisticated nuclear program without building an actual bomb. 

Terrorists won’t acquire nukes

Waltz 12 – Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University (Kenneth N., Foreign Affairs. Why Iran Should get the Bomb Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability.http://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/IRBr/pt-br/file/CAD/LXII20CAD/PolC3ADtica/Why20Iran20Should20Get20the20Bomb.pdf)
Some analysts even fear that Iran would directly¶ provide terrorists with nuclear arms.
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follow suit,¶ leading to a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. 

Iran prolif key to solve Iran-Israel conflict

Waltz 12 – Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University (Kenneth N., Foreign Affairs. Why Iran Should get the Bomb Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability.http://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/IRBr/pt-br/file/CAD/LXII20CAD/PolC3ADtica/Why20Iran20Should20Get20the20Bomb.pdf)
But the nuclear age is now almost 70 years old, and so¶ far
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comes to nuclear weapons, now as ever, more may be better.

Proliferation solves war

Denney 13 (graduate at Yonsei University, Editor in Chief of Yonsei Journal of International Studies, citing Kenneth Waltz: American political scientist, faculty at University of California Berkeley and Columbia, prominent neorealist scholar in international relations, founder of structural realism, noted proliferation apologist (Steven, "His "Other" Legacy: Kenneth Waltz’s Defense of Nuclear Proliferation", 5/21/13; http://sinonk.com/2013/05/21/his-other-legacy-kenneth-waltzs-defense-of-nuclear-proliferation/-http://sinonk.com/2013/05/21/his-other-legacy-kenneth-waltzs-defense-of-nuclear-proliferation/)
Kenneth Waltz, an IR giant, passed away last week. The professor was
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true, without exception, over a period of more than ?fty years.

New arsenals aren’t destabilizing—-Small arsenals, no aggression, and deterrence solves

Forsyth 12 ~James Wood Forsyth Jr., PhD, currently serves as professor of national security studies, USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He earned his PhD at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver. He has written on great-power war, intervention, and nuclear issues, "The Common Sense of Small Nuclear Arsenals," Summer, Strategic Studies Quarterly, http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2012/summer/forsyth.pdf~~
Whatever its logical shortcomings, it is important to stress that deterrence worked—it
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desires of its leaders. In short, nuclear weapons deter and dissuade. 

Prolif causes bioweapons

Zilinskas 00 Director, CBW Nonprolif Program, 2000
~After earning a Ph.D. in 1981, Dr. Zilinskas worked
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public health. Biological Warfare: Modern Offense and Defense p1-2~
There are many who believe that today’s bioscientists and chemical engineers working in unison and
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to biological arms as the most accessible form of weapon of mass destruction.

Bioweapons cause extinction—-Nukes don’t

Singer 1 (Clifford E., professor of nuclear engineering and director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, "Will mankind survive the millennium?" Bulletin of the program in Arms Control Disarmament, and International Security, 13:1, Swords and Ploughshares, http://acdis.illinois.edu/assets/docs/312/WillMankindSurvivetheMillennium.pdf)
In recent years the fear of the apocalypse (or religious hope for it)
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connected human family may be in question when and if this is achieved. 

China Cant Renounce its NFU

Zhenqiang 5 Professor of International Relations at the Institute for Strategic Studies, 2005
(retired Major General of the People’s Liberation Army) ~Pan, , Autumn ’5, "China Insistence on No-First-Use of Nuclear Weapons,"  http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=A755A706-0DEF-9BDE-0865-85AAED920C6526lng=en-http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=A755A706-0DEF-9BDE-0865-85AAED920C6526lng=en~~
It is perhaps also appropriate here to say a few words about the overreactions of
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also touch on China as a potential adversary in the article, writing:

Only U.S. nuclear deterrence solves Asian miscalc

Suto and Tosaki 9 (Takaya and Hirofumi, Suto is a special assistant to
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Response to Perkovich and Acton’s Abolishing Nuclear Weapons: A Debate, 2009)
Northeast Asia is one of the most critical regions with regard to nuclear issues.
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well as increased likelihood of an armed conflict caused by miscalculations or misperceptions.

The plan doesn’t change international perception or responsiveness—-Multiple examples prove

Stanley Foundation 8  ~4-4-08, "A new look at no first use" http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/pdb/NoFirstUsePDB708.pdf~~
Some participants were not sure that NFU would measurably reduce the salience of nuclear weapons
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while remaining more realistic and honest about possible nuclear use in extenuating circumstances. 

