Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fresno State Holley-Tate | Judge: Symonds
1AC – Koremastu

Contention One: Korematsu

During World War II, the court’s decision on Korematsu ruled Japanese American internment constitutional

Erwin Chemerinsky 11, Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine School of Law, April 1st, "Korematsu v. United States: A Tragedy Hopefully Never to Be Repeated," Pepperdine Law Review, pepperdinelawreview.com/wp-content/plugins/bag-thumb/bag_thumb885_07_chemerinsky_camera_ready.pdf
III. WHY KOREMATSU WAS ONE OF THE WORST DECISIONS IN HISTORY¶ Applying the
AND
be upheld only if it is necessary to achieve a compelling government interest.

Koremastu is a key decision to understand how policies and racism affects multiple individuals

Devon W. Carbado 5, is a professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles. 2005, "Racial Naturalization," American Quarterly, 57.3 (2005), p. 633-658, project muse
Conclusion¶ My argument has been that American identity and American citizenship do not necessarily
AND
blacks. Dred Scott is a useful starting place for elaborating this point.

Specifically, the Korematsu decision is a signifier of racism against Asian Americans—It’s also key to examining the history of racism in the US

Natsu Taylor Saito 1, professor at Georgia State University College of Law, 2001, "Symbolism Under Siege: Japanese American Redress and the ’Racing’ of Arab Americans as ’Terrorists,’" Asian Law Journal, 8 Asian L. J. 1, 2001, hein online
Thus far, it has the makings of a feel-good story: a
AND
Arabs, we’re all violent and we’re all conducting a holy war."67

Furthermore, the decision makes future interment constitutional because it gives unlimited executive authority and deference

Nathan Watanabe 4, J.D. Candidate, University of Southern California Law School, 2004, "Internment, Civil Liberties, and a Nation in Crisis," Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 13 S. Cal. Interdisc. L. J. 2003-2004, Hein Online
B. THE INTERNMENT CASES¶ The greatest move towards containing the threat of sabotage
AND
times, these relics of the past are factually analogous and legally applicable.

We have a moral obligation to advocate for effective remedies to injustices like Korematsu—-the AFF is not the ONLY starting point, but is ONE effective starting point to challenge executive abuses of power

Natsu Taylor Saito 10, Professor of Law, Georgia State University College of Law, "ARTICLE: INTERNMENTS, THEN AND NOW: CONSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN POST-9/11 AMERICA", Spring, 2 Duke Forum for L. 26 Soc. Change 71, Lexis
The dangers illustrated by the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II appear to
AND
will ensure that they, too, will be repeated in the future.

The Koremastu case is key—Prevents mistakes of the past

Natsu Taylor Saito 1, professor at Georgia State University College of Law, 2001, "Symbolism Under Siege: Japanese American Redress and the ’Racing’ of Arab Americans as ’Terrorists,’" Asian Law Journal, 8 Asian L. J. 1, 2001, hein online
V. CONCLUSION: CONTESTING THE SYMBOLISM OF REDRESS¶ After a thoughtful study of
AND
trucks by soldiers with bayonets. We must not become those silent observers.

Public debate is key

Dean Masaru Hashimoto 96, Assistant Professor of Law at Boston College, "ARTICLE: THE LEGACY OF KOREMATSU V. UNITED STATES: A DANGEROUS NARRATIVE RETOLD", Fall 1996, 4 UCLA Asian Pac. AM. Law Journal 72, Lexis
During times of war, citizens must bear tremendous costs and burdens; indeed,
AND
meaning of Korematsu can its potentially dangerous principles and rhetoric be limited effectively.

Contention Two: Our Advocacy

The ongoing legal legacy of the internment cases should be repudiated and ended.

Court repudiation of the internment cases is necessary—-helps remedy social and political conflicts

Peter Irons 13, Civil Rights Attorney, and professor emeritus of political science, "UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE CASE FOR SUPREME COURT REPUDIATION OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CASES," 2013, http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/case-for-repudiation-1.pdf-http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/case-for-repudiation-1.pdf
CONCLUSION¶ Over the past seven decades, many distinguished scholars and judges have implored
AND
an obligation to provide the "expiation" for which he prophetically called.