U.S. military might deters China

Kumar 11 (Professor Economics at Azim Premji University, Vikas, "China’s Achilles Heels – Analysis," August 11, http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/5Cpapers475Cpaper4644.html-http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/5Cpapers475Cpaper4644.html, Mike)
In any case, even without binding regional constraints and collective action problem, China
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life cycle and the United States is not yet faced with precipitous decommissioning.

China NFU now—-Defensive sub posturing

Johnson 9  ~Tim, McClatchy Newspapers, Jan 20, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/60172.html~~
China on Tuesday renewed its pledge never to be the first to use nuclear weapons
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-armed submarines in case the country is involved in a nuclear exchange.

China’s NFU isn’t perceived

Arbatov 8 (Dr. Alexei, Strategic Studies Institute, "Non-First-Use As A Way of Outlawing Nuclear Weapons" November)
China formally has given a no-first-use pledge. Since it has
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no more than a PR gesture like that of the USSR in 1982. 

First strike solves

Lieber and Press 9 (Keir and Daryl, "The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy," Keir A. Lieber, the author of War and the Engineers: The Primacy of Politics Over Technology, is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. Daryl G. Press, the author of Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats, is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania., FOREIGN AFFAIRS, L/N, originally published in 2006)
This debate may now seem like ancient history, but it is actually more relevant
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strike more likely – thereby creating what strategic theorists call "crisis instability."

India NFU now—-No risk of Indo-Pak war

India Times 9/27 ("India Ready to Negotiate Global No-First-Use Nuclear Treaty," http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-27/news/42463856_1_nuclear-weapons-no-first-use-world-order-http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-27/news/42463856_1_nuclear-weapons-no-first-use-world-order, Mike)
UNITED NATIONS: Pitching for a global No-First-Use nuclear treaty,
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of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament (CD) on nuclear disarmament.

No modeling—-Regional pressures

Milne 2 (Tom, "No First Use of Nuclear Weapons," Pugwash Meeting no. 279, November, http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/milne.htm-http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/milne.htm)
The Committee also ventured the belief that the other nuclear weapon states could be persuaded
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nuclear weapons capability for fear of making an already fraught regional situation worse.

Zero risk of Indo-Pak war

Butcher 10 (Bill, "India, Pakistan, the Bomb, and ’Limited War,’" June 25, http://subversify.com/2010/06/25/india-pakistan-the-bomb-and-limited-war/-http://subversify.com/2010/06/25/india-pakistan-the-bomb-and-limited-war/, Mike)
Then, secondly, a nuclear deterrent is only effective if there’s a real threat
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All in all, we can dismiss the possibility of a nuclear war. 

Nuclear deterrence solves

Malik 3 (Mohan, The Stability Of Nuclear Deterrence In South Asia, Asian Affairs, Fall)
The presence of nuclear weapons certainly makes states exceedingly cautious, notable examples are China
AND
, ensunng pe*sornel reliability and secure transport of sensitwe items.27

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Missouri - Kansas City Jones-Worrell | Judge: Munday

Peacekeeping is key to heg – it’s the most effective force multiplier there is

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf-http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
Peacekeeping operations conducted by the United Nations are a boon to United States national security
AND
commitment to pay its contributions that support U.N. peacekeeping operations.

Heg solves dampens all global violence – it reduces security dilemmas by deterring challengers AND restraining allies from taking provocative actions

Brooks et al 13
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry
AND
2012/2013, "Don’t Come Home, America", MIT Press Journals

Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if deep engagement’s costs are far less
AND
in turn makes it easier to sustain the policy over the long term.

Peacekeeping solves failed states – the impact spills over globally

Enholm Executive Director of the Woodrow Wilson House and UN Expert ’11 (Robert, "U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping: From Aspiration to Implementation," http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf-http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/U.S.-Engagement-in-International-Peacekeeping.pdf**, Mike)
The United States supports international peacekeeping because it is the right thing to do and
AND
persons and trans-border refugees and attendant international instability and humanitarian risks.

Piracy causes extinction
The Independent, 1999 (July 4^th, "Pirates could snatch plutonium", http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pirates-could-snatch-plutonium-1104109.html-http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pirates-could-snatch-plutonium-1104109.html)
BRITAIN is about to ship enough plutonium for more than 60 atomic bombs half way
AND
time it is putting not just Cumbria but the whole world at risk."

Pandemics cause extinction

Evans 10 (Jane Evans Department of Military Strategic Studies, writing for global security studies "Pandemics and National Security" http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Evans20PANDEMICS.pdf-http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Evans PANDEMICS.pdf, Donnie)  
Recent developments in medicine, hygiene, and public health have virtually eliminated widespread disease
AND
terrorism, regional instability, and often necessitate foreign aid and humanitarian assistance. 