The aff’s challenge to indefinite detention creates an ideal intersectional space to build coalitions against racial violence—-PARTICULAR projects are key

Adrien Katherine Wing 3, is a Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Iowa College of Law. A.B. Princeton, 1978; M.A. UCLA, 1979; J.D. Stanford, 1982, Spring 2003, "Civil Rights in the Post 911 World: Critical Race Praxis, Coalition Building, and the War on Terrorism", 63 La. L. Rev. (2003), http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=598726context=lalrev26sei-redir=126referer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fq3Dguantanamo2B2522critical2Brace2Btheory252226btnG3D26hl3Den26as_sdt3D0252C526as_vis3D1~~23search=22guantanamo20critical20race20theory22-http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=598726context=lalrev26sei-redir=126referer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fq3Dguantanamo2B2522critical2Brace2Btheory252226btnG3D26hl3Den26as_sdt3D0252C526as_vis3D1,
Because of the various problems with coalition building, several scholars do not endorse it
AND
groups competing for crumbs while majoritarian rule continue~s~ unabated? 22

Reform is possible and key to avoiding the worst impacts of the state

Jefferey Pyle 99, Boston College Law School, J.D., magna cum laude, Race, Equality and the Rule of Law: Critical Race Theory’s Attack on the Promises of Liberalism, 40 B.C.L. Rev. 787
Liberal principles are therefore "indeterminate" to the extent that they are not mechanically
AND
the tradition of John Brown, their efforts would have been crushed immediately.

Tournament: CSUN | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fresno State Tate-Holley | Judge: Thomas

Plan

Plan: The United States Federal Government ought to limit drone strikes to self-identified members of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.

Terrorism

The Advantage is Terrorism

Unrestricted drone strikes are strengthening AQAP in Yemen
Jacqueline Manning 12, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9 2012, "Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen," http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450
Earlier this year White House counter-terrorism advisor, John Brennan, named al
AND
only acknowledge them, but also pay amends to families of the victims.

The plan is crucial to prevent an escalating backlash against future drone use
Zenko 13 (Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, "U.S. Drone Strike Policies", i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf?)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: "Where force
AND
if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below. 

Public backlash will destroy the drone program
Jack Goldsmith 12, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, P. 199-201
For the GTMO Bar and its cousin NGOs and activists, however, the al
AND
deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.

Drones are key to defeating AQAP in Yemen – won’t cause blowback
Emker 13 (By Stacey Emker second year Master’s candidate at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations January 14, 2013 Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemen http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/)
When direct action is taken, drone strikes are conducted in concert with the Yemeni
AND
such as targeting Yemeni civilians, and undermine the group’s legitimacy within Yemen.

Drones are crucial – prevent safe havens
Johnston 12 (Patrick B. Johnston is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution. He is the author of "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns," published in International Security (Spring 2012)., 8/22/2012, "Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida", www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html)
Should the U.S. continue to strike at al-Qaida’s leadership with
AND
bin Laden did in Afghanistan in 1996, after his ouster from Sudan.

AQAP in Yemen is powerful and is a threat – prefer our case studies
Zimmerman 9-18-13 (AQAP’s role in the al Qaeda network, Katherine Zimmerman-http://www.aei.org/scholar/katherine-zimmerman/ is a senior analyst and the al Qaeda and Associated Movements Team Lead for the American Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project. Her work has focused on al Qaeda’s affiliates in the Gulf of Aden region and associated movements in western and northern Africa. She specializes in the Yemen-based group, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, and al Qaeda’s affiliate in Somalia, al Shabaab. Katherine has testified in front of Congress and briefed Members and congressional staff, as well as members of the defense community. She has written analyses of U.S. national security interests related to the threat from the al Qaeda network for the Weekly Standard, National Review Online, and the Huffington Post, among others. Katherine graduated with distinction from Yale University with a B.A. in Political Science and Modern Midd

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State | Judge: Kirk

Plan Text

Plan: The United States Federal Government ought to substantially increase judicial restrictions on the President of the United States’ war powers authority by designating District Court judges to approve or reject drone strikes based on a strict scrutiny test.