The CP is key to UN Credibility and burden sharing

Friends Committee on National Legislation ’2k ("The Future of UN Peacekeeping at a Crossroads: U.S. Leadership is Key," http://fcnl.org/resources/newsletter/may00/the_future_of_un_peacekeeping_at_a_crossroads_us_leadership_is_key/-http://fcnl.org/resources/newsletter/may00/the_future_of_un_peacekeeping_at_a_crossroads_us_leadership_is_key/**, Mike)
What do Kosovo, East Timor, Sierra Leone, and the Congo have in
AND
UN General Assembly reduce the U.S. assessment rate to 25.

Credible UN solves prolif

Wirth ’11 (Timothy – former senator from Colorado, served as the Undersecretary for Global Affairs in the Clinton Administration, president of the United Nations Foundation, The US-UN partnership: greater engagement will bring a greater institution, Harvard International Review, March 22,  p. EBSCO Host)
The greatest challenges to US national security today are problems that also threaten many of
AND
—that have supported Iran’s nuclear program and prospered from its illicit activities.

Prolif causes extinction

Utgoff 2  (Deputy Director of the Strategy Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analyses, Victor, "Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions," Survival, Volume 44, Number 2, Summer) ET
In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

All forms of control are not equal – Liberalism solves the worst excesses

Heins 5 (Volker, polisci Concordia University, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May, http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598-http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598)

According to this basic Principle of Distinction, modern humnitarian action is directed towards those
AND
possible to identify reliable evidence for war crimes from exhumed bodies.~39~-http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598

The NEG’s focus on representations destroys social change

Taft-Kaufman 95 (Jill, professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts, at Central Michigan University, Southern Communication Journal, Spring, proquest)
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," and "difference," unsupported
AND
power works through political agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets.

Alt cause—Drones are violating I-Law now

Alston 11 ~Philip, Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2012, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, pg. lexis, ALB~
3. Self-interest: Setting Prudent Precedents for Others¶ Because the United
AND
acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.

Tournament: Csun | Round: 2 | Opponent: Southern California Overing-Panchal | Judge: Spring

The civic engagement they create collapses hegemony

Boggs 2 – Their Author, Political Science Professor at USC, 2 (Carl, "Militarism and Terrorism: The Deadly Cycle," Democracy 26 Nature, Volume 8, Number 2)
In any historical context where it has been introduced, terrorism encourages a milieu of
AND
US military and the victims of 11 September. For weeks after the resolution
Council members were confronted and even threatened in public. The universities, theoretically a
AND
a democratic power. A war without end? If the US war against 

terrorism unfolds against a larger backdrop of the dialectic linking militarism and terrorism, this
AND
as well as continued terror bombings and economic sanctions directed against civilian populations .

Heg solves EVERY impact—none of their old impact defense applies

Kagan BAMF ’11 (Robert, "The Price of Power," Weekly Standard Vol. 16 No. 18, January 24, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3-http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3, Mike)
Today the international situation is also one of high risk.   • The terrorists who
AND
in even greater peril if, out of some misguided sense that our national

The civic engagement they create cripples hegemony and space weaponization
Boggs – Their Author, Social Sciences Professor at National University, 4 (Carl, "Bush, Kerry and the Politics of Empire," Logos Journal, Volume 3, Number 4, Fall, http://www.logosjournal.com/boggs_election.htm)
In terms of both history and logic, therefore, we have little reason to
AND
problem—the decay of American politics in the midst of widening Empire.

Space weaponization solves all war forever and cements our hegemony
Dolman, Professor of Comparative Military Studies @ Air Force School of Advanced Air and Space Studies 3 (Everett, , "Space Power and US Hegemony: Maintaining a Liberal World Order in the 21s Centuryt", http://www.gwu.edu/7Espi/spaceforum/Dolmanpaper5B15D.pdf-http://www.gwu.edu/~spi/spaceforum/Dolmanpaper5B15D.pdf)
By using its current and near-term capacities, the United States should endeavor
AND
but the strategy clearly has benefits for the United States and the world. 

Targ Killing

Extinction outweighs – there can be no authentic acceptance of it
Kennedy, 2k7 (Greg, PhD U of Ottowa, An Ontology of Trash, pg. 170-1)

The phenomenon of extinction is the technological ersatz for death. But our being-
AND
time, the extermination, that is, the detemporalization of human being. 