Advantage 1 – International Norms

Advantage One is International Norms—

Despite Obama’s recent rhetoric—Executive authority and usage of drones remains unrestricted

Kaplan 13 ~Fred, Slate’s "War Stories" columnist, "Obama’s Post-9/11 World," http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/05/barack_obama_national_defense_university_speech_nothing_new_about_drones.single.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/05/barack_obama_national_defense_university_speech_nothing_new_about_drones.single.html, ALB~
President Obama’s speech today on U.S. counterterrorism policy was actually two speeches
AND
short, the speech heralded nothing new when it comes to drone strikes.

The US is key to set a precedent—Absent the plan Drone prolif is inevitable

Roberts 13 ~Kristin, News Editor for National Journal, Master’s in Security Studies from Georgetown University, Master’s in Journalism from Columbia University, "When the Whole World Has Drones," http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321?print=true-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321?print=true, ALB~
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.¶ 

Lack of oversight on our drones sets a dangerous international precedent that spills over globally—Only the plan can solve

Alston 11 ~Philip, Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2012, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283, pg. lexis, ALB~
3. Self-interest: Setting Prudent Precedents for Others¶ Because the United
AND
acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.

And, unchecked drone prolif collapses deterrence and guarantees Indo-Pak miscalc

Boyle 13 ~Michael J., Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, ALB~we reject any offensive language used in our evidence
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional  concepts
AND
, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict ¶ between them.
*GENDERED LANGUAGE SAID IN CONTEXT*

US precedent is key to prevent the collapse of our aircraft carriers and Chinese drone sales

Wood 12 ~David, "American Drones Ignite New Arms Race from Gaza to Iran to China," The Huffington Post, 11/27, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html, ALB~we reject any offensive language used in this evidence
The drone wars are here.¶ While President Obama ponders new legal and moral guidelines
AND
a race for unmanned (SIC) aircraft," the Pentagon study reported.

Chinese drones guarantee US-China war by destroying U.S. aircraft carriers and drones—They’ll use dong-feng missiles

Gertz 13 (Bill has been a media fellow at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution_on_War,_Revolution_and_Peace at Stanford University-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University, He has also written for National Review-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review, The Weekly Standard-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard and A

Tournament: CSUN | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Arizona State Woodruff-Canarie | Judge: Stables, Anderson, Guevara
China

Our reps of China are correct—they’re key to long-term cooperation
Blumenthal 10—current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-
AND
U.S. Security: How Do We Assess the Military Balance?,”)¶
Why Study a Sino-U.S. Military Balance?¶ Since the end
AND
in all likelihood, we will be less worried about some Chinese capabilities.

Cuomo

Preventing nuclear war is a prerequisite to positive action
Folk 78, Prof of Religious and Peace Studies at Bethany College, (Jerry, “Peace Educations – Peace Studies : Towards an Integrated Approach,” Peace and Change, Vol. V, No. 1, Spring, P. 58)
Those proponents of the positive peace approach who reject out of hand the work of
AND
who view the field essentially from the point of view of negative peace.

Direct violence, not structural oppression, causes war
Thompson 03
William, Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of International Relations at Indiana University, “A Streetcar Named Sarajevo: Catalysts, Multiple Causation Chains, and Rivalry Structures,” International Studies Quarterly, 47(3), AD: 7-10-9
Richard Ned Lebow (2000–2001) has recently invoked what might be called
AND
theoretical role of contingencies via the development of ‘‘what if ’’ scenarios. 

Nuke

Our discussion of nuclear war is inevitable—Their argument silences nuclear discourse which makes it invisible—Our discourse is key
Chaloupka 92 William Chaloupka, Professor of Political Science at Colorado State University, Knowing Nukes: The Politics and Culture of the Atom, 1992, p. 9-10
Both Derrida’s insight and Schwenger’s anecdote invite the opening of a whole realm of oppositional
AND
out of an ‘‘unspeakable discourse’’ and into a textual or literary context.

Discourse

Discourse doesn’t shape reality
Fram-Cohen 85 (Michelle Fram-Cohen 1985 “Reality, Language, Translation” American Translators Association Conference in Miami)
The idea that language is created inside one's mind independently of outside experience eliminates the
AND
similarity between the content of different languages, and so, no translation.