Nuclear war leads to extinction- preventing it is the primary responsibility of a judge.
Schell 2k1 (Jonathan, Former writer for New Yorker, excerpted by David Cheshier from Fate of the Earth, Rostrum, Jan)
Here is how Schell puts its: ...it is clear that at present,
AND
that their use would put an end to our species. (95)

Every study of credible social theories concludes consequentialism is good—-Scientific studies of biology, evolution, and psychology prove that deontological proclivities are only illogical layovers from evolution
Greene 10 Joshua Greene Associate Professor of the Social Sciences  Department of Psychology Harvard University "The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul" published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question.

The role of the judge is to evaluate terminal consequences of plan action. Any other framework condemns innocents to suffering.
Murray 97 (Alastair, Professor of Politics at U. of Wales-Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, p. 110)
Weber emphasised that, while the ’absolute ethic of the gospel’ must be taken seriously
AND
underlying this doctrine ’leads to the negation of absolute ethical judgements altogether’.13  

Morality must take a backseat to the possibility of catastrophic consequences

Tim Stelzig, Attorney Advisor in the Competition Policy Division of the FCC’s Wireline Competition Bureau, former associate with Arnold 26 Porter in Washington, D.C., JD from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, March 1998, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 901, p. 959
Rights act as "trumps,"(n3) "side-constraints,"(n4)
AND
going beyond what is minimally necessary to preserve social order is not justified. 

Oversight of targeting killings causes a shift to signature strikes—Makes all their impacts inevitable

Ohlin 13 Jens David Ohlin 13, Professor at Cornell Law School, http://www.liebercode.org/2013/02/would-federal-district-court-for-drones.html
One of the more interesting recent proposals for curing the "due process" deficit
AND
strike. I don’t think that is what Congressional staffers have in mind.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber State Alvarado-Hendricks | Judge: Tews

Borders are inevitable—The AFF does nothing to solve

Newman, 2006 - Department of Politics and Government, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheba, Israel (David, Progress in Human Geography, April, "The lines that continue to separate us: borders in our ’borderless’ world," vol. 30, no. 2, p. 143)
We live in a world of lines and compartments.  We may not necessarily see
AND
Albert et at, 2001; van Houtum and van Naerssen, 2002). 

No Solvency—Pragmatic action is key to understanding the other

Newman – of the University of the Negev – October 2004 (David, Progress in Human Geography, "Is There a Politics to Geopolitics?" vol. 28, no.5, p.634)
One of the challenges facing geopolitics is to link the academic and the practitioner into
AND
realms of the ivory tower and even make an impact where it counts.

No Internal link—Boundaries are not tied to colonization or state control—They are merely a means for re-identification

Radcliffe and Westwood – Radcliffe is a lecturer in Geography at the University of Cambridge, Westwood is a professor in sociology at the University of Leicester- 1996 (Sarah an Sallie, "Remaking the Nation" p. 129)
The topographic work carried out by indigenous confederations the malleability of cartography’s use, and
AND
. Amazonian land surfaces have been nominally allocated to indigenous villages and nationalities.  

Speaking for others is wrong—The AFF’s privileged social location makes any claim to political empowerment suspect—It’s an act of commodification and colonial domination, turning the case

Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. "The Problem of Speaking For Others" Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.)
Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for others
AND
restricting the practice to speaking for groups of which one is a member.

Speaking for others oppresses them—We must stop the impulse to speak to allow the organic intellectual to rise up

Lauren Marino (published author in the Malacester Journal of Philosophy, Volume 14, Issue 1, Spring 2005. "Speaking for Others")
What then is the solution? I agree with bell hooks that the oppressed must
AND
faith in the margins to produce new language games to communicate with us.  

A retreat from the practice of speaking for others allows for receptive listening without sacrificing political effectively

Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. "The Problem of Speaking For Others" Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.)
First I want to consider the argument that the very formulation of the problem with
AND
necessarily collective, everyone’s account within a specified community needs to be encouraged.

Tournament: Csun | Round: 2 | Opponent: Southern California Overing-Panchal | Judge: Spring

The Executive branch of the United States federal government should create a cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations ex-ante or their heirs that overrides the state secrets and official immunity doctrine and replaces them with carefully considered procedures for balancing the secrecy concerns.

Internal checks are comparatively more effective than external restrictions

Radsan 2010 (Afsheen, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law, BUSH AND OBAMA FIGHT TERRORISTS¶ OUTSIDE JUSTICE JACKSON’S TWILIGHT¶ ZONE, 26 Const. Comment. 551 2009-2010)
Back to my focus on the CIA, not only do I question the¶
AND
often classified. This paradox¶ applies to both Presidents Bush and Obama.

Tournament: Csun | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Rodriguez-Su | Judge: kovacs

Their genealogical investigation is an example of post-structuralism that focuses on difference and location rather than emancipatory politics – this perpetuates the ideals of neoliberalism

Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz’s teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., "A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?", Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)
This article explores why self-defined radical and "subversive" political theory has
AND
, theorists lost faith in the possibility of democratic majoritarian political change.11

Social solidarity against neoliberalism is the only way to prevent social regression

Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz’s teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., "A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?", Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)
Just as the right’s growing hegemony from the 1980s onward eroded majoritarian support for progressive
AND
resistance to neoliberal efforts to constrict, rather than expand, Social Security.

Neoliberalism recreates racist and sexist politics turning the case

Giroux 5 (Henry, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, "The Terror of Neoliberalism", College Literature, 2005)PM
Neoliberal ideology, on the one hand, pushes for the privatization of all non
AND
its authoritarian misreading of the meaning of freedom, security, and productiveness. 

The Alternative is solidarity against neoliberalism as a prior question

The alt is necessary to secure difference while confronting racial, gender and economic domination

Joseph M. Schwartz, 8-9-13 (Professor of Political Science at Temple University. Schwartz’s teaching and published work focuses on the complex interaction among morality, ideology, and political and institutional development., "A Peculiar Blind Spot: Why did Radical Political Theory Ignore the Rampant Rise in Inequality Over the Past Thirty Years?", Volume 35, Issue 3, 2013, Special Issue: Studying Politics Today: Critical Approaches to Political Science)
Given how divided the United States is, not only politically, but also geographically
AND
nor an agonal politics of post-structuralist radical democracy can adequately ground.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Sacramento State Hampton-Bruce-Golsch | Judge: Peters

God is dead and transcendental ethics died with it—-The morality of the 1AC is only a comforting illusion we have created in the place of gods rotting corpse

Nietzsche 1882 (Friedrich, Quals are Life-Negating, The Gay Science, Aph. 125, Nietzsche Channel)
Have you not heard of that madman who lit a lantern in the bright morning
AND
these churches now if they are not the tombs and sepulchers of God?"

Exploitation is an inevitable condition of earth—-A desire for a world free of domination is a desire for a world that isn’t ours—-This is the foundation for the decay of life

Nietzsche 1886 (Friedrich, Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel, Beyond Good and Evil, The Nietzsche Channel, http://www.geocities.com/thenietzschechannel/bge.htm)
Refraining mutually from injury, violence, and exploitation and placing one’s will on a
AND

people ought to be honest with themselves at least that far. —  

The AFF is a great escape—-The desire for a different world demands we clean up the stains of the one we live, culminating in a hatred for life

Turnali 3 (Aydan, "nietzsche and the later wittgenstein", journal of nietzsche studies, issue 26, p. 61-2, muse)
The craving for absolutely general specifications results in doing metaphysics. Unlike Wittgenstein, Nietzsche
AND
the way out of the fly-bottle" (PI §309). 

Suffering is an unavoidable condition of being human—-The idea we can control the world and eliminate suffering destroys all value to life

Kain 7 (Philip J, Professor of philosophy at University of Santa Clara, "Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existence," the Journal of Nietzsche Studies, muse)
We have seen that in Nietzsche’s opinion we cannot bear meaningless suffering and so we
AND
) in opposition to the meaning he has succeeded in imposing on it. 

In the face of the horror of existence we ask you to vote Negative as a willful affirmation of suffering—-Only by submitting to it voluntarily are we able to retain our agency and happiness in life

Kain 7 (Philip J, Professor of philosophy at University of Santa Clara, "Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existence," the Journal of Nietzsche Studies, muse)
Try to imagine yourself with a migraine. Imagine yourself in a feverish state experiencing
AND
. There was no way to overcome his illness except by embracing it.

Tournament: Csun | Round: 2 | Opponent: Southern California Overing-Panchal | Judge: Spring
Immigration reform will pass 
Madhani, 11/7 ~Aamer, "Obama, McCain to discuss immigration at White House," http://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2013/11/07/obama-mccain-immigration/3467505/-http://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2013/11/07/obama-mccain-immigration/3467505/**, ALB~
Sen. John McCain will meet with President Obama at the White House on Thursday
AND
Obama said this week during a meeting with business executives to discuss immigration.