CP – XO

Executive check fails and leads to rubber stamping—Strict scrutiny through the courts is Key—Prefer our COMPARATIVE and SPECIFIC evidence
Somin 13 Ilya, Professor of Law, George Mason University, “Hearing on Drone Wars: the Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13SominTestimony.pdf, Testimony Before the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4/23, ALB
Alternatively, one can envision some kind of more extensive due process within the ¶
AND
killing, but not so high as to preclude its ¶ legitimate use.

Only due process solves and is key to rule of law
Guiora 13 Amos N., Professor of Law, SJ Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, author of numerous books dealing with military law and national security including Legitimate Target: A Criteria-Based Approach to Targeted Killing, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion,”  University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2230686, ALB
The U.S. drone policy raises profoundly important questions regarding the very nature
AND
, the approach articulated by Brennan on behalf of the administration is troubling.

That prevents extinction
IEER 3 (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 03 “Rule of Power or Rule of Law?”, http://www.lcnp.org/pubs/exesummary.pdf)
The evolution of international law since World War II is largely a response to the
AND
and justice to which the United States is committed under the United Nations Charter

K – Fem IR

Framing—The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated policy outcomes of government implementation of the plan 

It’s key to decision-making skills
Hodson 10 Derek, professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technolog

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno State Caffrey-Casiano-Barton | Judge: Stout
2AC
Prefer our positivist epistemology—We can objectively analyze and describe truths about the state of the world—Solves the link
Geller 4, Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at Wayne State
, Vol 6 Issue 4, p 1-6, Blackwell Synergy)
The idea of building knowledge—that humans can observe and think about the world
AND
theories, like realism, on a constructivist basis (see Wendt 1999).

Our framing of Pakistan is key to uncovering the flaws in IR theory
Mitra et al 10  (Prof. Subrata K. Mitra, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Aurel Croissant, Military Agency, Politics and the State:  The Case of Pakistan, 2010, http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/10947/1/Thesis.Online_Pub.5.8.10.pdf)
As regards the weak political institutions and their vulnerability to invite military intervention in politics
AND
for arguing for a structural/embedded threat perception of a Hindu enemy.

Epistemological debate is irrelevant—Concrete action is inevitable—They fail to create useful knowledge
Friedrichs 9 Jorg, University Lecturer in Politics at the Oxford Department of International Development, “From Positivist Pretense to Pragmatic Practice Varieties of Pragmatic Methodology in IR Scholarship” Pragmatism and International Relations
As Friedrich Nietzsche (1887 1994:1; cf. Wilson 2002)
AND
device for the generation of useful knowledge are two sides of the same coin

This year’s resolution offers a crucial opportunity for political engagement -~-- policy relevant debate about war powers decision-making is critical to hold the government accountable for their hypocrisy -~-- only engaging specific proposals and learning the language of the war-machine solves
Ewan E. Mellor European University Institute, Political and Social Sciences, Graduate Student, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs”

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
country” that we are “especially obligated to criticise its policies.”51

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded,
AND
only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment
Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
Professor Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too."

No concrete alternative
Caprioli 4 (“Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis” Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076)
If researchers cannot add gender to an analysis, then they must necessarily use a  
AND
or  to address the implications of gender for what happens in the world.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gonzaga Clawson-Hand | Judge: Symonds
Pakistan

Drones strikes aren’t ending—Kerry’s statement was wrong
Mazzetti and Landler 13 Mark and Mark, NYT, “Despite Administration Promises, Few Changes in Drone War,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, ALB
¶ ¶ There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.”

Finishing ev..
Extinction
Korb 12 Senior Fellow Center for American Progress, (Lawrence- Assistant Secretary of Defense under Reagan, (Lawrence, March/April, “No first use: The way to contain nuclear war in South Asia” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol 68 No 2, p 34-42, SagePub)
In the twenty-first century, the Indian subcontinent has surpassed Europe as the
AND
no guarantees that it would choose to restrain itself after another such incident.

Solvency

Finishing ev..
Strict Scrutiny is key—Requires evidence based verification and definitional restraint which prevents civilian casualties and reestablish credibility
Guiora 12 Amos, Professor of Law, SJ Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, author of numerous books dealing with military law and national security including Legitimate Target: A Criteria-Based Approach to Targeted Killing, “Drone Policy: A Proposal Moving Forward,” http://jurist.org/forum/2013/03/amos-guiora-drone-policy.php, ALB
Targeted killing sits at the intersection of law, morality, strategy and policy.
AND
deeply troubling paradigm established by the Obama administration in the DOJ white paper.