Congressional restrictions kill PC- Obama’s first term proves other objectives outweigh SOP questions

Ackerman and Hathaway 11 (Bruce and Oona, Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science, Yale Law School; Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School; LIMITED WAR AND THE CONSTITUTION: IRAQ AND THE CRISIS OF PRESIDENTIAL LEGALITY, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 447, lexis)
President Bush had now transformed a war authorized by Congress into a war authorized by
AND
posed by Iraq’s turn to parliamentary participation and Washington’s embrace of executive unilateralism.

PC is key to immigration 
Lederman and Kuhnhenn, 10/18 ~"No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda," http://www.boston.com/2013/10/18/safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda/DgLgsqMz2pgtwiD2vW2iTK/singlepage.html
Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda, President Barack Obama is laying
AND
is fraught with difficulties, and chances of success for each one are limited

CIR is key to high-skill immigration

LA Times 11/9/2012 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
relationships between countries and enhances links to the global economy, Lowell said.

That’s key to India’s economy- US trade ties and increased remittance flows build economic institutions

Gupta and Hegde 2009 (Rupayan and S. Aaron, Assistant Professor of Economics at the Department of Economics, The Gabelli School of Business, Roger Williams University; Assistant Professor of Economics at the Department of Economics, California State University, Bakersfield, An Exploratory Study of Financial Remittances Among Non-Resident Indians in the United States, http://www.springerlink.com/content/npk346515g13127t/fulltext.html)
Remittances sent back home by migrants are an important component of the development finance of
AND
established non-resident Indians6 (NRIs) working in the United States.

Indian econ accesses multiple scenarios for extinction – nuclear winter with Pakistan, nuclear war with China, and Naxalite Insurgency

Robinson ’10
Dr. David Robinson, History lecturer at Edith Cowan University in Perth, Western Australia and published author that  holds a PhD in History, and is mid-way through a Master of International Relations degree. "The Regional and Global Implications of India’s Rise as a Great Power." – June 17^th, 2010 – made available at http://lfort.wordpress.com/2010/06/17/indias-rise-as-a-great-power/~~23_ftn21

Over the last decade there has been an increasing focus on India’s economic and military
AND
, and thus may falsely ’retaliate’ against the other country.~70~

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: Corey Stone

Presidential Powers DA 1NC

Obamas foreign policy presidential powers are high but he will show strategic restraint if they decline

Joseph S. Nye Jr. is University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University and is the former Dean of the Kennedy School. 5-31-13 ("The Cult of Transformational Leadership", the diplomat)
In contrast to Bush, the crisis that Obama faced was economic rather than security
AND
on repairing relationships and reacting to crises—most notably global economic crisis."¶ 

Regulating war making ability erodes presidential powers

Working Group Report on Detainee Interrogations in The Global War on Terrorism: Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy, and Operational Considerations. Published in The Modern Tribune, Full Text Available at www.themoderntribune.com/full_text_us_torture_policy_memo_gonzalez_bush.htm~23Administration20Lawyers20Ascribed20Broad20Power20to20Bush20on20Torture
Written 6 March 2003, De-Classified 10 June 2004
3. Legal doctrines under the Federal Criminal Law that could render specific conduct,
AND
Branch is "especially" appropriate "in the area of national security").

Presidential leadership is key to arms reduction and preventing US-Russia-China war

Daryl G. Kimball, 12-4-12 (Executive Director of the Arms Control Association , "Obama Underscores Need for Further Progress to Reduce Nuclear Dangers", Armscontrolnow.org)
In addition to renewing the framework agreement for cooperation with Russia and other states to
AND
can and should seize the leadership opportunity to further reduce the nuclear threat.

Biggest Magnitude- And, outweighs the case—There is no bigger impact

Nick Bostrom, Ph.D. and Professor of Philosophy at Oxford University, March 2002, Journal of Evolution and Technology, Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
?

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitman College Lassiter-Thompson | Judge: Feldman

Interpretation- the rez says "statutory and/or judicial restrictions"- that means the plan has to specify one or both

Tennessee Department of Education, Programs of Study 2013-2014 Academic Year
The word "or" signifies that credit can be earned toward the fulfillment of the Program of Study in either course, but not both. The term "and/or" means a student may choose either course or both courses for credit toward the POS.