CP – XO

Executive check fails and leads to rubber stamping—Strict scrutiny through the courts is Key—Prefer our COMPARATIVE and SPECIFIC evidence
Somin 13 Ilya, Professor of Law, George Mason University, “Hearing on Drone Wars: the Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13SominTestimony.pdf, Testimony Before the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4/23, ALB
Alternatively, one can envision some kind of more extensive due process within the ¶
AND
killing, but not so high as to preclude its ¶ legitimate use.

Only due process solves and is key to rule of law
Guiora 13 Amos N., Professor of Law, SJ Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, author of numerous books dealing with military law and national security including Legitimate Target: A Criteria-Based Approach to Targeted Killing, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion,”  University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2230686, ALB
The U.S. drone policy raises profoundly important questions regarding the very nature
AND
, the approach articulated by Brennan on behalf of the administration is troubling.

That prevents extinction
IEER 3 (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 03 “Rule of Power or Rule of Law?”, http://www.lcnp.org/pubs/exesummary.pdf)
The evolution of international law since World War II is largely a response to the
AND
and justice to which the United States is committed under the United Nations Charter

Links to politics
Hallowell 13 (Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/, KB)
“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

K – Fem IR

Framing—The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated policy outcomes of government implementation of the plan 

b. It’s key to decision-making skills
Hodson 10 Derek, professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206
note: SSI = socioscientific issues
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
AND
justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.

c. Drone discussions break down symbolic representations of global issues—Macro-political discussion key
Green and Bernal 13 May 29th, Droning Toward the Boundless War, Volume 25, Issue 2, Pages 212-218, Published authors under, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2013.785324
War reminds us of our disconnection from one another. If we begin with acknowledging
AND
that can obscure the human connection we actually share on this same planet.

d. Pragmatic action first—They destroy political change
Owen 2 David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton, Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
AND
to the kind of vicious circle that they can, collectively, generate.

Perm do both—Solves the link
Keohane 98 (“Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory” Robert O. Keohane, Duke University. International Studies Quarterly 42, 193-198. Blackwell Synergy)
The problem with Tickner’s dichotomies, however, goes much deeper. The dichotomies should
AND
system of states has to imagine the counterfactual situation of a system without states

Uncertainty causes their realism links—Leaders will always calculate action based on capability
Copeland 6, Associate Professor and Director Dept. of Government and Foreign Affairs @ University of Virginia (Dale, “The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism: A Review Essay”, Constructivism and International Relations, Alexander Wendt and His Critics)
Notwithstanding Wendt’s important contributions to international relations theory, his critique of structural realism has
AND
debate over which paradigm possesses greater explanatory power is still an open one. 

Empirical Falsification is better than methodological investigation – portable political skills
Fischer 98 – Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University (Frank, “BEYOND EMPIRICISM: POLICY INQUIRY IN POSTPOSITIVIST PERSPECTIVE”, Published in Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 26. No.1 (Spring, 1998): 129-146) 

Neopositivism (or logical empiricism) has supplied the epistemological ideals of the contemporary social
AND
value-free objectivity that neopositivists seek to reaffirm and more intensively apply.

DA’s to the alt—
First, essentialism—The alt’s universalizing nature is exclusionary
Crenshaw 89 Prof. of Law at Ucal Los Angeles (Kimberle Crenshaw, Acting professor of law at University of California. Los Angeles Law School Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics
The value of feminist theory to Black women is diminished because it evolves from a
AND
to broaden and deepen its analysis by addressing non-privileged women remains unrealized 

the alt excludes the bisexual community and forces them into another system to oppression and domination
Hartman 8 (Julie Hartman, : Julie E. Hartman (2006) Another Kind of “Chilly Climate”, Journal
of Bisexuality, 5:4, 61-76 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J159v05n04_06)
In studies of sexuality there is an “elephant in the room” that few
AND
community, but rather from emergent social networks of bisexual friends and allies.

No concrete alternative
Caprioli 4 (“Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis” Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076)
If researchers cannot add gender to an analysis, then they must necessarily use a  
AND
or  to address the implications of gender for what happens in the world.

Patriarchy’s not the root cause of anything
Bell 6, senior lecturer – Department of Politics and International Studies @ Cambridge University,
(Duncan, “Beware of false prophets: biology, human nature and the future of International Relations theory,” International Affairs 82, 3 p. 493–510)
Writing in Foreign Aff airs in 1998, Francis Fukuyama, tireless promulgator of the
AND
Fukuyama’s essay unfortunately recur throughout the growing literature on the biology of international politics

DA – Ptx
The debt ceiling WILL NOT be raised-GOP can’t get its caucus together
Benen 9-25 Steve, MSNBC contributor and producer for the Rachel Maddow Show, “Start the clock on the 2013 debt-ceiling crisis,” http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/25/20692643-start-the-clock-on-the-2013-debt-ceiling-crisis, ALB
I'm of the opinion that there's cause for genuine alarm -- Democrats will not negotiate
AND
out before you and I get burned, is some genuinely scary stuff.

Boehner can’t get ANYTHING done right now
Sherman and Bresnahan 9-27 Jake and John, Politico, “Hill prediction: Headed for shutdown,” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/government-shutdown-predictions-97488.html?hp=t1_3, ALB
¶ ¶ Yet it’s obvious – and a huge understatement – to say the House
AND

that vote could slip until Sunday, Republicans lawmakers and aides said.

No impact
Brandt and Ulfelder 11—*Patrick T. Brandt, Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. Jay Ulfelder, Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, is an American political scientist whose research interests include democratization, civil unrest, and violent conflict. April, 2011, “Economic Growth and Political Instability,” Social Science Research Network

These statements anticipating political fallout from the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 reflect
AND
of social unrest, civil war, coup attempts, and regime breakdown.
Although it is pervasive, the assumption that countries’ economic growth rates strongly affect their
AND
action has concentrated on political opportunity structures and dynamics of protest and repression.
This paper helps fill that gap by rigorously re-examining the effects of short
AND
what is probably the most rigorous general evaluation of this argument to date.
As the results show, some of our findings are surprising. Consistent with conventional
AND
of the expected and apparent uptick in social unrest associated with the crisis.

DA – Terrorism Flex
Drones are increasing terrorism now
Huffington Post 8/10 2013, Yemen Drone Strikes Bring New Round Of Terror To Embattled Country, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/10/yemen-drone-strikes_n_3737554.html
On Friday night, Farea al-Muslimi, a young Yemeni journalist and activist
AND
you just don't know when you'll be next. The fear is incredible."
Drones increase terrorism
Poling 13 Foreign Policy Initiative 1-16 (Caitlin, “The U.S. Needs a More Broad-Based Strategy to Combat Al Qaeda in Yemen,” http://www.foreignpolicyi.org/content/us-needs-more-broad-based-strategy-combat-al-qaeda-yemen, Mike)
For most of the past decade, Yemen has remained on the periphery of American
AND
more likely to achieve our nation’s goal of a secure and stable Yemen.

DA – China Ptx
Chinese economic collapse is inevitable
Economic Times 9/11 (Stalled Doha talks may affect world recovery: Li Keqiang http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-11/news/41971518_1_world-trade-organization-premier-li-keqiang-trade-protectionism)
BEIJING: Chinese Premier Li Keqiang today asked major countries to make "bold political
AND
deadlock in time for a make or break summit in Bali in December.

Multiple alt causes Li can’t solve
Economist 13 (The new prime minister A talker or a walker? http://www.economist.com/news/china/21574023-despite-sounding-ebullient-li-keqiang-manages-expectations-downwards-talker-or-walker)
AFTER the National People’s Congress made him prime minister on March 15th, Li Keqiang
AND
an unwieldy political system that makes it hard to deal with these problems.

Key framing argument—Their evidence does NOT say global economy—Only Chinese economy which isn’t key to anything
Pettis 13 – n expert on China’s economy, is professor of finance at Peking University’s Guanghua School of Management, where he specializes in Chinese financial markets.and is a Senior Associate in the Asia Program at Carnegie Endowment, and MBA, Finance, Columbia University MIA, Development Economics, Columbia University(Michael, 8-13, “Slowdown in China Isn’t Bad News” http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/08/13/slowdown-in-china-isn-t-bad-news/gie2)djm
Understanding why these worries were wrong for Japan may help in understanding why they might
AND
and forcefully Beijing is able to constrain credit growth and rebalance the economy.