Violation- the plan just says "USFG should restrict"

Reasons to vote-

Ground- they destroy our ability to prepare either court or Congress based strategies, and eliminate agent counterplan ground that is LITERALLY built in to the resolution- if we read court DAs they would spike them in the 2AC by saying they’re Congress, or vice versa

Education- the point of this topic is to learn about legal implementation- they make that impossible by allowing ONLY the aff to make agent key arguments and taking away ANY possibility of comparison from the neg- only our vision of the topic gives effective legal education

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Taylor-Dimitrijevic | Judge: Bagwell

Interpretation- "Introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities" refers to human members of the Armed Forces- we have the best reading of the War Powers Resolution, the only place where this phrase is defined and used

Lorber 13 (Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961 2012-2013)
C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to Offensive Cyber Operations¶ As discussed
AND
¶ highly unlikely-such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

Violation- they restrict something other than the introduction of members of the Armed Forces

Reasons to vote-

Limits- they allow the aff to restrict literally anything controlled by the military- leads to nuke affs, space weapon affs, experimental weapon affs- the list goes on- they force the neg to defend the use of literally every military-ish device in existence which is an impossible burden

Precision- in the context of war powers the whole phrase "introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities" refers to activities covered by the War Powers Resolution- our evidence gives the best legal analysis of what that means- that’s the most predictable basis on which to define the topic

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitman College Lassiter-Thompson | Judge: Feldman

Interpretation- Restrictions can’t MODIFY- can ONLY legally hinder

Searcy v. Searcy 2002 (Monte W. Searcy, Appellant v. Susan C. Searcy, Respondent. Case Number: WD60604 Handdown Date: 09/24/2002 Appeal From: Circuit Court of Buchanan County, Hon. Randall R. Jackson. Missouri Court of Appeals Western District – http://caselaw.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=mo26vol=/appeals/092002/26invol=9092402_2002.)
The trial court may modify visitation rights "whenever modification would serve the best interests
AND
to ~that party’s~ visitation rights under the original agreement." Id.

Violation – the affirmative just modifies legislation and authorizes direct support of authorized United States military operations.

Limits – impossible amount of ways we can change legislation

Bidirectional – Makes it impossible to figure out if they restrict war powers

Extra-topical – they have two planks that authorize force that aren’t currently authorized – extra topicality is a voting issue for predictable ground and fairness

Topicality is a voter for fairness and education

Tournament: Csun | Round: 2 | Opponent: Southern California Overing-Panchal | Judge: Spring

Interpretation- "Restrictions" must legally limit an activity under the President’s authority- the President must no longer have authority to carry it out

DOE ’95 (Personnel Security Administrative Review Cases – DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS Hearing Officer’s Opinion Case Name: Personnel Security Hearing Date of Filing:December 5, 1995 – http://www.oha.doe.gov/cases/security/vso0075.htm)
In contrast, it is not clear, as the Army and the DOE alleged
AND
restricted or suspended from flight duty constitute derogatory information under Criterion (l).

Reasons to vote-

Ground- all of our generic links are premised on the aff taking away presidential authority to do things or legally limiting their activities- they take away any deference good or targeted killing good ground- the neg is left with virtually nothing

Predictability- there are an INFINITE number of agencies or other governments they can report to and NO REASON that informing specific people of the aff’s choice is bad- they get advantages based SOLELY on the reporting with NO additional neg ground

Two violations- the aff is ONLY a reporting requirement, and they only require the disclosure of legal justifications for "targeted killings," not of the individual killings themselves

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitman College Lassiter-Thompson | Judge: Feldman

"Targeted killing" means extra-judicial, premeditated killing of a specific individual not in government custody

Radsan and Murphy 2010 (Afsheen and Richard, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law; AT26T Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF¶ TERRORISTS, 31 Cardozo L. Rev. 405 2009-2010)
The Yemeni strike provides a dramatic example of "targeted¶ killing," defined here
AND
¶ before we are killed. Any backlash overseas is a different story.

B. Violation – "Signature Strikes" are not targeted killing – they affect wide un-identified groups of individuals

Anderson ’11(Kenneth, law professor at Washington College of Law, American University and member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law, August 29, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and "Signature" Attacks on Taliban Fighters", http://opiniojuris.org/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/)
From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
I discuss this in the opening sections of this draft chapter on SSRN.)

C. Prefer our interpretation

1. Precision – they conflate targeted killing and drone strikes – explodes the research base and aff ground

2. Limits - They expand the topic to include anything the U.S. does with drones or any form of killing – This devastates limits

D. Voter for fairness, education – prefer competing interpretations – offense defense paradigm is key to create a race to the middle that preserves the topic

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Sacramento State Hampton-Bruce-Golsch | Judge: Peters

"Statutory restrictions on authority" require the Congress

Peterson 91 , Associate Professor of Law @ George Washington University,
(Todd D. Peterson,; B.A. 1973, Brown University; J.D. 1976, University of Michigan, Book Review: The Law And Politics Of Shared National Security Power — A Review Of The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power After The Iran-Contra Affair by Harold Hongju Koh, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 1990. Pp. x, 330, March, 1991 59 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 747)
Based on both case law and custom, it is hard to argue that Congress
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. n91 The problem is that Congress has refused to take effective action.

Judicial is the courts

MacMillan Dictionary No Date
(http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/judicial)
Judicial – definition
ADJECTIVE ~ONLY BEFORE NOUN~
1 relating to the judges and courts that are responsible for justice in a country or state
the judicial system

Violation—-The plan claims to limit the president’s war power authority by refusing to answer the resolution – that’s not a statutory or judicial restriction

Vote negative—-They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action. That undermines preparation and clash—-Changing the question now leaves one side unprepared, resulting in shallow, uneducational debate—-Requiring debate on a communal topic forces argument development and develops persuasive skills critical to any political outcome

Independently—-Debaters should post their arguments——Round Reports require a description of your arguments, and answers to arguments in the debate—-That’s key to education and argument quality

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Missouri - Kansas City Jones-Worrell | Judge: Munday

A. Interpretation- "Introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities" refers to human members of the Armed Forces- we have the best reading of the War Powers Resolution, the only place where this phrase is defined and used

Lorber 2013 (Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961 2012-2013)
C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to Offensive Cyber Operations¶ As discussed
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¶ highly unlikely-such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

B. Violations:

1. They restrict something other than the introduction USAF into "Hostilities", Hostilities means members of the Armed Forces would be actively engaging in combat with other people

Lorber 2013 (Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961 2012-2013)
175 See, e.g., War Powers: A Test of Compliance Relative
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actively engaged in exchanges of fire with opposing units of hostile forces . ....

2. They affect powers short of war not war powers- the aff can’t restrict the president’s ability to move forces around, deploy force where invited, do peacekeeping or rescue missions, or make hostile deployments that could provoke a war

Ramsey 2002 (Michael, Professor of Law, University of San Diego Law School, Textualism and War Powers, The University of Chicago Law Review69.4 (Fall 2002): 1543-1638, proquest)
D. The President’s Power to Act Short of War¶ The presidential powers to
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the right to direct a military deployment as part of his executive power.

C. Standards:

Predictable Limits—they allow the aff to restrict literally anything controlled by the military and force the neg to defend the use of literally every military-ish device in existence which is an impossible burden. Requires research into a whole separate literature base —- undermines preparedness for all debates.

Precision- in the context of war powers the whole phrase "introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities" refers to activities covered by the War Powers Resolution- our evidence gives the best legal analysis of what that means- that’s the most predictable basis on which to define the topic

Extra-topical—the way their plan text is written gives them inflated solvency claims. They restrict power for every peacekeeping operation that’s outside of war powers. This includes giving supplies to the UN. Reject the team otherwise we’d have to win T every debate just to get back to square one.

Topicality is a voter for fairness and education. Evaluate under competing interpretations—reasonability is arbitrary.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: Corey Stone

T-Authority 1NC

Interpretation- "war powers authority of the President" refers to authority given to the President by Congress- this means there has to be an explicit authorization for the thing they restrict

Bejesky 2012 (Robert, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M
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Journal, 44 St. Mary’s L. J. 1, lexis)
V. CONCLUSION¶ The roles of war powers delegated to Congress and the Executive
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discord about the scope of the Executive’s war powers for nearly two centuries.

Centuries of legal practice support our interpretation

Dycus 2010 (Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School, Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare, JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26 POLICY Vol. 4:155, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf)
Before an attack can be launched, of course, Congress must have¶ supplied
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hostilities.15 Since then, no¶ court has ruled otherwise.16

Violation- they restrict an activity not authorized by Congress

Reasons to vote-

Limits- There are literally an infinite number of theoretical detentions to make or places to introduce armed forces- our interpretation forces them to revoke things that actually happen- only way to place a predictable limit on the object of the aff’s restriction

Bidirectionality- they move the topic toward theoretical Presidential ASSERTIONS of authority rather than ACTUAL authority- allows the aff to do things like "restrict" to the actual authority to prevent legal challenges to it

Ground- they fundamentally change the nature of the lit base- they let the aff use Presidentialists like John Yoo to say basically whatever they want- we force the topic to be about the AUMF and a few other pieces of legislation- gives a more cohesive, legal focus to the topic and ensures the neg can defend all of the tactics the aff can ban