CCP’s resilient
Epstein 10 (Gady, Beijing Bureau Chief for Forbes, “The Chinese Communist Party Is Like God,” Forbes, 5-21, http://www.forbes.com/2010/05/21/china-communist-party-god-book-opinions-contributors-beijing-dispatch_2.html)
BEIJING -- A common parlor game in the China-watching crowd used to be
AND
Chung writes in his novel The Fat Years, the people indeed acquiesce.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State MR | Judge: Kirk
Norms

Engaging nuclear policy-makers is critical to shape policy and prevent dominance of worse analysis
Nye 08 (Political Psychology Volume 29, Issue 4, Pages 593-603  Published Online: 8 Jul 2008 Bridging the Gap between Theory and Policy Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 1   1 Harvard University Copyright © 2008 International Society of Political Psychology
Some academics criticize this narrow professional orientation and engage in politics or policy advocacy,
AND
of an academic community which has broader agendas and more rigorous intellectual standards. 

Images of catastrophe cause an empathic shift – this is crucial in policy debate
Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf  we rejected any gendered or offensive language used in this evidence
Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued to the television
AND
we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes. 

Biopower is inevitable
Wright, 08 - Fellow at the Centre for Global Political Economy (Nathan,“Camp as Paradigm: Bio-Politics and State Racism in Foucault and Agamben”, http://ccjournal.cgu.edu/past_issues/nathan_wright.html)//dm
Perhaps the one failure of Foucault’s that, unresolved, rings as most ominous is
AND
inquiry and hope of a politics that escapes the problem of this racism.

Pakistan

Drones strikes aren’t ending—Kerry’s statement was wrong
Mazzetti and Landler 13 Mark and Mark, NYT, “Despite Administration Promises, Few Changes in Drone War,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, ALB
¶ ¶ There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
Pakistan,” Mr. Zenko said, “or Yemen for that matter.”

No impact
Larrivee 10— PF ECONOMICS AT MOUNT ST MARY’S UNIVERSITY – MASTERS FROM THE HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL AND PHD IN ECONOMICS FROM WISCONSIN, 10 JOHN, A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MORAL ANALYSIS OF MARKETS, 10/1, http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf
 The Second Focal Point: Moral, Social, and Cultural Issues of Capitalism
AND
problems in the first place, at least not to the degree theorized. 

Space—
The markets efficiency and accessibility of resources make it necessary for space exploration
Murphy 5 , Phd Econ. NYU ( Robert , “A Free Market In Space”, Volume 26, Number 1 , Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. )
On October 4, 2004, the privately funded SpaceShip-One climbed to an
AND
politically possible to axe NASA and return its budget to the private sector.
 
Exploration solves extinction
Oberg 99 (James, Space Writer and former Space Flight Engineer, Space Power Theory, http://www.jamesoberg.com/books/spt/new-CHAPTERSw_figs.pdf)
We have the great gift of yet another period when our nation is not threatened
AND
back, it may be to the detriment of more than our country.

Democracy—Cap’s key to it and solves extinction
Diamond 95 (Professor of Sociology and Political Science at Stanford University and a Senior
AND
Development, Larry, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990’s”, Carnegie Foundation)
OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

K - Fem IR

Drone discussions break down symbolic representations of global issues – Macro-political discussion key
Green and Bernal, 2013 May 29th, Droning Toward the Boundless War, Volume 25, Issue 2, Pages 212-218, Published authors under, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2013.785324
War reminds us of our disconnection from one another. If we begin with acknowledging
AND
that can obscure the human connection we actually share on this same planet.

The Role of the Ballot is Policy Simulation
Hodson 10 Derek, professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206
note: SSI = socioscientific issues
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
AND
or opposing arguments in a coherent, robust, and convincing way (s
ee Hodson 2009b for a lengthy discussion of this aspect of science education
AND
justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.
The alt fails – taking an ethical stance against patriarchal exploitation does nothing to alter material realities
Bina Agarwal 98, Professor of Economics, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, “Environmental management, equity and ecofeminism: Debating India's experience”, Journal of Peasant Studies, 25:4, 55-95
How does the ecofeminist formulation hold up in the light of women's experiences in the
AND
the central determinants of their response, as emphasised in ecofeminist discourse.38 

War makes patriarchy more likely – proves our impact short-circuits the alternative
Workman 96
Thom, Poli Sci @ U of New Brunswick, YCISS Paper no. 31, p. 4, January 1996, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/OP31-Workman.pdf
With the loosening of the positivist/Realist hold on international relations and the simultaneous
AND
on the overall role of modern warfare in  the reproduction of women's oppression.  

Democracy and economic liberalization checks their impacts
O’Kane 97  (“Modernity, the Holocaust, and politics”, Economy and Society, February, ebsco)
Chosen policies cannot be relegated to the position of immediate condition (Nazis in power
AND
and common attributes of modernity which stand in the way of modern genocides.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: K-State | Judge: Kirk

Norms

Engaging nuclear policy-makers is critical to shape policy and prevent dominance of worse analysis
Nye 08 (Political Psychology Volume 29, Issue 4, Pages 593-603  Published Online: 8 Jul 2008 Bridging the Gap between Theory and Policy Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 1   1 Harvard University Copyright © 2008 International Society of Political Psychology 

Some academics criticize this narrow professional orientation and engage in politics or policy advocacy,
AND
of an academic community which has broader agendas and more rigorous intellectual standards.
Images of catastrophe cause an empathic shift – this is crucial in policy debate
Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan and#34;CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTERand#34; gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf  we rejected any gendered or offensive language used in this evidence
Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued to the television
AND
we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes. 

Biopower is inevitable
Wright, 08 - Fellow at the Centre for Global Political Economy (Nathan,and#34;Camp as Paradigm: Bio-Politics and State Racism in Foucault and Agambenand#34;, http://ccjournal.cgu.edu/past_issues/nathan_wright.html)//dm
Perhaps the one failure of Foucault’s that, unresolved, rings as most ominous is
AND
inquiry and hope of a politics that escapes the problem of this racism.

Pak

Drones strikes aren’t ending—Kerry’s statement was wrong

Mazzetti and Landler 13 ~Mark and Mark, NYT, and#34;Despite Administration Promises, Few Changes in Drone War,and#34; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/politics/drone-war-rages-on-even-as-administration-talks-about-ending-it.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, ALB~
¶ ¶ There were more drone strikes in Pakistan last month than any month since
AND
Pakistan,and#34; Mr. Zenko said, and#34;or Yemen for that matter.and#34;

No impact

Larrivee 10— PF ECONOMICS AT MOUNT ST MARY’S UNIVERSITY – MASTERS FROM THE HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL AND PHD IN ECONOMICS FROM WISCONSIN, 10 ~JOHN, A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MORAL ANALYSIS OF MARKETS, 10/1, http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf-http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf~~
 The Second Focal Point: Moral, Social, and Cultural Issues of Capitalism
AND
problems in the first place, at least not to the degree theorized. 

Space—

The markets efficiency and accessibility of resources make it necessary for space exploration

Murphy 5 , Phd Econ. NYU ( Robert , and#34;A Free Market In Spaceand#34;, Volume 26, Number 1 , Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. )
On October 4, 2004, the privately funded SpaceShip-One climbed to an
AND
politically possible to axe NASA and return its budget to the private sector.  

Exploration solves extinction

Oberg 99 (James, Space Writer and former Space Flight Engineer, Space Power Theory, http://www.jamesoberg.com/books/spt/new-CHAPTERSw_figs.pdf)
We have the great gift of yet another period when our nation is not threatened
AND
back, it may be to the detriment of more than our country.

Democracy—Cap’s key to it and solves extinction

Diamond 95 (Professor of Sociology and Political Science at Stanford University and a Senior
AND
Development, Larry, and#34;Promoting Democracy in the 1990’sand#34;, Carnegie Foundation)
OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Solvo

K

Perm – Do both, but don’t reject the aff

All other instances

Drone discussions break down symbolic representations of global issues – Macro-political discussion key

Green and Bernal, 2013 ~May 2